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Tao J, Guo P, Lai H, Peng H, Guo Z, Yuan Y, Yu X, Shen X, Liu J, Xier Z, Li G, Yang Y. TXLNG improves insulin resistance in obese subjects in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting ATF4 transcriptional activity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 568-569:111928. [PMID: 37028586 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity contributes to insulin resistance and dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells. Insulin promotes 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and facilitates glucose entry into muscle, adipose, and other tissues. In this study, differential gene expression was analyzed using four datasets, and taxilin gamma (TXLNG) was the only shared downregulated gene in all four datasets. TXLNG expression was significantly reduced in obese subjects according to online datasets and in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin-resistant (IR) mice according to experimental investigations. TXLNG overexpression significantly improved IR induced by HFD in mouse models by reducing body weight and epididymal adipose weight, decreasing mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and reducing adipocyte size. High-glucose/high-insulin-stimulated adipocytes exhibited decreased TXLNG and increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). IR significantly decreased glucose uptake, cell surface glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) levels, and Akt phosphorylation, while increasing the mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in adipocytes. However, these changes were significantly reversed by TXLNG overexpression, while they were exacerbated by TXLNG knockdown. TXLNG overexpression had no effect on ATF4 protein levels, while ATF4 overexpression increased ATF4 protein levels. Furthermore, ATF4 overexpression notably abolished the improvements in IR adipocyte dysfunction caused by TXLNG overexpression. In conclusion, TXLNG improves IR in obese subjects in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting ATF4 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Peipei Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Hongmei Lai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Zitong Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Yujuan Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Zulipiyemu Xier
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Yining Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China.
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Pérez-Pérez A, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Vilariño-García T, Sánchez-Margalet V. Role of Leptin in Inflammation and Vice Versa. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5887. [PMID: 32824322 PMCID: PMC7460646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential immune response for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In a general sense, acute and chronic inflammation are different types of adaptive response that are called into action when other homeostatic mechanisms are insufficient. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the cellular and molecular events that are involved in the acute inflammatory response to infection and tissue injury, the causes and mechanisms of systemic chronic inflammation are much less known. The pathogenic capacity of this type of inflammation is puzzling and represents a common link of the multifactorial diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. In recent years, interest has been raised by the discovery of novel mediators of inflammation, such as microRNAs and adipokines, with different effects on target tissues. In the present review, we discuss the data emerged from research of leptin in obesity as an inflammatory mediator sustaining multifactorial diseases and how this knowledge could be instrumental in the design of leptin-based manipulation strategies to help restoration of abnormal immune responses. On the other direction, chronic inflammation, either from autoimmune or infectious diseases, or impaired microbiota (dysbiosis) may impair the leptin response inducing resistance to the weight control, and therefore it may be a cause of obesity. Thus, we are reviewing the published data regarding the role of leptin in inflammation, and the other way around, the role of inflammation on the development of leptin resistance and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (F.S.-J.); (T.V.-G.)
| | | | | | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (F.S.-J.); (T.V.-G.)
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Abstract
Metabolic disease risk is driven by defects in the function of cells that regulate energy homeostasis, as well as altered communication between the different tissues or organs that these cells occupy. Thus, it is desirable to use model organisms to understand the contribution of different cells, tissues and organs to metabolism. Mice are widely used for metabolic research, since well-characterised mouse strains (in terms of their genotype and phenotype) allow comparative studies and human disease modelling. Such research involves strains containing spontaneous mutations that lead to obesity and diabetes, surgically- and chemically-induced models, those that are secondary to caloric excess, genetic mutants created by transgenesis and gene knockout technologies, and peripheral models generated by Cre-Lox or CRISPR/Cas9 approaches. Focussing on obesity and type 2 diabetes as relevant metabolic diseases, we systematically review each of these models, discussing their use, limitations, and future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela da Silva Xavier
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK; COMPARE University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham Midlands, UK.
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Peterson RG, Jackson CV, Zimmerman K, de Winter W, Huebert N, Hansen MK. Characterization of the ZDSD Rat: A Translational Model for the Study of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:487816. [PMID: 25961053 PMCID: PMC4415477 DOI: 10.1155/2015/487816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and T2D produce significant health and economic issues. Many available animal models have monogenic leptin pathway mutations that are absent in the human population. Development of the ZDSD rat model was undertaken to produce a model that expresses polygenic obesity and diabetes with an intact leptin pathway. A lean ZDF rat with the propensity for beta-cell failure was crossed with a polygenetically obese Crl:CD (SD) rat. Offspring were selectively inbred for obesity and diabetes for >30 generations. In the current study, ZDSD rats were followed for 6 months; routine clinical metabolic endpoints were included throughout the study. In the prediabetic metabolic syndrome phase, ZDSD rats exhibited obesity with increased body fat, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and elevated HbA1c. As disease progressed to overt diabetes, ZDSD rats demonstrated elevated glucose levels, abnormal oral glucose tolerance, increases in HbA1c levels, reductions in body weight, increased insulin resistance with decreasing insulin levels, and dyslipidemia. The ZDSD rat develops prediabetic metabolic syndrome and T2D in a manner that mirrors the development of metabolic syndrome and T2D in humans. ZDSD rats will provide a novel, translational animal model for the study of human metabolic diseases and for the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Peterson
- PreClinOmics, Inc., 7918 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
- *Richard G. Peterson:
| | | | - Karen Zimmerman
- PreClinOmics, Inc., 7918 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Willem de Winter
- Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Norman Huebert
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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Voluntary exercise under a food restriction condition decreases blood branched-chain amino acid levels, in addition to improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism, in db mice, animal model of type 2 diabetes. Environ Health Prev Med 2014; 19:339-47. [PMID: 25085431 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-014-0400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exercise is effective for preventing the onset and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in human cases; however, the effect of exercise on the pathophysiology using animal models of T2DM has not been fully evaluated. METHODS We applied voluntary exercise under pair-fed (P) conditions in db mice, an animal model of T2DM. Exercising (Ex) and sedentary (Se) mice were placed in a cage, equipped with a free or locked running wheel, for 4 weeks, respectively. The amount of food consumed by ad libitum-fed wild-type mice under the Se condition (ad-WT) was supplied to all mice, except ad libitum db mice (ad-db). Blood parameters and expression of the genes involved in nutrient metabolism were analyzed. RESULTS PEx-db (pair-fed and exercising) mice showed significantly lower HbA1c, body weight and liver weight than PSe-db and ad-db mice. Decreased hepatic triglycerides in PEx-db mice corresponded to a lower expression of lipogenic enzyme genes in the liver. Moreover, PEx-db mice showed significantly lower plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), arginine, proline, and tyrosine, in addition to increased skeletal muscle (SM) weight, than PSe-db and ad-db mice, in spite of little influence on the expression of the BCAA transaminase gene, in SM and WAT. CONCLUSION We found that exercise under a food restriction condition decreases several amino acids, including BCAA, and may improve insulin sensitivity more than mere food restriction. We propose that the decreased concentration of blood amino acids may be a valuable marker evaluating the effects of exercise on diabetic conditions.
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Bartlett G, Rahimzadeh V, Longo C, Orlando LA, Dawes M, Lachaine J, Bochud M, Paccaud F, Bergman H, Crimi L, Issa AM. The future of genomic testing in primary care: the changing face of personalized medicine. Per Med 2014; 11:477-486. [PMID: 29758776 DOI: 10.2217/pme.14.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary care is recognized worldwide as a key component for improving health outcomes in the population. At the same time, healthcare systems are rapidly changing with increasing expectations from technological advances. Genomics is a major driver in changing how medicine is being practiced; however, the importance for primary care has been under-appreciated. Strategically implementing genomics in a way that accounts for the unique characteristics of the primary care context is essential. In this perspective, we present important areas that we believe are critical in consideration of both the future of genomic medicine and primary healthcare delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Bartlett
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Cote-des-Neiges, Suite 300, Montreal, Quebec, H3S 1Z1, Canada
| | - Vaso Rahimzadeh
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Cote-des-Neiges, Suite 300, Montreal, Quebec, H3S 1Z1, Canada
| | - Cristina Longo
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Cote-des-Neiges, Suite 300, Montreal, Quebec, H3S 1Z1, Canada
| | - Lori A Orlando
- Department of Medicine & Center for Personalized & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Wallace Clinic, Room 204, 3475 Erwin Rd, Duke Box 3022, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Martin Dawes
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, David Strangway Building Third floor, 5950 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jean Lachaine
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Murielle Bochud
- University Institute of Social & Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Route de la Corniche 10, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fred Paccaud
- University Institute of Social & Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Route de la Corniche 10, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Howard Bergman
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Cote-des-Neiges, Suite 300, Montreal, Quebec, H3S 1Z1, Canada
| | - Laura Crimi
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Cote-des-Neiges, Suite 300, Montreal, Quebec, H3S 1Z1, Canada
| | - Amalia M Issa
- Program in Personalized Medicine & Targeted Therapeutics & the Department of Health Policy & Public Health, University of the Sciences, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Wang B, Chandrasekera PC, Pippin JJ. Leptin- and leptin receptor-deficient rodent models: relevance for human type 2 diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2014; 10:131-45. [PMID: 24809394 PMCID: PMC4082168 DOI: 10.2174/1573399810666140508121012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among the most widely used animal models in obesity-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) research are the congenital leptin- and leptin receptor-deficient rodent models. These include the leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and the leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice, Zucker fatty rats, Zucker diabetic fatty rats, SHR/N-cp rats, and JCR:LA-cp rats. After decades of mechanistic and therapeutic research schemes with these animal models, many species differences have been uncovered, but researchers continue to overlook these differences, leading to untranslatable research. The purpose of this review is to analyze and comprehensively recapitulate the most common leptin/leptin receptor-based animal models with respect to their relevance and translatability to human T2DM. Our analysis revealed that, although these rodents develop obesity due to hyperphagia caused by abnormal leptin/leptin receptor signaling with the subsequent appearance of T2DM-like manifestations, these are in fact secondary to genetic mutations that do not reflect disease etiology in humans, for whom leptin or leptin receptor deficiency is not an important contributor to T2DM. A detailed comparison of the roles of genetic susceptibility, obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and diabetic complications as well as leptin expression, signaling, and other factors that confound translation are presented here. There are substantial differences between these animal models and human T2DM that limit reliable, reproducible, and translatable insight into human T2DM. Therefore, it is imperative that researchers recognize and acknowledge the limitations of the leptin/leptin receptor- based rodent models and invest in research methods that would be directly and reliably applicable to humans in order to advance T2DM management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John J Pippin
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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Li M, Zeng T, Liu R, Chen L. Detecting tissue-specific early warning signals for complex diseases based on dynamical network biomarkers: study of type 2 diabetes by cross-tissue analysis. Brief Bioinform 2013; 15:229-43. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbt027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Liao Z, Wu Z, Wu M. Cirsium japonicum flavones enhance adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:855-60. [PMID: 22687475 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cirsium japonicum flavones have been demonstrated to possess anti-diabetic effects in diabetic rats, but the functional mechanism remains unknown. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays an important role in glucose and lipid homeostasis. In this study, we report the effects of Cirsium japonicum flavones (pectolinarin and 5,7-dihydroxy-6,4-dimethoxy flavone) on PPARγ activation, adipocyte differentiation, and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. Reporter gene assays and Oil Red O staining showed that Cirsium japonicum flavones induced PPARγ activation and enhanced adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Cirsium japonicum flavones increased the expression of PPARγ target genes, such as adiponectin and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and enhanced the translocation of intracellular GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. In mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, Cirsium japonicum flavones significantly enhanced the basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. The flavones-induced effects in 3T3-L1 cells were abolished by the PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, and by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, wortmannin. This study suggests that Cirsium japonicum flavones promote adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake by inducing PPARγ activation and then modulating the insulin signaling pathway in some way, which could benefit diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, China.
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Khawaja O, Kotler G, Gaziano JM, Djoussé L. Usefulness of desirable lifestyle factors to attenuate the risk of heart failure among offspring whose parents had myocardial infarction before age 55 years. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110:326-30. [PMID: 22516528 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death in the United States and throughout Europe. Although a higher risk for HF with antecedent myocardial infarction (MI) has been reported in offspring whose parents had MIs before age 55 years, it is unclear whether adherence to healthful behaviors can mitigate that risk. The aim of the present study was therefore to prospectively examine if adherence to healthy weight, regular exercise, moderate alcohol consumption, and abstinence from smoking can attenuate such increased HF risk. Information on parental history of MI and lifestyle factors was collected using questionnaires. Subjects adhering to ≥3 healthy lifestyle factors were classified as having good versus poor lifestyle scores. Incident HF was assessed via yearly follow-up questionnaires and validated in a subsample. During an average follow up of 21.7 ± 6.5 years, 1,323 new HF cases (6.6%), of which 190 (14.4%) were preceded by MI, occurred. Compared to subjects with good lifestyle scores and no parental histories of premature MI, multivariate adjusted hazard ratios for incident HF with antecedent MI were 3.21 (95% confidence interval 1.74 to 5.91) for subjects with good lifestyle score and parental histories of premature MI, 1.52 (95% confidence interval 1.12 to 2.07) for those with poor lifestyle score and no parental histories of premature MI, and 4.60 (95% confidence interval 2.55 to 8.30) for those with poor lifestyle scores and parental histories of premature MI. In conclusion, our data suggest that even in subjects at higher risk for HF because of genetic predisposition, adherence to healthful lifestyle factors may attenuate such an elevated HF risk.
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Arimura E, Horiuchi M, Kawaguchi H, Miyoshi N, Aoyama K, Takeuchi T. Low-protein diet improves blood and urinary glucose levels and renal manifestations of diabetes in C57BLKS-db/db mice. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:813-24. [PMID: 22692501 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary protein content is related clinically to the development of diabetic nephropathy. Here, we investigated how dietary protein content (12-24 % energy) within the range used by humans affected renal manifestations including the expressions of genes involved in the renin-angiotensin (RA) system in control and diabetic mice. Moreover, we examined the effects of dietary protein content on HbA1c and urinary glucose. METHODS Control (CT) and leptin receptor-deficient obese (db) mice, 5 weeks old, were fed the diets below. Under ad libitum conditions, mice were fed 12, 18, and 24 % energy from protein (L-, M-, and H-diets) for 8 weeks. Under pair-feeding conditions, db mice were supplied H-diet (db-Hp) to the equivalent energy to that consumed by db-L mice. Renal manifestations and values related to glucose and insulin were examined biochemically and pathologically. RESULTS Under ad libitum conditions, db mice consumed food and water dose dependently of the dietary protein content, although they were consumed similarly by CT mice. CT-L mice showed lower urinary albumin and kidney weight, in association with lower mRNA levels of angiotensinogen and renin, than CT-H mice. Under pair-feeding conditions, db-L mice showed a lower ratio of kidney/body weight, HbA1(C), and urinary glucose, and a higher β-cell distribution rate in the pancreas than db-Hp mice. CONCLUSIONS Low-protein intake in the range used by humans may relieve renal manifestations through the suppressed expression of genes in the renal RA system of CT mice. On the other hand, in db mice, low-protein intake improved hyperglycemia and the renal manifestations of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Arimura
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Kagoshima Prefectural College, Kagoshima, Japan
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Barzilai N, Gabriely I, Atzmon G, Suh Y, Rothenberg D, Bergman A. Genetic studies reveal the role of the endocrine and metabolic systems in aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:4493-500. [PMID: 20926537 PMCID: PMC3050096 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a natural process that involves a general decline in many physiological functions, resulting in loss of function and eventually death. Extensive research is being performed in order to elucidate the biology of aging, especially with the advent of newer molecular and genetic methodologies. The endocrine system plays a major role in orchestrating cellular interactions, metabolism, growth, and senescence. Thus, researchers traditionally used hormones as tools to induce and examine specific biological effects that are associated with aging. Furthermore, because our recent knowledge on hormonal action expanded significantly, downstream pathways and genetic determinants currently prevail in aging research. In this review, we will summarize the effects of several hormones on human aging and longevity and present recent data from the Longevity Genes Study performed at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, looking at the phenotype and genotype of centenarians and their offspring. We will demonstrate that genetic factors that are associated with human longevity are heritable and may contribute not only to quantitative longevity but also to protection from age-dependent disease and exceptional good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Marchetti P, Lupi R, Del Guerra S, Bugliani M, Marselli L, Boggi U. The β-Cell in Human Type 2 Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:501-14. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Marchetti P, Lupi R, Del Guerra S, Bugliani M, D'Aleo V, Occhipinti M, Boggi U, Marselli L, Masini M. Goals of treatment for type 2 diabetes: beta-cell preservation for glycemic control. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 Suppl 2:S178-83. [PMID: 19875548 PMCID: PMC2811441 DOI: 10.2337/dc09-s306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piero Marchetti
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Naj AC, Kao WHL, O’Connell JR, Mitchell BD, Silver KD. Sequence variation in IGF1R is associated with differences in insulin levels in nondiabetic Old Order Amish. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25:773-9. [PMID: 19877134 PMCID: PMC2837841 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) encodes the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor located on chromosome 15q26.3, in a region of linkage (LOD = 2.53, P = 0.00032) to Insulin30 on an OGTT in the Old Order Amish. Mouse models with beta-cell-specific deficiency of IGF1R demonstrate defects in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. METHODS To test the hypothesis that genetic variation in IGF1R is associated with impaired insulin secretion, we genotyped 54 SNPs in 778 nondiabetic subjects from the AFDS who had undergone OGTTs and tested them for association with ln Insulin30 and ISI. RESULTS No individual SNPs were significantly associated with ln Insulin30 or ISI using a multiple hypothesis testing adjusted P < 0.002. Tests of association of 4-SNP haplotypes constructed by a windowing approach revealed an association of the CTTG-variant of a 4-SNP haplotype found in intron 20 (rs1784195-rs2715439-rs8034284-rs12440962) with lower ISI levels (beta = 0.18, SE(beta) = 0.05, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Sequence variation in IGF1R may influence insulin secretory function, although further studies in other populations will be needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Naj
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Welch Center for Epidemiology, Prevention, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wen-Hong L. Kao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Welch Center for Epidemiology, Prevention, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jeffrey R. O’Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kristi D. Silver
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo examine the joint effect of family history and BMI on diabetes.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingA rural community in Saskatchewan, Canada.SubjectsThe analysis was based on data from 2081 adults, 18–79 years of age, who participated in the Humboldt Study conducted in 2003. Doctor-diagnosed diabetes and family history of diabetes of biological parents and siblings were self-reported. Body weight and height were objectively measured. The interaction of family history and BMI on diabetes was assessed on an additive scale.ResultsThe prevalence of diabetes was 7·9 %, and BMI and history of diabetes were two important predictors. The adjusted prevalence ratios were 1·76 (95 % CI 1·37, 2·27) and 2·59 (95 % CI 2·05, 3·31) for those with a BMI of 25·0–29·9 kg/m2 and of at least 30 kg/m2, respectively, compared with a BMI of less than 25 kg/m2, and was 2·41 (95 % CI 2·08, 2·80) for those with a family history of diabetes v. those without. The data indicated an additive interaction of family history and BMI on diabetes.ConclusionsWhen exposed to both family history and overweight/obesity, individuals would have an increased risk that was greater than the sum of their single effects. Reduction of BMI would also reduce the risk of diabetes associated family history.
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Dekel Y, Glucksam Y, Elron-Gross I, Margalit R. Insights into modeling streptozotocin-induced diabetes in ICR mice. Lab Anim (NY) 2009; 38:55-60. [PMID: 19165193 DOI: 10.1038/laban0209-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in ICR mice is often used to model diabetes mellitus and its complications, as well as other pathologies. In studies of diabetes progression and effects of newly developed treatments, experimental results may be difficult to interpret because blood glucose levels (BGLs) of untreated diabetic control animals tend to decline substantially during typical experimental time spans of 8-11 h. To address this problem, the authors examined several experimental conditions that might affect BGL stability, including STZ dose, initial mouse weight, fasting regimen and light:dark cycle. The authors found that diabetes severity was dependent on initial mouse weight and that weight loss after diabetes induction was less severe in heavier mice. Furthermore, a dose of 150 mg STZ per kg body weight was sufficient to induce stabilized acute diabetes without causing many complications. Finally, BGL could be stabilized in diabetic mice that were not treated with insulin by avoiding pre-fasting before an 8-h experiment and by allowing mice limited access to food during the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Dekel
- Department of Biochemistry, The George W. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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19
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Magkos F, Yannakoulia M, Chan JL, Mantzoros CS. Management of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes through lifestyle modification. Annu Rev Nutr 2009; 29:223-56. [PMID: 19400751 PMCID: PMC5653262 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable lifestyle modifications in diet and physical activity are the initial, and often the primary, component in the management of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. An energy-prudent diet, coupled with moderate levels of physical activity, favorably affects several parameters of the metabolic syndrome and delays the onset of diabetic complications. Weight loss, albeit not an absolute prerequisite for improvement, is a major determinant and maximizes effectiveness. Adopting a healthy lifestyle pattern requires a series of long-term behavioral changes, but evidence to date indicates low long-term adherence to diet and physical activity recommendations. This calls for greater research and public health efforts focusing on strategies to facilitate behavior modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although heart failure (HF) remains a major public health issue, limited data are available on the utility of parental information on the risk of HF in offspring. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively examined the association between parental history of myocardial infarction (MI) and incident HF among 20,187 offspring in the Physicians' Health Study I. Parental history and age at MI was assessed by a questionnaire and a Cox regression was used to estimate relative risks of HF. RESULTS After an average follow-up of 19.6 years, 1036 new HF cases were documented. Overall, while a history of early parental MI (before age 55) was associated with a 32% increased risk of HF in offspring compared with subjects whose parent did not have MI, parental MI at older ages was not associated with HF risk. However, the relation between parental history of MI and HF was stronger and mainly observed for HF with antecedent MI. Compared with subjects without parental history of MI, multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for HF with antecedent MI were 3.44 (2.15-5.51), 2.24 (1.20-4.21), 1.26 (0.63-2.51), and 1.37 (0.92-2.03) for parental MI occurred at the age of < 55, 55-59, 60-64, and 65 + y, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that parental MI at an early age is a strong and independent predictor of HF with antecedent MI among US male physicians. This information, along with existing tools, may help clinicians identify patients at risk of HF with antecedent MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Djoussé
- Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02120, USA.
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