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Khokhlov L, Siraw B, Ali M, Hussain F, Brown A, Shemisa K. Patients with atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease have a greater risk of mortality and worse clinical outcomes. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2024; 13:e0307. [PMID: 38846627 PMCID: PMC11152824 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with several adverse clinical outcomes. In this study, we assessed the association between NAFLD and several clinical outcome measures in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods We queried the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) between 2016 and 2019 for adult patients who were hospitalized with DM and AF. NAFLD was the independent variable. The primary outcome was inpatient mortality. The secondary outcomes were cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), invasive mechanical ventilation, length of stay, and total hospital charges. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and a P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results There were 6 723 293 hospitalizations with AF and DM and 253 639 (3.7%) had NAFLD. NAFLD and non-NAFLD cohorts had a mean age of 70.4 vs. 73.8 years, respectively. Overall, 55.6% were male and 73.8% were White. NAFLD was found to be significantly associated with in-hospital mortality [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 4.2; 95% CI, 4.08-4.32], cardiogenic shock (AOR, 4.78; 95% CI, 4.59-4.98), cardiac arrest (AOR, 3.43; 95% CI, 3.27-3.59), GIB (AOR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.86-1.98), length of stay, and total hospital charges. Conclusion In patients with AF and DM patients, the presence of NAFLD was associated with significantly worse clinical outcomes and higher resource utilization. Adverse cardiovascular events were common as well as GIB. Screening and prevention strategies modifying the risk and disease severity of NAFLD are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Khokhlov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, TriHealth, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Bekure Siraw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ascension Saint Joseph Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mehnaaz Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, TriHealth, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Fatima Hussain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, TriHealth, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Amanda Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kamal Shemisa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, TriHealth, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Yang S, Wei Z, Luo J, Wang X, Chen G, Guan X, She Z, Liu W, Tong Y, Liu H, Wen M, Chen H, Zhu P, Li G, Wang D, Huang L, Xu S, Chen D, Zhang Q, Wei Y. Integrated bioinformatics and multiomics reveal Liupao tea extract alleviating NAFLD via regulating hepatic lipid metabolism and gut microbiota. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155834. [PMID: 38941818 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) poses a significant global public health concern. Liupao tea (LPT) is a Chinese national geographical indication product renowned for its lipid-lowering properties. However, the precise mechanisms and active constituents contributing to the efficacy of LPT against NAFLD remain unclear. PURPOSE This study aims to comprehensively explore the therapeutic potential of Liupao tea extract (LPTE) in alleviating NAFLD through an integrated strategy. METHODS Initially, network pharmacology analysis was conducted based on LPTE chemical ingredient analysis, identifying core targets and key components. Potential active ingredients were validated through chemical standards based on LC-MS/MS. To confirm the pharmacological efficacy of LPTE in NAFLD, NAFLD mice models were employed. Alterations in hepatic lipid metabolism were comprehensively elucidated through integration of metabolomics, lipidomics, network pharmacology analysis, and real-time PCR analysis. To further explore the binding interactions between key components and core targets, molecular docking and microscale thermophoresis (MST) analysis were employed. Furthermore, to investigate LPTE administration effectiveness on gut microbiota in NAFLD mice, a comprehensive approach was employed. This included Metorigin analysis, 16S rRNA sequencing, molecular docking, and fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT). RESULTS Study identified naringenin, quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol as the potential active ingredients of LPTE. These compounds exhibited therapeutic potential for NAFLD by targeting key proteins such as PTGS2, CYP3A4, and ACHE, which are involved in the metabolic pathways of hepatic linoleic acid (LA) and glycerophospholipid (GP) metabolism. The therapeutic effectiveness of LPTE was observed to be comparable to that of simvastatin. Furthermore, LPTE exhibited notable efficacy in alleviating NAFLD by influencing alterations in gut microbiota composition (Proteobacteria phylum, Lactobacillus and Dubosiella genus) that perhaps impact LA and GP metabolic pathways. CONCLUSION LPTE could be effective in preventing high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD by modulating hepatic lipid metabolism and gut microbiota. This study firstly integrated bioinformatics and multi-omics technologies to identify the potential active components and key microbiota associated with LPTE's effects, while also primally elucidating the action mechanisms of LPTE in alleviating NAFLD. The findings offer a conceptual basis for LPTE's potential transformation into an innovative pharmaceutical agent for NAFLD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyi Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Zhijuan Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Jichu Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Xuancheng Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, PR China
| | - Xuan Guan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Zhiyong She
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Ying Tong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Huan Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Mingsen Wen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Pingchuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Gui Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, PR China
| | - Dongling Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, PR China
| | - Lin Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Siyi Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Danying Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Qisong Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; Center for Instrumental Analysis, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China.
| | - Ye Wei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, PR China.
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Chang C, Gao P, Li J, Liang J, Xiang S, Zhang R. Embryonic dexamethasone exposure exacerbates hepatic steatosis and APAP-mediated liver injury in zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 282:116657. [PMID: 38968869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DXMS), a synthetic glucocorticoid, is known for its pharmacological effects on anti-inflammation, stress response enhancement and immune suppression, and has been widely used to treat potential premature delivery and related diseases. However, emerging evidence has shown that prenatal DXMS exposure leads to increased susceptibility to multiple diseases. In the present study, we used zebrafish as a model to study the effects of embryonic DXMS exposure on liver development and disease. We discovered that embryonic DXMS exposure upregulated the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver, increased the glycolysis process and ultimately caused hepatic steatosis in zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, DXMS exposure exacerbated hepatic steatosis in a zebrafish model of fatty liver disease. In addition, we showed that embryonic DXMS exposure worsened liver injury induced by paracetamol (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP), increased the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, and promoted the expression of inflammatory factors, leading to impeded liver regeneration. Taken together, our results provide new evidence that embryonic DXMS exposure exacerbates hepatic steatosis by activating glycolytic pathway, aggravates APAP-induced liver damage and impeded regeneration under a persistent inflammation, calling attention to DXMS administration during pregnancy with probable clinical implications for offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chang
- TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Gao
- TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jieling Liang
- TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shupeng Xiang
- TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China.
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Somabattini RA, Sherin S, Siva B, Chowdhury N, Nanjappan SK. Unravelling the complexities of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: The role of metabolism, transporters, and herb-drug interactions. Life Sci 2024; 351:122806. [PMID: 38852799 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a mainstream halting liver disease with high prevalence in North America, Europe, and other world regions. It is an advanced form of NAFLD caused by the amassing of fat in the liver and can progress to the more severe form known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Until recently, there was no authorized pharmacotherapy reported for NASH, and to improve the patient's metabolic syndrome, the focus is mainly on lifestyle modification, weight loss, ensuring a healthy diet, and increased physical activity; however, the recent approval of Rezdiffra (Resmetirom) by the US FDA may change this narrative. As per the reported studies, there is an increased articulation of uptake and efflux transporters of the liver, including OATP and MRP, in NASH, leading to changes in the drug's pharmacokinetic properties. This increase leads to alterations in the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Furthermore, modifications in Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes can have a significant impact on these properties. Xenobiotics are metabolized primarily in the liver and constitute liver enzymes and transporters. This review aims to delve into the role of metabolism, transport, and potential herb-drug interactions in the context of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Adinarayan Somabattini
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Sahla Sherin
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhukya Siva
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Neelanjan Chowdhury
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Satheesh Kumar Nanjappan
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India.
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Li M, Zhang J, Li Z, Xu Z, Qian S, Tay LJ, Zhang Z, Yang F, Huang Y. The role and mechanism of SUMO modification in liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116898. [PMID: 38878635 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver disease affects millions of people in the world, and China has the highest prevalence of liver disease in the world. Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) modification is a highly conserved post-translational modification of proteins. They are widely expressed in a variety of tissues, including the heart, liver, kidney and lung. SUMOylation of protein plays a key role in the occurrence and development of liver disease. Therefore, this study reviewed the effects of SUMO protein on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), viral hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis (HF), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and other liver diseases to provide novel strategies for targeted treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Li
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jingrong Zhang
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zihao Li
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhou Xu
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shishun Qian
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lynn Jia Tay
- School of International Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ziwen Zhang
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Furong Yang
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- Anhui Provincial laboratory of inflammatory and immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; School of International Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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Zhang X, Ruan J, He Y, Xu A, Fang Y, Zhang Q, Gu L, Liu X. Dietary inflammatory index and the risks of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1388557. [PMID: 39119468 PMCID: PMC11309030 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1388557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have suggested a correlation between dietary inflammatory potential and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the association between dietary inflammatory potential, measured by the dietary inflammation index (DII), and NAFLD. Methods From establishing the database to June 2023, a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library were performed to identify relevant observational studies. These studies reported a correlation between DII and NAFLD. The meta-analysis used odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to evaluate the relationship between DII and NAFLD. Results Eight studies were included in this meta-analysis after excluding irrelevant records. A summary of the results from the included studies showed that the risk of NAFLD was higher in those exposed to higher DII (OR = 1.26, 95%CI 1.12 to 1.40, p < 0.001), with a high degree of heterogeneity (I2 = 85.7%, p < 0.001). When DII was divided into 3 tertiles from low to high for comparison, the results showed that the risk of NAFLD was higher in Tertile 2 (T2) population compared to the Tertile 1 (T1) population (OR = 1.75, 95%CI 1.20 to 2.54, p < 0.005). The risk of NAFLD was significantly higher in Tertile 3 (T3) compared to the T1 population (OR = 3.07, 95%CI 1.63 to 5.77, p = 0.001). Conclusion The results suggest that high DII is associated with an increased risk of NAFLD, and conversely, low DII is associated with a decreased risk of NAFLD. Systematic Review Registration The study complies with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023455013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfen Zhang
- Department of Liver Disease, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiale Ruan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujing He
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anyi Xu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingying Fang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiufeng Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihu Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingchen Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Fu DF, Chen B. The relationship between the systemic immune inflammation index and the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in American adolescents. BMC Gastroenterol 2024; 24:233. [PMID: 39044158 PMCID: PMC11267776 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing health crisis in the general population of the United States (U.S.), but the relationship between systemic immune-inflammation (SII) index and NAFLD is not known. METHODS We collected data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018. Next, propensity score matching (PSM), collinearity analysis, restricted cubic spline (RCS) plot, logistic regression, quantile regression analysis, subgroup analysis, mediation analysis, and population attributable fraction were used to explore the association of the SII with risk of NAFLD. RESULTS A total of 665 participants including the 532 Non-NAFLD and 133 NAFLD were enrolled for further analysis after PSM analysis. The RCS results indicated that there was a linear relationship between the SII and controlled attenuation parameter (p for nonlinear = 0.468), the relationship also existed after adjustment for covariates (p for nonlinear = 0.769). The logistic regression results indicated that a high SII level was an independent risk factor for NAFLD (OR = 3.505, 95% CI: 1.092-11.249, P < 0.05). The quantile regression indicated that at higher quantiles (0.90, and 0.95) the SII was significantly associated with NAFLD (p < 0.05). Mediation analysis indicated that alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglycerides, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were partially contribute to the relationship between SII and NAFLD. The population attributable fractions indicated that 23.19% (95% CI: 8.22%, 38.17%) of NAFLD cases could be attributed to SII corresponding to 133 NAFLD cases. CONCLUSION There was a positive linear relationship between the SII and the risk of NAFLD. The ALT, triglycerides, and BUN had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between the SII and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Fang Fu
- Department of Ultrasound, Hangzhou Xiaoshan First People's Hospital, No.199, Shixin South Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311201, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Hangzhou Xiaoshan First People's Hospital, No.199, Shixin South Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311201, China.
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肖 静, 李 盈, 方 敏, 巩 红, 李 文, 张 春, 陈 方, 张 岩, 韩 拓. [Triglyceride-glucose index in non-obese individuals: its association with and predictive value for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2024; 44:1266-1271. [PMID: 39051072 PMCID: PMC11270653 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2024.07.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its diagnostic value for NAFLD in non-obese individuals. METHODS We retrospectively collected the data of non-obese individuals (BMI < 25 kg/m2) undergoing routine health examination at Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University between May, 2020 and December, 2023, who all received abdominal ultrasound examination for NAFLD screening. The nonlinear relationship between TyG and non-obese NAFLD was explored using restricted cubic splines (RCS), and LASSO regression was used for variable screening; the correlation between TyG and NAFLD risk was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. The diagnostic value of TyG for non-obese NAFLD was assessed using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS A total of 3723 non-obese subjects were enrolled in this study, including 432 (11.6%) patients with NAFLD. Compared with the healthy individuals, the patients with NAFLD had significant elevations of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, blood uric acid, fasting blood glucose, and TyG index and a decreased HDL-C level (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that for each one-unit increase of TyG, the risk of non-obese NAFLD increased by 2.2 folds (OR=3.22, 95% CI: 2.53-4.12, P < 0.001). Compared with a TyG index in the lowest quartile Q1, a TyG index in the Q2, Q3 and Q4 quartiles was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD by 1.52 folds (OR=2.52, 95% CI: 1.20-5.95), 3.56 folds (OR=4.56, 95% CI: 2.28-10.46), and 8.66-folds (OR=9.66, 95% CI: 4.83-22.18), respectively. The RCS curve demonstrated a significant linear correlation between TyG index and non-obese NALFD risk (P for nonlinear= 0.019). For diagnosing non-obese NALFD, TyG index had an area under ROC curve of 0.819 with a sensitivity of 78.0% and a specificity of 71.2%. CONCLUSION An increase of TyG index is correlated with increased risks of NAFLD in non-obese individuals and can serve as an indicator for screening early NAFLD in healthy individuals.
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Ning Q, Zheng K, Yan J, Zhu C. Triglyceride glucose index as a predictor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: insights from a longitudinal analysis in non-obese individuals. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1429413. [PMID: 39040897 PMCID: PMC11260781 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1429413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A substantial portion of non-obese population is afflicted with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). The Triglyceride Glucose (TyG) index, a quantifier of insulin resistance magnitude, is determined by the product of fasting plasma glucose and triglyceride concentrations. The relationship between the TyG index and NAFLD within this cohort remains ambiguous. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis utilizing datasets acquired from the Dryad digital repository. Non-obese participants (BMI < 25 kg/m2) were enrolled at the Wenzhou Medical Center of Wenzhou People's Hospital between January 2010 and December 2014. Demographic information and biochemical parameters were systematically compiled, and the diagnosis of NAFLD was established through ultrasonographic evidence. Results This study cohort included 16,172 non-obese participants with a 5-year follow-up, among whom 2,322 (14.36%) developed NAFLD. The disparity between TyG index quartiles in the accumulative incidence of new-onset NAFLD was distinct, with an increasing risk of new-onset NAFLD as the TyG index increased. Participants in highest quartile exhibited the maximum risk of NAFLD. In the fully adjusted model 3, the hazard ratios for NAFLD in Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 2.15 (1.62, 2.87), 2.89 (2.20, 3.80) and 4.58 (3.48, 6.02), respectively. Meanwhile, the TyG index and NAFLD risk showed a highly significant overall correlation (p < 0.0001) and nonlinearity (p < 0.0001) according to the limited cubic splines. In subgroup analysis, a significant interaction was noted between new-onset NAFLD and SBP (<140 mmHg vs. ≥140 mmHg; P for interaction = 0.0114). The SBP < 140 mmHg subgroup demonstrated an enhanced TyG index influence on NAFLD risk (HR = 2.83, 95% CI: 2.48-3.23, p < 0.0001). Conclusion The TyG index serves as a straightforward instrument for assessing NAFLD risk in non-obese individuals, enabling prompt identification and management in this population segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ning
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Keyang Zheng
- Center of Hypertension, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Yan
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Li SJ, Liu AB, Yu YY, Ma JH. The role and mechanism of pyroptosis and potential therapeutic targets in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1407738. [PMID: 39022762 PMCID: PMC11251954 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1407738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinical pathological syndrome characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat within liver cells, which can progress to end-stage liver disease in severe cases, posing a threat to life. Pyroptosis is a distinct, pro-inflammatory form of cell death, differing from traditional apoptosis. In recent years, there has been growing research interest in the association between pyroptosis and NAFLD, encompassing the mechanisms and functions of pyroptosis in the progression of NAFLD, as well as potential therapeutic targets. Controlled pyroptosis can activate immune cells, eliciting host immune responses to shield the body from harm. However, undue activation of pyroptosis may worsen inflammatory responses, induce cellular or tissue damage, disrupt immune responses, and potentially impact liver function. This review elucidates the involvement of pyroptosis and key molecular players, including NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3) inflammasome, gasdermin D (GSDMD), and the caspase family, in the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD. It emphasizes the promising prospects of targeting pyroptosis as a therapeutic approach for NAFLD and offers valuable insights into future directions in the field of NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jing Li
- Department of Pediatrics Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - An-Bu Liu
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yu
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Jin-Hai Ma
- Department of Pediatrics Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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11
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Mahmoudi A, Jalili A, Butler AE, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Exploration of the Key Genes Involved in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Possible MicroRNA Therapeutic Targets. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2024; 14:101365. [PMID: 38433957 PMCID: PMC10904918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2024.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are promising therapeutic agents for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to identify key genes/proteins involved in NAFLD pathogenesis and progression and to evaluate miRNAs influencing their expression. Methods Gene expression profiles from datasets GSE151158, GSE163211, GSE135251, GSE167523, GSE46300, and online databases were analyzed to identify significant NAFLD-related genes. Then, protein-protein interaction networks and module analysis identified hub genes/proteins, which were validated using real-time PCR in oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells. Functional enrichment analysis evaluated signaling pathways and biological processes. Gene-miRNA interaction networks identified miRNAs targeting critical NAFLD genes. Results The most critical overexpressed hub genes/proteins included: TNF, VEGFA, TLR4, CYP2E1, ACE, SCD, FASN, SREBF2, and TGFB1 based on PPI network analysis, of which TNF, TLR4, SCD, FASN, SREBF2, and TGFB1 were up-regulated in oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells. Functional enrichment analysis for biological processes highlighted programmed necrotic cell death, lipid metabolic process response to reactive oxygen species, and inflammation. In the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, the highest adjusted P-value signaling pathways encompassed AGE-RAGE in diabetic complications, TNF, and HIF-1 signaling pathways. In gene-miRNA network analysis, miR-16 and miR-124 were highlighted as the miRNAs exerting the most influence on important NAFLD-related genes. Conclusion In silico analyses identified NAFLD therapeutic targets and miRNA candidates to guide further experimental investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Amin Jalili
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Seyed H. Aghaee-Bakhtiari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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12
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Kamfar S, Danaei B, Rahimi S, Zeinali V. Novel blood and tissue-based mitochondrial D-loop mutations detected in an Iranian NAFLD patient cohort. Mitochondrion 2024; 77:101888. [PMID: 38697590 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly prevalent chronic liver disease characterized by an elusive etiology. In its advanced stages, this condition can pose life-threatening implications. Mitochondrial dysfunction due to its impact on hepatic lipid homeostasis, cytokine release, ROS production, and cell death, contributes to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Previous research reveals a direct link between NAFLD genetic predictors and mitochondrial dysfunction. The emphasis on the D-loop stems from its association with impaired mtDNA replication, underscoring its crucial role in NAFLD progression. We included 38 Iranian NAFLD patients (comprising 16 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver [NAFL] and 22 patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]), with matched blood and liver tissue samples collected from each to compare variations in the mitochondrial D-loop sequence within samples. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region was amplified using PCR, and variations were identified through sequencing. The resultant sequences were compared with the reference sequence of human mtDNA available in the MITOMAP Database for comparative analysis. In this study, 97 somatic mutations in the mtDNA D-loop region were identified in NAFLD patients. Our study revealed significant difference between the NAFLD patients and control group in 13 detected mutations (P ≤ 0.05). Novel mutations were discovered in hepatic tissues, while mutation 16220-16221ins C was found in both tissues and blood. A significant difference was found in the distribution of D310 and mt514-mt523 (CA)n repeat variations between NAFLD patients and the control group (P < 0.001). C to T and T to C transitions were the prevalent substitution among patients. Identification of the 16220-16221ins C mutation in both blood and tissue samples from NAFLD patients holds substantial promise as a potential diagnostic marker. However, further research is imperative to corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharareh Kamfar
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bardia Danaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samane Rahimi
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahide Zeinali
- Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Srikanth S, Garg V, Subramanian L, Verma J, Sharma H, Klair HS, Kavathia SA, Teja JK, Vasireddy NS, Anmol K, Kolli D, Bodhankar SS, Hashmi S, Chauhan S, Desai R. In-hospital outcomes in COVID-19 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by severity of obesity: Insights from national inpatient sample 2020. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:912-919. [PMID: 38948433 PMCID: PMC11212648 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i6.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases independently of other risk factors. However, data on its effect on cardiovascular outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalizations with varied obesity levels is scarce. Clinical management and patient care depend on understanding COVID-19 admission results in NAFLD patients with varying obesity levels. AIM To study the in-hospital outcomes in COVID-19 patients with NAFLD by severity of obesity. METHODS COVID-19 hospitalizations with NAFLD were identified using International Classification of Disease -10 CM codes in the 2020 National Inpatient Sample database. Overweight and Obesity Classes I, II, and III (body mass index 30-40) were compared. Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) (all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and stroke) were compared between groups. Multivariable regression analyses adjusted for sociodemographic, hospitalization features, and comorbidities. RESULTS Our analysis comprised 13260 hospitalizations, 7.3% of which were overweight, 24.3% Class I, 24.1% Class II, and 44.3% Class III. Class III obesity includes younger patients, blacks, females, diabetics, and hypertensive patients. On multivariable logistic analysis, Class III obese patients had higher risks of MACCE, inpatient mortality, and respiratory failure than Class I obese patients. Class II obesity showed increased risks of MACCE, inpatient mortality, and respiratory failure than Class I, but not significantly. All obesity classes had non-significant risks of MACCE, inpatient mortality, and respiratory failure compared to the overweight group. CONCLUSION Class III obese NAFLD COVID-19 patients had a greater risk of adverse outcomes than class I. Using the overweight group as the reference, unfavorable outcomes were not significantly different. Morbid obesity had a greater risk of MACCE regardless of the referent group (overweight or Class I obese) compared to overweight NAFLD patients admitted with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwath Srikanth
- Department of Medicine, ECU Health Medical Center, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Vibhor Garg
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Lakshmi Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, ECU Health Medical Center, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Jyoti Verma
- Department of Medicine, North Alabama Medical Centre, Florence, AL 35630, United States
| | - Hansika Sharma
- Department of General Medicine, Gandhi Medical College, Secunderabad 500003, Telangana, India
| | - Harroop Singh Klair
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Patiala 147001, Punjab, India
| | - Shrenil A Kavathia
- Department of Medicine, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad 380016, Gujarat, India
| | - Jithin Kolli Teja
- Department of Medicine, JSS Medical College, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Nikhil Sai Vasireddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gandhi Medical College, Secunderabad 500003, Telangana, India
| | - Kumar Anmol
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal 575001, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhanush Kolli
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal 575001, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sobya Hashmi
- Clinical Extern, Department of Internal Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Dearborn, MI 48124, United States
| | - Shaylika Chauhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18702, United States.
| | - Rupak Desai
- Independent Researcher, Atlanta, GA 30079, United States
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14
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Zhao P, Fan S, Zhou Y, Huang M, Gao Y, Bi H. Constitutive Androstane Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Do Not Perform Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 390:88-98. [PMID: 38719477 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.124.002174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which regulates various physiologic and pathologic processes. Phase separation is a dynamic biophysical process in which biomacromolecules form liquid-like condensates, which have been identified as contributors to many cellular functions, such as signal transduction and transcription regulation. However, the possibility of phase separation for CAR and PPARα remains unknown. This study explored the potential phase separation of CAR and PPARα The computational analysis utilizing algorithm tools examining the intrinsically disordered regions of CAR and PPARα suggested a limited likelihood of undergoing phase separation. Experimental assays under varying conditions of hyperosmotic stress and agonist treatments confirmed the absence of phase separation for these receptors. Additionally, the optoDroplets assay, which utilizes blue light stimulation to induce condensate formation, showed that there was no condensate formation of the fusion protein of Cry2 with CAR or PPARα Furthermore, phase separation of CAR or PPARα did not occur despite reduced target expression under hyperosmotic stress. In conclusion, these findings revealed that neither the activation of CAR and PPARα nor hyperosmotic stress induces phase separation of CAR and PPARα in cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) are key regulators of various functions in the body. This study showed that CAR and PPARα do not exhibit phase separation under hyperosmotic stress or after agonist-induced activation. These findings provide new insights into the CAR and PPARα biology and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Shicheng Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Yanying Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Min Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Yue Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
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15
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Wang J, Jiang Y, Jin L, Qian C, Zuo W, Lin J, Xie L, Jin B, Zhao Y, Huang L, Wang Y. Alantolactone attenuates high-fat diet-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Diabetes 2024; 14:41. [PMID: 38858382 PMCID: PMC11164993 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-024-00300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic disease with an increasing incidence, which can further develop into liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma at the end stage. Alantolactone (Ala), a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Asteraceae, has shown anti-inflammatory effects in different models. However, the therapeutic effect of Ala on NAFLD is not clear. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce NAFLD. After 16 weeks, Ala was administered by gavage to observe its effect on NAFLD. RNA sequencing of liver tissues was performed to investigate the mechanism. In vitro, mouse cell line AML-12 was pretreated with Ala to resist palmitic acid (PA)-induced inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. RESULTS Ala significantly inhibited inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress in HFD-induced mice, as well as PA-induced AML-12 cells. Mechanistic studies showed that the effect of Ala was related to the induction of Nrf2 and the inhibition of NF-κB. Taken together, these findings suggested that Ala exerted a liver protective effect on NAFLD by blocking inflammation and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS The study found that Ala exerted a liver protective effect on NAFLD by blocking inflammation and oxidative stress, suggesting that Ala is an effective therapy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Wang
- Joint Research Center on Medicine, the Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315700, Zhejiang, China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yucheng Jiang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leiming Jin
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenchen Qian
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Joint Research Center on Medicine, the Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315700, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianjun Lin
- Joint Research Center on Medicine, the Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315700, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longteng Xie
- Joint Research Center on Medicine, the Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315700, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanni Zhao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijiang Huang
- Joint Research Center on Medicine, the Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315700, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Joint Research Center on Medicine, the Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315700, Zhejiang, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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16
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Leng X, Liao WZ, Zheng FP. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomization combined with meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12633. [PMID: 38824176 PMCID: PMC11144195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from observational studies have suggested an association between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, due to that such studies are prone to biases, we imported Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore whether the causal association between two diseases exsit. Hence, we aimed to analysis the potential association with MR. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of GERD were retrieved from the genome-wide association study dataset as the exposure. The SNPs of NAFLD were taken from the FinnGen dataset as the outcome. The relationship was analyzed with the assistance of inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, and weighted median. We also uitilized the MR-Egger intercept, Cochran's Q test, leave-one-out analysis, MR-PRESSO, and Steiger directionality test to evaluate the robustness of the causal association. The meta-analysis were also implemented to give an overall evaluation. Finally, our analysis showed a causal relationship between GERD and NAFLD with aid of MR and meta-analysis (OR 1.71 95% CI 1.40-2.09; P < 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Leng
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Wan-Zhe Liao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Nanshan College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Fen-Ping Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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17
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Xie W, Hong Z, Li B, Huang B, Dong S, Cai Y, Ruan L, Xu Q, Mou L, Zhang Y. Influence of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on fat accumulation in patients with diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. J Diabetes Complications 2024; 38:108743. [PMID: 38688179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2024.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
AIM This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the impact of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) on visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in individuals with diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or obesity. METHODS A search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science until October 2023 identified 13 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) meeting the inclusion criteria. Bias risk was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias instrument. Statistical analysis utilized standard mean differences (SMD) in Review Manager 5.4. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed. This study used the protocol registered with the Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (INPLASY2023110020). RESULTS GLP-1RA treatment significantly reduced VAT (SMD -0.55, 95 % CI [-0.90, -0.19]), SAT (SMD -0.59, 95 % CI [-0.99, -0.19]), body weight (SMD -1.07, 95 % CI [-1.67, -0.47]), and body mass index (BMI) (SMD -1.10, 95 % CI [-1.74, -0.47]) compared to controls. Heterogeneity was observed for VAT (I2 = 79 %, P < 0.01), SAT (I2 = 73 %, P < 0.01), body weight (I2 = 82 %, P < 0.01), and BMI (I2 = 82 %, P < 0.01). No publication bias was detected for VAT (P = 0.57) and SAT (P = 0.18). GLP-1RA treatment improved fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial glucose (PPG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis highlights GLP-1RAs' potential to reduce fat accumulation, body weight, and BMI and improve glycemic control in individuals with diabetes mellitus and NAFLD or obesity. These findings supported using GLP-1RAs as promising therapeutic agents to address abnormal adipose tissue distribution and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanrun Xie
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Zhenzhen Hong
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Bo Li
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Baoliang Huang
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Shaobin Dong
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Yuqi Cai
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Lingyan Ruan
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Qianhui Xu
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Lunpan Mou
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China.
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18
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Almohawes ZN, El-Kott A, Morsy K, Shati AA, El-Kenawy AE, Khalifa HS, Elsaid FG, Abd-Lateif AEKM, Abu-Zaiton A, Ebealy ER, Abdel-Daim MM, Ghanem RA, Abd-Ella EM. Salidroside inhibits insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis by downregulating miR-21 and subsequent activation of AMPK and upregulation of PPARα in the liver and muscles of high fat diet-fed rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024; 130:257-274. [PMID: 35061559 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.2024578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated if salidroside (SAL) alleviates high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by downregulating miR-21. Rats (n = 8/group) were treated for 12 weeks as normal diet (control/ND), ND + agmoir negative control (NC) (150 µg/kg), ND + SAL (300 mg/kg), HFD, HFD + SAL, HFD + compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) (200 ng/kg), HFD + SAL + NXT629 (a PPAR-α antagonist) (30 mg/kg), and HFD + SAL + miR-21 agomir (150 µg/kg). SAL improved glucose and insulin tolerance and preserved livers in HFD-fed rats. In ND and HFD-fed rats, SAL reduced levels of serum and hepatic lipids and the hepatic expression of SREBP1, SREBP2, fatty acid (FA) synthase, and HMGCOAR. It also activated hepatic Nrf2 and increased hepatic/muscular activity of AMPK and levels of PPARα. All effects afforded by SAL were prevented by CC, NXT629, and miR-21 agmoir. In conclusion, activation of AMPK and upregulation of PPARα mediate the anti-steatotic effect of SAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakiah N Almohawes
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Attalla El-Kott
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Kareem Morsy
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ali A Shati
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman E El-Kenawy
- Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba S Khalifa
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Fahmy G Elsaid
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | | | - Eman R Ebealy
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Reham A Ghanem
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Eman M Abd-Ella
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
- Biology Department, College of Science and Art, Al-Baha University, Al-Mandaq, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Li R, Li M, Fly AD, Bidulescu A, Luo J. Vegetarian diets and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An observational study of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018 using propensity score methods. J Hum Nutr Diet 2024; 37:643-654. [PMID: 38348568 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the association between vegetarian diets and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are limited and have inconsistent results. This study aims to explore the association between vegetarian diets and NAFLD and compare the stage of fibrosis between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in a US representative sample. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 23,130 participants aged ≥20 years were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2018. Vegetarian status was classified based on two 24-h dietary recalls. We examined the association between vegetarian diets and the risk of NAFLD using the propensity score weighting method. RESULTS Vegetarian diets were significantly associated with decreases in hepatic steatosis index (HSI), US fatty liver index and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score with mean differences of -2.70 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.69, -1.70), -3.03 (95% CI: -7.15, -0.91) and -0.12 (95% CI: -0.26, -0.01), respectively. While modelling the risk of NAFLD, we estimated that vegetarians were 53% less likely to have NAFLD assessed by HSI (odds ratios [OR]: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.65). The effect of vegetarian diets was higher among individuals with lower waist circumferences (OR: 0.20) than among those with higher waist circumferences (OR: 0.53,p interaction ${p}_{\text{interaction}}\,$ = 0.004). However, the association was largely attenuated after adjusting for body mass index and diabetes status. No significant association was identified between vegetarian diets and advanced fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Vegetarian diets were associated with a lower prevalence of NAFLD among US adults, and the association appeared to be stronger in people with lower waist circumferences. Further studies are warranted to replicate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Alyce D Fly
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Aurelian Bidulescu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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20
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Fang L, Li J, Zeng H, Liu J. Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on the degree of liver fibrosis and CRP in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim Care Diabetes 2024; 18:268-276. [PMID: 38555202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the rapidly growing global burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or steatohepatitis (NASH), in order to evaluate the efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in the treatment of NAFLD or NASH this paper presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials(RCTs). METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, We searched PubMed, Medline, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library databases. All randomized controlled trials involving GLP-1RAs and NAFLD or NASH were collected since the database was established. A meta-analysis of proportions was done with the generalised linear mixed model. Continuous variables were represented by Mean and Standard Deviation (SD), and binary variable were represented by Relative Risk (RR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) as effect indicators. The research results were presented by Revman 5.4. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023390735). FINDING We included 16 placebo-controlled or active drug-controlled randomized controlled trials (involving 2178 patients) that used liraglutide, exenatide, dulaglutide, or semaglutie in the treatment of NAFLD or NASH, as measured by liver biopsy or imaging techniques. This study found that the effect of GLP-1RAs on histologic resolution of NASH with no worsening of liver fibrosis (n=2 RCTs; WMD:4.08, 95%CI 2.54-6.56, p < 0.00001) has statistically significant. At the same time, GLP-1RAs affected CRP (n = 7 RCTs; WMD:-0.41, 95% CI-0.78 to -0.04, p =0.002) and other serological indicators were significantly improved. CONCLUSION This study evaluated the efficacy of GLP-1RAs in patients with NAFLD and NASH. These results suggest that GLP-1RAs may be a potential and viable therapeutic approach as a targeted agent to intervene in disease progression of NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Fang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jine Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haixia Zeng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.
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21
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Duan X, Hu H, Wang L, Chen L. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family: A potential molecule target for diseases. Cell Biol Int 2024. [PMID: 38800962 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), a crucial aldehyde metabolizing enzyme, has six family members. The ALDH1 family is expressed in various tissues, with a significant presence in the liver. It plays a momentous role in several pathophysiological processes, including aldehyde detoxification, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation. Acetaldehyde detoxification is the fundamental function of the ALDH1 family in participating in vital pathological mechanisms. The ALDH1 family can catalyze retinal to retinoic acid (RA) that is a hormone-signaling molecule and plays a vital role in the development and adult tissues. Furthermore, there is a need for further and broader research on the role of the ALDH1 family as a signaling molecule. The ALDH1 family is widely recognized as a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker and plays a significant role in the proliferation, invasion, metastasis, prognosis, and drug resistance of cancer. The ALDH1 family also participates in other human diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, osteoarthritis, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. It can inhibit disease progression by inhibiting/promoting the expression/activity of the ALDH1 family. In this review, we comprehensively analyze the tissue distribution, and functions of the ALDH1 family. Additionally, we review the involvement of the ALDH1 family in diseases, focusing on the underlying pathological mechanisms and briefly talk about the current status and development of ALDH1 family inhibitors. The ALDH1 family presents new possibilities for treating diseases, with both its upstream and downstream pathways serving as promising targets for therapeutic intervention. This offers fresh perspectives for drug development in the field of disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Haoliang Hu
- Changde Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedicine, Zoology Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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22
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Zhang Y, Chen P, Fang X. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of GH deficiency-induced NAFLD in hypopituitarism: insights into oxidative stress. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1371444. [PMID: 38836220 PMCID: PMC11148278 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1371444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Individuals with hypopituitarism (HPs) have an increased risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) due to growth hormone deficiency (GHD). We aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between GHD and NAFLD using proteomic and metabolomic insights. Methods Serum metabolic alternations were assessed in male HPs using untargeted metabolomics. A rat model of HP was established through hypophysectomy, followed by recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) intervention. The mechanisms underlying GHD-mediated NAFLD were elucidated through the application of label-free proteomics and phosphorylation proteomics. Results Metabolomic analysis revealed that biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, such as alanine, lactate, and creatine, were significantly elevated in HPs compared to age-matched controls. In rats, hypophysectomy led to marked hepatic steatosis, lipid peroxidation, and reduced glutathione (GSH), which were subsequently modulated by rhGH replacement. Proteomic analysis identified cytochrome P450s, mitochondrial translation elongation, and PPARA activating genes as the major distinguishing pathways in hypophysectomized rats. The processes of fatty acid transport, synthesis, oxidation, and NADP metabolism were tightly described. An enhanced regulation of peroxisome β-oxidation and ω-oxidation, together with a decreased NADPH regeneration, may exacerbate oxidative stress. Phosphoproteome data showed downregulation of JAK2-STAT5B and upregulation of mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusions This study identified proteo-metabolomic signatures associated with the development of NAFLD in pituitary GHD. Evidence was found of oxidative stress imbalance resulting from abnormal fatty acid oxidation and NADPH regeneration, highlighting the role of GH deficiency in the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peizhan Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuqian Fang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wang CJ, Hu YX, Bai TY, Li J, Wang H, Lv XL, Zhang MD, Chang FH. Identification of disease-specific genes related to immune infiltration in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis using machine learning algorithms. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38001. [PMID: 38758850 PMCID: PMC11098182 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
To identify disease signature genes associated with immune infiltration in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we downloaded 2 publicly available gene expression profiles, GSE164760 and GSE37031, from the gene expression omnibus database. These profiles represent human NASH and control samples and were used for differential genes (DEGs) expression screening. Two machine learning methods, the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression model and Support Vector Machine Recursive Feature Elimination, were used to identify candidate disease signature genes. The CIBERSORT deconvolution algorithm was employed to analyze the infiltration of 22 immune cell types in NASH. Additionally, we constructed a NASH cell model using HepG2 cells treated with oleic acid and free fatty acids. The construction of the cell model was verified using oil red O staining, and Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of the disease signature genes in both control and model groups. As a result, a total of 262 DEGs were identified. These DEGs were primarily associated with metal ion transmembrane transporter activity, sodium ion transmembrane transporter protein activity, calcium ion, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions. FOS, IGFBP2, dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), and IKZF3 were identified as disease signature genes of NASH by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and Support Vector Machine Recursive Feature Elimination algorithms for DEGs analysis. The receiver operating characteristic curves showed that FOS, IGFBP2, DUSP1, and IKZF3 had good diagnostic value (area under receiver operating characteristic curve > 0.8). These findings were validated in the GSE89632 dataset and through cellular assays. Immunocyte infiltration analysis revealed that NASH was associated with CD8 T cells, CD4 T cells, follicular helper T cells, resting NK cells, eosinophils, regulatory T cells, and γδ T cells. The FOS, IGFBP2, DUSP1, and IKZF3 genes were specifically associated with follicular helper T cells. Lipid droplet aggregation significantly increased in HepG2 cells treated with oleic acid and free fatty acids, indicating successful construction of the cell model. In this model, the expression of FOS, IGFBP2, and DUSP1 was significantly decreased, while that of IKZF3 was significantly elevated (P < .01, P < .001) compared with the control group. Therefore, FOS, IGFBP2, DUSP1, and IKZF3 can be considered as disease signature genes associated with immune infiltration in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Yu-Xia Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Tu-Ya Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Xiao-Li Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Meng-Di Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Fu-Hou Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
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Wang W, Yan J, Han L, Zou ZL, Xu AL. Silencing METTL14 alleviates liver injury in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating mitochondrial homeostasis. BIOMOLECULES & BIOMEDICINE 2024; 24:505-519. [PMID: 37902450 PMCID: PMC11088893 DOI: 10.17305/bb.2023.9698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important pathogenic factor in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) has been implicated in mitochondrial fission processes. This research aimed to investigate the mechanism of METTL14 in the mitochondrial function of NAFLD. We first established NAFLD mouse models and cell models, recording body and liver weights and examining pathological changes in liver tissues. Subsequently, serum levels of liver function indices (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], total cholesterol [TC], and triglycerides [TG]), inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], interleukin [IL]-6, and IL-1β), and mitochondrial dysfunction indicators (fission 1 protein [Fis1], dynamin-related protein 1 [Drp1], mitofusin 2 [Mfn2], SID1 transmembrane family member 2 [SIDT2], and mitochondrial membrane potential [MMP]) in the liver and cells were evaluated. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification level of primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) and m6A enrichment on pri-miR-34a were quantified. Co-immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were utilized to validate gene interactions. Our findings revealed highly elevated METTL14 expression in NAFLD mouse and cell models. Silencing METTL14 reduced weight gain and mitigated adverse liver function indices, inflammation, hepatic steatosis, and structural damage in NAFLD mice. It also led to a decrease in Fis1/Drp1 levels and an increase in MMP/Mfn2 in the liver and cells. Moreover, METTL14 increased the m6A level, promoting the binding of DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8 (DGCR8) to pri-miR-34a, which enhanced miR-34a-5p expression. Databases and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays indicated that miR-34a-5p could suppress SIDT2 expression. The overexpression of miR-34a-5p or inhibition of SIDT2 expression negated the alleviative effects of METTL14 silencing on mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance. In conclusion, METTL14, through m6A modification, modulates the miR-34a-5p/SIDT2 axis, impairing mitochondrial homeostasis in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Gastroenterology Department, Hunan Aerospace Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Gastroenterology Department, Hunan Aerospace Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Long Han
- Gastroenterology Department, Hunan Aerospace Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zi-Lin Zou
- Gastroenterology Department, Hunan Aerospace Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Ai-Lei Xu
- Gastroenterology Department, Hunan Aerospace Hospital, Changsha, China
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25
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Pei X, Jiang W, Li L, Zeng Q, Liu CH, Wang M, Chen E, Zhou T, Tang H, Wu D. Mendelian-randomization study revealed causal relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and osteoporosis/fractures. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 39:847-857. [PMID: 38240493 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are reported to have a higher risk of osteoporosis/fractures; however, the causal relationship remains unclear. METHODS Publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were used for Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. GWASs of NAFLD and fractures were obtained from the FinnGen Consortium. GWASs of bone mineral density (BMD) were derived from a meta-analysis. GWASs of obesity, diabetes, liver function, and serum lipid-related metrics were used to clarify whether the accompanying NAFLD symptoms contributed to fractures. Moreover, two additional GWASs of NAFLD were applied. RESULTS A causal association was not observed between NAFLD and BMD using GWASs from the FinnGen Consortium. However, a causal relationship between NAFLD and femoral neck-BMD (FN-BMD), a suggestive relationship between fibrosis and FN-BMD, and between NAFLD and osteoporosis were identified in replication GWASs. Genetically proxied body mass index (BMI), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and hip circumference increased the likelihood of lower limb fractures. The waist-to-hip ratio decreased, whereas glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-B) increased the risk of forearm fractures. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) reduced, whereas HbA1C increased the incidence of femoral fractures. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) raised the risk of foot fractures. However, after a multivariate MR analysis (adjusted for BMI), all the relationships became insignificant. CONCLUSIONS NAFLD caused reduced BMD, and genetically predicted HDL, LDL, HbA1C, HOMA-B, ALP, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio causally increased the risk of fractures. BMI may mediate causal relationships. Larger GWASs are required to verify this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Pei
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lianchi Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qingmin Zeng
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chang-Hai Liu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Enqiang Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Taoyou Zhou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dongbo Wu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Ragab A, Fattah AMA, Sayed AR, GamalEl Din SF, Mahmoud Hassan SM, Mohamed AYM, Hamed MA. Correlation between Serum Levels of Nitric Oxide and Adropin and Erectile Dysfunction in Males with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Observational Study. Reprod Sci 2024:10.1007/s43032-024-01537-4. [PMID: 38691315 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The current study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of nitric oxide (NO) and adropin in males with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced erectile dysfunction (ED) and NAFLD patients without ED and controls. The current study selected 165 participants from the hepatology department from November 2021 to November 2022. The patients were either suffering from NAFLD with normal liver functions or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with abnormal liver functions. They were diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography. Participants were evaluated using the validated Arabic version of the International Index of Erectile Function (ArIIEF-5), the Arabic form of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Noteworthy, there were significant positive correlations between ArIIEF-5 score, NO, adropin and total testosterone (r = 0.380, p = 0.001; r = 0.507, p = < 0.001; r = 0.246, p = 0.038, respectively). Meanwhile, there were significant negative correlations between ArIIEF-5 score, creatinine, duration of the disease and scores of GAD-7 and PHQ-9 (r = -0.656, p = < 0.001; r = -0.368, p = 0.002; r = -0.663, p = < 0.001; r = -0.248, p = 0.037, respectively). Finally, a linear regression analysis revealed that GAD-7, creatinine, and adropin were the only strong independent predictors of ArIIEF-5, as the 95% confidence interval in the form of upper and lower bounds was -0.349, -0.843, p < 0.001, -6.507, -18.402, p < 0.001, 0.476, 0.117, and p 0.002, respectively. Impaired NO and adropin levels play a potential role in the development of ED in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ragab
- Department of Andrology, Sexology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, BeniSuef, Egypt
| | - Ali M Abdel Fattah
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endemic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, BeniSuef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Reda Sayed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, BeniSuef, Egypt
| | - Sameh Fayek GamalEl Din
- Department of Andrology, Sexology and STDs, KasrAlainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Al-Saray Street, El Manial, Cairo, 11956, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Mostafa Ahmed Hamed
- Department of Andrology, Sexology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, BeniSuef, Egypt
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Govaere O, Cockell SJ, Zatorska M, Wonders K, Tiniakos D, Frey AM, Palmowksi P, Walker R, Porter A, Trost M, Anstee QM, Daly AK. Pharmacogene expression during progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Studies on mRNA and protein levels and their relevance to drug treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116249. [PMID: 38697308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is common worldwide. Genes and proteins contributing to drug disposition may show altered expression as MASLD progresses. To assess this further, we undertook transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of 137 pharmacogenes in liver biopsies from a large MASLD cohort. We performed sequencing on RNA from 216 liver biopsies (206 MASLD and 10 controls). Untargeted mass spectrometry proteomics was performed on a 103 biopsy subgroup. Selected RNA sequencing signals were replicated with an additional 187 biopsies. Comparison of advanced MASLD (fibrosis score 3/4) with milder disease (fibrosis score 0-2) by RNA sequencing showed significant alterations in expression of certain phase I, phase II and ABC transporters. For cytochromes P450, CYP2C19 showed the most significant decreased expression (30 % of that in mild disease) but significant decreased expression of other CYPs (including CYP2C8 and CYP2E1) also occurred. CYP2C19 also showed a significant decrease comparing the inflammatory form of MASLD (MASH) with non-MASH biopsies. Findings for CYP2C19 were confirmed in the replication cohort. Proteomics on the original discovery cohort confirmed decreased levels of several CYPs as MASLD advanced but this decrease was greatest for CYP2C19 where levels fell to 40 % control. This decrease may result in decreased CYP2C19 activity that could be problematic for prescription of drugs activated or metabolized by CYP2C19 as MASLD advances. More limited decreases for other P450s suggest fewer issues with non-CYP2C19 drug substrates. Negative correlations at RNA level between CYP2C19 and several cytokine genes provided initial insights into the mechanism underlying decreased expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Govaere
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon J Cockell
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Michalina Zatorska
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kristy Wonders
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dina Tiniakos
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Pathology, Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andrew M Frey
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Pawel Palmowksi
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ruth Walker
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Andrew Porter
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Matthias Trost
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Quentin M Anstee
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ann K Daly
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Chen D, Wang Y, Yang J, Ou W, Lin G, Zeng Z, Lu X, Chen Z, Zou L, Tian Y, Wu A, Keating SE, Yang Q, Lin C, Liang Y. Shenling Baizhu San ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1343755. [PMID: 38720776 PMCID: PMC11076757 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1343755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its related mortality is increasing at an unprecedented rate. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been shown to offer potential for early prevention and treatment of NAFLD. The new mechanism of "Shenling Baizhu San" (SLBZS) is examined in this study for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD at the preclinical level. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups: normal diet (ND), western diet + CCl4 injection (WDC), and SLBZS intervention (WDC + SLBZS). Body weights, energy intake, liver enzymes, pro-inflammatory factors, and steatosis were recorded in detail. Meanwhile, TPH1, 5-HT, HTR2A, and HTR2B were tested using qRT-PCR or ELISA. Dynamic changes in the gut microbiota and metabolites were further detected through the 16S rRNA gene and untargeted metabolomics. Results: SLBZS intervention for 6 weeks could reduce the serum and liver lipid profiles, glucose, and pro-inflammatory factors while improving insulin resistance and liver function indexes in the mice, thus alleviating NAFLD in mice. More importantly, significant changes were found in the intestinal TPH-1, 5-HT, liver 5-HT, and related receptors HTR2A and HTR2B. The 16S rRNA gene analysis suggested that SLBZS was able to modulate the disturbance of gut microbiota, remarkably increasing the relative abundance of probiotics (Bifidobacterium and Parvibacter) and inhibiting the growth of pro-inflammatory bacteria (Erysipelatoclostridium and Lachnoclostridium) in mice with NAFLD. Combined with metabolomics in positive- and negative-ion-mode analyses, approximately 50 common differential metabolites were selected via non-targeted metabolomics detection, which indicated that the targeting effect of SLBZS included lipid metabolites, bile acids (BAs), amino acids (AAs), and tryptophan metabolites. In particular, the lipid metabolites 15-OxEDE, vitamin D3, desoxycortone, and oleoyl ethanol amide were restored by SLBZS. Conclusion: Integrating the above results of multiple omics suggests that SLBZS ameliorates NAFLD via specific gut microbiota, gut-derived 5-HT, and related metabolites to decrease fat accumulation in the liver and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Chen
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianmei Yang
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wanyi Ou
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guiru Lin
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze Zeng
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaomin Lu
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zumin Chen
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lili Zou
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaling Tian
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shelley E. Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Qinhe Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Health Science Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chenli Lin
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Health Science Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yinji Liang
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Health Science Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Mubarak M. Changes in the terminology and diagnostic criteria of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Implications and opportunities. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2024; 15:92864. [PMID: 38682023 PMCID: PMC11045356 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v15.i1.92864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease (FLD) is a highly prevalent pathological liver disorder. It has many and varied etiologies and has heterogeneous clinical course and outcome. Its proper nomenclature and classification have been problematic since its initial recognition. Traditionally, it was divided into two main categories: Alcohol-associated liver disease and nonalcoholic FLD (NAFLD). Among these, the latter condition has been plagued with nomenclature and classification issues. The two main objections to its use have been the use of negative (non-alcoholic) and stigmatizing (fatty) terms in its nomenclature. Numerous attempts were made to address these issues but none achieved universal acceptance. Just recently, NAFLD has received a new nomenclature from an international collaborative effort based on a rigorous scientific methodology. FLD has been renamed steatotic liver disease (SLD), and NAFLD as metabolic dysfunction-associated SLD. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis was chosen as the replacement terminology for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. This is a significant positive change in the nomenclature and categorization of FLD and will likely have a major impact on research, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of the disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Mubarak
- Javed I. Kazi Department of Histopathology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
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Sierra T, Achour B. In Vitro to In Vivo Scalars for Drug Clearance in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and Steatohepatitis. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:390-398. [PMID: 38423789 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) allows prediction of clinical outcomes across populations from in vitro data using specific scalars tailored to the biologic characteristics of each population. This study experimentally determined scalars for patients with varying degrees of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), ranging from fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Microsomal, S9, and cytosol fractions were extracted from 36 histologically normal and 66 NAFLD livers (27 nonalcoholic fatty liver [NAFL], 13 NASH, and 26 NASH with cirrhosis). Corrected microsomal protein per gram liver (MPPGL) progressively decreased with disease severity (26.8, 27.4, and 24.3 mg/g in NAFL, NASH, and NASH/cirrhosis, respectively, compared with 35.6 mg/g in normal livers; ANOVA, P < 0.001). Homogenate, S9, and cytosolic protein showed a consistent trend of decline in NASH/cirrhosis relative to normal control (post-hoc t test, P < 0.05). No differences across the groups were observed in homogenate, S9, cytosolic, and microsomal protein content in matched kidney samples. MPPGL-based scalars that combine protein content with liver size revealed that the reduction in MPPGL in NAFL and NASH was compensated by the reported increase in liver size (relative scalar ratios of 0.96 and 0.99, respectively), which was not the case with NASH/cirrhosis (ratio of 0.63), compared with healthy control. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics-informed global sensitivity analysis of the relative contribution of IVIVE scalars (hepatic CYP3A4 abundance, MPPGL, and liver size) to variability in exposure (area under the curve) to three CYP3A substrates (alprazolam, midazolam, and ibrutinib) revealed enzyme abundance as the most significant parameter, followed by MPPGL, whereas liver volume was the least impactful factor. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-specific scalars necessary for extrapolation from in vitro systems to liver tissue are lacking. These are required in clearance prediction and dose selection in nonalcoholic fatty liver and steatohepatitis populations. Previously reported disease-driven changes have focused on cirrhosis, with no data on the initial stages of liver disease. The authors obtained experimental values for microsomal, cytosolic, and S9 fractions and assessed the relative impact of microsomal scalars on predicted exposure to substrate drugs using physiologically based pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Sierra
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Brahim Achour
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
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31
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Su X, Xu Q, Li Z, Ren Y, Jiao Q, Wang L, Wang Y. Role of the angiopoietin-like protein family in the progression of NAFLD. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27739. [PMID: 38560164 PMCID: PMC10980950 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent cause of chronic liver disease, with a range of conditions including non-alcoholic fatty liver, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Currently recognized as the liver component of the metabolic syndrome, NAFLD is intimately linked to metabolic diseases. Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) comprise a class of proteins that resemble angiopoietins structurally. It is closely related to obesity, insulin resistance and lipid metabolism, and may be the critical factor of metabolic syndrome. In recent years, many studies have found that there is a certain correlation between ANGPTLs and the occurrence and progression of NAFLD disease spectrum. This article reviews the possible mechanisms and roles of ANGPTL protein in the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China
| | - Qinchen Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China
| | - Zigan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China
| | - Yidan Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qinlian Jiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 250021, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Fu Y, Wang Z, Qin H. Examining the Pathogenesis of MAFLD and the Medicinal Properties of Natural Products from a Metabolic Perspective. Metabolites 2024; 14:218. [PMID: 38668346 PMCID: PMC11052500 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), characterized primarily by hepatic steatosis, has become the most prevalent liver disease worldwide, affecting approximately two-fifths of the global population. The pathogenesis of MAFLD is extremely complex, and to date, there are no approved therapeutic drugs for clinical use. Considerable evidence indicates that various metabolic disorders play a pivotal role in the progression of MAFLD, including lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and micronutrients. In recent years, the medicinal properties of natural products have attracted widespread attention, and numerous studies have reported their efficacy in ameliorating metabolic disorders and subsequently alleviating MAFLD. This review aims to summarize the metabolic-associated pathological mechanisms of MAFLD, as well as the natural products that regulate metabolic pathways to alleviate MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China; (Y.F.); (Z.W.)
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Mahmoudi A, Hajihasani MM, Majeed M, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Effect of Calebin-A on Critical Genes Related to NAFLD: A Protein-Protein Interaction Network and Molecular Docking Study. Curr Genomics 2024; 25:120-139. [PMID: 38751599 PMCID: PMC11092913 DOI: 10.2174/0113892029280454240214072212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Calebin-A is a minor phytoconstituent of turmeric known for its activity against inflammation, oxidative stress, cancerous, and metabolic disorders like Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Based on bioinformatic tools. Subsequently, the details of the interaction of critical proteins with Calebin-A were investigated using the molecular docking technique. Methods We first probed the intersection of genes/ proteins between NAFLD and Calebin-A through online databases. Besides, we performed an enrichment analysis using the ClueGO plugin to investigate signaling pathways and gene ontology. Next, we evaluate the possible interaction of Calebin-A with significant hub proteins involved in NAFLD through a molecular docking study. Results We identified 87 intersection genes Calebin-A targets associated with NAFLD. PPI network analysis introduced 10 hub genes (TP53, TNF, STAT3, HSP90AA1, PTGS2, HDAC6, ABCB1, CCT2, NR1I2, and GUSB). In KEGG enrichment, most were associated with Sphingolipid, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), C-type lectin receptor, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. The biological processes described in 87 intersection genes are mostly concerned with regulating the apoptotic process, cytokine production, and intracellular signal transduction. Molecular docking results also directed that Calebin-A had a high affinity to bind hub proteins linked to NAFLD. Conclusion Here, we showed that Calebin-A, through its effect on several critical genes/ proteins and pathways, might repress the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Hajihasani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Muhammed Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, Sabinsa Corporation, 20 Lake Drive, East Windsor, NJ, 08520, USA
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Wu J, Huang H, Gong L, Tian X, Peng Z, Zhu Y, Wang W. A Flavonoid Glycoside Compound from Siraitia grosvenorii with Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Effects In Vitro. Biomolecules 2024; 14:450. [PMID: 38672467 PMCID: PMC11048398 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a pivotal factor in the development and advancement of conditions like NAFLD and asthma. Diet can affect several phases of inflammation and significantly influence multiple inflammatory disorders. Siraitia grosvenorii, a traditional Chinese edible and medicinal plant, is considered beneficial to health. Flavonoids can suppress inflammatory cytokines, which play a crucial role in regulating inflammation. In the present experiments, kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnoside-7-O-β-D-xylosyl(1→2)-O-α-L-rhamnoside (SGPF) is a flavonoid glycoside that was first isolated from S. grosvenorii. A series of experimental investigations were carried out to investigate whether the flavonoid component has anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects in this plant. The researchers showed that SGPF has a stronger modulation of protein expression in LPS-induced macrophages (MH-S) and OA-induced HepG2 cells. The drug was dose-dependent on cells, and in the TLR4/NF-κB/MyD88 pathway and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, SGPF regulated all protein expression. SGPF has a clear anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective function in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjiang Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China; (J.W.)
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Huaxue Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China; (J.W.)
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
- Hunan Huacheng Biotech, Inc., High-Tech Zone, Changsha 410205, China;
| | - Limin Gong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China; (J.W.)
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Xing Tian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China; (J.W.)
| | - Zhi Peng
- Hunan Huacheng Biotech, Inc., High-Tech Zone, Changsha 410205, China;
| | - Yizhun Zhu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China; (J.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China; (J.W.)
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
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Guo B, Yan S, Zhai L, Cheng Y. LncRNA HOTAIR accelerates free fatty acid-induced inflammatory response in HepG2 cells by recruiting SRSF1 to stabilize MLXIPL mRNA. Cytotechnology 2024; 76:259-269. [PMID: 38495293 PMCID: PMC10940554 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-023-00614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
LncRNA HOTAIR has been reported to be associated with metabolic diseases of the liver. However, the effect of HOTAIR on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) inflammation and its potential mechanism have not been reported. Genes and proteins expression were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot respectively. The level of inflammatory cytokines was assessed by ELISA. HepG2 cell viability was detected by MTT assay. TG level and lipid accumulation were measured by Assay Kit and Oil red O staining, respectively. Direct binding relationship between HOTAIR and Serine/arginine splicing factor 1 (SRSF1), SRSF1 and MLX interacting protein like (MLXIPL) were confirmed by RNA-pull down and RIP assay. HOTAIR was highly expressed in free fatty acids (FFA)-treated HepG2 cells. HOTAIR knockdown alleviated FFA-induced inflammation of HepG2 cells. Then further analysis showed that HOTAIR and SRSF1 had a mutual binding relationship, and HOTAIR maintained MLXIPL mRNA stability via recruiting SRSF1 in HepG2 cells. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of HOTAIR knockdown on FFA-induced inflammation in HepG2 cells was reversed by MLXIPL overexpression. HOTAIR accelerates inflammation of FFA-induced HepG2 cells by recruiting SRSF1 to stabilize MLXIPL mRNA, which will help to find new effective strategies for NAFLD therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-023-00614-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Guo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou Health Science College, Guangzhou, 510450 Guangdong China
| | - Shengzhe Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280 Guangdong China
| | - Lei Zhai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou Health Science College, Guangzhou, 510450 Guangdong China
| | - Yanzhen Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280 Guangdong China
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Mandal M, Ghosh S, Roy S, Mandal S, Dasgupta A. Association of Diabetic Retinopathy with Midlife Hepatic Steatosis Diagnosed by Elastography and Hepatic Steatosis Index in Type 2 Diabetes in an Indian Population. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2024; 22:214-221. [PMID: 38417047 DOI: 10.1089/met.2023.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims: People with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of developing hepatic steatosis. We determined the prevalence of hepatic steatosis in middle-aged patients with and without diabetic retinopathy (DR) in an Indian population. We feel this information is critical, with trends of increasing chronic liver disease-related mortality at younger ages. Method: Institution-based analytical cross-sectional study with 114 middle-aged type 2 diabetes patients; 57 in each group with <15 years of duration of DM and without excessive drinking. Hepatic steatosis was determined by the hepatic steatosis index (HSI), hepatic ultrasonography (USG), and elastography. Result: The HSI in DR (37.9 ± 3.9) was more (P = 0.012) than in without diabetic retinopathy (NODR) (36.3 ± 3.3). There was no difference between two groups in liver span (P = 0.829) or in the prevalence of fatty liver (P = 0.562) as determined by conventional USG. Elastography value (kPa) was more (P = 0.001) in DR (6.51 ± 1.85) than in NODR (5.14 ± 1.60). On elastography, 50.9% in DR had a likelihood ratio (Metavir score for a stiffness value) for stage 2 Metavir score. In DR, 11.8% of those missed by USG had a likelihood ratio for ≥ stage 2 Metavir score on elastography. The presence of DR was independently correlated with kPa value (P < 0.001). Conclusion: A significantly higher prevalence of hepatic steatosis was observed in DR in this population. DR can be a useful biomarker for early hepatic screening in midlife, particularly with hepatic elastography, so that timely diagnosis of hepatic steatosis can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mily Mandal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Sambuddha Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Satarupa Roy
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Sayani Mandal
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Anindya Dasgupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Jhargram Government Medical College, Jhargram, India
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Xiang Z, Guan H, Zhao X, Xie Q, Xie Z, Cai F, Dang R, Li M, Wang C. Dietary gallic acid as an antioxidant: A review of its food industry applications, health benefits, bioavailability, nano-delivery systems, and drug interactions. Food Res Int 2024; 180:114068. [PMID: 38395544 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA), a dietary phenolic acid with potent antioxidant activity, is widely distributed in edible plants. GA has been applied in the food industry as an antimicrobial agent, food fresh-keeping agent, oil stabilizer, active food wrap material, and food processing stabilizer. GA is a potential dietary supplement due to its health benefits on various functional disorders associated with oxidative stress, including renal, neurological, hepatic, pulmonary, reproductive, and cardiovascular diseases. GA is rapidly absorbed and metabolized after oral administration, resulting in low bioavailability, which is susceptible to various factors, such as intestinal microbiota, transporters, and metabolism of galloyl derivatives. GA exhibits a tendency to distribute primarily to the kidney, liver, heart, and brain. A total of 37 metabolites of GA has been identified, and decarboxylation and dihydroxylation in phase I metabolism and sulfation, glucuronidation, and methylation in phase Ⅱ metabolism are considered the main in vivo biotransformation pathways of GA. Different types of nanocarriers, such as polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanodots, have been successfully developed to enhance the health-promoting function of GA by increasing bioavailability. GA may induce drug interactions with conventional drugs, such as hydroxyurea, linagliptin, and diltiazem, due to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes, including cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2D6, and transporters, including P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3. In conclusion, in-depth studies of GA on food industry applications, health benefits, bioavailability, nano-delivery systems, and drug interactions have laid the foundation for its comprehensive application as a food additive and dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedong Xiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China
| | - Huida Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China
| | - Zhejun Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China
| | - Fujie Cai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China
| | - Rui Dang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China
| | - Manlin Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China.
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, China.
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Zhang M, Chen Y, Sun S, Zhang S, Yuan L, Xu Y, Li X, Chen G, Wei X, Liu C. Ketogenic diet alleviates β-cell dedifferentiation but aggravates hepatic lipid accumulation in db/db mice. Nutrition 2024; 119:112284. [PMID: 38118383 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the effect of the ketogenic diet (KD) on β-cell dedifferentiation and hepatic lipid accumulation in db/db mice. METHODS After a 3-wk habituation, male db/db mice ages 8 wk were assigned into one of three groups: normal diet (ND), KD, and 75% calorie restriction (CR) group. Free access to a standard diet, a KD, and 75% of a standard diet, respectively, were given to each group. Additionally, sex-matched 8-wk-old C57BL/6 mice were used to construct a control (C) group. After a 4-wk dietary intervention, mouse body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood lipids, fasting insulin (FINS), glucose tolerance, and β-hydroxybutyric acid level were measured. The morphologies of the islet and liver were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Positive expressions of β-cell-specific transcription factors in mouse islets were determined by double immunofluorescence staining. The size and number of lipid droplets in mouse liver were examined by Oil Red O staining. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction detected relative levels of adipogenesis-associated and lipolysis-associated genes in mouse liver. Additionally, expressions of CD36 protein in the mouse liver were determined by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot. RESULTS After a 4-wk dietary intervention, FBG, FINS, and glucose area under the curve in the KD group became significantly lower than in the ND group (all P < 0.05). Regular morphology of mouse islets was observed in the KD group, with an increased number of islet cells. The KD significantly reversed the decrease in β-cell number, disarrangement of β-cells, decline of β/α-cell ratio, and downregulation of β-cell-specific transcription factors in db/db mice. Serum levels of triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were comparable between the ND and KD groups. In contrast, serum triacylglycerol levels were significantly lower in the CR group than in the ND group (P < 0.05). Vacuolar degeneration and lipid accumulation in the liver were more prominent in the KD group than in the ND and CR groups. The mRNA levels of Pparα and Acox1 in the KD group were lower than those in the ND group, although no significant differences were detected. Relative levels of Cd36 and inflammatory genes in the mouse liver were significantly higher in the KD group than in the ND group (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The KD significantly reduced FBG and FINS and improved glucose tolerance in db/db mice by upregulating β-cell-specific transcription factors and reversing β-cell dedifferentiation. However, the KD also induced hepatic lipid accumulation and aggravated inflammatory response in the liver of db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Yancheng TCM Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng TCM Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Endocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuoshuo Sun
- Endocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaohong Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Endocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijiao Xu
- Endocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingjia Li
- Endocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guofang Chen
- Endocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiao Wei
- Endocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Endocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Zhao J, Li B, Zhang K, Zhu Z. The effect and safety of obeticholic acid for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37271. [PMID: 38363900 PMCID: PMC10869096 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the primary causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. Obeticholic acid (OCA), a potent farnesoid X nuclear receptor activator, has shown promise for treating NASH-related fibrosis due to its anti-fibrotic effects. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of OCA for patients with NASH as well as to investigate its impact on dyslipidemia. METHOD A search of databases including PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library from January 1, 2010, to November 1, 2022, was conducted to identify systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials involving NASH patients. Inclusion criteria comprised randomized controlled trials that specifically addressed NASH as diagnosed through magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, or histology. The results were then categorized, with consideration given to both biochemical and histological outcomes. RESULT Five NASH studies were ultimately selected for further analysis. In terms of biochemical indicators, patients receiving OCA treatment showed improvements in alanine transaminase (mean difference: -19.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -24.39 to 14.58; P < .05) and aspartate aminotransferase (mean difference: -9.22, 95% CI: -12.70 to 5.74; P < .05). As for histological improvement, OCA treatment reduced fibrosis (odds ratio [OR]: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.47-2.59; P = .001) and steatosis (OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.47-2.59; P = .001). No significant differences were observed regarding adverse events (1.44, 95% CI: 0.57-3.62; P > .001). Regarding dyslipidemia, mean differences between total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein were found to be high (0.33, 95% CI: 0.01-0.64, P < .05; 0.39, 95% CI: 0.04-0.73, P < .05). In the case of pruritus, OCA achieved a high OR (3.22, 95% CI: 2.22-4.74) compared with placebo. CONCLUSION OCA also reduced several liver test markers compared to placebo, including the biochemical indicators alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and improved hepatocellular ballooning, fibrosis, steatosis, and lobular inflammation. Although the incidence of adverse events did not significantly differ between OCA and placebo groups among NASH patients, OCA treatment was found to elevate total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels, and the reported severity of pruritus increased with higher doses of OCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Baozhen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Shandong Drug and Food Vocational College, Weihai, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
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Zhang X, Jiang Z, Jin X, Zhou Q. Efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine combined with Silibinin on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37052. [PMID: 38306552 PMCID: PMC10843422 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) combined with Silibinin in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are still inconclusive. This meta-analysis intends to evaluation to explore the clinical efficacy and quality assessment of traditional Chinese medicine in combination with Silymarin in the treatment of NAFLD, aiming to aims to provide evidence-based data analysis for researchers and clinical practitioners involved in TCM research for NAFLD, with the hope of facilitating wider adoption and application. METHODS In this meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, CQVIP and CBM databases from the establishment of the databases to Oct 2023. The study proposed to include studies that reported combination of TCM with Silibinin and Silibinin alone in the treatment of NAFLD, excluding studies for which full text was not available or for which data extraction was not possible; studies using animal studies; reviews and systematic reviews. All data were processed by STATA15.1 statistical software. RESULTS 16 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this meta-analysis. The sample size ranged from 48 to 120, with a total of 1335 patients, including 669 in the Combined treatment group and 384 in the Silibinin group. The findings indicated that the total effective rate of combined treatment group was significantly higher than that of Silibinin alone. Levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) of combined treatment group were all significantly lower than that of western medicine alone. Additionally, after treating NAFLD with a combination of TCM and Silibinin, the TCM syndrome score were significantly lower than those observed with Silibinin alone. CONCLUSION Traditional Chinese medicine in conjunction with Silibinin capsules has shown significant efficacy in the treatment of NAFLD, improving clinical symptoms, blood lipid levels, and liver function. Furthermore, it is essential to engage in multi-omics research, investigate iron death, and explore the gut microbiota as potential observational indicators for the diagnosis and inclusion criteria. Conducting more high-quality clinical experiments is necessary to further validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenghao Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Jin
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiujun Zhou
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Moreto F, Garcia JL, Ferreira ALDA, Radrezza S, Costa MR, Romualdo GR, Grandini NA, Aldini G, Correa CR, D'Amato A. Quantitative proteomics study of carnosine effect in an animal model of Western diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23644. [PMID: 38348714 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is closely related to westernized dietary (WD) patterns, displays a rising epidemiological and economic burden. Since there is no pharmacological therapy approved for this disease, mechanistic studies are warranted. In this work, we investigated the action of carnosine (CAR), a natural dipeptide with several protection roles against oxidative stress in the liver of NAFLD rats. NAFLD was induced by WD-rich sugars and fat, verifying the histological evidence of steatosis. As intraperitoneal administration of CAR reversed liver steatosis, the protein profiles of NAFLD liver and CAR NAFLD liver were evaluated by label-free proteomics approach. A total of 2531 proteins were identified and the 230 and 276 were significantly up- and downregulated, respectively, by CAR treatment of NAFLD rats and involved in fundamental pathways such as oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. Perilipin 2 and apolipoprotein E, components of the plasma membrane of vesicle, resulted in highly downregulated in the CAR-treated NAFLD liver. The advanced bioanalytical approach demonstrated the efficacy of CAR in overcoming the main symptoms of NAFLD, ameliorating the steatosis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreto
- Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvia Radrezza
- Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics Division, Max Planck Institute, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alfonsina D'Amato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Elhelw O, Ragavan S, Majeed W, Alkhaffaf B, Mohammed N, Senapati S, Ammori BJ, Robinson JA, Syed AA. The impact of bariatric surgery on liver enzymes in people with obesity: A 5-year observational study. Surgeon 2024; 22:e26-e33. [PMID: 37567846 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increasing worldwide prevalence, fuelled by rising obesity rates, and weight reduction is the mainstay of its management. We sought to study the effect of bariatric surgery, the most effective long-term treatment for obesity and associated metabolic disorders, on liver function in people with obesity. METHODS We performed a retrospective longitudinal cohort study of 511 patients who had undergone bariatric surgery (71 sleeve gastrectomy and 440 gastric bypass) over 60 months of follow-up. Patients were stratified into groups based on their baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) into Group A (ALT < 40 U/L) and Group B (ALT > 40 U/L). Postoperative follow-up weight loss, liver function tests, HbA1c, blood pressure and lipid profiles were collected. FINDINGS Bariatric surgery resulted in nadir total weight loss of 33.1% by 24 months (p < 0.001) with no significant difference between groups. In people with raised baseline ALT (Group B), ALT and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels decreased significantly by 4 months postoperatively (p < 0.001) and sustained over 60 months of follow-up. There was also significant and sustained reduction in HbA1c, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol overall with no differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS Bariatric surgery results in significant weight loss, improves liver function tests and metabolic outcomes in people with obesity. Bariatric surgery could be a therapeutic consideration for patients with NAFLD associated with severe obesity who have otherwise been unresponsive to conservative management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Elhelw
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Waseem Majeed
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Medicine, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bilal Alkhaffaf
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Oesophago-Gastric and Bariatric Surgery, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Noor Mohammed
- Gastroenterology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK; Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Siba Senapati
- Oesophago-Gastric and Bariatric Surgery, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK; University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Basil J Ammori
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Oesophago-Gastric and Bariatric Surgery, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK; Bariatric, General, Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Burjeel Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - James Andrew Robinson
- Gastroenterology, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Akheel A Syed
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Medicine, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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ZHI G, SHAO B, ZHENG T, JI S, LI J, DANG Y, LIU F, WANG D. Efficacy of Ganshuang granules on non-alcoholic fatty liver and underlying mechanism: a network pharmacology and experimental verification. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2024; 44:122-130. [PMID: 38213247 PMCID: PMC10774728 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20231215.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential pharmacological mechanisms of Ganshuang granules (, GSG) in treating non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD). METHODS All the active components and targets of GSG were retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform. Protein-Protein interaction network, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology function annotation of common targets were analyzed to predict the mechanisms of action of GSG in the treatment of NAFLD. Then, the mouse models of NAFLD were constructed in a diet-induced manner and treated with GSG. The levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway-related proteins in the liver of mice in each group were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Network pharmacology revealed a total of 159 potential targets of GSG for the treatment of NAFLD. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway may be involved during GSG treatment of NAFLD. Further experiments showed that the significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in NAFLD model mice serum after GSG treatment, as well as the expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the liver. Furthermore, drug intervention increased the protein expression levels of phosphorylated-PI3K (P-PI3K) and P-AKT in the liver of the model group mice, and decreased the protein expression level of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1. CONCLUSION We found that GSG is effective in treating NAFLD and the potential therapeutic targets may be involved in PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguo ZHI
- 1 School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Bingjie SHAO
- 1 School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tianyan ZHENG
- 1 School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shaoxiu JI
- 1 School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jingwei LI
- 1 School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yanni DANG
- 2 Shanxi Buchang Pharmaceutical Company, Limited, Xi’an 712000, China
| | - Feng LIU
- 2 Shanxi Buchang Pharmaceutical Company, Limited, Xi’an 712000, China
| | - Dong WANG
- 1 School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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YANG S, MA Y, BAI Z, YU Y, FANG B, ZHANG L, WANG L. Intervention effect of Cigu Xiaozhi prescription on ceramide lipoapoptosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2024; 44:63-69. [PMID: 38213240 PMCID: PMC10774722 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20231215.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of the Chinese medicine Cigu Xiaozhi prescription (, CGXZ) in the treatment of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by detoxification and phlegm-reducing, the effect of CGXZ prescription on ceramide-mediated lipid apoptosis in Hep G2 cells with NAFLD. METHODS The experiment was randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control group, model group, CGXZ prescription medicated serum high, medium, and low dose groups, and pioglitazone positive control group. Using 500 μmol/L free fatty acid (FFA) mixture to induce Hep G2 cells to establish NAFLD cell model, respectively, with 2%, 4%, and 6% concentration of CGXZ prescription medicated serum intervention for 24 h. The changes in organelles and lipid droplet accumulation were observed under the electron microscope. Furthermore, TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling method was used to assay hepatocyte apoptosis; Biochemical determination of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, triglycerides, and FFA levels in Hep G2 cells; the content of ceramide was determined by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Finally, Western Blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to determine the protein and gene expression levels, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X (Bax). RESULTS Under the electron microscope, the cells in the model group showed moderate-to-severe steatosis, and apoptotic bodies could be seen. The model group had greater improvements in the apoptosis rate (P < 0.01), and the levels of ceramide C2 and FFA in the cytoplasm (P < 0.01) than the normal control group. The protein expressions of NF-κB, iNOS, and Bax were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05), while the Bcl-2 had no significant change (P > 0.05). Compared with the model group, the levels of ceramide C2 and FFA (P < 0.01), the protein expressions of NF-κB, iNOS, and Bax (P < 0.05) in the CGXZ prescription treatment group and pioglitazone positive control group were significantly decreased; Only the Bcl-2 protein was significantly up-regulated in the high-dose Chinese medicine group (P < 0.05). The down-regulation of Bax mRNA expression in each Chinese medicine treatment group was significantly better than in the pioglitazone positive control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The CGXZ prescription, formulated with the method of detoxification and phlegm, can inhibit lipoapoptosis in the NAFLD cell model by down-regulating the levels of ceramide C2 and FFA, which may be achieved by regulating ceramide/iNOS/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun YANG
- 1 Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Beihai Traditional Chinese Medicine hospital, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Yanhua MA
- 2 the First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhouxia BAI
- 3 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ye YU
- 1 Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Beihai Traditional Chinese Medicine hospital, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Buwu FANG
- 4 Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Li ZHANG
- 4 Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Li WANG
- 2 the First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Longhitano L, Distefano A, Musso N, Bonacci P, Orlando L, Giallongo S, Tibullo D, Denaro S, Lazzarino G, Ferrigno J, Nicolosi A, Alanazi AM, Salomone F, Tropea E, Barbagallo IA, Bramanti V, Li Volti G, Lazzarino G, Torella D, Amorini AM. (+)-Lipoic acid reduces mitochondrial unfolded protein response and attenuates oxidative stress and aging in an in vitro model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Transl Med 2024; 22:82. [PMID: 38245790 PMCID: PMC10799515 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver disorder characterized by the ac-cumulation of fat in hepatocytes without alcohol consumption. Mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress play significant roles in NAFLD pathogenesis. The unfolded protein response in mitochondria (UPRmt) is an adaptive mechanism that aims to restore mitochondrial protein homeostasis and mitigate cellular stress. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ( +)-Lipoic acid (ALA) on UPRmt, inflammation, and oxidative stress in an in vitro model of NAFLD using HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid and oleic acid to induce steatosis. RESULTS Treatment with palmitic and oleic acids increased UPRmt-related proteins HSP90 and HSP60 (heat shock protein), and decreased CLPP (caseinolytic protease P), indicating ER stress activation. ALA treatment at 1 μM and 5 μM restored UPRmt-related protein levels. PA:OA (palmitic acid:oleic acid)-induced ER stress markers IRE1α (Inositol requiring enzyme-1), CHOP (C/EBP Homologous Protein), BIP (Binding Immunoglobulin Protein), and BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein) were significantly reduced by ALA treatment. ALA also enhanced ER-mediated protein glycosylation and reduced oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased GPX1 (Glutathione peroxidase 1), GSTP1 (glutathione S-transferase pi 1), and GSR (glutathione-disulfide reductase) expression and increased GSH (Glutathione) levels, and improved cellular senescence as shown by the markers β-galactosidase, γH2Ax and Klotho-beta. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, ALA ameliorated ER stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation in HepG2 cells treated with palmitic and oleic acids, potentially offering therapeutic benefits for NAFLD providing a possible biochemical mechanism underlying ALA beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Longhitano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Alfio Distefano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonacci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Laura Orlando
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Giallongo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Denaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Jessica Ferrigno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Nicolosi
- Hospital Pharmacy Unit, Ospedale Cannizzaro, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Amer M Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Federico Salomone
- Division of Gastroenterology, Ospedale Di Acireale, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tropea
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Bramanti
- U.O.S. Laboratory Analysis, Maggiore "Nino Baglieri" Hospital - ASP Ragusa, 97015, Modica (RG), Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via Di Sant'Alessandro 8, 00131, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Torella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Amorini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
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LeFort KR, Rungratanawanich W, Song BJ. Contributing roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatocyte apoptosis in liver diseases through oxidative stress, post-translational modifications, inflammation, and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:34. [PMID: 38214802 PMCID: PMC10786752 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This review provides an update on recent findings from basic, translational, and clinical studies on the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of hepatocytes in multiple liver diseases, including but not limited to alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). While the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) is mainly responsible for oxidizing binge alcohol via the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, it is also responsible for metabolizing many xenobiotics, including pollutants, chemicals, drugs, and specific diets abundant in n-6 fatty acids, into toxic metabolites in many organs, including the liver, causing pathological insults through organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticula. Oxidative imbalances (oxidative stress) in mitochondria promote the covalent modifications of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids through enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Excessive changes stimulate various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of mitochondrial proteins, transcription factors, and histones. Increased PTMs of mitochondrial proteins inactivate many enzymes involved in the reduction of oxidative species, fatty acid metabolism, and mitophagy pathways, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, energy depletion, and apoptosis. Unique from other organelles, mitochondria control many signaling cascades involved in bioenergetics (fat metabolism), inflammation, and apoptosis/necrosis of hepatocytes. When mitochondrial homeostasis is shifted, these pathways become altered or shut down, likely contributing to the death of hepatocytes with activation of inflammation and hepatic stellate cells, causing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. This review will encapsulate how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to hepatocyte apoptosis in several types of liver diseases in order to provide recommendations for targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karli R LeFort
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Wiramon Rungratanawanich
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Jin C, Zhou T, Duan Z, Deng Y, Zhang X, Xiao C, He J, He G, Zhou Y, Li S. Effect of chin brick tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze] on lipid metabolism and inflammation by modulating intestinal flora and bile acids in mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116950. [PMID: 37506781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tea (Camellia sinensis) has been consumed for centuries as a traditional remedy for various metabolic diseases. The pharmacological mechanisms of many conventional medicines, including tea, often need to be clarified. Chin brick tea is a unique Chinese black tea grown in Hubei, China, rich in tea elements such as tea polyphenols and tea polysaccharides. AIM OF THE STUDY We focus on the effects of commercial chin brick tea on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by altering intestinal flora and its metabolite, bile acids. MATERIALS AND METHODS Targeted UPLC-MS/MS was employed to quantify the tea elements in commercial chin brick tea. In this study, we performed an integrated approach of animal experiments, 16 S rDNA, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to explore the potential mechanism of action of chin brick tea in preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). RESULTS After 14 weeks of administration, CBT extract could signiffcantly decrease the levels of body weight, liver weight, LDL-C, TC, ALT, IL-1β and IL-18, and slight increase HDL-C levels in NAFLD mice. The results indicated that the interventional impact of CBT with high-fat diet-induced NAFLD might depend on intestinal flora and its metabolites bile acids. Moreover, sequencing of 16 S rRNA genes demonstrated that CBT could signiffcantly improve the intestinal flora disorder of NAFLD mice. Speciffcally, CBT increased the levels of Lactobacillus, Alloprevotella, and Ruminococcaceae, while reducing the levels of Bacteroides in NAFLD mice. Then, a total of 23 bile acids were identified, 17 differential bile acids were obtained by screening, and CBT increase the primary bile acids/secondary bile acids ratio in NAFLD mice. Additionally, correlation analysis revealed that Bacteroides was negatively correlated with DCA and ωMCA, Lactobacillus was positively correlated with DCA and ωMCA, Bacteroides was positively correlated with NAFLD, Lactobacillus was negatively associated with NAFLD, and DCA and ωMCA were negatively correlated with NAFLD. CONCLUSION CBT extract has a good interventional impact on NAFLD mice. The mechanism by which this extract exerts its action is, at least partly, related to its regulation of intestinal flora and its metabolites bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Jin
- China Three Gorges University, Griffith Health, Yichang, 443000, China; Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- China Three Gorges University, Griffith Health, Yichang, 443000, China; Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Zhihao Duan
- China Three Gorges University, Griffith Health, Yichang, 443000, China; Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China; Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443001, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Deng
- China Three Gorges University, Griffith Health, Yichang, 443000, China; Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- China Three Gorges University, Griffith Health, Yichang, 443000, China; Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Changyi Xiao
- China Three Gorges University, Griffith Health, Yichang, 443000, China; Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China; Xinding Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Yichang, 443000, China; Hubei Province Changshengchuan chin brick tea Research Institute, Yichang, 443000, China
| | - Jiangang He
- Xinding Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Yichang, 443000, China; Hubei Province Changshengchuan chin brick tea Research Institute, Yichang, 443000, China
| | - Gongwei He
- Xinding Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Yichang, 443000, China; Hubei Province Changshengchuan chin brick tea Research Institute, Yichang, 443000, China
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443001, Hubei, China.
| | - Shigang Li
- China Three Gorges University, Griffith Health, Yichang, 443000, China; Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China; Xinding Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Yichang, 443000, China; Hubei Province Changshengchuan chin brick tea Research Institute, Yichang, 443000, China.
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Wang X, Chen Y, Meng H, Meng F. SREBPs as the potential target for solving the polypharmacy dilemma. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1272540. [PMID: 38269061 PMCID: PMC10806128 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1272540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of polypharmacy is a common occurrence among older people with multiple health conditions due to the rapid increase in population aging and the popularization of clinical guidelines. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is growing quickly, representing a serious threat to both the public and the worldwide healthcare systems. In addition, it enhances the risk of cardiovascular disease as well as mortality and morbidity. Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors that transcriptionally modulate genes that regulate lipid biosynthesis and uptake, thereby serving an essential role in biological systems regulation. In this article, we have described the structure of SREBPs and explored their activation and regulation of signals. We also reveal that SREBPs are intricately involved in the modulation of metabolic diseases and thus have tremendous potential as the novel target for single-drug therapy for multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fanbo Meng
- Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genetic Diagnosis (Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Endothelial Function and Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease, Jilin Provincial Molecular Biology Research Center for Precision Medicine of Major Cardiovascular Disease, Jilin Provincial Cardiovascular Research Institute), Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Wu F, Bu S, Wang H. Role of TRP Channels in Metabolism-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:692. [PMID: 38255767 PMCID: PMC10815096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), with its high prevalence and significant impact on cardiovascular disease, poses a substantial threat to human health. The early identification of pathological abnormalities related to MetS and prevention of the risk of associated diseases is of paramount importance. Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, a type of nonselective cation channel, are expressed in a variety of tissues and have been implicated in the onset and progression of numerous metabolism-related diseases. This study aims to review and discuss the expression and function of TRP channels in metabolism-related tissues and blood vessels, and to elucidate the interactions and mechanisms between TRP channels and metabolism-related diseases. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using keywords such as TRP channels, metabolic syndrome, pancreas, liver, oxidative stress, diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis across various academic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Web of Science, and CNKI. Our review of the current research suggests that TRP channels may be involved in the development of metabolism-related diseases by regulating insulin secretion and release, lipid metabolism, vascular functional activity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. TRP channels, as nonselective cation channels, play pivotal roles in sensing various intra- and extracellular stimuli and regulating ion homeostasis by osmosis. They present potential new targets for the diagnosis or treatment of metabolism-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (F.W.); (S.B.)
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50
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Nie T, Wang X, Li A, Shan A, Ma J. The promotion of fatty acid β-oxidation by hesperidin via activating SIRT1/PGC1α to improve NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2024; 15:372-386. [PMID: 38099440 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04348g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Reducing fat deposits in hepatocytes is a direct treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the fatty acid metabolic processes mediated by fatty acid β-oxidation are important for the prevention of NAFLD. In this study, we established high-fat-diet models in vitro and in vivo to investigate the mechanism by which hesperidin (HDN) prevents NAFLD by modulating fatty acid β oxidation. Based on LC-MS screening of differential metabolites, many metabolites involved in phospholipid and lipid metabolism were found to be significantly altered and closely associated with fatty acid β-oxidation. The results from COIP experiments indicated that HDN increased the deacetylation of PGC1α by SIRT1. In addition, the results of CETSA and molecular docking experiments suggest that HDN targeting of SIRT1 plays an important role in their stable binding. Meanwhile, it was found that HDN reduced fatty acid uptake and synthesis and promoted the expression of SIRT1/PGC1α and fatty acid β-oxidation, and the latter process was inhibited after transfection to knockdown SIRT1. The results suggest that HDN improves NAFLD by promoting fatty acid β-oxidation through activating SIRT1/PGC1α. Thus, the findings indicate that HDN may be a potential drug for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Nie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.
| | - Aqun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.
| | - Anshan Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Mechanism for Animal Disease and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, 150030, P.R. China
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