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Kathuria H. Electronic Cigarette Use, Misuse, and Harm. Med Clin North Am 2022; 106:1081-1092. [PMID: 36280334 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are battery-powered devices that use heat to aerosolize a liquid containing a variety of substances (usually nicotine and/or cannabinoids, flavorings, and glycerol or propylene glycol base) that is then inhaled. E-cigarettes are rapidly evolving over time, so the true health effects of e-cigarettes are difficult to study and remain largely unknown. We review the effects of e-cigarettes on nicotine addiction and on pulmonary disease including the effects of dual use and switching from combustible cigarettes to e-cigarettes. Studies show that e-cigarette use can increase the risk to nicotine dependence and combustible tobacco use. Studies show an association between e-cigarette use and pulmonary disease. Some studies suggest reduced harm from e-cigarette use compared with smoking, but this requires further study. Most adults who use e-cigarettes also smoke cigarettes; epidemiologic studies suggest that the combination of e-cigarettes and cigarettes is more harmful than using either product alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasmeena Kathuria
- The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street R304, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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2
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Wadsworth E, Craft S, Calder R, Hammond D. Prevalence and use of cannabis products and routes of administration among youth and young adults in Canada and the United States: A systematic review. Addict Behav 2022; 129:107258. [PMID: 35124565 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current systematic review aimed to summarize the literature on the prevalence of routes of administration and cannabis products used among youth and young adults in Canada and the United States (US). METHODS Five academic databases were searched in April 2020 and February 2021. Peer-reviewed articles were included if they were a population-based quantitative observational study describing the prevalence of a cannabis product or route of administration among youth and young adults in Canada or the US. Risk of bias was assessed using Hoy and colleagues' risk of bias assessment tool. A narrative review was conducted. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were identified for the following routes of administration: smoking (n = 16), vaping (n = 21), dabbing (n = 3), oral (n = 13), topical (n = 1); and products: dried flower (n = 2), and concentrates (n = 8). Smoking had the highest prevalence rates among youth and young adults; however, rates of use appeared to reduce over time. Conversely, prevalence of vaping appeared to increase over time. Fewer studies focused on oral or dabbed cannabis but those that did reported prevalence estimates of approximately a third among recent cannabis consumers. DISCUSSION The heterogeneity of cannabis routes of administration restricted our ability to collate average prevalence estimates. In jurisdictions where non-medical cannabis is legal, policymakers should provide guidance and education to youth on each type of product and routes of administration. OTHER Funding for this study was provided by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJT-153342). The current review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020169275).
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A Comprehensive Review on the Techniques for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Cannabis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030604. [PMID: 35163863 PMCID: PMC8840415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is well-known for its numerous therapeutic activities, as demonstrated in pre-clinical and clinical studies primarily due to its bioactive compounds. The Cannabis industry is rapidly growing; therefore, product development and extraction methods have become crucial aspects of Cannabis research. The evaluation of the current extraction methods implemented in the Cannabis industry and scientific literature to produce consistent, reliable, and potent medicinal Cannabis extracts is prudent. Furthermore, these processes must be subjected to higher levels of scientific stringency, as Cannabis has been increasingly used for various ailments, and the Cannabis industry is receiving acceptance in different countries. We comprehensively analysed the current literature and drew a critical summary of the extraction methods implemented thus far to recover bioactive compounds from medicinal Cannabis. Moreover, this review outlines the major bioactive compounds in Cannabis, discusses critical factors affecting extraction yields, and proposes future considerations for the effective extraction of bioactive compounds from Cannabis. Overall, research on medicinal marijuana is limited, with most reports on the industrial hemp variety of Cannabis or pure isolates. We also propose the development of sustainable Cannabis extraction methods through the implementation of mathematical prediction models in future studies.
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4
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Meehan-Atrash J, Rahman I. Cannabis Vaping: Existing and Emerging Modalities, Chemistry, and Pulmonary Toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2169-2179. [PMID: 34622654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) has been cause for concern to the medical community, particularly given that this novel illness has coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic, another cause of severe pulmonary illness. Though cannabis e-cigarettes tainted with vitamin E acetate were primarily associated with EVALI, acute lung injuries stemming from cannabis inhalation were reported in the literature prior to 2019, and it has been suggested that cannabis components or additives other than vitamin E acetate may be responsible. Despite these concerning issues, novel cannabis vaporizer ingredients continue to arise, such as Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ10-tetrahydrocannabinol, hexahydrocannabinol, and cannabichromene. In order to address cannabis e-cigarette safety and vaping in an effective manner, we provide a comprehensive knowledge of the latest products, delivery modes, and ingredients. This perspective highlights the types of cannabis vaping modalities common to the United States cannabis market, with special attention to cartridge-type cannabis e-cigarette toxicology and their involvement in the EVALI outbreak, in particular, acute lung injurious responses. Novel ingredient chemistry, origins, and legal statuses are reviewed, as well as the toxicology of known cannabis e-cigarette aerosol components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiries Meehan-Atrash
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
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5
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BIDWELL LCINNAMON, MARTIN-WILLETT RENÉE, KAROLY HOLLISC. Advancing the science on cannabis concentrates and behavioural health. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 40:900-913. [PMID: 33783029 PMCID: PMC9878551 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ISSUES The Cannabis sativa L. plant contains hundreds of phytocannabinoids, but putatively of highest importance to public health risk is the psychoactive cannabinoid delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is associated with risk for cannabis use disorder, affective disturbance, cognitive harm and psychomotor impairment. Recently, there has been an increase in the use and availability of concentrated cannabis products (or 'concentrates') that are made by extracting cannabinoids from the plant to form a product with THC concentrations as high as 90-95%. These products are increasingly popular nationwide. The literature on these widely available high potency concentrates is limited and there are many unknowns about their potential harms. APPROACH This review covers the state of the research on cannabis concentrates and behavioural health-related outcomes and makes recommendations for advancing the science with studies focused on accurately testing the risks in relation to critical public and behavioural health questions. KEY FINDINGS Data point to unique behavioural health implications of concentrate use. However, causal, controlled and representative research on the effects of cannabis concentrates is currently limited. IMPLICATIONS Future research is needed to explore chronic, acute and developmental effects of concentrates, as well as effects on pulmonary function. We also highlight the need to explore these relationships in diverse populations. CONCLUSION While the literature hints at the potential for these highly potent products to increase cannabis-related behavioural health harms, it is important to carefully design studies that more comprehensively evaluate the impact of concentrates on THC exposure and short- and long-term effects across user groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. CINNAMON BIDWELL
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - RENÉE MARTIN-WILLETT
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - HOLLIS C. KAROLY
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA,Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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6
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Abstract
Vaping, the inhalation of heated aerosols, received widespread attention during the outbreak of electronic-cigarette (e-cigarette) or vaping-associated acute lung injury cases in 2019. E-cigarette use is now widely recognized as a potential cause of acute lung injury. Vaping is often perceived by physicians as referring exclusively to the use of e-cigarette devices. However, inhalation of nicotine or tetrahydrocannabinol-containing aerosol through alternate methods such as "dabbing" and "dripping" are increasingly common. However, the health impact of these alternate methods remains poorly understood. The use of alternate methods and devices may go unrecognized because of lack of clinician familiarity with them. In this review, we discuss e-cigarettes devices, electronic-liquid components, the expanded spectrum of methods used to consume aerosolized substances, and the potential for lung injury.
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7
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Gibson LP, Gust CJ, Ellingson JM, YorkWilliams SL, Sempio C, Klawitter J, Bryan AD, Hutchison KE, Bidwell LC. Investigating sex differences in acute intoxication and verbal memory errors after ad libitum cannabis concentrate use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 223:108718. [PMID: 33866072 PMCID: PMC9357512 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An innovative naturalistic at-home administration procedure was used to investigate sex differences in subjective drug effects and verbal memory errors after ad libitum use of high potency state legal market Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrate. METHODS Regular concentrate users were randomly assigned to ad libitum administration of one of two cannabis concentrate products (70 % or 90 % THC) that they purchased from a dispensary. 65 participants (N = 34 men, N = 31 women) were assessed in a mobile pharmacology lab before, immediately after, and 1 -h after ad libitum concentrate use. Plasma cannabinoids (THC, 11-OH-THC, CBD), subjective drug effects, and verbal memory errors were assessed at all three time points. RESULTS Although men and women exhibited similar plasma 11-OH-THC levels across time (p = .10), sex differences were found in plasma THC and CBD after legal market concentrate use, with men displaying significantly higher levels of plasma THC and CBD immediately after cannabis concentrate use (plasma THC [ng/mL]: Mmen = 489.88, Mwomen = 135.08, p < .001; plasma CBD [ng/mL]: Mmen = 1.14, Mwomen = 0.53, p = .04). Despite this, sex differences in subjective effects and verbal memory errors did not emerge, although women reported a steeper decrease in drug liking after use (p = .04). CONCLUSION These data provide the first look at sex differences after acute naturalistic cannabis concentrate use, and suggest much higher THC exposure in men versus women, but similar acute drug and impairment effects across the sexes. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms (e.g. tolerance, cannabinoid metabolism, smoking topography) behind these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel P. Gibson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA. (L.P. Gibson)
| | - Charleen J. Gust
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA
| | - Jarrod M. Ellingson
- Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place, Mail Stop F570, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sophie L. YorkWilliams
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA
| | - Cristina Sempio
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12705 East Montview Blvd, Suite 200, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jost Klawitter
- Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place, Mail Stop F570, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12705 East Montview Blvd, Suite 200, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Angela D. Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA,Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, 344 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0344, USA
| | - Kent E. Hutchison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA,Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, 344 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0344, USA
| | - L. Cinnamon Bidwell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA,Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, 344 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0344, USA
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8
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Mason A, Sami M, Notley C, Bhattacharyya S. Are researchers getting the terms used to denote different types of recreational cannabis right?-a user perspective. J Cannabis Res 2021; 3:12. [PMID: 33926566 PMCID: PMC8086348 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-021-00065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While current cannabis research has advanced our understanding into the effects of its individual components, there is a pressing need to identify simple terminology that is understood in the same way by researchers and users of cannabis. Current categorisation in research focuses on the two main cannabinoids: delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD); and two different species of cannabis: indica and sativa. Recreational cannabis has also been categorised by researchers as 'skunk' or 'hash'. Focusing on individuals who use cannabis frequently, this study aimed to identify views on current terms used to denote different types of cannabis and to identify terms validated by participants. These views were extracted from responses of the Cannabis Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ), a widely used instrument in the literature. METHODS We qualitatively analysed 236 free-text responses from Question 23 of the CEQ survey (using Iterative Categorisation) relating to categorization and consumption methods. Data was used from a previous study (Sami et al., Psychol Med 49:103-12, 2019), which recruited a convenience sample of 1231 participants aged 18 years and above who had previously used cannabis. RESULTS Regarding type of cannabis used, specific strain names (n = 130), concentrates (n = 37), indica/sativa (n = 22) and THC/CBD terms (n = 22) were mentioned. Other terms used were hybrids (n = 10), origins of specific strains (n = 17), edibles (n = 8), and herbal cannabis (n = 7). Regarding problems with specific terms, participants were skeptical about terms such as skunk and super skunk (n = 78) preferring terms like THC/CBD, indica/sativa, specific marketed strains and references to preparation methods. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a disparity between the common terms used by researchers in academia and those used by cannabis consumers. While there are advantages and limitations of using these terms to bridge views of researchers and individuals who use cannabis, this study underscores the importance of formally assessing chemical constituents rather than relying on self-report data and of incorporating cannabis user views on current terms used in research, potentially also incorporating descriptors of preparation and consumption methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Mason
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Musa Sami
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Caitlin Notley
- School of Medicine Health Policy & Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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9
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Meehan-Atrash J, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Strongin RM. Aerosol Gas-Phase Components from Cannabis E-Cigarettes and Dabbing: Mechanistic Insight and Quantitative Risk Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:16111-16120. [PMID: 31592479 PMCID: PMC6777088 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of cannabis by nontraditional methods has surged since the advent of legalization in North America and worldwide. Inhaling cannabis extracts using vaporizers and via dabbing has risen in popularity, while concerns over product safety have not hindered their proliferation. The work herein is the first step toward assessing the safety of vaporizing and dabbing concentrated cannabis extracts as a function of gas-phase reaction products. The gas-phase thermal degradants of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have not been previously investigated. It was found that users may be exposed to concerning degradants such as methacrolein, benzene, and methyl vinyl ketone when using cartridge vaporizers and dabbing. It was shown that THC alone and mixed with terpenes generated similar degradation products and, most notably, elevated levels of isoprene. Importantly, it was shown that added terpenes led to higher levels of gas-phase products compared to THC alone. To estimate cancer and noncancer risks associated with exposure to these and other degradants, quantitative risk assessment was applied to experimentally determined values for dabbing and vaping and literature-sourced levels of hazardous components in cannabis smoke. Overall, gas-phase aerosol products had significantly lower values in dabbing and vaporizing compared to cannabis smoking, although these results should be interpreted in light of potential variations in degradant levels due to disparate usage patterns and the dangers of the higher aerosol concentration of THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiries Meehan-Atrash
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Kevin J. McWhirter
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
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10
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Meier MH, Docherty M, Leischow SJ, Grimm KJ, Pardini D. Cannabis Concentrate Use in Adolescents. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2019-0338. [PMID: 31451609 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis concentrates, which are cannabis plant extracts that contain high concentrations of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannbinol (THC), have become increasingly popular among adults in the United States. However, no studies have reported on the prevalence or correlates of cannabis concentrate use in adolescents, who, as a group, are thought to be particularly vulnerable to the harms of THC. METHODS Participants are a racially and ethnically diverse group of 47 142 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students recruited from 245 schools across Arizona in 2018. Participants reported on their lifetime and past-month marijuana and cannabis concentrate use, other substance use, and risk and protective factors for substance use problems spanning multiple life domains (ie, individual, peer, family, school, and community). RESULTS Thirty-three percent of all 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders reported lifetime cannabis use, and 24% reported lifetime concentrate use. Seventy-two percent of all lifetime cannabis users had used concentrates. Relative to adolescent cannabis users who had not used concentrates, adolescent concentrate users were more likely to use other substances and to experience more risk factors, and fewer protective factors, for substance use problems across numerous life domains. CONCLUSIONS Most adolescent cannabis users have used concentrates. Based on their risk and protective factor profile, adolescent concentrate users are at higher risk for substance use problems than adolescent cannabis users who do not use concentrates. Findings raise concerns about high-risk adolescents' exposure to high-THC cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline H Meier
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | | | - Scott J Leischow
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Kevin J Grimm
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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11
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Meacham MC, Roh S, Chang JS, Ramo DE. Frequently asked questions about dabbing concentrates in online cannabis community discussion forums. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2019; 74:11-17. [PMID: 31400582 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Dabbing" involves vaporizing a "dab" of cannabis concentrate on a heated "nail," passing the vapour through a water-pipe rig or portable pen device, and inhaling the vapour. While some cannabis industry media claims that this process is cleaner, safer, and more effective for getting high, medical and public health sources raise concerns about residual solvents and pesticides, unexpectedly intense effects, and rapid increases in tolerance. The aim of this study is to characterize the content of questions about dabbing posed in cannabis and dabbing-specific forums on the Reddit social media platform, as well as comment responses to these questions. METHODS We conducted a content analysis of one year (2017) of information-seeking user-generated posts to three Reddit online cannabis community discussion forums ("subreddits") that contained the terms "dab" and "question." We also examined post engagement and the types and sentiment of information exchanged in the comment responses. RESULTS Across 193 dabbing question posts, the most frequently asked question content was about types and logistical use of devices and related equipment (38%) and comparisons of cannabis products (32%), followed by questions about the step-by-step process of getting high (18%), legal issues (17%), and health concerns (13%). Nearly every post had a response (98%), with a median 5 comments per post and few negative (i.e. hostile, condescending, or trolling) comments (4%). Source of advice or information was stated in about a quarter (26%) of comment responses, with the overwhelming majority of this information (89%) coming from disclosures of personal experience vs. web or commercial sources. CONCLUSION People seeking advice online about dabbing inquired most often about logistics of use, but less often about health, tolerance, and legal risks. These findings may be used to inform public health efforts and health practitioner education as cannabis becomes increasingly legal and accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Meacham
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Shim Roh
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Suki Chang
- Public Health Program, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Danielle E Ramo
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Hopelab, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Kilmer B. How will cannabis legalization affect health, safety, and social equity outcomes? It largely depends on the 14 Ps. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2019; 45:664-672. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2019.1611841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beau Kilmer
- RAND Drug Policy Research Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
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13
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Schneider KE, Tormohlen KN, Brooks-Russell A, Johnson RM, Thrul J. Patterns of Co-occurring Modes of Marijuana Use Among Colorado High School Students. J Adolesc Health 2019; 64:807-809. [PMID: 30777637 PMCID: PMC6534482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to understand how adolescents concurrently use different modes of marijuana consumption. METHODS Using data from the 2017 Healthy Kids Colorado Survey, we examined how modes of marijuana use (smoking/ingesting/vaping/dabbing/other) co-occur. We estimated the prevalence of all combinations of these modes among adolescents who reported past 30-day marijuana use (n = 3,618). We then estimated the prevalence of any use of each mode by each mode usually used. RESULTS Forty-one percent reported only smoking, another 10% reported smoking and dabbing, and 9.8% reported smoking and ingesting. Only about 10% used a combination of modes that did not include smoking. Smoking was the most common additional mode for all other usual modes of consumption. CONCLUSIONS Smoking in combination with dabbing and/or ingesting were the most common multimode patterns of use. Nearly all adolescents who use marijuana smoke some or most of the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. Schneider
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Mental Health; Baltimore, MD
| | - Kayla N. Tormohlen
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Mental Health; Baltimore, MD
| | - Ashley Brooks-Russell
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Renee M. Johnson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Mental Health; Baltimore, MD
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Mental Health; Baltimore, MD
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14
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Al-Zouabi I, Stogner JM, Miller BL, Lane ES. Butane hash oil and dabbing: insights into use, amateur production techniques, and potential harm mitigation. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2018; 9:91-101. [PMID: 30464676 PMCID: PMC6220730 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s135252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of marijuana concentrates has escalated in recent years with butane extracts appearing particularly popular. The administration of butane hash oil, colloquially referred to as “dabbing,” is distinct from traditional flower cannabis usage due to the THC content of samples and the presence of impurities such as unpurged butane. While this may confer heightened risk to the user, additional significant concerns are tied to fires and explosions. Using butane as a solvent in amateur “blasting” methods may result in a flammable vapor pooling in enclosed spaces and igniting when exposed to a spark. As research on butane extract users, amateur production techniques, health risks, and legality is in its infancy, we explored existing studies on the topic to create a review of substantiated knowledge related to THC extracted using butane. The resulting assessment centers on three areas: 1) dab users including both recreational users and medical marijuana patients; 2) butane extraction techniques including illicit amateur open methods and the safer closed-loop system employed in medicinal/recreational states; and 3) risks, both related to fires and legality. We follow the presentation of this material with a summary of the (mis)information reaching the public in print and online sources so that public educational campaigns can focus on dispelling the inaccuracies and false notions of safety that may be tied to amateur production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Al-Zouabi
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001, USA,
| | - John M Stogner
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001, USA,
| | - Bryan Lee Miller
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Lane
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001, USA,
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Cinnamon Bidwell L, YorkWilliams SL, Mueller RL, Bryan AD, Hutchison KE. Exploring cannabis concentrates on the legal market: User profiles, product strength, and health-related outcomes. Addict Behav Rep 2018; 8:102-106. [PMID: 30167450 PMCID: PMC6111049 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Concentrated cannabis products are increasingly available and used, particularly in states with legal cannabis, but little is known about the profiles and characteristics of concentrate users. We aimed to characterize user profiles of cannabis users living in states with legal medical or recreational cannabis who reported using concentrates to those who do not use concentrates. Methods An anonymous online survey was advertised in California, Colorado, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. We compared respondents who endorsed frequent concentrate use (FC; N = 67) (i.e. 4 days/week) with cannabis users who never use concentrates (NC; N = 64), and with those who smoke/vaporize cannabis flower frequently but never or very rarely use concentrates (FF; N = 60), on measures related to cannabis use patterns and cannabinoid product strength, other substance use, and occupational functioning and health. Results FC endorsed more symptoms of cannabis use disorder as compared to non-concentrate users (p < 0.05), but were similar to FF and NC on other health and occupational outcomes. FC also differed from FF and NC in that they tended to use cannabis that was higher in THC (p < 0.0005), even when using non-concentrated forms of cannabis (p < 0.005). Over half of FC users reported typically using concentrates of at least 80% THC, and 21% endorsed use of (non-concentrated) dry cannabis flower containing at least 30% THC. Conclusions Concentrate users endorsed higher symptoms of cannabis use disorder and use higher strength cannabis even when using non-concentrated forms. Frequent use of concentrates may be associated with additional risks over and above frequent use of flower forms. Use of high potency concentrates is on the rise with little data on their impact. We compare profiles of concentrate users to users of other forms of cannabis. Concentrate users have more Cannabis Use Disorder symptoms. THC strengths are higher in concentrate users even when using other forms of cannabis. Concentrates may pose greater abuse risk relative to other forms of cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Cinnamon Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 344, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 344 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA.
| | - Sophie L. YorkWilliams
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 345, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
| | - Raeghan L. Mueller
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 345, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
| | - Angela D. Bryan
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 345, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
| | - Kent E. Hutchison
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 345, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
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Understanding emerging forms of cannabis use through an online cannabis community: An analysis of relative post volume and subjective highness ratings. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 188:364-369. [PMID: 29883950 PMCID: PMC6692176 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legalization of medical and recreational cannabis has coincided with an increase in novel forms of cannabis use and a burgeoning cannabis product industry. This research seeks to understand the occurrence of discussions about these emerging and traditional forms of use in an online social media discussion forum. METHODS We analyzed posts to a cannabis-specific forum on the Reddit social media platform posted from January 2010-December 2016. For each of various keywords describing smoking, vaping, edibles, dabbing, and butane hash oil (BHO) concentrate use, we analyzed (1) relative prevalence of posts mentioning these cannabis forms of use; (2) user-reported subjective ratings of "highness" on a scale of 1-10; (3) the ten most common words mentioned in posts; and (4) the frequency of adverse health effect terms. RESULTS Form of use was mentioned in approximately 17.7% of 2.26 million posts; smoking was the most commonly mentioned form of cannabis use. From 2010-2016, relative post volume increased significantly for posts mentioning dabbing (3.63/1000 additional posts per year, p < .001), butane hash oil terms (3.16/1000, p < .001), and edible terms (2.84/1000, p = .002). Mean subjective highness was significantly greater for posts mentioning dabbing (mean = 7.8, p < .001), butane hash oil terms (mean = 7.5, p < .001), and edible terms (mean = 7.2, p < .001) but not significantly different for vaping (mean = 6.7, p = .19), when compared to smoking (mean = 6.8). CONCLUSIONS Despite limitations in representativeness, findings indicate a significant increase in online discussion of emerging cannabis forms of use over time and greater subjective effects of dabbing, butane hash oil, and edible use.
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Daniulaityte R, Zatreh MY, Lamy FR, Nahhas RW, Martins SS, Sheth A, Carlson RG. A Twitter-based survey on marijuana concentrate use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 187:155-159. [PMID: 29669296 PMCID: PMC5959780 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this paper is to analyze characteristics of marijuana concentrate users, describe patterns and reasons of use, and identify factors associated with daily use of concentrates among U.S.-based cannabis users recruited via a Twitter-based online survey. METHODS An anonymous Web-based survey was conducted in June 2017 with 687 U.S.-based cannabis users recruited via Twitter-based ads. The survey included questions about state of residence, socio-demographic characteristics, and cannabis use including marijuana concentrates. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify characteristics associated with lifetime and daily use of marijuana concentrates. RESULTS Almost 60% of respondents were male, 86% were white, and the mean age was 43.0 years. About 48% reported marijuana concentrate use. After adjusting for multiple testing, significant predictors of concentrate use included: living in "recreational" (AOR = 2.04; adj. p = .042) or "medical, less restrictive" (AOR = 1.74; adj. p = .030) states, being younger (AOR = 0.97, adj. p = .008), and daily herbal cannabis use (AOR = 2.57, adj. p = .008). Out of 329 marijuana concentrate users, about 13% (n = 44) reported daily/near daily use. Significant predictors of daily concentrate use included: living in recreational states (AOR = 3.59, adj. p = .020) and using concentrates for therapeutic purposes (AOR = 4.34, adj. p = .020). CONCLUSIONS Living in states with more liberal marijuana policies is associated with greater likelihood of marijuana concentrate use and with more frequent use. Characteristics of daily users, in particular, patterns of therapeutic use warrant further research with community-recruited samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raminta Daniulaityte
- Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research (CITAR), Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, USA; Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing (Kno.e.sis), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, USA
| | - Mussa Y Zatreh
- Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research (CITAR), Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, USA
| | - Francois R Lamy
- Department of Health Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Ramzi W Nahhas
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, USA
| | - Silvia S Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, USA
| | - Amit Sheth
- Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing (Kno.e.sis), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, USA
| | - Robert G Carlson
- Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research (CITAR), Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, USA; Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing (Kno.e.sis), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, USA.
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Lisdahl KM, Sher KJ, Conway KP, Gonzalez R, Feldstein Ewing SW, Nixon SJ, Tapert S, Bartsch H, Goldstein RZ, Heitzeg M. Adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study: Overview of substance use assessment methods. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 32:80-96. [PMID: 29559216 PMCID: PMC6375310 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the objectives of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (https://abcdstudy.org/) is to establish a national longitudinal cohort of 9 and 10 year olds that will be followed for 10 years in order to prospectively study the risk and protective factors influencing substance use and its consequences, examine the impact of substance use on neurocognitive, health and psychosocial outcomes, and to understand the relationship between substance use and psychopathology. This article provides an overview of the ABCD Study Substance Use Workgroup, provides the goals for the workgroup, rationale for the substance use battery, and includes details on the substance use module methods and measurement tools used during baseline, 6-month and 1-year follow-up assessment time-points. Prospective, longitudinal assessment of these substance use domains over a period of ten years in a nationwide sample of youth presents an unprecedented opportunity to further understand the timing and interactive relationships between substance use and neurocognitive, health, and psychopathology outcomes in youth living in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Lisdahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2441 East Hartford Ave, 224 Garland Hall, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States.
| | - Kenneth J Sher
- Curators' Professor of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Kevin P Conway
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse,6001 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University,11200 SW 8th Street AHC-4, 461, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Sarah W Feldstein Ewing
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail code: DC7P, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland OR 97239, United States
| | - Sara Jo Nixon
- Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 100256, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Susan Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, United States
| | - Hauke Bartsch
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego,9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry (primary) and Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute (secondary), Chief, Brain Imaging Center (BIC), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Leon and Norma Hess Center for Science and Medicine, 1470 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Mary Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan,4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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Russell C, Rueda S, Room R, Tyndall M, Fischer B. Routes of administration for cannabis use – basic prevalence and related health outcomes: A scoping review and synthesis. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2018; 52:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Meier MH. Associations between butane hash oil use and cannabis-related problems. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:25-31. [PMID: 28750253 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-potency cannabis concentrates are increasingly popular in the United States, and there is concern that use of high-potency cannabis might increase risk for cannabis-related problems. However, little is known about the potential negative consequences of concentrate use. This study reports on associations between past-year use of a high-potency cannabis concentrate, known as butane hash oil (BHO), and cannabis-related problems. METHODS A sample of 821 college students were recruited to complete a survey about their health and behavior. Participants who had used cannabis in the past year (33%, n=273) completed questions about their cannabis use, including their use of BHO and cannabis-related problems in eight domains: physical dependence, impaired control, academic-occupational problems, social-interpersonal problems, self-care problems, self-perception, risk behavior, and blackouts. RESULTS Approximately 44% (n=121) of past-year cannabis users had used BHO in the past year. More frequent BHO use was associated with higher levels of physical dependence (RR=1.8, p<0.001), impaired control (RR=1.3, p<0.001), cannabis-related academic/occupational problems (RR=1.5, p=0.004), poor self-care (RR=1.3, p=0.002), and cannabis-related risk behavior (RR=1.2, p=0.001). After accounting for sociodemographic factors, age of onset of cannabis use, sensation seeking, overall frequency of cannabis use, and frequency of other substance use, BHO use was still associated with higher levels of physical dependence (RR=1.2, p=0.014). CONCLUSIONS BHO use is associated with greater physiological dependence on cannabis, even after accounting for potential confounders. Longitudinal research is needed to determine if cannabis users with higher levels of physiological dependence seek out BHO and/or if BHO use increases risk for physiological dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline H Meier
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, PO Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States.
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21
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Meehan-Atrash J, Luo W, Strongin RM. Toxicant Formation in Dabbing: The Terpene Story. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:6112-6117. [PMID: 28983528 PMCID: PMC5623941 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Inhalable, noncombustible cannabis products are playing a central role in the expansion of the medical and recreational use of cannabis. In particular, the practice of "dabbing" with butane hash oil has emerged with great popularity in states that have legalized cannabis. Despite their growing popularity, the degradation product profiles of these new products have not been extensively investigated. The study herein focuses on the chemistry of myrcene and other common terpenes found in cannabis extracts. Methacrolein, benzene, and several other products of concern to human health were formed under the conditions that simulated real-world dabbing. The terpene degradation products observed are consistent with those reported in the atmospheric chemistry literature.
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22
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Chan GCK, Hall W, Freeman TP, Ferris J, Kelly AB, Winstock A. User characteristics and effect profile of Butane Hash Oil: An extremely high-potency cannabis concentrate. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017. [PMID: 28624604 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports suggest an increase in use of extremely potent cannabis concentrates such as Butane Hash Oil (BHO) in some developed countries. The aims of this study were to examine the characteristics of BHO users and the effect profiles of BHO. DESIGN Anonymous online survey in over 20 countries in 2014 and 2015. Participants aged 18 years or older were recruited through onward promotion and online social networks. The overall sample size was 181,870. In this sample, 46% (N=83,867) reported using some form of cannabis in the past year, and 3% reported BHO use (n=5922). MEASUREMENTS Participants reported their use of 7 types of cannabis in the past 12 months, the source of their cannabis, reasons for use, use of other illegal substances, and lifetime diagnosis for depression, anxiety and psychosis. Participants were asked to rate subjective effects of BHO and high potency herbal cannabis. FINDINGS Participants who reported a lifetime diagnosis of depression (OR=1.15, p=0.003), anxiety (OR=1.72, p<0.001), and a larger number of substance use (OR=1.29, p<0.001) were more likely to use BHO than only using high potency herbal cannabis. BHO users also reported stronger negative effects and less positive effects when using BHO than high potency herbal cannabis (p<0.001) CONCLUSION: Mental health problems and other illicit drug use were associated with use of BHO. BHO was reported to have stronger negative and weaker positive effects than high potency herbal cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary C K Chan
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
| | - Wayne Hall
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Tom P Freeman
- National Addiction Centre, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8BB, UK; Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Jason Ferris
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, 80 Meiers Road, Brisbane 4068, Australia
| | - Adrian B Kelly
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Adam Winstock
- Global Drug Survey, Fergusson House,124/128 City Road, London EC1 V2NJ, UK; University College London,Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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23
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Daniulaityte R, Lamy FR, Barratt M, Nahhas RW, Martins SS, Boyer EW, Sheth A, Carlson RG. Characterizing marijuana concentrate users: A web-based survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 178:399-407. [PMID: 28704769 PMCID: PMC5567791 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study seeks to characterize marijuana concentrate users, describe reasons and patterns of use, perceived risk, and identify predictors of daily/near daily use. METHODS An anonymous web-based survey was conducted (April-June 2016) with 673 US-based cannabis users recruited via the Bluelight.org web-forum and included questions about marijuana concentrate use, other drugs, and socio-demographics. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify characteristics associated with greater odds of lifetime and daily use of marijuana concentrates. RESULTS About 66% of respondents reported marijuana concentrate use. The sample was 76% male, and 87% white. Marijuana concentrate use was viewed as riskier than flower cannabis. Greater odds of marijuana concentrate use was associated with living in states with "recreational" (AOR=4.91; p=0.001) or "medical, less restrictive" marijuana policies (AOR=1.87; p=0.014), being male (AOR=2.21, p=0.002), younger (AOR=0.95, p<0.001), number of other drugs used (AOR=1.23, p<0.001), daily herbal cannabis use (AOR=4.28, p<0.001), and lower perceived risk of cannabis use (AOR=0.96, p=0.043). About 13% of marijuana concentrate users reported daily/near daily use. Greater odds of daily concentrate use was associated with being male (AOR=9.29, p=0.033), using concentrates for therapeutic purposes (AOR=7.61, p=0.001), using vape pens for marijuana concentrate administration (AOR=4.58, p=0.007), and lower perceived risk of marijuana concentrate use (AOR=0.92, p=0.017). CONCLUSIONS Marijuana concentrate use was more common among male, younger and more experienced users, and those living in states with more liberal marijuana policies. Characteristics of daily users, in particular patterns of therapeutic use and utilization of different vaporization devices, warrant further research with community-recruited samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raminta Daniulaityte
- Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research (CITAR), Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, United States; Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing (Kno.e.sis), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, United States.
| | - Francois R. Lamy
- Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research (CITAR); Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine,Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing (Kno.e.sis); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University
| | - Monica Barratt
- Drug Policy Modelling Program, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia,National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Curtin University, Australia,Centre for Population Health; Burnet Institute, Australia
| | - Ramzi W. Nahhas
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine,Department of Psychiatry; Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine
| | - Silvia S. Martins
- Department of Epidemiology; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Edward W. Boyer
- Department of Emergency Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Amit Sheth
- Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing (Kno.e.sis); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University
| | - Robert G. Carlson
- Center for Interventions, Treatment, and Addictions Research (CITAR); Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine,Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing (Kno.e.sis); Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University
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Carlini BH, Garrett SB, Harwick RM. Beyond joints and brownies: Marijuana concentrates in the legal landscape of WA State. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 42:26-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Varlet V. Drug Vaping: From the Dangers of Misuse to New Therapeutic Devices. TOXICS 2016; 4:toxics4040029. [PMID: 29051432 PMCID: PMC5606648 DOI: 10.3390/toxics4040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Users of e-cigarettes are unwitting volunteers participating in a worldwide epidemiological study. Because of the obvious benefits of e-cigarettes compared with traditional cigarette smoking, these electronic devices have been introduced all around the world to support tobacco smoking cessation. Same potential harm reduction could be considered by cannabis vaping for marijuana smokers. However, the toxicities of liquids and aerosols remain under investigation because although the use of e-cigarettes is likely to be less harmful than traditional cigarette smoking, trace levels of contaminants have been identified. Simultaneously, other electronic devices, such as e-vaporisers, e-hookahs or e-pipes, have been developed and commercialised. Consequently, misuse of electronic devices has increased, and experimentation has been documented on Internet web fora. Although legal and illegal drugs are currently consumed with these e-devices, no scientific papers are available to support the observations reported by numerous media and web fora. Moreover, building on illegal drug vaping and vaporisation with e-devices (vaping misuse), legal drug vaping (an alternative use of vaping) could present therapeutic benefits, as occurs with medical cannabis vaporisation with table vaporisers. This review seeks to synthesise the problems of e-cigarette and liquid refill toxicity in order to introduce the dangers of illegal and legal drugs consumed using vaping and vaporisation for recreational purposes, and finally, to present the potential therapeutic benefits of vaping as a new administration route for legal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Varlet
- Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry Unit, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.
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26
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Zhang Z, Zheng X, Zeng DD, Leischow SJ. Tracking Dabbing Using Search Query Surveillance: A Case Study in the United States. J Med Internet Res 2016; 18:e252. [PMID: 27637361 PMCID: PMC5045525 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.5802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dabbing is an emerging method of marijuana ingestion. However, little is known about dabbing owing to limited surveillance data on dabbing. Objective The aim of the study was to analyze Google search data to assess the scope and breadth of information seeking on dabbing. Methods Google Trends data about dabbing and related topics (eg, electronic nicotine delivery system [ENDS], also known as e-cigarettes) in the United States between January 2004 and December 2015 were collected by using relevant search terms such as “dab rig.” The correlation between dabbing (including topics: dab and hash oil) and ENDS (including topics: vaping and e-cigarette) searches, the regional distribution of dabbing searches, and the impact of cannabis legalization policies on geographical location in 2015 were analyzed. Results Searches regarding dabbing increased in the United States over time, with 1,526,280 estimated searches during 2015. Searches for dab and vaping have very similar temporal patterns, where the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) is .992 (P<.001). Similar phenomena were also obtained in searches for hash oil and e-cigarette, in which the corresponding PCC is .931 (P<.001). Dabbing information was searched more in some western states than other regions. The average dabbing searches were significantly higher in the states with medical and recreational marijuana legalization than in the states with only medical marijuana legalization (P=.02) or the states without medical and recreational marijuana legalization (P=.01). Conclusions Public interest in dabbing is increasing in the United States. There are close associations between dabbing and ENDS searches. The findings suggest greater popularity of dabs in the states that legalized medical and recreational marijuana use. This study proposes a novel and timely way of cannabis surveillance, and these findings can help enhance the understanding of the popularity of dabbing and provide insights for future research and informed policy making on dabbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zhang
- Department of Management Information Systems, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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