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Studer M, Heussler M, Romano F, Lidzba K, Bigi S. Processing speed and its association with working memory and episodic memory 3-6 months after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2024; 38:928-937. [PMID: 38819316 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2361626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), children show reduced processing speed (PS). Evidence suggests that slowed PS after TBI is associated with working memory deficits. Our aim was to investigate several forms of PS and to examine its impact on working and episodic memory performance in children after mTBI. METHOD We included data of 64 children after mTBI and 57 healthy control children aged 8-16 years. PS (Color Naming, Coding, Symbol Search, Alertness) was compared between groups 1 week (T1) and 3-6 months (T2) after the injury; working and episodic memory outcome was compared between groups at T2. RESULTS Alertness at T1 and Color Naming at T1 and T2 were significantly reduced following mTBI compared to controls, although most group differences in PS disappeared when patients with previous impairments and mTBI were excluded. PS was predictive for episodic and working memory performance 3-6 months after injury, whereas group was a significant predictor of working memory. CONCLUSIONS Compared to healthy controls, children after mTBI showed reduced performance in verbal PS, which was associated with working memory. In children who are symptomatic after mTBI, diagnostic screening of PS could be helpful in identifying patients that could profit from speed-improving strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Studer
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Milena Heussler
- Division of Neuropaediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Romano
- Division of Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karen Lidzba
- Division of Neuropaediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Bigi
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Central Switzerland, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Bai W. The predicative value of early quantitative electroencephalograph in epilepsy after severe traumatic brain injury in children. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1370692. [PMID: 39210985 PMCID: PMC11357918 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1370692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore whether early quantitative electroencephalograph (EEG) can predict the development of epilepsy in pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods A total of 78 children with severe TBI who were admitted to our hospital were divided into post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) and non-PTE groups according to whether or not they developed PTE. EEGs of frontal, central and parietal lobes were recorded at the time of their admission. The power values of each frequency band, odds ratio and peak envelope power values of each brain region were statistically analyzed. In addition, the patients were followed up for two years, and the occurrence of PTE was documented. Results During the follow-up period, PTE occurred in 8 patients. Analysis of EEG signals across different brain regions (frontal, central, and parietal lobes) revealed significant differences between the PTE and non-PTE groups. Patients with PTE exhibited significantly higher δ and θ power values (P < 0.01), lower α/θ ratios (P < 0.01), and elevated θ/β, (δ + θ)/(α + β), and peak envelope power (P < 0.01) compared to those in the non-PTE group. Conclusion In children with severe TBI, the parameter characterization of early quantitative EEG has potential application in predicting PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang NO.1 People’s Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
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3
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Delfel EL, Aguinaldo L, Correa K, Courtney KE, Max JE, Tapert SF, Jacobus J. Traumatic brain injury, working memory-related neural processing, and alcohol experimentation behaviors in youth from the ABCD cohort. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 66:101344. [PMID: 38277713 PMCID: PMC10832371 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adolescent traumatic brain injury (TBI) has long-term effects on brain functioning and behavior, impacting neural activity under cognitive load, especially in the reward network. Adolescent TBI is also linked to risk-taking behaviors including alcohol misuse. It remains unclear how TBI and neural functioning interact to predict alcohol experimentation during adolescence. Using Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study data, this project examined if TBI at ages 9-10 predicts increased odds of alcohol sipping at ages 11-13 and if this association is moderated by neural activity during the Emotional EN-Back working memory task at ages 11-13. Logistic regression analyses showed that neural activity in regions of the fronto-basal ganglia network predicted increased odds of sipping alcohol by ages 11-13 (p < .05). TBI and left frontal pole activity interacted to predict alcohol sipping (OR = 0.507, 95% CI [0.303 - 0.846], p = .009) - increased activity predicted decreased odds of alcohol sipping for those with a TBI (OR = 0.516, 95% CI [0.314 - 0.850], p = .009), but not for those without (OR = 0.971, 95% CI [0.931 -1.012], p = .159). These findings suggest that for youth with a TBI, increased BOLD activity in the frontal pole, underlying working memory, may be uniquely protective against the early initiation of alcohol experimentation. Future work will examine TBI and alcohol misuse in the ABCD cohort across more time points and the impact of personality traits such as impulsivity on these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everett L Delfel
- SDSU / UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, USA; University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, USA
| | - Laika Aguinaldo
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, USA
| | - Kelly Correa
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, USA
| | - Kelly E Courtney
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Max
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, USA
| | - Susan F Tapert
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, USA
| | - Joanna Jacobus
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, USA.
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4
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Brandt AE, Rø TB, Finnanger TG, Hypher RE, Lien E, Lund B, Catroppa C, Andersson S, Risnes K, Stubberud J. Intelligence and executive function are associated with age at insult, time post-insult, and disability following chronic pediatric acquired brain injury. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1192623. [PMID: 38249741 PMCID: PMC10796693 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1192623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric acquired brain injury (pABI) profoundly affects cognitive functions, encompassing IQ and executive functions (EFs). Particularly, young age at insult may lead to persistent and debilitating deficits, affecting daily-life functioning negatively. This study delves into the intricate interplay of age at insult, time post-insult, and their associations with IQ and EFs during chronic (>1 year) pABI. Additionally, we investigate cognitive performance across different levels of global function, recognizing the multifaceted nature of developmental factors influencing outcomes. Methods Drawing upon insult data and baseline information analyzing secondary outcomes from a multicenter RCT, including comprehensive medical and neuropsychological assessments of participants aged 10 to 17 years with pABI and parent-reported executive dysfunctions. The study examined associations between age at insult (early, EI; ≤7y vs. late, LI; > 7y) and time post-insult with IQ and EFs (updating, shifting, inhibition, and executive attention). Additionally, utilizing the Pediatric Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended, we explored cognitive performance across levels of global functioning. Results Seventy-six participants, median 8 years at insult and 5 years post-insult, predominantly exhibiting moderate disability (n = 38), were included. Notably, participants with LI demonstrated superior IQ, executive attention, and shifting compared to EI, [adjusted mean differences with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs); 7.9 (1.4, 14.4), 2.48 (0.71, 4.24) and 1.73 (0.03, 3.43), respectively]. Conversely, extended post-insult duration was associated with diminished performances, evident in mean differences with 95% CIs for IQ, updating, shifting, and executive attention compared to 1-2 years post-insult [-11.1 (-20.4, -1.7), -8.4 (-16.7, -0.1), -2.6 (-4.4, -0.7), -2.9 (-4.5, -1.2), -3.8 (-6.4, -1.3), -2.6 (-5.0, -0.3), and -3.2 (-5.7, -0.8)]. Global function exhibited a robust relationship with IQ and EFs. Conclusion Early insults and prolonged post-insult durations impose lasting tribulations in chronic pABI. While confirmation through larger studies is needed, these findings carry clinical implications, underscoring the importance of vigilance regarding early insults. Moreover, they dispel the notion that children fully recover from pABI; instead, they advocate equitable rehabilitation offerings for pABI, tailored to address cognitive functions, recognizing their pivotal role in achieving independence and participation in society. Incorporating disability screening in long-term follow-up assessments may prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Elisabeth Brandt
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torstein B. Rø
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torun G. Finnanger
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ruth E. Hypher
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences for Children, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Lien
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bendik Lund
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cathy Catroppa
- Brain and Mind, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Kari Risnes
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Stubberud
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences for Children, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Cianfanelli B, Esposito A, Spataro P, Santirocchi A, Cestari V, Rossi-Arnaud C, Costanzi M. The binding of negative emotional stimuli with spatial information in working memory: A possible role for the episodic buffer. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1112805. [PMID: 37034170 PMCID: PMC10073470 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1112805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Remembering where negative events occur has undeniable adaptive value, however, how these memories are formed remains elusive. We investigated the role of working memory subcomponents in binding emotional and visuo-spatial information using an emotional version of the object relocation task (EORT). Methods After displaying black rectangles simultaneously, emotional pictures (from the International Affective Pictures System) appeared sequentially over each rectangle. Participants repositioned the rectangles as accurately as possible after all stimuli had disappeared. During the EORT encoding phase, a verbal trail task was administered concurrently to selectively interfere with the central executive (CE). The immediate post-encoding administration of an object feature-report task was used to interfere with the episodic buffer (EB). Results Only the EB-interfering task prevented the emotion-enhancing effect of negative pictures. The latter effect was not observed with a concurrent executive task. Discussion Overall, our findings suggest that pre-attentive automatic processes are primarily involved in binding emotional and visuo-spatial information in the EB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pietro Spataro
- Department of Economy, Universitas Mercatorum, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Cestari
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Costanzi
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, Rome, Italy
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6
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Byom LJ, Whalen M, Turkstra LS. Working Memory for Emotions in Adolescents and Young Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury. BRAIN IMPAIR 2022; 22:296-310. [PMID: 36703704 PMCID: PMC9873224 DOI: 10.1017/brimp.2021.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This preliminary study investigated the interaction between working memory and social cognition in adolescents and young adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI). It was hypothesized that participants with or without TBI would better recognize social information when working memory or social cognitive load was low, and that adolescents and young adults with TBI would be more affected by increased cognitive demand than their uninjured peers. Eight adolescents and young adults with complicated mild-severe TBI (aged 14-22 years) and eight age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) adolescents completed computer-based n-back tasks requiring recognition of either face identity or facial affect, with 0-back, 1-, and 2-back conditions. The TBI group had lower scores overall than the TD group, and scores for both groups were lower for affect recognition than identity recognition. Scores for both groups were lower in conditions with a higher working memory load. There was a significant group-by-working memory interaction, with larger group differences in high-working memory conditions. Study results and their potential implications for social outcomes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey J Byom
- Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Meaghan Whalen
- Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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7
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Chai WJ, Abd Hamid AI, Omar H, Abdul Rahman MR, Fitzrol DN, Idris Z, Ghani ARI, Wan Mohamad WNA, Mustafar F, Hanafi MH, Kandasamy R, Abdullah MZ, Amaruchkul K, Valdes-Sosa PA, Bringas-Vega ML, Biswal B, Songsiri J, Yaacob H, Ibrahim H, Sumari P, Noh NA, Musa KI, Ahmad AH, Azman A, Jamir Singh PS, Othman A, Abdullah JM. Neural alterations in working memory of mild-moderate TBI: An fMRI study in Malaysia. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:915-932. [PMID: 35194817 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) encompasses crucial cognitive processes or abilities to retain and manipulate temporary information for immediate execution of complex cognitive tasks in daily functioning such as reasoning and decision-making. The WM of individuals sustaining traumatic brain injury (TBI) was commonly compromised, especially in the domain of WM. The current study investigated the brain responses of WM in a group of participants with mild-moderate TBI compared to their healthy counterparts employing functional magnetic resonance imaging. All consented participants (healthy: n = 26 and TBI: n = 15) performed two variations of the n-back WM task with four load conditions (0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-back). The respective within-group effects showed a right hemisphere-dominance activation and slower reaction in performance for the TBI group. Random-effects analysis revealed activation difference between the two groups in the right occipital lobe in the guided n-back with cues, and in the bilateral occipital lobe, superior parietal region, and cingulate cortices in the n-back without cues. The left middle frontal gyrus was implicated in the load-dependent processing of WM in both groups. Further group analysis identified that the notable activation changes in the frontal gyri and anterior cingulate cortex are according to low and high loads. Though relatively smaller in scale, this study was eminent as it clarified the neural alterations in WM in the mild-moderate TBI group compared to healthy controls. It confirmed the robustness of the phenomenon in TBI with the reproducibility of the results in a heterogeneous non-Western sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jia Chai
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Aini Ismafairus Abd Hamid
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Hazim Omar
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Riddha Abdul Rahman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Diana Noma Fitzrol
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Zamzuri Idris
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Izaini Ghani
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Wan Nor Azlen Wan Mohamad
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Faiz Mustafar
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hafiz Hanafi
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Zaid Abdullah
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
| | - Kannapha Amaruchkul
- Graduate School of Applied Statistics, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pedro A Valdes-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,The Cuban Neurosciences Center, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maria L Bringas-Vega
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,The Cuban Neurosciences Center, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Bharat Biswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jitkomut Songsiri
- EE410 Control Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hamwira Yaacob
- Department of Computer Science, Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology, Kuala Lumpur, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Haidi Ibrahim
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
| | - Putra Sumari
- School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azila Noh
- Department of Medical Science 1, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Kamarul Imran Musa
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Asma Hayati Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Azlinda Azman
- School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia.,School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | - Azizah Othman
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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8
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Al Qasem W, Abubaker M, Kvašňák E. Working Memory and Transcranial-Alternating Current Stimulation-State of the Art: Findings, Missing, and Challenges. Front Psychol 2022; 13:822545. [PMID: 35237214 PMCID: PMC8882605 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.822545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is a cognitive process that involves maintaining and manipulating information for a short period of time. WM is central to many cognitive processes and declines rapidly with age. Deficits in WM are seen in older adults and in patients with dementia, schizophrenia, major depression, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, etc. The frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices are significantly involved in WM processing and all brain oscillations are implicated in tackling WM tasks, particularly theta and gamma bands. The theta/gamma neural code hypothesis assumes that retained memory items are recorded via theta-nested gamma cycles. Neuronal oscillations can be manipulated by sensory, invasive- and non-invasive brain stimulations. Transcranial alternating-current stimulation (tACS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are frequency-tuned non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques that have been used to entrain endogenous oscillations in a frequency-specific manner. Compared to rTMS, tACS demonstrates superior cost, tolerability, portability, and safety profile, making it an attractive potential tool for improving cognitive performance. Although cognitive research with tACS is still in its infancy compared to rTMS, a number of studies have shown a promising WM enhancement effect, especially in the elderly and patients with cognitive deficits. This review focuses on the various methods and outcomes of tACS on WM in healthy and unhealthy human adults and highlights the established findings, unknowns, challenges, and perspectives important for translating laboratory tACS into realistic clinical settings. This will allow researchers to identify gaps in the literature and develop frequency-tuned tACS protocols with promising safety and efficacy outcomes. Therefore, research efforts in this direction should help to consider frequency-tuned tACS as a non-pharmacological tool of cognitive rehabilitation in physiological aging and patients with cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiam Al Qasem
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Medical Informatics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Praha, Czechia
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9
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Holthe IL, Dahl HM, Rohrer-Baumgartner N, Eichler S, Elseth MF, Holthe Ø, Berntsen T, Yeates KO, Andelic N, Løvstad M. Neuropsychological Impairment, Brain Injury Symptoms, and Health-Related Quality of Life After Pediatric TBI in Oslo. Front Neurol 2022; 12:719915. [PMID: 35153967 PMCID: PMC8831895 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.719915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Descriptions of clinical outcomes in pediatric traumatic brain injury (pTBI) in Scandinavia are sparse. The Oslo site of the European CENTER-TBI study has performed a pTBI outcome study in a hospitalized population. The main objective was to investigate neuropsychological outcomes, self- and parent-reported symptoms associated with brain injury, and quality of life in children aged 1–15 years, 5–8 months after injury. Fifty-two children were included, and 45 completed the assessments. The sample consisted of 15.4% severe, 21.2% moderate, and 63.4% mild TBI. Subjectively experienced problems with concentration and fatigue were reported by the parents of nearly half of the children. Higher brain injury symptom load was associated with lower quality of life, but was unrelated to injury severity. Group average scores of the sample on neuropsychological testing appeared unimpaired relative to normative means aside from lower performance in working memory. However, based on an impairment index (i.e., 2 or more tests being >1.5 SD below the normative mean), the presence of weak cognitive performance was evident in as many as 45.4% of the sample. Two-thirds of the sample also showed abnormally large intraindividual variability in cognitive functioning (i.e., significant WISC-IV index discrepancies). The findings highlight the need to look beyond group averages on neuropsychological testing. Utilizing an impairment index and considering intraindividual performance variability conveyed deficits that may warrant clinical follow-up. The association of brain injury symptoms with quality of life but not injury severity emphasizes the need to consider symptoms after TBI within a biopsychosocial framework. Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov; identifier: NCT02210221.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvil Laberg Holthe
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Nesodden, Norway
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Ingvil Laberg Holthe
| | - Hilde Margrete Dahl
- Section for Child Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences for Children, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sandra Eichler
- Department of Traumatic Brain Injury, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Nesodden, Norway
| | | | - Øyvor Holthe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torhild Berntsen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Keith Owen Yeates
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nada Andelic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Research Centre for Habilitation and Rehabilitation Models and Services (CHARM), Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Løvstad
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Nesodden, Norway
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Law C, Juraskova I, Lah S. [Formula: see text]Systematic review of pediatric memory questionnaires. Child Neuropsychol 2021; 27:734-781. [PMID: 33632075 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1888908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Memory disturbances are common in children with neurological and developmental conditions. One way to measure memory disturbances and their functional implications is via a memory questionnaire. Several pediatric memory questionnaires have been published but no systematic review has been conducted to establish their psychometric properties. This review evaluated currently available pediatric memory questionnaires using the Evidence-Based Assessment (EBA) criteria developed by the American Psychological Association Task force. A systematic search of CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline, and PsychINFO was completed on June 2019. The selection process was guided by pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by full manuscript reviews, and hand-search of reference lists of relevant papers. Selected questionnaires were evaluated by two independent raters against the EBA criteria and classified into "well established", "approaching well-established", and "promising" categories. The electronic searches yielded 9888 articles, 24 of which met the inclusion criteria. Hand searches identified additional 21 studies. The 45 identified studies reported on 24 versions of 10 memory questionnaires assessed working memory, everyday memory, prospective and retrospective memory, and self-awareness of memory functions. Based on EBA criteria, only one memory questionnaire (The Working Memory Rating Scale - 20 item version) was classified as "well-established", 3 as "approaching well-established", and 20 as "promising". Most (n = 19) had good reliability but lacked concurrent validity; had low or no correlations with objective memory tests, and low predictive power. In conclusion, this review highlights an urgent need for the development and validation of pediatric memory questionnaires to increase the evidence base and improve questionnaires' clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Law
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ilona Juraskova
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Suncica Lah
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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11
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Câmara-Costa H, Viot S, Francillette L, Opatowski M, Toure H, Brugel D, Laurent-Vannier A, Meyer P, Watier L, Dellatolas G, Chevignard M. Memory functioning 7 years after severe childhood traumatic brain injury: Results of the Traumatisme Grave de l'Enfant study. J Neuropsychol 2021; 16:183-210. [PMID: 33856121 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore memory functioning 7 years after severe paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), associated factors, and relationships with other outcomes. METHOD Children aged 0-15 years (n = 65), consecutively admitted over a 3-year period in a single trauma centre, who survived after severe non-inflicted TBI, were included in a prospective longitudinal study. Memory assessments were performed 7 years post-injury using the Children's Memory Scale or the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS IV), according to age. The General Memory Score (GMS-7) was the primary outcome. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients were available for assessment at 7 years post-injury. Mean GMS-7 was in the low average range (M = 84.9, SD = 12.1). Lower GMS-7 was significantly associated with markers of higher injury severity, such as length of coma. One year post-injury functional and disability outcomes explained 74% of the variance of GMS-7. Concurrent intellectual ability and type of ongoing education correlated strongly with GMS-7. Age at injury and parental education were not associated with memory outcome. CONCLUSIONS Memory functioning is variable but often strongly impaired several years after severe paediatric TBI, and is mostly related to injury severity, functional outcomes measured 1 year post-injury, and concomitant cognitive and educational outcomes. GMS-7 was lower at 7 years than one year post-injury, supporting the importance of long term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Câmara-Costa
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, GRC 24 Handicap Moteur et Cognitif et Réadaptation (HaMCre), Paris, France
| | - Solène Viot
- Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Brain Injury, and Outreach team for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury, Hôpitaux de Saint Maurice, Saint Maurice, France.,Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Leila Francillette
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France
| | - Marion Opatowski
- Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases (B2PHI), INSERM. UVSQ, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Hanna Toure
- Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Brain Injury, and Outreach team for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury, Hôpitaux de Saint Maurice, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Dominique Brugel
- Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Brain Injury, and Outreach team for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury, Hôpitaux de Saint Maurice, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Anne Laurent-Vannier
- Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Brain Injury, and Outreach team for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury, Hôpitaux de Saint Maurice, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Philippe Meyer
- Pediatric Anesthesiology Department, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Watier
- Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases (B2PHI), INSERM. UVSQ, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Georges Dellatolas
- Sorbonne Université, GRC 24 Handicap Moteur et Cognitif et Réadaptation (HaMCre), Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Chevignard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, GRC 24 Handicap Moteur et Cognitif et Réadaptation (HaMCre), Paris, France.,Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Brain Injury, and Outreach team for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury, Hôpitaux de Saint Maurice, Saint Maurice, France
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12
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Poole BJ, Phillips NL, Stewart E, Harris IM, Lah S. Working Memory in Pediatric Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2021; 31:569-609. [PMID: 33818735 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-021-09491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is a multicomponent system that is supported by overlapping specialized networks in the brain. Baddeley's working memory model includes four components: the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, the central executive, and episodic buffer. The aim of this review was to establish the gravity and pattern of working memory deficits in pediatric epilepsy. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guided electronic searches. Sixty-five studies were included in the review. Meta-analyses revealed significant impairments across each working memory component: phonological loop (g = 0.739), visuo-spatial sketchpad (g = 0.521), and central executive (g = 0.560) in children with epilepsy compared to controls. The episodic buffer was not examined. The pattern of impairments, however, differed according to the site and side of seizure focus. This suggests that working memory components are differentially vulnerable to the location of seizure focus in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Poole
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Natalie L Phillips
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Stewart
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Irina M Harris
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Suncica Lah
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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13
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Ju N, Guo S, San Juan V, Brown S, Lai KW, Yeates KO, Graham SA. Theory of Mind after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1918-1942. [PMID: 33499733 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This scoping review aims to synthesize existing literature regarding theory of mind (ToM) outcomes, the neuropathology associated with ToM outcomes, and the relationship between ToM outcomes and social functioning in children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI). We searched MEDLINE® and PsycINFO databases to identify all literature that examined ToM following pediatric TBI until July 2019. A total of 29 articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the results. These articles examined a variety of aspects of ToM, which could be broadly grouped into those focused on cognitive, cognitive-affective, and pragmatic factors. The existing literature suggests that children and adolescents with TBI, compared with their typically developing peers and peers with orthopedic injuries, are more likely to have deficits in ToM. The evidence further shows that the age at which brain injury occurs contributes to ToM disruption. Neuroimaging techniques have offered crucial insights into how TBI may impact ToM performance in children and adolescents. Finally, this review provides evidence that disruption in ToM plays a role in the difficulties in social functioning demonstrated by children and adolescents with TBI. Limitations and gaps in the existing literature warrant future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narae Ju
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sunny Guo
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Valerie San Juan
- Department of Psychology, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Sage Brown
- Department of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ka Wing Lai
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith Owen Yeates
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan A Graham
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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14
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Huang MX, Huang CW, Harrington DL, Robb-Swan A, Angeles-Quinto A, Nichols S, Huang JW, Le L, Rimmele C, Matthews S, Drake A, Song T, Ji Z, Cheng CK, Shen Q, Foote E, Lerman I, Yurgil KA, Hansen HB, Naviaux RK, Dynes R, Baker DG, Lee RR. Resting-state magnetoencephalography source magnitude imaging with deep-learning neural network for classification of symptomatic combat-related mild traumatic brain injury. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1987-2004. [PMID: 33449442 PMCID: PMC8046098 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combat‐related mild traumatic brain injury (cmTBI) is a leading cause of sustained physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disabilities in Veterans and active‐duty military personnel. Accurate diagnosis of cmTBI is challenging since the symptom spectrum is broad and conventional neuroimaging techniques are insensitive to the underlying neuropathology. The present study developed a novel deep‐learning neural network method, 3D‐MEGNET, and applied it to resting‐state magnetoencephalography (rs‐MEG) source‐magnitude imaging data from 59 symptomatic cmTBI individuals and 42 combat‐deployed healthy controls (HCs). Analytic models of individual frequency bands and all bands together were tested. The All‐frequency model, which combined delta‐theta (1–7 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (15–30 Hz), and gamma (30–80 Hz) frequency bands, outperformed models based on individual bands. The optimized 3D‐MEGNET method distinguished cmTBI individuals from HCs with excellent sensitivity (99.9 ± 0.38%) and specificity (98.9 ± 1.54%). Receiver‐operator‐characteristic curve analysis showed that diagnostic accuracy was 0.99. The gamma and delta‐theta band models outperformed alpha and beta band models. Among cmTBI individuals, but not controls, hyper delta‐theta and gamma‐band activity correlated with lower performance on neuropsychological tests, whereas hypo alpha and beta‐band activity also correlated with lower neuropsychological test performance. This study provides an integrated framework for condensing large source‐imaging variable sets into optimal combinations of regions and frequencies with high diagnostic accuracy and cognitive relevance in cmTBI. The all‐frequency model offered more discriminative power than each frequency‐band model alone. This approach offers an effective path for optimal characterization of behaviorally relevant neuroimaging features in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xiong Huang
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Charles W Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Deborah L Harrington
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ashley Robb-Swan
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Annemarie Angeles-Quinto
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sharon Nichols
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Huang
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lu Le
- ASPIRE Center, VASDHS Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Carl Rimmele
- ASPIRE Center, VASDHS Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Scott Matthews
- ASPIRE Center, VASDHS Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Angela Drake
- Cedar Sinai Medical Group Chronic Pain Program, Beverly Hills, California, USA
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Zhengwei Ji
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Chung-Kuan Cheng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ericka Foote
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Imanuel Lerman
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kate A Yurgil
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hayden B Hansen
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Robert K Naviaux
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Robert Dynes
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Roland R Lee
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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15
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Anderson D, Gau JM, Beck L, Unruh D, Gioia G, McCart M, Davies SC, Slocumb J, Gomez D, Glang AE. Management of Return to School Following Brain Injury: An Evaluation Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH 2021; 108:10.1016/j.ijer.2021.101773. [PMID: 33927471 PMCID: PMC8076871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijer.2021.101773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects children's ability to succeed at school. Few educators have the necessary training and knowledge needed to adequately monitor and treat students with a TBI, despite schools regularly serving as the long-term service provider. In this article, we describe a return to school model used in Oregon that implements best practices indicated by the extant literature, as well as our research protocol for evaluating this model. We discuss project aims and our planned procedures, including the measures used, our quasi-experimental design using matched controls, statistical power, and impact analyses. This project will provide the evidential base for implementation of a return to school model at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff M. Gau
- University of Oregon, Eugene, 97403-5252, USA
| | - Laura Beck
- University of Oregon, Eugene, 97403-5252, USA
| | | | - Gerard Gioia
- Children’s National Health System, 111 Michigan
Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20010
| | | | - Susan C Davies
- University of Dayton, University of Dayton, 300 College
Park Dayton, Ohio 45469, USA
| | | | - Doug Gomez
- University of Oregon, Eugene, 97403-5252, USA
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16
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Chevignard M, Câmara-Costa H, Dellatolas G. Pediatric traumatic brain injury and abusive head trauma. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 173:451-484. [PMID: 32958191 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) commonly occurs during brain development and can have direct, immediately observable neurologic, cognitive, and behavioral consequences. However, it can also disrupt subsequent brain development, and long-term outcomes are a combination of preinjury development and abilities, consequences of brain injury, as well as delayed impaired development of skills that were immature at the time of injury. There is a growing number of studies on mild TBI/sport-related concussions, describing initial symptoms and their evolution over time and providing guidelines for effective management of symptoms and return to activity/school/sports. Mild TBI usually does not lead to long-term cognitive or academic consequences, despite reports of behavioral/psychologic issues postinjury. Regarding moderate to severe TBI, injury to the brain is more severe, with evidence of a number of detrimental consequences in various domains. Patients can display neurologic impairments (e.g., motor deficits, signs of cerebellar disorder, posttraumatic epilepsy), medical problems (e.g., endocrine pituitary deficits, sleep-wake abnormalities), or sensory deficits (e.g., visual, olfactory deficits). The most commonly reported deficits are in the cognitive-behavioral field, which tend to be significantly disabling in the long-term, impacting the development of autonomy, socialization and academic achievement, participation, quality of life, and later, independence and ability to enter the workforce (e.g., intellectual deficits, slow processing speed, attention, memory, executive functions deficits, impulsivity, intolerance to frustration). A number of factors influence outcomes following pediatric TBI, including preinjury stage of development and abilities, brain injury severity, age at injury (with younger age at injury most often associated with worse outcomes), and a number of family/environment factors (e.g., parental education and occupation, family functioning, parenting style, warmth and responsiveness, access to rehabilitation and care). Interventions should identify and target these specific factors, given their major role in postinjury outcomes. Abusive head trauma (AHT) occurs in very young children (most often <6 months) and is a form of severe TBI, usually associated with delay before appropriate care is sought. Outcomes are systematically worse following AHT than following accidental TBI, even when controlling for age at injury and injury severity. Children with moderate to severe TBI and AHT usually require specific, coordinated, multidisciplinary, and long-term rehabilitation interventions and school adaptations, until transition to adult services. Interventions should be patient- and family-centered, focusing on specific goals, comprising education about TBI, and promoting optimal parenting, communication, and collaborative problem-solving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Chevignard
- Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Neurological Injury and Outreach Team for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury, Saint Maurice Hospitals, Saint Maurice, France; Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; GRC 24, Handicap Moteur et Cognitif et Réadaptation, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Hugo Câmara-Costa
- GRC 24, Handicap Moteur et Cognitif et Réadaptation, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Centre d'Etudes en Santé des Populations, INSERM U1018, Paris, France
| | - Georges Dellatolas
- GRC 24, Handicap Moteur et Cognitif et Réadaptation, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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17
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Recla M, Molteni E, Manfredi V, Arrigoni F, Nordio A, Galbiati S, Pastore V, Modat M, Strazzer S. Feasibility Randomized Trial for an Intensive Memory-Focused Training Program for School-Aged Children with Acquired Brain Injury. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E430. [PMID: 32645968 PMCID: PMC7407971 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Memory deficits are common sequelae of pediatric Acquired Brain Injury (ABI). Only methods for non-focused cognitive remediation are available to the pediatric field. The aims of this feasibility trial are the description, implementation, and test of an intensive program specific to the training and re-adaptation of memory function in children, called Intensive Memory-Focused Training Program (IM-FTP); (2) Methods: Eleven children and adolescents with ABI (mean age at injury = 12.2 years, brain tumor survivors excluded) were clinically assessed and rehabilitated over 1-month through IM-FTP, including physio-kinesis/occupational, speech, and neuropsychology treatments. Each patient received a psychometric evaluation and a brain functional MRI at enrollment and at discharge. Ten pediatric controls with ABI (mean age at injury = 13.8 years) were clinically assessed, and rehabilitated through a standard program; (3) Results: After treatment, both groups had marked improvement in both immediate and delayed recall. IM-FTP was associated with better learning of semantically related and unrelated words, and larger improvement in immediate recall in prose memory. Imaging showed functional modification in the left frontal inferior cortex; (4) Conclusions: We described an age-independent reproducible multidisciplinary memory-focused rehabilitation protocol, which can be adapted to single patients while preserving inter-subject comparability, and is applicable up to a few months after injury. IM-FTP will now be employed in a powered clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Recla
- Neurophysiatric Department, Neuropsychological and Cognitive-behavioral Service, Scientific Institute, I.R.C.C.S. Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Erika Molteni
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, and Centre for Medical Engineering, King’s College, London SE1 7EU, UK; (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Valentina Manfredi
- Neurophysiatric Department, Neuropsychological and Cognitive-behavioral Service, Scientific Institute, I.R.C.C.S. Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Filippo Arrigoni
- Neuroimaging Lab, Scientific Institute, I.R.C.C.S. Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (F.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Andrea Nordio
- Neuroimaging Lab, Scientific Institute, I.R.C.C.S. Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (F.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Susanna Galbiati
- Neurophysiatric Department, Neuropsychological and Cognitive-behavioral Service, Scientific Institute, I.R.C.C.S. Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Valentina Pastore
- Neurophysiatric Department, Neuropsychological and Cognitive-behavioral Service, Scientific Institute, I.R.C.C.S. Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (V.M.); (S.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Marc Modat
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, and Centre for Medical Engineering, King’s College, London SE1 7EU, UK; (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Sandra Strazzer
- Neurophysiatric Department, Scientific Institute, I.R.C.C.S. Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy;
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18
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Executive functions and attention 7years after severe childhood traumatic brain injury: Results of the Traumatisme Grave de l'Enfant (TGE) cohort. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2019; 63:270-279. [PMID: 31605766 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Severe childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to long-standing executive function and attention deficits, with negative consequences for participation, academic outcome and independence. This study aimed to assess executive function and attention 7 years after severe childhood TBI in comparison with a matched control group and to investigate associated factors. METHODS Children (<15years) with severe accidental TBI consecutively admitted in a single trauma center over 3years were included in the Traumatisme Grave de l'Enfant (TGE) prospective longitudinal study. Of the 81children initially included, 65survived. At 7years post-TBI, executive functions and attention were assessed in 27participants (42 % of the 65 survivors) by using a combination of computerized tasks from the Test of Attentional Performance (TAP) and the Behavioral Rating of Executive Functions (BRIEF) questionnaire. Patients were compared to a group of 27typically developing controls who were matched for sex, age and parental education level. RESULTS Among the 27participants, mean (SD) age at injury was 7.7 (4.6)years, and mean length of coma 5.6 (4.6) days. Regarding the TAP, the number of errors was significantly higher (P=0.003) and reaction time marginally slower (P=0.08) in the TBI than control group. The BRIEF questionnaire completed by parents indicated significantly more executive difficulties in the TBI than control group (Behavior Regulation Index, P=0.005; Metacognitive index, P=0.02; Global Executive Composite, P=0.012). Correlations between BRIEF and TAP scores did not reach statistical significance. BRIEF total score was correlated moderately with length of coma (r=0.40, P=0.037), and TAP scores were correlated with the Full-Scale Intellectual Quotient (total number of errors: r=-0.48; P=0.01; mean reaction time: r=-0.51; P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS Executive and attention deficits were evident 7 years after severe childhood TBI. Computerized tasks and questionnaires provide complementary and non-redundant information. Systematic long-term follow-up should be provided until the transition to adulthood, to assess ongoing development and to implement timely tailored interventions.
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19
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The Effects of Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury on Episodic Memory: a Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2019; 29:270-287. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-019-09413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Edmondson S, Howe J. Using solution-focused brief therapy within an eco-systemic approach to support return to school following an acquired brain injury. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02667363.2019.1567465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Howe
- School of Education, University of Birmingham, UK
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21
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Viot S, Câmara-Costa H, Laurence W, Francillette L, Toure H, Brugel D, Laurent-Vannier A, Dellatolas G, Gillibert A, Meyer P, Chevignard M. Assessment of memory functioning over two years following severe childhood traumatic brain injury: results of the TGE cohort. Brain Inj 2019; 33:1208-1218. [PMID: 31237456 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1631485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were (1) to prospectively measure memory functioning following severe childhood Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), and its evolution over 2 years; (2) to assess demographic and medical factors associated with memory function and recovery; (3) to explore relations between memory and other TBI outcomes. Methods: Children (aged 0-15 years; n= 65) consecutively admitted in a single trauma center over a 3-year period, who survived severe non-inflicted TBI, were included in a prospective longitudinal study. Memory was assessed in 38 children aged 5-15 years at injury, using the Children's Memory Scale at 3, 12, and 24 months post-injury. Results: Mean general memory score was low at 3 months (M = 90.2, SD = 20.3) but within the normal range at 12 and 24 months (M = 100.6, SD = 23.1 and M = 108.6, SD = 24.1, respectively), with high variability. Improvement was stronger for immediate visual memory than for other memory indices. Lower general memory score was associated with higher injury severity, lower intellectual ability and functional status, higher overall disability, and ongoing education. Conclusion: Memory functioning is highly variable following severe childhood TBI, related to injury severity and functional, cognitive and educational outcomes; improvement is significant during the first-year post-injury, but varies according to the type of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Viot
- a Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Brain Injury, and Outreach team for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury; Hôpitaux de Saint Maurice , Saint Maurice , France
| | - Hugo Câmara-Costa
- b UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-SUD , Paris , France.,c Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Université, LIB , Paris , France
| | - Watier Laurence
- d Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases (B2PHI), INSERM. UVSQ, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Saclay , Paris , France
| | - Leila Francillette
- c Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Université, LIB , Paris , France
| | - Hanna Toure
- a Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Brain Injury, and Outreach team for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury; Hôpitaux de Saint Maurice , Saint Maurice , France
| | - Dominique Brugel
- a Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Brain Injury, and Outreach team for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury; Hôpitaux de Saint Maurice , Saint Maurice , France
| | - Anne Laurent-Vannier
- a Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Brain Injury, and Outreach team for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury; Hôpitaux de Saint Maurice , Saint Maurice , France
| | - Georges Dellatolas
- b UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-SUD , Paris , France
| | - André Gillibert
- e Biostatistics Department, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France.,f Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Université Paris-Sud , Le Kremlin Bicêtre , France
| | - Philippe Meyer
- g Pediatric Anesthesiology Department, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades , Paris , France.,h Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris 5 , Paris , France
| | - Mathilde Chevignard
- a Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Brain Injury, and Outreach team for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury; Hôpitaux de Saint Maurice , Saint Maurice , France.,c Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Université, LIB , Paris , France.,i Groupe de Recherche Clinique Handicap Cognitif et Réadaptation (HanCRe), Sorbonne Université , Paris , France
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22
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Jones KM, Prah P, Starkey N, Theadom A, Barker-Collo S, Ameratunga S, Feigin VL. Longitudinal patterns of behavior, cognition, and quality of life after mild traumatic brain injury in children: BIONIC study findings. Brain Inj 2019; 33:884-893. [PMID: 31010355 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1606445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Research following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) during childhood predominantly examines recovery up to 12 months post-injury. Objectives: To determine children's longer-term (4 years) patterns and predictors of recovery. Methods: Parents of 196 children (aged 1-15 years) completed the Behaviour Assessment System for Children and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory at baseline, 1, 6, 12, and 48 months post-injury. Children aged ≥8 years at each assessment completed a computerized neurocognitive testing battery. At 1 month, parents completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Multilevel modeling accounted for repeated measures. Results: Children had significantly fewer child behavior problems, better adaptability, and improved quality of life after 12 months. Concurrent improvements in overall neurocognitive function were no longer significant once adjusted for age, gender, and socio-economic status. From 12 to 48 months, quality of life reduced significantly while child behavior and neurocognition plateaued. Child behavior problems and worse quality of life were associated with parental anxiety and lower socio-economic status. Conclusions: Children's recovery in the year following mTBI appears to plateau from 12 to 48 months, with a concomitant reduction in quality of life. Identification and treatment of parent mental health issues may reduce the exacerbation of negative child outcomes following mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Jones
- a National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, School of Public Health & Psychosocial Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Philip Prah
- a National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, School of Public Health & Psychosocial Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Nicola Starkey
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences , The University of Waikato , Hamilton , New Zealand
| | - Alice Theadom
- a National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, School of Public Health & Psychosocial Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Suzanne Barker-Collo
- c Department of Psychology , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Shanthi Ameratunga
- d School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Valery L Feigin
- a National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, School of Public Health & Psychosocial Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
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- e BIONIC Study Group members listed below
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23
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Lawton T, Huang MX. Dynamic cognitive remediation for a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) significantly improves attention, working memory, processing speed, and reading fluency. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2019; 37:71-86. [PMID: 30741708 PMCID: PMC6481540 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-180856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the U.S. 3.8 million people have a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) each year. Rapid brain training exercises to improve cognitive function after a mild TBI are needed. OBJECTIVE This study determines whether cognitive remediation by discriminating the direction a test pattern moves relative to a stationary background (movement figure-ground discrimination) improves the vision and cognitive deficits that result from a TBI, providing a paradigm shift in treatment methods. METHODS Movement-discrimination neurotraining was used to remediate low-level visual timing deficits in the dorsal stream to determine whether it improved high-level cognitive functions, such as processing speed, reading fluency, and the executive control functions of attention and working memory in four men with a TBI between the ages of 15-68. Standardized tests, as well as Magnetoencephalography (MEG) brain imaging, were administered at the beginning and end of 8-16 weeks of intervention training to evaluate improvements in cognitive skills. RESULTS Movement-discrimination cognitive neurotraining remediated both low-level visual timing deficits and high-level cognitive functioning, including selective and sustained attention, reading fluency, processing speed, and working memory for all TBI patients we studied. MEG brain imaging, using the Fast-VESTAL procedure, showed that this movement-discrimination training improved time-locked activity in the dorsal stream, attention, and executive control networks. CONCLUSIONS Remediating visual timing deficits in the dorsal stream revealed the causal role of visual movement discrimination training in improving high-level cognitive functions such as focusing and switching attention, working memory, processing speed, and reading. This study found that movement-discrimination training was very rapid and effective in remediating cognitive deficits, providing a new approach that is very beneficial for treating a mild TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri Lawton
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Perception Dynamics Institute, Encinitas, CA, USA
| | - Ming-Xiong Huang
- Radiology and Research Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Radiology Imaging Laboratory, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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24
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Ringdahl EN, Becker ML, Hussey JE, Thaler NS, Vogel SJ, Cross C, Mayfield J, Allen DN. Executive Function Profiles in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 44:172-188. [PMID: 30590952 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1557190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in heterogeneous patterns of neuropsychological impairment. This study investigated heterogeneity in executive function (EF) using the Comprehensive Trail Making Test (CTMT) to evaluate 121 children and adolescents with TBI and 121 matched normal controls. The TBI group performed approximately two standard deviations below controls. Cluster analyses indicated that a three-cluster solution best classified the TBI group and a four-cluster solution best classified controls. Greater impairment in EF was associated with lower intellectual, achievement, and neuropsychological test performance in the TBI group. Results suggest that EF deficits reflected in CTMT performance may be useful for classifying severity of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik N Ringdahl
- a University of Nevada, Las Vegas , Las Vegas , Nevada , USA
| | - Megan L Becker
- a University of Nevada, Las Vegas , Las Vegas , Nevada , USA
| | - Julia E Hussey
- a University of Nevada, Las Vegas , Las Vegas , Nevada , USA
| | | | - Sally J Vogel
- a University of Nevada, Las Vegas , Las Vegas , Nevada , USA
| | - Chad Cross
- b School of Medicine and School of Community Health Sciences , University of Nevada, Las Vegas , Las Vegas , Nevada , USA
| | | | - Daniel N Allen
- a University of Nevada, Las Vegas , Las Vegas , Nevada , USA
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25
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Chai WJ, Abd Hamid AI, Abdullah JM. Working Memory From the Psychological and Neurosciences Perspectives: A Review. Front Psychol 2018; 9:401. [PMID: 29636715 PMCID: PMC5881171 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the concept of working memory was introduced over 50 years ago, different schools of thought have offered different definitions for working memory based on the various cognitive domains that it encompasses. The general consensus regarding working memory supports the idea that working memory is extensively involved in goal-directed behaviors in which information must be retained and manipulated to ensure successful task execution. Before the emergence of other competing models, the concept of working memory was described by the multicomponent working memory model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch. In the present article, the authors provide an overview of several working memory-relevant studies in order to harmonize the findings of working memory from the neurosciences and psychological standpoints, especially after citing evidence from past studies of healthy, aging, diseased, and/or lesioned brains. In particular, the theoretical framework behind working memory, in which the related domains that are considered to play a part in different frameworks (such as memory’s capacity limit and temporary storage) are presented and discussed. From the neuroscience perspective, it has been established that working memory activates the fronto-parietal brain regions, including the prefrontal, cingulate, and parietal cortices. Recent studies have subsequently implicated the roles of subcortical regions (such as the midbrain and cerebellum) in working memory. Aging also appears to have modulatory effects on working memory; age interactions with emotion, caffeine and hormones appear to affect working memory performances at the neurobiological level. Moreover, working memory deficits are apparent in older individuals, who are susceptible to cognitive deterioration. Another younger population with working memory impairment consists of those with mental, developmental, and/or neurological disorders such as major depressive disorder and others. A less coherent and organized neural pattern has been consistently reported in these disadvantaged groups. Working memory of patients with traumatic brain injury was similarly affected and shown to have unusual neural activity (hyper- or hypoactivation) as a general observation. Decoding the underlying neural mechanisms of working memory helps support the current theoretical understandings concerning working memory, and at the same time provides insights into rehabilitation programs that target working memory impairments from neurophysiological or psychological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jia Chai
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Aini Ismafairus Abd Hamid
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.,Center for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.,Center for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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26
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Lah S, Black C, Gascoigne MB, Gott C, Epps A, Parry L. Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting Is Not Epilepsy Specific: Evidence from Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2536-2544. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suncica Lah
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carly Black
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael B. Gascoigne
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chloe Gott
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adrienne Epps
- Brain Injury Rehabilitation Program, Rehab2Kids, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise Parry
- Brain Injury Rehabilitation Program, Rehab2Kids, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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27
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How to Train an Injured Brain? A Pilot Feasibility Study of Home-Based Computerized Cognitive Training. Games Health J 2017; 6:28-38. [DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2016.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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28
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Gathercole SE, Dunning DL, Holmes J, Norris D. Working memory training involves learning new skills. JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 2016; 105:19-42. [PMID: 31235992 PMCID: PMC6591133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a new framework characterizing training-induced changes in WM as the acquisition of novel cognitive routines akin to learning a new skill. Predictions were tested in three studies analyzing the transfer between WM tasks following WM training. Study 1 reports a meta-analysis establishing substantial transfer when trained and untrained tasks shared either a serial recall, complex span or backward span paradigm. Transfer was weaker for serial recall of verbal than visuo-spatial material, suggesting that this paradigm is served by an existing verbal STM system and does not require a new routine. Re-analysis of published WM training data in Study 2 showed that transfer was restricted to tasks sharing properties proposed to require new routines. In a re-analysis of data from four studies, Study 3 demonstrated that transfer was greatest for children with higher fluid cognitive abilities. These findings suggest that development of new routines depends on general cognitive resources and that they can only be applied to other similarly-structured tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Gathercole
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, England, United Kingdom
| | - Darren L. Dunning
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, England, United Kingdom
| | - Joni Holmes
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, England, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis Norris
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, England, United Kingdom
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