1
|
Gautam K, Dwivedi S, Verma R, Vamadevan B, Patnaik S, Anbumani S. Combined effects of polyethylene microplastics and carbendazim on Eisenia fetida: A comprehensive ecotoxicological study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123854. [PMID: 38527586 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution is becoming an emerging environmental concern across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Plastic mulching and the use of pesticides in agriculture can lead to microplastics and agrochemicals in soil, which can result in unintended exposure to non-target organisms. The combined toxicity of multiple stressors represents a significant paradigm shift within the field of ecotoxicology, and its exploration within terrestrial ecosystems involving microplastics is still relatively limited. The present study investigated the combined effects of polyethylene MP (PE-MP) and the agrochemical carbendazim (CBZ) on the earthworm Eisenia fetida at different biological levels of organization. While E. fetida survival and reproduction did not exhibit significant effects following PE-MP treatment, there was a reduction in cocoon and hatchling numbers. Notably, prolonged exposure revealed delayed toxicity, leading to substantial growth impairment. Exposure to CBZ led to significant alterations in the endpoints mentioned above. While there was a decrease in cocoon and hatchling numbers, the combined treatment did not yield significant effects on earthworm reproduction except at higher concentrations. However, lower concentrations of PE-MP alongside CBZ induced a noteworthy decline in biomass content, signifying a form of potentiation interaction. In addition, concurrent exposure led to synergistic effects, from oxidative stress to modifications in vital organs such as the body wall, intestines, and reproductive structures (spermathecae, seminal vesicles, and ovarian follicles). The comparison of multiple endpoints revealed that seminal vesicles and ovarian follicles were the primary targets during the combined exposure. The research findings suggest that there are variable and complex responses to microplastic toxicity in terrestrial ecosystems, especially when combined with other chemical stressors like agrochemicals. Despite these difficulties, the study implies that microplastics can alter earthworms' responses to agrochemical exposure, posing potential ecotoxicological risks to soil fauna.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Gautam
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, C.R. Krishnamurti (CRK) Campus, Lucknow, 226 008, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shreya Dwivedi
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, C.R. Krishnamurti (CRK) Campus, Lucknow, 226 008, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Verma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Water Analysis Laboratory, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Beena Vamadevan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Central Pathology Laboratory, ASSIST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Satyakam Patnaik
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Water Analysis Laboratory, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sadasivam Anbumani
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, REACT Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, C.R. Krishnamurti (CRK) Campus, Lucknow, 226 008, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Karthick Rajan D, Mohan K, Rajarajeswaran J, Divya D, Thanigaivel S, Zhang S. Toxic effects of organophosphate pesticide monocrotophos in aquatic organisms: A review of challenges, regulations and future perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117947. [PMID: 38109962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, usage of pesticide, herbicides and synthetic fertilizers in farming lands has made the environment worse. The pesticide residues and toxic byproducts from agricultural lands were found to contaminate the aquatic ecosystem. The misuse of synthetic pesticide not only affects the environment, but also affects the health status of aquatic organisms. The organophosphate pesticide pollutants are emerging contaminants, which threatens the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. Monocrotophos (MCP) is an organophosphate insecticide, utilized on crops including rice, maize, sugarcane, cotton, soybeans, groundnuts and vegetables. MCP is hydrophilic in nature and their solubilizing properties reduce the soil sorption which leads to groundwater contamination. The half-life period of MCP is 17-96 and the half-life period of technical grade MCP is 2500 days if held stable at 38 °C in a container. MCP causes mild to severe confusion, anxiety, hyper-salivation, convulsion and respiratory distress in mammals as well as aquatic animals. The MCP induced toxicity including survival rate, behavioural changes, reproductive toxicity and genotoxicity in different aquatic species have been discussed in this review. Furthermore, the ultimate aim of this review is to highlight the international regulations, future perspectives and challenges involved in using the MCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Durairaj Karthick Rajan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China.
| | - Kannan Mohan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, 638 316, India.
| | - Jayakumar Rajarajeswaran
- Department of Nanobiomaterials, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dharmaraj Divya
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, 630003, India
| | - Sundaram Thanigaivel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Campus, 603 203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shubing Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mastella MH, Roggia I, Turra BO, de Afonso Bonotto NC, Teixeira CF, Pulcinelli DLF, Meira GM, Azzolin VF, de Morais-Pinto L, Barbisan F, da Cruz IBM. The Protective Effect of Lithium Against Rotenone may be Evolutionarily Conserved: Evidence from Eisenia fetida, a Primitive Animal with a Ganglionic Brain. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3538-3559. [PMID: 37526866 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress is a non-adaptive situation that is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially superoxide anion (SA). This accumulation of ROS produces damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which activate chronic inflammatory states and behavioral changes found in several mood disorders. In a previous study, we observed that an imbalance of SA triggered by rotenone (Ro) exposure caused evolutionarily conserved oxi-inflammatory disturbances and behavioral changes in Eisenia fetida earthworms. These results supported our hypothesis that SA imbalance triggered by Ro exposure could be attenuated by lithium carbonate (LC), which has anti-inflammatory properties. The initial protocol exposed earthworms to Ro (30 nM) and four different LC concentrations. LC at a concentration of 12.85 mg/L decreased SA and nitric oxide (NO) levels and was chosen to perform complementary assays: (1) neuromuscular damage evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), (2) innate immune inefficiency by analysis of Eisenia spp. extracellular neutrophil traps (eNETs), and (3) behavioral changes. Gene expression was also evaluated involving mitochondrial (COII, ND1), inflammatory (EaTLR, AMP), and neuronal transmission (nAchR α5). LC attenuated the high melanized deposits in the circular musculature, fiber disarrangement, destruction of secretory glands, immune inefficiency, and impulsive behavior pattern triggered by Ro exposure. However, the effects of LC and Ro on gene expression were more heterogeneous. In summary, SA imbalance, potentially associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, appears to be an evolutionary component triggering oxidative, inflammatory, and behavioral changes observed in psychiatric disorders that are inhibited by LC exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Henrique Mastella
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Isabel Roggia
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Osmarin Turra
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Nathália Cardoso de Afonso Bonotto
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cibele Ferreira Teixeira
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Débora Luisa Filipetto Pulcinelli
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Graziela Moro Meira
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Verônica Farina Azzolin
- Center for Research, Teaching and Technological Development (Gerontec/FUnATI), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Gerontology, Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciano de Morais-Pinto
- Anatomical Design Laboratory, Morphology Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Barbisan
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Gerontology, Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ivana Beatrice Mânica da Cruz
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Building 19, 97105-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Gerontology, Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma Z, Zhu W, Kang J, Ma X, Jiang G. A comprehensive study on the ecotoxicity of ivermectin to earthworms (Eisenia fetida). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 268:115709. [PMID: 37979365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is a dewormer commonly utilized in animal farming. Nevertheless, there is a deficiency of research on the bioecotoxicity of IVM in soil. In this study, earthworms were utilized as test animals to investigate the ecotoxicological impacts of IVM. The experiment lasted 28 days and involved adding varied doses of IVM to a culture substrate of soil mixed with cow dung and feeding it to earthworms. The experiment entailed recording earthworm weight, number of earthworm cocoons, histological damage, oxidative stress indicators, and gene expression levels. The analysis results showed that earthworm growth and reproduction were hampered by IVM. Moreover, pathological damage to the earthworms increased with increasing IVM concentration, which caused increased oxidative damage to the earthworms. These findings offer a summary of the impact of IVM on earthworms and a reference point for future research examining the ecological implications of IVM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfei Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Jungang Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Guojun Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chowdhary AB, Dutta R, Singh J, Tikoria R, Quadar J, Angmo D, Singh A, Singh S, Vig AP. Physiological and behavioral assessment of Metaphire posthuma in response to clothianidin insecticide: Insights from molecular and biochemical analysis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105639. [PMID: 37945220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, Clothianidin [(E) - 1-(2 - chloro-1,3 - thiazol - 5-ylmethyl) - 3-methyl - 2- nitroguanidine] (CLO) was selected as a soil pollutant and earthworm was employed as a test organism. The various responses like biochemical and detoxification process of earthworm Metaphire posthuma towards Clothianidin at lethal and sublethal doses were studied using OECD-standardized toxicological guidelines. The present study examined the toxicity of CLO to earthworms after 28 days of exposure at conc. 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 mg kg-1 in a soil mixture. Biochemical markers including Guaiacol peroxidase (POD), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and content of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in earthworms were measured. Acute toxicity tests revealed that CLO caused a concentration-dependent increase in mortality with LC50 (Lethal concentration) values of 10.960 and 8.201 mg kg-1 for 7th and 14th day respectively. The earthworms were exposed to CLO contaminated soil for 56 days and reflecting the significant decrease in earthworm growth, cocoon and hatchling production. Moreover, enzyme activities such as CAT, SOD, POD and MDA content were significantly enhanced with the increased concentration and exposure period of CLO. Molecular docking studies indicated that CLO primarily interacts to the junction site of SOD and in active centres of CAT, POD and GST. As a result, the current findings imply that the sub chronic CLO exposure can induce variations in physiology and avoidance behaviour of earthworms, oxidative stress as well as alterations in enzyme activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Bala Chowdhary
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India.
| | - Rahil Dutta
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, Punjab 143002, India.
| | - Raman Tikoria
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India; Department of Zoology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Jahangeer Quadar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Deachen Angmo
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Sharanpreet Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Adarsh Pal Vig
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xue Y, Li Z, Liu C, Liu D, Wang J, Liu C, Xia X. Effect of different exposure times and doses of cyantraniliprole on oxidative stress and genotoxicity in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:138023. [PMID: 36731673 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyantraniliprole, the second generation of diamide insecticides, is widely used to control various pests, which will certainly result in adverse effects on earthworms in soil. In this study, after exposure with six doses of cyantraniliprole (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg kg-1) by artificial soil method, six biomarkers, four functional genes, and histopathological changes of Eisenia fetida were measured on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days. The comprehensive toxicity was assessed by the IBR version 2 (IBRv2) method. The results showed that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was induced significantly. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was activated in 7-28 days. The catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities were also activated in the initial 14 days. The 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in the high treatment increased until the late stage of exposure. On the 28th day, the metallothionein (MT) and calreticulin (CRT) genes were up-regulated, the transcriptionally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) gene was down-regulated. The SOD gene showed a good correlation with SOD activity. Extensive histopathological damage was found in the endoderm and ectoderm of E. fetida. The 5 and 10 mg kg-1 treatments showed higher comprehensive toxicity than the 0.5, 1, and 2.5 mg kg-1 treatments on the 28th day. These results suggest that cyantraniliprole exerted certain subchronic toxic effects of oxidative stress, DNA damage, and histopathological changes to E. fetida, which provided theoretical basis for rational use of cyantraniliprole and evaluation of its safety to soil environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Xue
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China.
| | - Zhaoge Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China.
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China.
| | - Dongmei Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China.
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China.
| | - Xiaoming Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chowdhary AB, Singh J, Quadar J, Singh S, Singh A, Dutta R, Angmo D, Vig AP. Metsulfuron-methyl induced physiological, behavioural and biochemical changes in exotic (Eisenia fetida) and indigenous (Metaphire posthuma) earthworm species: Toxicity and molecular docking studies. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105276. [PMID: 36464335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In modern agricultural practices, Metsulfuron-methyl (sulfonylurea herbicide) is widely employed to inhibit the weeds and grasses. The current study revealed that Metaphire posthuma was more sensitive than Eisenia fetida against Metsulfuron-methyl (MSM). The LC50 values for Eisenia fetida were 2884.08 mgkg-1 and 1871.18 mgkg-1after 7 and 14 days, respectively. Similarly, the LC50 values for Metaphire posthuma were 2449.34 mgkg-1 and 1673.10 mgkg-1for 7 and 14 days, respectively. Reproduction parameters were significantly decreased at 400 (T3), 800 (T4) and 1600 (T5) mgkg-1 MSM in E. fetida whereas at 200 (T2), 400 (T3), 800 (T4), 1600 (T5) mgkg-1 MSM in M. posthuma. EC50 of avoidance response for 20% MSM by E. fetida and M. posthuma was recorded 901.76 mgkg-1and 544.21 mgkg-1 respectively. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content along with guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were initially increased up to 21st day by MSM, inducing a slight oxidative stress in earthworms and recovered to control level on 28th day. The GST activities were continuously stimulated throughout the exposure period and enhance the detoxification effect thereby preventing the earthworms from toxins. Molecular docking studies indicated that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions are key forces in binding between MSM and SOD/CAT/POD/GST. As a result, this is the first study to be reported on physiological, behavioural and biochemical changes in two different earthworm species under the exposure of sulfonyl urea herbicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Bala Chowdhary
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India.
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, Punjab 143002, India.
| | - Jahangir Quadar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Sharanpreet Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Rahil Dutta
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Deachen Angmo
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Adarsh Pal Vig
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahmad S, Pinto AP, Hai FI, Badawy METI, Vazquez RR, Naqvi TA, Munis FH, Mahmood T, Chaudhary HJ. Dimethoate residues in Pakistan and mitigation strategies through microbial degradation: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:51367-51383. [PMID: 35616845 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are used extensively for crop protection worldwide due to their high water solubility and relatively low persistence in the environment compared to other pesticides, such as organochlorines. Dimethoate is a broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to the thio-organophosphate group of OPs. It is applied to cash crops, animal farms, and houses. It has been used in Pakistan since the 1960s, either alone or in a mixture with other OPs or pyrethroids. However, the uncontrolled use of this pesticide has resulted in residual accumulation in water, soil, and tissues of plants via the food chain, causing toxic effects. This review article has compiled and analyzed data reported in the literature between 1998 and 2021 regarding dimethoate residues and their microbial bioremediation. Different microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae have shown potential for bioremediation. However, an extensive role of bacteria has been observed compared to other microorganisms. Twenty bacterial, three fungal, and one algal genus with potential for the remediation of dimethoate have been assessed. Active bacterial biodegraders belong to four classes (i) alpha-proteobacteria, (ii) gamma-proteobacteria, (iii) beta-proteobacteria, and (iv) actinobacteria and flavobacteria. Microorganisms, especially bacterial species, are a sustainable technology for dimethoate bioremediation from environmental samples. Yet, new microbial species or consortia should be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ana Paula Pinto
- Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Evora University, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Evora, Portugal
| | - Faisal Ibney Hai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Mohamed El-Taher Ibrahim Badawy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, 21545-El Shatby, Aflaton St, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Refugio Rodriguez Vazquez
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, C.P. 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tatheer Alam Naqvi
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Hussain Munis
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Agriculture, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Javed Chaudhary
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mishra CSK, Samal S, Sishu NK, Subhadarshini A, Naik P. Exploring the missing link between soil total antioxidant capacity and herbicide-induced stress on the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43179-43190. [PMID: 35091931 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide application and residue accumulation in farm soils have deleterious effects on non-target fauna such as earthworms. Although previous studies have documented both positive and deleterious effects of herbicides on soil biota, reports are rare on possible toxicity reduction by raising soil total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Here we review the impact of pretilachlor, a herbicide on the morpho-histology and physiology of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae in soil amended with farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM) and vermimanure (VM), sources of antioxidants over a period of 168 h. The results indicated a significant spike in the TAC of amended soils relative to control. Dermal undulation, setal aberrations, muscular anomaly, protein and lipid peroxidation variations in the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and catalase (CAT) were significantly less in animals from amended soils. The maximum percent increase in protein (314%) and reductions in LPX (87%), LDH (87.9%) and CAT (87.3%) were observed in the earthworm from VM-amended soil. The increase in TAC was also maximum (109.9%) in soil amended with VM. A significant negative correlation between soil TAC with the biochemical parameters was observed and confirmed through receiver operator characteristics (ROC) and principal component analysis (PCA). The novelty of the present study includes exploring the missing link between the antioxidant level of organically amended soil and the herbicide-induced oxidative stress in the earthworm E. eugeniae. We concluded that soils with high levels of antioxidants could reduce oxidative damage in E eugeniae due to herbicide toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S K Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Suryasikha Samal
- Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India.
| | - Nayan Kumar Sishu
- Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Asima Subhadarshini
- Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Priyadarshani Naik
- Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pal S, Basu A, Thakur RG, Balachandran S, Chaudhury S. Consumption of Pila globosa (Swainson) collected from organophosphate applied paddy fields: human health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:33281-33294. [PMID: 35022966 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Unregulated use of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and monocrotophos (MCP) in agriculture casts adverse effects on non-target freshwater mollusc, Pila globosa and humans. Levels of CPF and MCP were assessed in the paddy field from the edible foot tissue of apple snail (Pila globosa) exposed to low (1.5 ml l-1 water) and high (2.5 ml l-1 water) agricultural doses for 48 h to determine human health risk associated with consumption of tissue. CPF and MCP were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction and analysed by QuEChERS method using GC-MS/MS. For low and high concentrations of CPF exposure, the pesticide residue levels in the paddy field water ranged from 4.43 to 1.08 and 5.13 to 1.53 µg l-1, respectively, whereas, for low and high concentrations of MCP exposure, the residue levels in water ranged from 16.43 to 5.78 and 31.41 to 9. 27 µg l-1, respectively, for 3-48 h. In the foot tissue, residues ranged from 4.36 to 15.54 µg kg-1 for low-dose CPF, 7.1 to 18.05 µg kg-1for high-dose CPF and from 5.28 to 12.3 µg kg-1 and 8.94 to 18.21 µg kg-1 for low and high dose of MCP, respectively, during 3 to 48 h of exposure. Pesticides in the tissue were lower than the recommended maximum residue limits. Estimated health risk for adults and children revealed that the estimated daily intake values did not exceed the threshold values of acceptable daily intake. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health effects were less than the safe value of 1.0 and 1 × 10-6, respectively, suggesting that CPF and MCP residues from ingestion of apple snail posed low risks to both children and adults. This preliminary result suggests regular monitoring of pesticides residues in Pila globosa collected from the paddy field of India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Pal
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India, 731235
| | - Aman Basu
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India, 731235
- Department of Biology, University of York, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richik Ghosh Thakur
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India, 731235
| | - Srinivasan Balachandran
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India, 731235.
| | - Shibani Chaudhury
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India, 731235.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Karimi H, Mahdavi S, Asgari Lajayer B, Moghiseh E, Rajput VD, Minkina T, Astatkie T. Insights on the bioremediation technologies for pesticide-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:1329-1354. [PMID: 34476637 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The fast pace of increasing human population has led to enhanced crop production, due to which a significant increase in the application of pesticides has been recorded worldwide. Following the enhancement in the utilization of pesticides, the degree of environmental pollution, particularly soil pollution, has increased. To address this challenge, different methods of controlling and eliminating such contaminants have been proposed. Various methods have been reported to eradicate or reduce the degree of contamination of pesticides in the soil. Several factors are crucial for soil contamination, including pH, temperature, the number, and type/nature of soil microorganisms. Among the accessible techniques, some of them respond better to contamination removal. One of these methods is bioremediation, and it is one of the ideal solutions for pollution reduction. In this innovative technique, microorganisms are utilized to decompose environmental pollutants or to curb pollution. This paper gives detailed insight into various strategies used for the reduction and removal of soil pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Karimi
- Environmental Science Department, Research Institute for Grapes and Raisin (RIGR), Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
| | - Shahriar Mahdavi
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
| | - Behnam Asgari Lajayer
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Moghiseh
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki 194/1, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344090
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki 194/1, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344090
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Behl T, Kaur I, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S. The dichotomy of nanotechnology as the cutting edge of agriculture: Nano-farming as an asset versus nanotoxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132533. [PMID: 34655646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented setbacks and environmental complications, faced by global agro-farming industry, have led to the advent of nanotechnology in agriculture, which has been recognized as a novel and innovative approach in development of sustainable farming practices. The agricultural regimen is the "head honcho" of the world, however presently certain approaches have been imposing grave danger to the environment and human civilization. The nano-farming paradigm has successfully elevated the growth and development of plants, parallel to the production, quality, germination/transpiration index, photosynthetic machinery, genetic progression, and so on. This has optimized the traditional farming into precision farming, utilising nano-based sensors and nanobionics, smart delivery tools, nanotech facets in plant disease management, nanofertilizers, enhancement of plant adaptive potential to external stress, role in bioenergy conservation and so on. These applications portray nanorevolution as "the big cheese" of global agriculture, mitigating the bottlenecks of conventional practices. Besides the applications of nanotechnology, the review identifies the limitations, like possible harmful impact on environment, mankind and plants, as the "Achilles heel" in agro-industry, aiming to establish its defined role in agriculture, while simultaneously considering the risks, in order to resolve them, thus abiding by "technology-yes, but safety-must". The authors aim to provide a significant opportunity to the nanotech researchers, Botanists and environmentalists, to promote judicial use of nanoparticles and establish a secure and safe environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rajadurai M, Karmegam N, Kannan S, Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R. Vermiremediation of engine oil contaminated soil employing indigenous earthworms, Drawida modesta and Lampito mauritii. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113849. [PMID: 34619586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Engine oil consists of hazardous substances that adversely affect the environment and soil quality. Bioremediation (employing organisms) is an appropriate technique to mitigate engine oil pollution. In the present study, the earthworm species, Drawida modesta (epigeic) and Lampito mauritii (anecic) were used to restore the soil polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) from used engine oil. Four treatments were set up in addition to positive and negative controls. A maximum of 68.6% PAHs and 34.3% TPHs removal in the treatment with soil (1 kg), cow dung (50 g), used engine oil (7.5 mL) and earthworms was recorded after 60 days. Undoubtedly, earthworms effectively removed PAHs and TPHs from the oil-contaminated soil. PAHs were more strongly accumulated in D. modesta (16.25 mg kg-1) than in L. mauritii (13.25 mg kg-1). Further, histological analysis revealed the epidermal surface irregularity, cellular disintegration, and cellular debris in earthworms. The pH (6.3%), electrical conductivity (12.7%), and total organic carbon (35.4%) were significantly (at P < 0.05) decreased after 60 days; while, total nitrogen (62%), total potassium (76.2%), and total phosphorus (19.2%) were substantially increased at the end of the experiment. The seed germination assay with fenugreek indicates that germination percentage (95%), and germination index (179), were dramatically increased in earthworm inoculated treatments when compared to the negative control (without earthworms). The results reveal that there is a great scope for utilizing the earthworms, D. modesta and L. mauritii for the bioremediation of soils contaminated with PAHs and TPHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Rajadurai
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 007, India.
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
von Ameln Lovison O, Jank L, de Souza WM, Ramalho Guerra R, Lamas AE, da Costa Ballestrin RA, da Silva Morais Hein C, da Silva TCB, Corção G, Martins AF. Identification of pesticides in water samples by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:2670-2680. [PMID: 34355448 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs), including pesticides, have been a trending topic and Brazil is the country with the highest usage of pesticides worldwide. This study aimed to measure the presence of pesticide residues in the water from different sources in the city of Porto Alegre. We analyzed 55 samples from drinking water treatment plants, public water sites, and sewage treatment plants from winter 2018 to summer 2020 by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Among 184 pesticides evaluated, 107 matched validation criteria (linearity, trueness, accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility) and 15 of them were detected in different water samples, including seven insecticides, five antifungals, and three herbicides, with a wide range of toxicity levels and noticeable seasonal differences. For the worst-case scenario evaluation, 20 out of 22 (90.9%) samples exceeded the Risk Quotient of 1. The sum of pesticide concentrations exceeded 100 ng L-1 in 66.7% of samples in February 19 and in 75% of samples in February 20 and the total pesticide concentration has reached the worrisome mark of 1615 and 954.96 ng L-1 respectively. Therefore, our results make evident the need to promote public policies to achieve better water quality monitoring. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Among 184 pesticides evaluated, 107 matched validation criteria (linearity, trueness, accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility). A total of 55 different water samples were analyzed, and 15 pesticides were detected and five quantified. For the worst-case scenario evaluation, 20 out of 21 samples exceeded the Risk Quotient of 1 on Feb/20. The pesticide concentrations sum exceeded 100 ng L-1 in 66.7% of samples on February 19 and in 75% of samples on February 20. It is mandatory to improve water monitoring to guide the development of public policies concerning its quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otávio von Ameln Lovison
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Louise Jank
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária - LFDA/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - William Machado de Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Ramalho Guerra
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alex Elias Lamas
- Coordenadoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde de Porto Alegre, Diretoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Antonio da Costa Ballestrin
- Coordenadoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde de Porto Alegre, Diretoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila da Silva Morais Hein
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Gertrudes Corção
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andreza Francisco Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim HM, Kang JS. Metabolomic Studies for the Evaluation of Toxicity Induced by Environmental Toxicants on Model Organisms. Metabolites 2021; 11:485. [PMID: 34436425 PMCID: PMC8402193 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution causes significant toxicity to ecosystems. Thus, acquiring a deeper understanding of the concentration of environmental pollutants in ecosystems and, clarifying their potential toxicities is of great significance. Environmental metabolomics is a powerful technique in investigating the effects of pollutants on living organisms in the environment. In this review, we cover the different aspects of the environmental metabolomics approach, which allows the acquisition of reliable data. A step-by-step procedure from sample preparation to data interpretation is also discussed. Additionally, other factors, including model organisms and various types of emerging environmental toxicants are discussed. Moreover, we cover the considerations for successful environmental metabolomics as well as the identification of toxic effects based on data interpretation in combination with phenotype assays. Finally, the effects induced by various types of environmental toxicants in model organisms based on the application of environmental metabolomics are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| |
Collapse
|