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Li HZ, Qian HL, Xu ST, Yang C, Yan XP. Tuning the planarity of molecularly imprinted covalent organic frameworks for selective extraction of ochratoxin A in alcohol samples. Food Chem 2024; 451:139427. [PMID: 38692237 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Here, we report a monomer planarity modulation strategy for room-temperature constructing molecularly imprinted-covalent organic frameworks (MI-COFs) for selective extraction of ochratoxin A (OTA). 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) was used as basic building block, while three amino monomers with different planarity were employed as modulators to explore the effect of planarity on the selectivity of MI-COFs. The MI-TpTapa constructed from Tp and the lowest planarity of monomer Tapa gave the highest selectivity for OTA, and was further used as the adsorbent for dispersed-solid phase extraction (DSPE) of OTA in alcohol samples. Coupling MI-TpTapa based DSPE with high-performance liquid chromatography allowed the matrix-effect free determination of OTA in alcohol samples with the limit of detection of 0.023 μg kg-1 and the recoveries of 91.4-97.6%. The relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 6) of intra and inter day was <3.2%. This work provides a new way to construct MI-COFs for selective extraction of hazardous targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hai-Long Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shu-Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Bastianelli G, Morales-Rodriguez C, Thomidis T, Vannini A. Fungal community and toxigenic taxa in chestnut fruits in postharvest conditioning process and storage. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38975814 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chestnut fruit quality is affected by fungal contamination. The study of the patterns of contamination in the postharvest is crucial to individuate the critical phases and propose solutions. To understand how fungal colonization varies on fruits, the composition of mycobiota was investigated in postharvest handling and in between tissues (shell and kernel). RESULTS Fungal sequences were clustered into 308 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Biodiversity was higher in shell than kernel tissues. Results evidenced the risk of new contamination in specific phases such as the 'cold bath' and storage. Genera known as mycotoxin producers were detected in all phases. Specifically, 47 OTUs belonging to Penicillium, eight to Fusarium and two to Aspergillus genera were identified. While Fusarium spp. was sensitive to 'warm bath' phase, Penicillium spp. was largely insensitive and accumulated in storage conditions. Surprisingly, Aspergillus spp. was poorly represented. Aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, fumonisins and T-2/HT-2 detection was performed for shell and kernel, and process phases. Higher contamination was observed on shell than in kernel samples. While aflatoxins were within the European Union (EU) limits for dry fruits, Ochratoxin exceeded the EU limits. The present study represents the first report of fumonisins and T-2/HT-2 detection in chestnuts. CONCLUSION Fungal contamination taxa is high in chestnut fruits following postharvest handling and storage. A parametrization of process phases such as the 'warm bath' is functional to reduce the risk for some taxa. For other spoilage and mycotoxigenic genera strict sanitation procedures of equipment and water must be individuated and implemented to reduce their impact. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Bastianelli
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Carmen Morales-Rodriguez
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Thomas Thomidis
- Department of Human Nutrition and Diabetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andrea Vannini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- Department of Human Nutrition and Diabetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Stoia D, De Sio L, Petronella F, Focsan M. Recent advances towards point-of-care devices for fungal detection: Emphasizing the role of plasmonic nanomaterials in current and future technologies. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 255:116243. [PMID: 38547645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a significant global health problem, particularly affecting individuals with weakened immune systems. Moreover, as uncontrolled antibiotic and immunosuppressant use increases continuously, fungal infections have seen a dramatic increase, with some strains developing antibiotic resistance. Traditional approaches to identifying fungal strains often rely on morphological characteristics, thus owning limitations, such as struggles in identifying several strains or distinguishing between fungal strains with similar morphologies. This review explores the multifaceted impact of fungi infections on individuals, healthcare providers, and society, highlighting the often-underestimated economic burden and healthcare implications of these infections. In light of the serious constraints of traditional fungal identification methods, this review discusses the potential of plasmonic nanoparticle-based biosensors for fungal infection identification. These biosensors can enable rapid and precise fungal pathogen detection by exploiting several readout approaches, including various spectroscopic techniques, colorimetric and electrochemical assays, as well as lateral-flow immunoassay methods. Moreover, we report the remarkable impact of plasmonic Lab on a Chip technology and microfluidic devices, as they recently emerged as a class of advanced biosensors. Finally, we provide an overview of smartphone-based Point-of-Care devices and the associated technologies developed for detecting and identifying fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Stoia
- Biomolecular Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, 1 M. Kogalniceanu Street, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Street, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Luciano De Sio
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesca Petronella
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Crystallography CNR-IC, Area della Ricerca Roma 1 Strada Provinciale 35d, n. 9, 00010, Montelibretti (RM), Italy.
| | - Monica Focsan
- Biomolecular Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, 1 M. Kogalniceanu Street, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Street, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Zjalic S, Markov K, Loncar J, Jakopovic Z, Beccaccioli M, Reverberi M. Biocontrol of Occurrence Ochratoxin A in Wine: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:277. [PMID: 38922171 PMCID: PMC11209579 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Viticulture has been an important economic sector for centuries. In recent decades, global wine production has fluctuated between 250 and almost 300 million hectoliters, and in 2022, the value of wine exports reached EUR 37.6 billion. Climate change and the associated higher temperatures could favor the occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in wine. OTA is a mycotoxin produced by some species of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium and has nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, teratogenic, hepatotoxic, and carcinogenic effects on animals and humans. The presence of this toxin in wine is related to the type of wine-red wines are more frequently contaminated with OTA-and the geographical location of the vineyard. In Europe, the lower the latitude, the greater the risk of OTA contamination in wine. However, climate change could increase the risk of OTA contamination in wine in other regions. Due to their toxic effects, the development of effective and environmentally friendly methods to prevent, decontaminate, and degrade OTA is essential. This review summarises the available research on biological aspects of OTA prevention, removal, and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Zjalic
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Trg kneza Viseslava 9, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
| | - Ksenija Markov
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.M.); (Z.J.)
| | - Jelena Loncar
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Trg kneza Viseslava 9, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
| | - Zeljko Jakopovic
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.M.); (Z.J.)
| | - Marzia Beccaccioli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Arce-López B, Coton M, Coton E, Hymery N. Occurrence of the two major regulated mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1, in cereal and cereal-based products in Europe and toxicological effects: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 109:104489. [PMID: 38844151 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Among cereal contaminants, mycotoxins are of concern due to their importance in terms of food and feed safety. The difficulty in establishing a diagnosis for mycotoxicosis relies on the fact that the effects are most often subclinical for chronic exposure and the most common scenario is multi-contamination by various toxins. Mycotoxin co-occurrence is a major food safety concern as additive or even synergic toxic impacts may occur, but also regarding current regulations as they mainly concern individual mycotoxin levels in specific foods and feed in the food chain. However, due to the large number of possible mycotoxin combinations, there is still limited knowledge on co-exposure toxicity data, which depends on several parameters. In this context, this systematic review aims to provide an overview of the toxic effects of two regulated mycotoxins, namely ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1. This review focused on the 2012-2022 period and analysed the occurrence in Europe of the selected mycotoxins in different food matrices (cereals and cereal-derived products), and their toxic impact, alone or in combination, on in vitro intestinal and hepatic human cells. To better understand and evaluate the associated risks, further research is needed using new approach methodologies (NAM), such as in vitro 3D models. KEY CONTRIBUTION: Cereals and their derived products are the most important food source for humans and feed for animals worldwide. This manuscript is a state of the art review of the literature over the last ten years on ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 mycotoxins in these products in Europe as well as their toxicological effects, alone and in combination, on human cells. Future perspectives and some challenges regarding the assessment of toxicological effects of mycotoxins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Arce-López
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Monika Coton
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Nolwenn Hymery
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France.
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Gao L, Zhang Y, Chen L, Zhou Q, Zhou N, Xia X. Study of dual binding specificity of aptamer to ochratoxin A and norfloxacin and the development of fluorescent aptasensor in milk detection. Talanta 2024; 273:125935. [PMID: 38503123 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Target specificity, one of aptamer characteristics that determine recognition efficiency of biosensors, is generally considered to be an intrinsic property of aptamer. However, a high-affinity aptamer may have additional target binding specificity, little is known about the specificity of aptamer binding to multiple targets, which may result in false-positive results that hinder the accuracy of detection. Herein, an aptamer OBA3 with dual target ochratoxin A (OTA) and norfloxacin (NOR) was used as an example to explore the binding specificity mechanism and developed rapid fluorescent aptasensing methods. The nucleotide 15th T of aptamer OBA3 was demonstrated to be critical for specificity and affinity binding of target OTA via site-saturation mutagenesis. Substituting the 15th T base for C base could directly improve recognition specificity of aptamer for NOR and remove the binding affinity for OTA. The combination of π-π stacking interactions, salt bridges and hydrogen bonds between loop pocket of aptamer and quinolone skeleton, piperazinyl group may contributes to the fluoroquinolone antibiotics (NOR and difloxacin)-aptamer recognition interaction. Based on this understanding, a dual-aptamer fluorescent biosensor was fabricated for simultaneous detection of OTA and NOR, which has a linear detection range of 50-6000 nM with a detection limit of 31 nM for OTA and NOR. Combined with T15C biosensor for eliminating interference of OTA, the assay was applied to milk samples with satisfactory recovery (94.06-100.93%), which can achieve detection of OTA and NOR individually within 40 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lu Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nandi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaole Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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Meira DI, Barbosa AI, Borges J, Reis RL, Correlo VM, Vaz F. Recent advances in nanomaterial-based optical biosensors for food safety applications: Ochratoxin-A detection, as case study. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:6318-6360. [PMID: 36688280 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2168248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Global population growth tremendously impacts the global food industry, endangering food safety and quality. Mycotoxins, particularly Ochratoxin-A (OTA), emerge as a food chain production threat, since it is produced by fungus that contaminates different food species and products. Beyond this, OTA exhibits a possible human toxicological risk that can lead to carcinogenic and neurological diseases. A selective, sensitive, and reliable OTA biodetection approach is essential to ensure food safety. Current detection approaches rely on accurate and time-consuming laboratory techniques performed at the end of the food production process, or lateral-flow technologies that are rapid and on-site, but do not provide quantitative and precise OTA concentration measurements. Nanoengineered optical biosensors arise as an avant-garde solution, providing high sensing performance, and a fast and accurate OTA biodetection screening, which is attractive for the industrial market. This review core presents and discusses the recent advancements in optical OTA biosensing, considering engineered nanomaterials, optical transduction principle and biorecognition methodologies. Finally, the major challenges and future trends are discussed, and current patented OTA optical biosensors are emphasized for a particular promising detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana I Meira
- Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e wwTecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana I Barbosa
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e wwTecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joel Borges
- Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
- LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e wwTecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vitor M Correlo
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e wwTecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipe Vaz
- Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
- LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Sánchez-Arroyo A, Plaza-Vinuesa L, de Las Rivas B, Mancheño JM, Muñoz R. Structural and functional analysis of the key enzyme responsible for the degradation of ochratoxin A in the Alcaligenes genus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131342. [PMID: 38574921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The potential to degrade ochratoxin A (OTA), a highly poisonous mycotoxin, was investigated in cultures from Alcaligenes-type strains. Genome sequence analyses from different Alcaligenes species have permitted us to demonstrate a direct, causal link between the gene coding a known N-acyl-L-amino acid amidohydrolase from A. faecalis (AfOTH) and the OTA-degrading activity of this bacterium. In agreement with this finding, we found the gene coding AfOTH in two additional species included in the Alcaligenes genus, namely, A. pakistanensis, and A. aquatilis, which also degraded OTA. Notably, A. faecalis subsp. faecalis DSM 30030T was able to transform OTα, the product of OTA hydrolysis. AfOTH from A. faecalis subsp. phenolicus DSM 16503T was recombinantly over-produced and enzymatically characterized. AfOTH is a Zn2+-containing metalloenzyme that possesses structural features and conserved residues identified in the M20D family of enzymes. AfOTH is a tetramer in solution that shows both aminoacylase and carboxypeptidase activities. Using diverse potential substrates, namely, N-acetyl-L-amino acids and carbobenzyloxy-L-amino acids, a marked preference towards C-terminal Phe and Tyr residues could be deduced. The structural basis for this specificity has been determined by in silico molecular docking analyses. The amidase activity of AfOTH on C-terminal Phe residues structurally supports its OTA and OTB degradation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sánchez-Arroyo
- Bacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, José Antonio Novais 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Plaza-Vinuesa
- Bacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, José Antonio Novais 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca de Las Rivas
- Bacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, José Antonio Novais 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Mancheño
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera (IQF), CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosario Muñoz
- Bacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, José Antonio Novais 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Bustamante MI, Elfar K, Kuzmenko J, Zaninovich T, Arreguin M, Carachure C, Zhuang G, Michailides TJ, Eskalen A. Reassessing the Etiology of Aspergillus Vine Canker and Summer Bunch Rot of Table Grapes in California. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:941-950. [PMID: 37845185 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-23-1137-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal taxonomy is in constant flux, and the advent of reliable DNA barcodes has enabled the enhancement of plant pathogen identification accuracy. In California, Aspergillus vine canker (AVC) and summer bunch rot (SBR) are economically important diseases that affect the wood and fruit of grapevines, respectively, and their causal agents are primarily species of black aspergilli (Aspergillus section Nigri). During the last decade, the taxonomy of this fungal group has been rearranged several times using morphological, physiological, and genetic analyses, which resulted in the incorporation of multiple cryptic species that are difficult to distinguish. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to reassess the etiology of AVC and SBR using a combination of morphological observations with phylogenetic reconstructions based on nucleotide sequences of the calmodulin (CaM) gene. Results revealed that the isolates causing AVC from recent isolations corresponded to A. tubingensis, whereas the isolates obtained from initial surveys when the disease was discovered were confirmed as A. niger and A. carbonarius. Similarly, the isolates obtained from table grapes with SBR symptoms and from spore traps placed in those vineyards were identified primarily as A. tubingensis, followed by A. niger and A. carbonarius. Notably, the A. niger isolates formed a subclade with strains previously known as A. welwitschiae, which is a species that was recently synonymized with A. niger. Overall, the most prevalent species was A. tubingensis, which was associated with both AVC and SBR, and representative isolates recovered from AVC-symptomatic wood, berries SBR symptoms, and spore traps were equally pathogenic in healthy wood and berries of 'Red Globe' grapevines. This study also constitutes the first report of A. tubingensis causing AVC and SBR of grapes in California and in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Elfar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Janet Kuzmenko
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Thomas Zaninovich
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Molly Arreguin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Carlos Carachure
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - George Zhuang
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Fresno, CA 93710
| | - Themis J Michailides
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Akif Eskalen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Amini-Nogorani E, Zare HR, Jahangiri-Dehaghani F, Benvidi A. A label-free aptasensor based on electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles on silver-based metal-organic frameworks for measuring ochratoxin A in black and red pepper. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1631-1638. [PMID: 38410935 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02232c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Since ochratoxin A (OTA) is immunotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic, it is very important to monitor this compound in food samples. In the present work, the development and fabrication of a label-free electrochemical aptasensor based on the gold nanoparticles/silver-based metal-organic framework (AuNPs/Ag-MOF) for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) is introduced. The aptasensor was fabricated by electrodeposition of AuNPs on a glassy carbon electrode modified with Ag-MOF. The characteristics of the synthesized Ag-MOF were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The aptamer was immobilized on the modified electrode and then OTA was incubated on it. The process of different stages of the aptasensor construction has been confirmed by two methods of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) and using [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a redox probe. The EIS method has also been used for the OTA quantitative determination. The difference in charge transfer resistance (Rct) before and after the interaction of OTA with the immobilized aptamer was considered as the analytical response of the aptasensor. Using the developed aptasensor, it is possible to measure OTA in the concentration range of 1.0 × 10-3 to 200.0 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 2.2 × 10-4 ng mL-1. Finally, the ability of the aptasensor to measure OTA in red and black pepper was investigated and completely satisfactory results were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid R Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Yazd University, Yazd, 89195-741, Iran.
| | | | - Ali Benvidi
- Department of Chemistry, Yazd University, Yazd, 89195-741, Iran.
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Lu J, Su D, Yang Y, Shu M, Wang Y, Zhou X, Yu Q, Li C, Xie J, Chen Y. Disruption of intestinal epithelial permeability in the Co-culture system of Caco-2/HT29-MTX cells exposed individually or simultaneously to acrylamide and ochratoxin A. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114582. [PMID: 38460668 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins and thermal processing hazards are common contaminants in various foods and cause severe problems in terms of food safety and health. Combined use of acrylamide (AA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) would result in more significant intestinal toxicity than either toxin alone, but the underlying mechanisms behind this poor outcome remain unclear. Herein, we established the co-culture system of Caco-2/HT29-MTX cells for simulating a real intestinal environment that is more sensitive to AA and OTA, and showed that the combination of AA and OTA could up-regulate permeability of the intestine via increasing LY permeabilization, and decreasing TEER, then induce oxidative stress imbalance (GSH, SOD, MDA, and ROS) and inflammatory system disorder (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-6), thereby leading a rapid decline in cell viability. Western blot, PAS- and AB-staining revealed that AA and OTA showed a synergistic effect on the intestine mainly through the disruption of tight junctions (TJs) and a mucus layer. Furthermore, based on correlation analysis, oxidative stress was more relevant to the mucus layer and TJs. Therefore, our findings provide a better evaluation model and a potential mechanism for further determining or preventing the combined toxicity caused by AA and OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Dan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Mengni Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China.
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12
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Kumar P, Sharma R, Kumar K. A perspective on varied fungal virulence factors causing infection in host plants. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:392. [PMID: 38446264 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi and their spores are ubiquitously present and invade the tissues of higher living plants causing pathogenesis and inevitably death or retarded growth. A group of fungi kills its hosts and consume the dead tissues (necrotrophs), while others feed on living tissue (biotrophs) or combination of two (hemibiotrophs). A number of virulent factors is used by fungal pathogens to inhabit new hosts and cause illness. Fungal pathogens develop specialized structures for complete invasion into plant organs to regulate pathogenic growth. Virulence factors like effectors, mycotoxins, cell wall degrading enzymes and organic acids have varied roles depending on the infection strategy and assist the pathogens to possess control on living tissues of the plants. Infection strategies employed by fungi generally masks the plant defense mechanism, however necrotrophs are best known to harm plant tissues with their poisonous secretion. Interestingly, the effector chemicals released by Biotrophs reduce plant cell growth and regulate plant metabolism in their advantage causing no direct death. All these virulence tools cause huge loss to the agricultural product of pre- harvest crops and post-harvest yields causing low output leading to huge economic losses. This review focusses on comprehensive study of range of virulence factors of the pathogenic fungi responsible for their invasion inside the healthy tissues of plants. The compiled information would influence researchers to design antidote against all virulence factors of fungi relevant to their area of research which could pave way for protection against plant pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, 834004, India
| | - Rajani Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, 834004, India
| | - Kunal Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, 834004, India.
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13
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Zhu Q, Qu H, Kang R, Zheng Y, Guo Q, Huang S, Zhao L, Ma Q. The Toxicokinetics, Excretion Patterns, and Milk Transmission of Ochratoxin A in Lactating Sows. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:128. [PMID: 38535793 PMCID: PMC10974951 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin commonly found in feedstuffs, is known for its detrimental effects on the kidneys and liver, posing significant health risks to animals and humans. This study investigated the toxicokinetics, excretion patterns, and milk transmission of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in lactating sows. The sows were administered a single oral dose of 500 μg/kg BW (body weight), followed by the systematic sampling of plasma, feces, urine, and milk. Plasma samples were collected at 0, 5, 15, and 30 min, and 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 88, 96, and 120 h post administration. Feces samples were collected at 6 h intervals for the first 12 h, then at 12 h intervals until 120 h, while urine samples were collected at 6 h intervals up to 120 h. Milk samples were collected at 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. The concentration of OTA and its primary metabolite OTα were quantitatively analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results revealed that the peak plasma concentrations of OTA (920.25 ± 88.46 μg/L) were observed at 9 h following administration. The terminal elimination half-life was recorded at 78.47 ± 7.68 h, with a volume of distribution of 0.16 ± 0.003 L/kg. Moreover, this study documented the excretion of OTA and OTα across a span of 120 h, revealing that feces and urine accounted for 18.70 ± 0.04% and 8.40 ± 0.002% of the total intake amounts, respectively (calculated based on substance amounts). Furthermore, this experiment detected OTA residues in the milk of lactating sows, with the milk-to-plasma (M/P) ratio initially increasing from 0.06 to 0.46 within the first 24 h following OTA ingestion. These findings offer an exhaustive temporal analysis of OTA's toxicokinetics in lactating sows, emphasizing its pervasive distribution and elimination through various bodily excreta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Q.); (R.K.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Honglei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Q.); (R.K.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ruifen Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Q.); (R.K.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
- Laboratory of Feedgrain Safety and Healthy Poultry Farming, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunduo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Q.); (R.K.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
- Laboratory of Feedgrain Safety and Healthy Poultry Farming, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiuying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Q.); (R.K.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Shimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Q.); (R.K.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
- Laboratory of Feedgrain Safety and Healthy Poultry Farming, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Q.); (R.K.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
- Laboratory of Feedgrain Safety and Healthy Poultry Farming, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.Z.); (H.Q.); (R.K.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (S.H.); (L.Z.)
- Laboratory of Feedgrain Safety and Healthy Poultry Farming, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 100193, China
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14
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Lin X, Fang Y, Chen Q, Guo Z, Chen X, Chen X. Magnetically actuated microfluidic chip combined with a G-quadruplex DNAzyme-based fluorescent/colorimetric sensor for the dual-mode detection of ochratoxin A in wheat. Talanta 2024; 267:125273. [PMID: 37804790 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a portable fluorescent/colorimetric sensor based on G-quadruplex DNAzyme was constructed to achieve rapid and dual-mode detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) in wheat. OTA aptamers coupled with magnetic beads (MBs) can self-assemble with two segments of DNA and hemin to form a G-quadruplex DNAzyme structure that can catalyze the oxidation of Amplex Red (ADHP) with H2O2, making the solution red and producing strong fluorescence in solution. However, in the presence of OTA, the structure of the G-quadruplex DNAzyme was damaged, resulting in reduced catalytic activity. According to the principle of detection, a magnet-controlled chip integrating the reaction, washing, and detection was designed in this study. Shuttling the MB-DNAzyme probes onto a magnetically controlled chip considerably reduced the background signal and improved the detection efficiency and sensitivity. In addition, a portable fluorescence and colorimetric detection platform was built for on-site OTA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Lin
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Yuwen Fang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Quansheng Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Institute of Analytical Technology and Smart Instruments and Colleague of Environment and Public Healthy, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, 361024, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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15
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Pochivalov A, Fedorova A, Yakimova N, Safonova E, Bulatov A. Primary amine citrate-based supramolecular designer solvent: Preconcentration of ochratoxin A for determination in foods by liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1285:341991. [PMID: 38057045 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supramolecular solvents are nanostructured liquids that are separated from colloidal solutions of amphiphilic compounds as a result of self-assembly of amphiphiles and coacervation under changing conditions. They are considered to be designer solvents as their properties can be tailored to a specific analytical task by controlling the conditions of their formation (amphiphile, coacervation inducer, medium, concentration of components). The discovery of new extraction systems based on supramolecular solvents and their application to relevant analytical tasks are of great importance for the advancement of environmentally-friendly sample preparation. RESULTS A novel green liquid-phase microextraction approach involving in situ formation of 1-octylamine citrate followed by preconcentration of ochratoxin A from aqueous extract of food sample in supramolecular solvent droplets was developed. The extraction system was carefully characterized. The density of the solvent allowed it to be to retrieved from the extraction system by its solidification. The alkaline nature of the obtained extract allowed the use of acetic acid for its dissolution instead of more toxic organic solvents followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. An excellent extraction recovery of 99 % and a satisfactory enrichment factor of 8.3 were achieved. The limit of detection was 0.5 μg kg-1, while the calibration plot was linear over the range of 1.5-50 μg kg-1. Cereal and roasted coffee bean samples were successfully analyzed with a relative bias less than 20 %. SIGNIFICANCE In the present work, a phenomenon of supramolecular solvent formation based on primary amine citrate was presented for the first time. Tetrabutylammonium bromide was investigated as a coacervation agent in an extraction system, and possible interactions responsible for its ability to induce phase separation in a micellar solution of primary amine citrate were described. The critical micelle concentration of 1-octylamine citrate in aqueous solution of tetrabutylammonium bromide was firstly determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Pochivalov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University St, Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Fedorova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University St, Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Nina Yakimova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University St, Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Evgenia Safonova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University St, Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Andrey Bulatov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University St, Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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16
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Viegas C, Eriksen E, Gomes B, Dias M, Cervantes R, Pena P, Carolino E, Twarużek M, Caetano LA, Viegas S, Graff P, Afanou AK, Straumfors A. Comprehensive assessment of occupational exposure to microbial contamination in waste sorting facilities from Norway. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1297725. [PMID: 38179569 PMCID: PMC10766354 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1297725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is of upmost importance to contribute to fill the knowledge gap concerning the characterization of the occupational exposure to microbial agents in the waste sorting setting (automated and manual sorting). Methods This study intends to apply a comprehensive field sampling and laboratory protocol (culture based-methods and molecular tools), assess fungal azole resistance, as well as to elucidate on potential exposure related health effects (cytotoxicity analyses). Skin-biota samples (eSwabs) were performed on workers and controls to identify other exposure routes. Results In personal filter samples the guidelines in one automated industry surpassed the guidelines for fungi. Seasonal influence on viable microbial contamination including fungi with reduced susceptibility to the tested azoles was observed, besides the observed reduced susceptibility of pathogens of critical priority (Mucorales and Fusarium sp.). Aspergillus sections with potential toxigenic effect and with clinical relevance were also detected in all the sampling methods. Discussion The results regarding skin-biota in both controls´ and workers´ hands claim attention for the possible exposure due to hand to face/mouth contact. This study allowed concluding that working in automated and manual waste sorting plants imply high exposure to microbial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Viegas
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elke Eriksen
- National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Bianca Gomes
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- CE3C – Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Change, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Dias
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Renata Cervantes
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pena
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Carolino
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Chodkiewicza, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Liliana Aranha Caetano
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.uLisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Viegas
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pål Graff
- National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anne Straumfors
- National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), Oslo, Norway
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17
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Ahuja V, Singh A, Paul D, Dasgupta D, Urajová P, Ghosh S, Singh R, Sahoo G, Ewe D, Saurav K. Recent Advances in the Detection of Food Toxins Using Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1834-1863. [PMID: 38059476 PMCID: PMC10731662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Edibles are the only source of nutrients and energy for humans. However, ingredients of edibles have undergone many physicochemical changes during preparation and storage. Aging, hydrolysis, oxidation, and rancidity are some of the major changes that not only change the native flavor, texture, and taste of food but also destroy the nutritive value and jeopardize public health. The major reasons for the production of harmful metabolites, chemicals, and toxins are poor processing, inappropriate storage, and microbial spoilage, which are lethal to consumers. In addition, the emergence of new pollutants has intensified the need for advanced and rapid food analysis techniques to detect such toxins. The issue with the detection of toxins in food samples is the nonvolatile nature and absence of detectable chromophores; hence, normal conventional techniques need additional derivatization. Mass spectrometry (MS) offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and capability to handle complex mixtures, making it an ideal analytical technique for the identification and quantification of food toxins. Recent technological advancements, such as high-resolution MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), have significantly improved sensitivity, enabling the detection of food toxins at ultralow levels. Moreover, the emergence of ambient ionization techniques has facilitated rapid in situ analysis of samples with lower time and resources. Despite numerous advantages, the widespread adoption of MS in routine food safety monitoring faces certain challenges such as instrument cost, complexity, data analysis, and standardization of methods. Nevertheless, the continuous advancements in MS-technology and its integration with complementary techniques hold promising prospects for revolutionizing food safety monitoring. This review discusses the application of MS in detecting various food toxins including mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, and plant-derived toxins. It also explores the implementation of untargeted approaches, such as metabolomics and proteomics, for the discovery of novel and emerging food toxins, enhancing our understanding of potential hazards in the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Ahuja
- University
Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
- University
Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh
University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Amanpreet Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, University Institute of Science, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Debarati Paul
- Amity
Institute of Biotechnology, AUUP, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Diptarka Dasgupta
- Material
Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Petra Urajová
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Sounak Ghosh
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Roshani Singh
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Gobardhan Sahoo
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Ewe
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Kumar Saurav
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
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18
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Chtioui W, Heleno S, Migheli Q, Rodrigues P. Plant extracts as biocontrol agents against Aspergillus carbonarius growth and ochratoxin A production in grapes. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110425. [PMID: 37804776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius (Bainier) Thom. is an important pathogen and ochratoxin A (OTA) producer in grapes that can be controlled by adopting sustainable approaches. Here we evaluate the application of natural plant extracts as an alternative to synthetic fungicides to reduce OTA contamination and to prevent infection of grapes by two isolates of A. carbonarius. In a preliminary screening, natural extracts of chestnut flower, cistus, eucalyptus, fennel, and orange peel were evaluated for their antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic efficiency in a grape-based medium at concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/mL. Cistus and orange peel extracts demonstrated the best antifungal activity at both concentrations. Although the eucalyptus extract demonstrated no significant effect on Aspergillus vegetative growth, it significantly reduced OTA by up to 85.75 % at 10 mg/mL compared to the control. Chestnut flower, cistus, eucalyptus, and orange peel extracts were then tested at the lowest concentration (10 mg/mL) for their antifungal activity in artificially inoculated grape berries. The cistus and orange peel extracts demonstrated the greatest antifungal activity and significantly reduced mold symptoms in grapes. Moreover, all tested natural extracts were able to reduce OTA content in grape berries (17.7 ± 8.3 % - 82.3 ± 3.85 % inhibition), although not always significantly. Eucalyptus extract was particularly efficient, inhibiting OTA production by both strains of A. carbonarius by up to >80 % with no effects on fungal growth. The use of natural eucalyptus extract represents a feasible strategy to reduce OTA formation without disrupting fungal growth, apparently maintaining the natural microbial balance, while cistus and orange peel extracts appear promising as inhibitors of A. carbonarius mycelial growth. Our findings suggest that plant extracts may be useful sources of bioactive chemicals for preventing A. carbonarius contamination and OTA production. Nonetheless, it will be necessary to evaluate their effect on the organoleptic properties of the grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Chtioui
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100, Sassari, Italy; Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Sandrina Heleno
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal; Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100, Sassari, Italy; Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paula Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal; Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal.
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19
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Bhandari Y, Varma S, Sawant A, Beemagani S, Jaiswal N, Chaudhari BP, Vamkudoth KR. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by Penicillium rubens and catalytic detoxification of ochratoxin A and organic dye pollutants. Int Microbiol 2023; 26:765-780. [PMID: 36853416 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The environmental pollution caused by chemical dyes is a growing concern nowadays. Limitations of traditional methods opened the route for nanotechnology; owing to the versatile properties of nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) became a potential strategy for different applications. In the present study, biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (BioAuNPs) was carried out by reacting chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with cell-free filtrate of Penicillium rubens sp. nov. NCIM 1937. The AuNPs were then characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, HR-TEM, FTIR, and DLS analysis to further examine their efficacious biosynthesis and morphological properties including size, shape, and stability. The biogenic AuNPs are polydisperse in nature, with a mean size of 14.92 ± 5 nm. These AuNPs exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli NCIM-2065, Bacillus subtilis NCIM-2010, and Penicillium verrucosum MTCC 4935. In vitro quantitative HPLC results revealed that BioAuNPs significantly inhibited the biosynthesis of ochratoxin A (OTA). Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are intriguing for power generation and wastewater treatment since they can directly transform chemical energy stored in organic matter to electricity by extracellular electron transfer (EET) via membrane proteins. AuNPs also showed excellent potential for dye degradation of organic pollutants, viz., methylene blue (MB), phenol red (PR), bromothymol blue (BTB), Congo red (CR), and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). All dye removal efficiencies were estimated and fitted to pseudo-first-order processes using kinetic rate constants (Ka).The present study reveals a simple, original, and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of multifunctional biogenic AuNPs that could be effective in OTA detoxification in food products and organic pollutant removal during wastewater treatment for a sustainable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Bhandari
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjana Varma
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Amol Sawant
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sreelatha Beemagani
- Department of Microbiology, Chaitanya Deemed to Be University, Telangana, India
| | - Neha Jaiswal
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Bhushan P Chaudhari
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Koteswara Rao Vamkudoth
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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20
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Cox A, Bomstein Z, Jayaraman A, Allred C. The intestinal microbiota as mediators between dietary contaminants and host health. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2131-2150. [PMID: 37997859 PMCID: PMC10800128 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231208486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota sit at an important interface between the host and the environment, and are exposed to a multitude of nutritive and non-nutritive substances. These microbiota are critical to maintaining host health, but their supportive roles may be compromised in response to endogenous compounds. Numerous non-nutritive substances are introduced through contaminated foods, with three common groups of contaminants being bisphenols, phthalates, and mycotoxins. The former contaminants are commonly introduced through food and/or beverages packaged in plastic, while mycotoxins contaminate various crops used to feed livestock and humans alike. Each group of contaminants have been shown to shift microbial communities following exposure; however, specific patterns in microbial responses have yet to be identified, and little is known about the capacity of the microbiota to metabolize these contaminants. This review characterizes the state of existing research related to gut microbial responses to and biotransformation of bisphenols, phthalates, and mycotoxins. Collectively, we highlight the need to identify consistent, contaminant-specific responses in microbial shifts, whether these community alterations are a result of contaminant effects on the host or microbiota directly, and to identify the extent of contaminant biotransformation by microbiota, including if these transformations occur in physiologically relevant contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amon Cox
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Zach Bomstein
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Clinton Allred
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
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21
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Appell M, Wegener EC, Sharma BK, Eller FJ, Evans KO, Compton DL. In Vitro Evaluation of the Adsorption Efficacy of Biochar Materials on Aflatoxin B 1, Ochratoxin A, and Zearalenone. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3311. [PMID: 37958067 PMCID: PMC10649945 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin sequestration materials are important tools to reduce mycotoxin illness and enable proper handling of mycotoxin-contaminated commodities. Three food-grade bentonite clays and four generally recognized as safe (GRAS) charcoal/biochar carbon materials that are marketed as feed additives and supplements were evaluated for their ability to sequester the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone. The surface area of the clays varied between 32.1 to 51.4 mg2/g, and the surface area of the carbon-based materials varied from 1.7 to 1735 mg2/g. In vitro, gastric fluid studies indicated that certain pine biochar and activated coconut charcoal could sequester high amounts (85+%) of the mycotoxins at 1 ppm levels or below. However, some biochar materials with lower surface area properties lacked binding capacity. The coconut shell charcoal and pine biochar utilize agricultural waste products in a manner that significantly reduces carbon emissions and provides valuable materials to minimize exposure to toxins found in food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Appell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Evan C. Wegener
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Renewable Product Technology Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.C.W.); (K.O.E.); (D.L.C.)
| | - Brajendra K. Sharma
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA;
| | - Fred J. Eller
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Functional Foods Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA;
| | - Kervin O. Evans
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Renewable Product Technology Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.C.W.); (K.O.E.); (D.L.C.)
| | - David L. Compton
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Renewable Product Technology Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.C.W.); (K.O.E.); (D.L.C.)
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22
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Gwinn KD, Leung MCK, Stephens AB, Punja ZK. Fungal and mycotoxin contaminants in cannabis and hemp flowers: implications for consumer health and directions for further research. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1278189. [PMID: 37928692 PMCID: PMC10620813 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1278189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal and recreational uses of Cannabis sativa, commonly known as cannabis or hemp, has increased following its legalization in certain regions of the world. Cannabis and hemp plants interact with a community of microbes (i.e., the phytobiome), which can influence various aspects of the host plant. The fungal composition of the C. sativa phytobiome (i.e., mycobiome) currently consists of over 100 species of fungi, which includes phytopathogens, epiphytes, and endophytes, This mycobiome has often been understudied in research aimed at evaluating the safety of cannabis products for humans. Medical research has historically focused instead on substance use and medicinal uses of the plant. Because several components of the mycobiome are reported to produce toxic secondary metabolites (i.e., mycotoxins) that can potentially affect the health of humans and animals and initiate opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients, there is a need to determine the potential health risks that these contaminants could pose for consumers. This review discusses the mycobiome of cannabis and hemp flowers with a focus on plant-infecting and toxigenic fungi that are most commonly found and are of potential concern (e.g., Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Mucor spp.). We review current regulations for molds and mycotoxins worldwide and review assessment methods including culture-based assays, liquid chromatography, immuno-based technologies, and emerging technologies for these contaminants. We also discuss approaches to reduce fungal contaminants on cannabis and hemp and identify future research needs for contaminant detection, data dissemination, and management approaches. These approaches are designed to yield safer products for all consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D. Gwinn
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Maxwell C. K. Leung
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Ariell B. Stephens
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Zamir K. Punja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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23
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Yu J, Ai S, Zhang W, Wang C, Shi P. Ratiometric fluorescent aptasensor for convenient detection of ochratoxin A in beer and orange juice. Analyst 2023; 148:5172-5177. [PMID: 37721150 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01360j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Based on the principle of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), a simple ratiometric fluorescent aptasensor for convenient detection of ochratoxin A (OTA), a Group IIB carcinogen secreted by some fungi, was established. Initially, the anti-OTA aptamer with a quadruplex structure was flanked with FAM and BHQ1, and its partially complementary DNA (cDNA) was tagged with Cy3. In the absence of OTA, this aptamer hybridized with the cDNA strand forming a DNA duplex structure, in which BHQ1 was adjacent to Cy3 and distant from FAM. Due to the FRET principle, the fluorescence intensity emitted by Cy3 (FCy3) was quenched by BHQ1, and the fluorescence intensity emitted by FAM (FFAM) recovered. In the presence of OTA, the prepared aptamer preferred to bind with OTA instead of cDNA, forming an aptamer-OTA complex structure in which BHQ1 was adjacent to FAM and distant from Cy3. As a result, FFAM was quenched and FCy3 was restored. OTA can be accurately detected via the determination of the FCy3/FFAM ratio value. Under optimal conditions, this ratiometric fluorescent aptasensor offers excellent OTA detection in the range of 0.6 nmol L-1-5 μmol L-1, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.3 nmol L-1. This ratiometric aptasensor showed the advantages of easy operation, accuracy and sensitive analysis. Good specificity of this aptasensor was demonstrated. This ratiometric aptasensor could be used for the detection of OTA in real samples, e.g. beer and orange juice, showing its promising application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China.
| | - Shuheng Ai
- School of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Wenhan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China.
- School of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Pengfei Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China.
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24
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Obafemi BA, Adedara IA, Rocha JBT. Neurotoxicity of ochratoxin A: Molecular mechanisms and neurotherapeutic strategies. Toxicology 2023; 497-498:153630. [PMID: 37709162 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Data from epidemiological and experimental studies have evidenced that some chemical contaminants in food elicit their harmful effects by targeting the central nervous system. Ochratoxin A is a foodborne mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Research on neurotoxicity associated with ochratoxin A exposure has increased greatly in recent years. The present review accrued substantial evidence on the neurotoxicity associated with ochratoxin A exposure as well as discussed notable susceptible targets of noxious ochratoxin A at molecular, cellular and genetic levels. Specifically, the neurotoxic mechanisms associated with ochratoxin A exposure were unequivocally unraveled in vitro using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, mouse hippocampal HT22 cells, human astrocyte (NHA-SV40LT) cells and microglia cells as well as in vivo using mammalian and non-mammalian models. Data from human biomonitoring studies on plasma ochratoxin A levels in patients with neurodegenerative diseases with some age- and sex-related responses were also highlighted. Moreover, the neurotherapeutic mechanisms of some naturally occurring bioactive compounds against ochratoxin A neurotoxicity are reviewed. Collectively, accumulated data from literature demonstrate that ochratoxin A is a neurotoxin with potential pathological involvement in neurological disorders. Cutting edge original translational research on the development of neurotherapeutics for neurotoxicity associated with foodborne toxicants including ochratoxin A is indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing A Obafemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Isaac A Adedara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105- 900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Joao B T Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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25
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Hassan HF, Tashani H, Ballouk F, Daou R, El Khoury A, Abiad MG, AlKhatib A, Hassan M, El Khatib S, Dimassi H. Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Tea Sold in Lebanon: Effects of Type, Packaging, and Origin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6556. [PMID: 37623142 PMCID: PMC10454378 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20166556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Tea is among the oldest and most-known beverages around the world, and it has many flavors and types. Tea can be easily contaminated in any of its production steps, especially with mycotoxins that are produced particularly in humid and warm environments. This study aims to examine the level of ochratoxin A (OTA) and total aflatoxin (AF) contamination in black and green tea sold in Lebanon, evaluate its safety compared to international standards, and assess the effect of different variables on the levels of OTA and AFs. For this, the Lebanese market was screened and all tea brands (n = 37; 24 black and 13 green) were collected twice. The Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) method was used to determine OTA and AFs in the samples. AFs and OTA were detected in 28 (75.7%) and 31 (88.6%) samples, respectively. The average of AFs in the positive (above detection limit: 1.75 μg/kg) samples was 2.66 ± 0.15 μg/kg, while the average of OTA in the positive (above detection limit: 1.6 μg/kg) samples was 3.74 ± 0.72 μg/kg. The mean AFs in black and green tea were 2.65 ± 0.55 and 2.54 ± 0.40 μg/kg, respectively, while for OTA, the mean levels were 3.67 ± 0.96 and 3.46 ± 1.09 μg/kg in black and green tea samples, respectively. Four brands (10.8%) contained total aflatoxin levels above the EU limit (4 μg/kg). As for OTA, all samples had OTA levels below the Chinese limit (5 μg/kg). No significant association (p > 0.05) was found between OTA and tea type, level of packaging, country of origin, country of packing, and country of distribution. However, AF contamination was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in unpacked tea, and in brands where the country of origin, packing, and distributor was in Asia. The results showed that the tea brands in Lebanon are relatively safe in terms of AFs and OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein F. Hassan
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon (M.H.)
| | - Hadeel Tashani
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon (M.H.)
| | - Farah Ballouk
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
| | - Rouaa Daou
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculty of Sciences, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Mar Roukoz P.O. Box 17-5208, Lebanon
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculty of Sciences, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Mar Roukoz P.O. Box 17-5208, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad G. Abiad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon
- Laboratories for the Environment, Agriculture, and Food (LEAF), Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Ali AlKhatib
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
| | - Mahdi Hassan
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon (M.H.)
| | - Sami El Khatib
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon;
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Gulf University for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 7207, Hawally 32093, Kuwait
| | - Hani Dimassi
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
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26
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Wensi Z, Chuanjin C, Chen H, Xuechao Z, Junhui D. Study on a nano-porous gold/polyamidoamine (NPG/PAMAM)-based electrochemical aptamer biosensor for the detection of ochratoxin a in the red wine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1059-1073. [PMID: 37526950 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2240435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel electrochemical aptamer sensor for detecting ochratoxin A (OTA) was constructed. First, a gold-copper alloy film was prepared via electrochemical deposition, and copper was selectively dissolved in constant potential mode for obtaining the nano-porous gold modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (NPG/SPCE). Then, 2-mercaptoethylamine was dropped on the NPG/SPCE surface and Au-S covalent bonds were formed for immobilizing the metal. Glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent was added, which resulted in immobilization and attachment of PAMAM to the 2-mercaptoethylamine through the dehydration condensation reaction. During the preparation process, the nano-porous gold and PAMAM-modified layers were characterized by SEM, XRD, and IR spectroscopy, respectively. The characterization results showed that the nano-porous gold and PAMAM composite films were successfully modified. Finally, the OTA aptamer was cross-linked with PAMAM by glutaraldehyde to complete construction of the Apt/PAMAM/NPG/SPCE sensor. The electrochemical performance of this sensor was tested in ochratoxin A solutions with the DPV method. The results showed that the sensor's reproducibility, stability, and specificity were good. The spiked recoveries in red wine ranged from 99.65%∼101.6%, with a linear range of 0.5 ng/mL∼20 ng/mL and a minimum detection limit of 0.141 ng/mL. Thus, the novel biosensor may provide a promising tool for the trace detection of OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Wensi
- College of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, P.R. China
| | - Cui Chuanjin
- College of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, P.R. China
| | - Hongshuo Chen
- College of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, P.R. China
| | - Zhang Xuechao
- School of Data Science, TongRen University, TongRen, P.R. China
| | - Du Junhui
- College of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, P.R. China
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27
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Yu J, Pedroso IR. Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:480. [PMID: 37624237 PMCID: PMC10467131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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28
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Banahene JCM, Ofosu IW, Odai BT. Surveillance of ochratoxin A in cocoa beans from cocoa-growing regions of Ghana. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18206. [PMID: 37501961 PMCID: PMC10368851 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa is one of the agricultural commodities which is highly susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. During two crop/harvest seasons, the occurrence and distribution of ochratoxin A (OTA) in viable commercial cocoa beans were investigated. The cocoa bean samples were collected randomly from farmers across cocoa-growing regions of Ghana. OTA concentrations in the samples were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods following purification on immunoaffinity solid phase column. The result showed that 21.7% of all samples analyzed were contaminated with OTA at concentrations ranging from 0.01 μg/kg to 12.36 μg/kg. The Western South region had the highest occurrence of OTA-positive samples at 32.5%, followed by the Western North region at 28.75%, the Eastern and Volta regions at 25% each, Brong Ahafo (16.25%), Central (15%) and the Ashanti region at 11.25%. However, 0.9% and 3.5% of the total OTA-positive samples exceeded the OTA maximum limits of 10 μg/kg for cocoa beans and 3 μg/kg for cocoa powder, set by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency and the European Commission, respectively. During the Main and Light crop seasons, the highest concentrations of OTA were detected in the Western North region, reaching up to 12.36 μg/kg and 3.45 μg/kg, respectively. OTA concentrations between the cocoa-growing regions in the Main crop season were not significantly different (p > 0.05), however, the Light crop season indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the two crop seasons. The need for regular monitoring and careful adherence to agronomic strategies such as good agricultural practices (GAPs), recommended code of practices (COPs) and good manufacturing practices (GMPs) for the prevention and reduction of OTA throughout the cocoa value chain cannot be overemphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Cox Menka Banahene
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana
- Research Department, Quality Control Company Limited – Ghana Cocoa Board, Tema, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Williams Ofosu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana
| | - Bernard Tawiah Odai
- Radiation Technology Centre - BNARI, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Kwabenya, Accra, Ghana
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29
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Sharafi H, Alizadeh N, Moradi M, Sharafi K, Khaneghah AM. The prevalence and concentration of ochratoxin A in meat and edible offal: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 178:113921. [PMID: 37390956 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in meat, edible offal, and meat products (MOP) was assessed through systematic review and meta-analysis. Four electronic databases were used to gather data from 1975 to September 15, 2022. Seventy-five articles comprising 8585 samples were identified and analyzed. The studies included in the analysis were conducted at a global level, with a predominant focus on Europe [72% (54/75)], Asia [13.33% (10/75)], Africa [13.33% (10/75)], and North America [1.33% (1/75)]. The overall prevalence of OTA in MOP was 39%. The highest and lowest prevalence percentages were recorded in Iraq (77%) and the USA (3%), respectively. Concerning food type, OTA prevalence was highest in the poultry gizzard (66%) and lowest in the cow liver (2%). The overall concentration of OTA in the MOP was 1.789 μg/kg. Poultry kidneys had the highest concentration of OTA (0.880-22.984 μg/kg), while pork had the lowest concentration (0.127-0.824 μg/kg). Conspicuous amounts of OTA contamination have been reported in fermented sausages. The lowest OTA concentration was found in Belgium (0.220 μg/kg) and the highest in Denmark (60.527μg/kg). These results can help food authorities minimize and control OTA in the MOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houshmand Sharafi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, 1177, Urmia, Iran
| | - Negar Alizadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, 1177, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mehran Moradi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, 1177, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Kiomars Sharafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka St., 02-532, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
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30
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Shelash Al-Hawary SI, Sapaev IB, Althomali RH, Musad Saleh EA, Qadir K, Romero-Parra RM, Ismael Ouda G, Hussien BM, Ramadan MF. Recent Progress in Screening of Mycotoxins in Foods and Other Commodities Using MXenes-Based Nanomaterials. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37307199 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2222412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin pollution in agricultural food products endangers animal and human health during the supply chains, therefore the development of accurate and rapid techniques for the determination of mycotoxins is of great importance for food safety guarantee. MXenes-based nanoprobes have attracted enormous attention as a complementary analysis and promising alternative strategies to conventional diagnostic methods, because of their fascinating features, like high electrical conductivity, various surface functional groups, high surface area, superb thermal resistance, good hydrophilicity, and environmentally-friendlier characteristics. In this study, we outline the state-of-the-art research on MXenes-based probes in detecting various mycotoxins like aflatoxin, ochratoxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and other toxins as a most commonly founded mycotoxin in the agri-food supply chain. First, we present the diverse synthesis approaches and exceptional characteristics of MXenes. Afterward, based on the detecting mechanism, we divide the biosensing utilizations of MXenes into two subcategories: electrochemical, and optical biosensors. Then their performance in effective sensing of mycotoxins is comprehensively deliberated. Finally, present challenges and prospective opportunities for MXenes are debated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I B Sapaev
- Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Raed H Althomali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebraheem Abdu Musad Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Arts and Science, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamran Qadir
- Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | | | | | - Beneen M Hussien
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
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31
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Yang L, Yang L, Cai Y, Luo Y, Wang H, Wang L, Chen J, Liu X, Wu Y, Qin Y, Wu Z, Liu N. Natural mycotoxin contamination in dog food: A review on toxicity and detoxification methods. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114948. [PMID: 37105098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the companion animals (dogs or other pets) are considered as members of the family and have established strong emotional relationships with their owners. Dogs are long lived compared to food animals, so safety, adequacy, and efficacy of dog food is of great importance for their health. Cereals, cereal by-products as well as feedstuffs of plant origin are commonly employed food resources in dry food, yet are potential ingredients for mycotoxins contamination, so dogs are theoretically more vulnerable to exposure when consumed daily. Aflatoxins (AF), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FUM), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) are the most frequent mycotoxins that might present in dog food and cause toxicity on the growth and metabolism of dogs. An understanding of toxicological effects and detoxification methods (physical, chemical, or biological approaches) of mycotoxins will help to improve commercial ped food quality, reduce harm and minimize exposure to dogs. Herein, we outline a description of mycotoxins detected in dog food, toxicity and clinical findings in dogs, as well as methods applied in mycotoxins detoxification. This review aims to provide a reference for future studies involved in the evaluation of the risk, preventative strategies, and clear criteria of mycotoxins for minimizing exposure, reducing harm, and preventing mycotoxicosis in dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Department of Food and Bioengineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China
| | - Lihan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuqing Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yifei Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Food and Bioengineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Food and Bioengineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China
| | - Jingqing Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yinghe Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Corbu VM, Gheorghe-Barbu I, Dumbravă AȘ, Vrâncianu CO, Șesan TE. Current Insights in Fungal Importance-A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1384. [PMID: 37374886 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides plants and animals, the Fungi kingdom describes several species characterized by various forms and applications. They can be found in all habitats and play an essential role in the excellent functioning of the ecosystem, for example, as decomposers of plant material for the cycling of carbon and nutrients or as symbionts of plants. Furthermore, fungi have been used in many sectors for centuries, from producing food, beverages, and medications. Recently, they have gained significant recognition for protecting the environment, agriculture, and several industrial applications. The current article intends to review the beneficial roles of fungi used for a vast range of applications, such as the production of several enzymes and pigments, applications regarding food and pharmaceutical industries, the environment, and research domains, as well as the negative impacts of fungi (secondary metabolites production, etiological agents of diseases in plants, animals, and humans, as well as deteriogenic agents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Maria Corbu
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Gheorghe-Barbu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Ștefania Dumbravă
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corneliu Ovidiu Vrâncianu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tatiana Eugenia Șesan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, 61 Bd. Mărăşti, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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Bisconsin-Junior A, Feitosa BF, Silva FL, Barros Mariutti LR. Mycotoxins on edible insects: Should we be worried? Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 177:113845. [PMID: 37209938 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Edible insects are a solid alternative to meet the growing demand for animal protein. However, there are doubts regarding the safety of insect consumption. Mycotoxins are substances of concern for food safety, as they may cause harmful effects on the human organism and accumulate in the tissues of some animals. This study focuses on the characteristics of the main mycotoxins, the mitigation of human consumption of contaminated insects, and the effects of mycotoxins on insect metabolism. To date, studies reported the interaction of the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, and T-2, isolated or combined, in three insect species from Coleoptera and one from Diptera order. The use of rearing substrates with low mycotoxin contamination did not reduce the survival and development of insects. Fasting practices and replacing contaminated substrate with a decontaminated one decreased the concentration of mycotoxins in insects. There is no evidence that mycotoxins accumulate in the tissues of the insects' larvae. Coleoptera species showed high excretion capacity, while Hermetia illucens had a lower excretion capacity of ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol. Thus, a substrate with low mycotoxin contamination could be used for raising edible insects, particularly from the Coleoptera order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bisconsin-Junior
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Federal Institute of Rondônia, Ariquemes, RO, Brazil.
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Malir F, Pickova D, Toman J, Grosse Y, Ostry V. Hazard characterisation for significant mycotoxins in food. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:81-93. [PMID: 36930431 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
This review updates the current status of activities related to hazard characterisation for mycotoxins, with special reference to regulatory work accomplished within the European Union. Because the relevant information on these topics is widely scattered in the scientific literature, this review intends to provide a condensed overview on the most pertinent aspects. Human health risk assessment is a procedure to estimate the nature and potential for harmful effects of mycotoxins on human health due to exposure to them via contaminated food. This assessment involves hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment, and risk characterisation. Mycotoxins covered in this review are aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, cyclopiazonic acid, citrinin, trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2, and HT-2 toxins), fumonisins, zearalenone, patulin, and ergot alkaloids. For mycotoxins with clear genotoxic/carcinogenic properties, the focus is on the margin of exposure approach. One of its goals is to document predictive characterisation of the human hazard, based on studies in animals using conditions of low exposure. For the other, non-genotoxic toxins, individual 'no adverse effect levels' have been established, but structural analogues or modified forms may still complicate assessment. During the process of hazard characterisation, each identified effect is assessed for human relevance. The estimation of a 'safe dose' is the hazard characterisation endpoint. The final aim of all of these activities is to establish a system, which is able to minimise and control the risk for the consumer from mycotoxins in food. Ongoing research on mycotoxins constantly comes up with new findings, which may have to be implemented into this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yann Grosse
- The IARC Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research On Cancer (retired), Lyon, France
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health, Palackeho 3a, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
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Zhang J, Tang X, Cai Y, Zhou WW. Mycotoxin Contamination Status of Cereals in China and Potential Microbial Decontamination Methods. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040551. [PMID: 37110209 PMCID: PMC10143121 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in cereals can pose a significant health risk to animals and humans. China is one of the countries that is facing cereal contamination by mycotoxins. Treating mycotoxin-contaminated cereals with established physical and chemical methods can lead to negative effects, such as the loss of nutrients, chemical residues, and high energy consumption. Therefore, microbial detoxification techniques are being considered for reducing and treating mycotoxins in cereals. This paper reviews the contamination of aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A in major cereals (rice, wheat, and maize). Our discussion is based on 8700 samples from 30 provincial areas in China between 2005 and 2021. Previous research suggests that the temperature and humidity in the highly contaminated Chinese cereal-growing regions match the growth conditions of potential antagonists. Therefore, this review takes biological detoxification as the starting point and summarizes the methods of microbial detoxification, microbial active substance detoxification, and other microbial inhibition methods for treating contaminated cereals. Furthermore, their respective mechanisms are systematically analyzed, and a series of strategies for combining the above methods with the treatment of contaminated cereals in China are proposed. It is hoped that this review will provide a reference for subsequent solutions to cereal contamination problems and for the development of safer and more efficient methods of biological detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xi Tang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yifan Cai
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Lopes P, Sobral MMC, Lopes GR, Martins ZE, Passos CP, Petronilho S, Ferreira IMPLVO. Mycotoxins’ Prevalence in Food Industry By-Products: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040249. [PMID: 37104187 PMCID: PMC10142126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The recovery of biomolecules from food industry by-products is of major relevance for a circular economy strategy. However, by-products’ contamination with mycotoxins represents a drawback for their reliable valorization for food and feed, hampering their application range, especially as food ingredients. Mycotoxin contamination occurs even in dried matrices. There is a need for the implantation of monitoring programs, even for by-products used as animal feed, since very high levels can be reached. This systematic review aims to identify the food by-products that have been studied from 2000 until 2022 (22 years) concerning mycotoxins’ contamination, distribution, and prevalence in those by-products. PRISMA (“Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses”) protocol was performed via two databases (PubMed and SCOPUS) to summarize the research findings. After the screening and selection process, the full texts of eligible articles (32 studies) were evaluated, and data from 16 studies were considered. A total of 6 by-products were assessed concerning mycotoxin content; these include distiller dried grain with solubles, brewer’s spent grain, brewer’s spent yeast, cocoa shell, grape pomace, and sugar beet pulp. Frequent mycotoxins in these by-products are AFB1, OTA, FBs, DON, and ZEA. The high prevalence of contaminated samples, which surpasses the limits established for human consumption, thus limiting their valorization as ingredients in the food industry. Co-contamination is frequent, which can cause synergistic interactions and amplify their toxicity.
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Olia AEA, Mohadesi A, Feizy J. A Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Protocol Combined with Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection for the Determination of Ochratoxin in Food Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-023-02474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Kortei NK, Oman Ayiku P, Nsor-Atindana J, Owusu Ansah L, Wiafe-Kwagyan M, Kyei-Baffour V, Kottoh ID, Odamtten GT. Toxicogenic fungal profile, Ochratoxin A exposure and cancer risk characterization through maize (Zea mays) consumed by different age populations in the Volta region of Ghana. Toxicon 2023; 226:107085. [PMID: 36921906 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) is an important staple food crop for the majority of Ghanaians. Maize is mostly contaminated by fungal species and particularly mycotoxins. This work aimed to identify and quantify the incidence of fungal infection and exposure to Ochratoxin A (OTA) as well as the health risk characterization in different age populations due to maize consumption in the Volta region. Maize samples were plated on Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol (DRBC) agar, and Oxytetracycline Glucose Yeast Extract (OGYE) agar. All media were prepared in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions. The plates were incubated at 28 ± 2 °C for 5-7 days. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography connected to a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) was used to analyze the ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in maize. Cancer risk assessments were also conducted using models prescribed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Additives (JECFA). The maize samples collected from the Volta region contained fungal population between the range of 3.08-4.58 log10 CFU/g. Eight (8) genera were recorded belonging to Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Fusarium, Saccharomyces, Mucor, Rhodotorula and Rhizopus. The species diversity includes A. flavus, A. niger, T. harzianum, P. verrucosum, F. oxysporum, Yeast, F. verticillioides, Rhodotorulla sp, A. fumigatus, R. stolonifer, M. racemosus species. Additionally, the ochratoxins level contained in the samples were very noteworthy and ranged from 1.22 to 28.17 μg/kg. Cancer risk assessments of OTA produced outcomes also ranged between 2.15 and 524.54 ng/kg bw/day, 0.03-8.31, 0.0323, and 0.07-16.94 for cases/100,000 person/yr for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Margin of Exposure (MOE), Average Potency, and Cancer Risks respectively for all age categories investigated. There was very high mycoflora load on the maize sampled from the Volta region, likewise the range of mycotoxins present in the maize grains, suggesting the potential to pose some adverse health effects with the populace of the Volta region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Peter Oman Ayiku
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - John Nsor-Atindana
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Leslie Owusu Ansah
- Department of Food Laboratory, Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box CT 2783, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Wiafe-Kwagyan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - Vincent Kyei-Baffour
- Food Chemistry and Nutrition Research Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Delali Kottoh
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute (BNARI), Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Tawia Odamtten
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
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Wang Y, Xie L, Ma L, Wu Q, Li Z, Liu Y, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Jiao B, He Y. Ascorbic Acid-Mediated in situ Growth of Gold Nanostars for Photothermal Immunoassay of Ochratoxin A. Food Chem 2023; 419:136049. [PMID: 37003051 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the development of efficient mycotoxins detection methods, particularly using portable devices as readout devices, remains a great challenge. Herein, a photothermal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on gold nanostars (AuNSs) for the detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) using a "thermometer" was proposed for the first time. AuNSs with photothermal conversion capacity were parepared using an ascorbic acid (AA)-mediated in situ growth methd. Quantification was based on the alkaline phosphatase catalyzing the dephosphorylation of ascorbic acid 2-phosphoate to AA, thereby converting OTA concentration to the amount of in situ synthesized AuNSs, thus achieving straightforward readout by temperature. Benefiting from the classical tyramine signal amplification strategy, a detection limit of 0.39 ng mL-1 was obtained. The recoveries of grape juice and maize samples spiked with 10 ng mL-1 and 30 ng mL-1 OTA ranged from 86.53% to 116.9%. Our method has great potential in on-site OTA detection for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Longyingzi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Lanrui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Zhixia Li
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Yanlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yaohai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Bining Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yue He
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China.
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Qu J, Liu K, Liu S, Yue D, Zhang P, Mao X, He W, Huang K, Chen X. Taurine alleviates ochratoxin A-induced pyroptosis in PK-15 cells by inhibiting oxidative stress. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23249. [PMID: 36281498 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most harmful mycotoxins, which can cause multiple toxicological effects, especially nephrotoxicity in animals and humans. Taurine is an essential amino acid with various biological functions such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation. However, the protective effect of taurine on OTA-induced nephrotoxicity and pyroptosis had not been reported. Our results showed that OTA exposure induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in PK-15 cells, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, increased mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and decreased mRNA levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4). In addition, OTA treatment induced pyroptosis by increasing the expressions of pyroptosis-related proteins NLRP3, GSDMD, Caspase-1 P20, ASC, Pro-caspase-1, and IL-1β. Meanwhile, taurine could alleviate OTA-induced pyroptosis and cytotoxicity, as well as reduce ROS level, COX-2, and iNOS mRNA levels, and increase the mRNA levels of the antioxidant enzyme in PK-15 cells. Taken together, taurine alleviated OTA-induced pyroptosis in PK-15 cells by inhibiting ROS generation and altering the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thereby attenuating its nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongmei Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinru Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenmiao He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Mwabulili F, Xie Y, Li Q, Sun S, Yang Y, Ma W. Research progress of ochratoxin a bio-detoxification. Toxicon 2023; 222:107005. [PMID: 36539080 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.107005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxins (OTs) is an extremely toxic mycotoxin in which Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most toxic and prevalent in the ochratoxin family. OTA is among the five most critical mycotoxins that are subject to legal regulations. Animals and humans may be exposed to OTA through dietary intake, inhalation, and dermal contact. OTA is considered nephrotoxic, genotoxic, cytotoxic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, immunotoxic, and myelotoxic. So, intake of OTA contaminated foods and feeds can impact the productivity of animals and health of people. According to this review, several studies have reported on the approaches that have been established for OTA removal. This review focused on the control approaches to mitigate OTA contamination, OTA bio-detoxification materials and their applicable techniques, recombinant strains for OTA bio-detoxification, and their detoxification effects, recombinant OTA-degrading enzymes and their sources, recombinant fusion enzymes for OTA, ZEN and AFB1 mycotoxins detoxification, as well as the current application and commercialized OTA bio-detoxification products. However, there is no single technique that has been approved to detoxify OTA by 100% to date. Some preferred current strategies for OTA bio-detoxification have been recombinant degrading enzymes and genetic engineering technology due to their efficiency and safety. Therefore, prospective studies should focus on standardizing pure enzymes from genetically engineered microbial strains that have great potential for OTA detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Mwabulili
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Department of Applied Sciences, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 131, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Yanli Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Shumin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Weibin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
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Daou R, Hoteit M, Bookari K, Joubrane K, Khabbaz LR, Ismail A, Maroun RG, el Khoury A. Public health risk associated with the co-occurrence of aflatoxin B 1 and ochratoxin A in spices, herbs, and nuts in Lebanon. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1072727. [PMID: 36699892 PMCID: PMC9868821 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1072727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A are mycotoxins produced by filamentous fungi that attack crops on field and storage. Both mycotoxins present a risk on public health since aflatoxin B1 is a hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic agent while ochratoxin A can be nephrotoxic. Those mycotoxins can be found in several food items including spices, herbs, and nuts. Objectives In Lebanon, few studies address aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A contamination in spices, herbs, and nuts. So, the aim of this study is to investigate the concentrations of those two mycotoxins particularly in spices and herbs and the concentration of aflatoxin B1 in nuts, and to determine the dietary exposure of the Lebanese population and their possible attribution to liver cancer and renal damage. Methods In this work, a total of 198 samples of spices, herbs, and nuts were collected from different sites. Aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A were quantified using immune-affinity columns. A food frequency questionnaire was used to quantify the consumption of spices, herbs, and nuts in Lebanon. Exposure to aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A was calculated accordingly and liver and kidney cancer risks were evaluated. Results Aflatoxin B1 was respectively found in 100, 20.4, and 98.6% of the spices, herbs, and nuts samples, while ochratoxin A was found in 100 and 44.4% of spices and herbs, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 was found at mean concentration of 0.97, 0.27, and 0.40 μg/kg in spices, herbs, and nuts, respectively while ochratoxin A was found at mean concentrations of 38.8 and 1.81 μg/kg in spices and herbs, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 occurrence was shown to be associated in this study with 0.017 additional cancer cases per 100,000 persons per year, and ochratoxin A weekly exposure was shown to be 5.04 ng/kg bw less than the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake of 100 ng/kg bw which indicates low risk of renal damage from spices and herbs consumption. Conclusion The consumption of spices, herbs, and nuts in Lebanon could lead to an increase in health risks associated with aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A, specifically spices. The reported occurrence may be directly related to poor storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouaa Daou
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Lebanon
| | - Maha Hoteit
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- PHENOL Research Group (Public Health Nutrition Program-Lebanon), Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Lebanese University Nutrition Surveillance Center (LUNSC), Lebanese Food Drugs and Chemical Administrations, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- University Medical Center, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Khlood Bookari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- National Nutrition Committee, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karine Joubrane
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lydia Rabbaa Khabbaz
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Laboratoire de pharmacologie, Pharmacie clinique et contrôle de qualité des médicaments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Ismail
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Richard G. Maroun
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Lebanon
| | - André el Khoury
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Lebanon
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ŞAHIN S, EYUPOĞLU OE, YAMAN M, DOĞAN TÇ, KORKMAZ BİO, OMURTAG GZ. Investigation of the deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A levels by high-performance liquid chromatography of cereals sold in the markets in Türkiye. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.89822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mustafa YAMAN
- Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Türkiye; Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Türkiye
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Ismaiel AA, Mohamed HH, El-Sayed MT. Biodegradation of ochratoxin A by endophytic Trichoderma koningii strains. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:53. [PMID: 36564607 PMCID: PMC9789014 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. that causes a threat to food safety and human health. Fungal biodegradation might be a promising strategy for reducing the OTA contamination in the future. In this study, the ability of Trichoderma koningii strains to degrade OTA produced by Aspergillus niger T2 (MW513392.1) isolated from tomato seeds was investigated. Among T. koningii strains tested, three strains; AUMC11519, AUMC11520 and AUMC11521 completely eliminated OTA from the culture medium, while AUMC11522 strain eliminated only 41.82% of OTA. OTα-amide, 3-phenylpropionic acid, OTα and phenylalanine were assayed as degradation products by FTIR analysis and LC-MS/MS spectra. Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) was found responsible for OTA degradation when a metal ion chelator, EDTA, was added to cell free supernatants of the three effective strains. OTA detoxification by T. koningii could present new prospective strategies for a possible application in food commodities intoxicated with ochratoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Ismaiel
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Hala H. Mohamed
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Manal T. El-Sayed
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
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Lu T, Guo Y, Shi J, Li X, Wu K, Li X, Zeng Z, Xiong Y. Identification and Safety Evaluation of Ochratoxin A Transformation Product in Rapeseed Oil Refining Process. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14931-14939. [PMID: 36331822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is an important mycotoxin detected in edible oil, and it can be effectively removed by classical edible oil refining processes. However, the fate of OTA in the refining process has not been reported. In this study, we systematically tracked the OTA changes during the oil refining process by fortifying 100 μg/kg OTA in crude rapeseed oil. Results showed that about 10.57%, 88.85%, and 0.58% of OTA were removed during the degumming, deacidification, and decolorization processes. Among them, 16.25% OTA was transferred to the byproducts, including 9.85% in degumming wastewater, 5.68% in soap stock, 0.14% in deacidification wastewater, and 0.58% in the decolorizer; 83.75% OTA was found to transform into the lactone ring opened OTA (OP-OTA) during the deacidification stage, which is attributed to the hydrolysis of the lactone ring of OTA in the alkali refining. The OP-OTA was verified to distribute in the soap stock, and small amounts of OP-OTA could be transferred to deacidified wastewater when the OTA pollution level reached 500 μg/kg in crude rapeseed oil. The OP-OTA exhibited strong toxicity, especially nephrotoxicity, as reflected by the cell viability assay and in silico toxicity. Therefore, the safety of the soap stock processing products from OTA-contaminated rapeseed deserves attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
| | - Yuqian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
| | - Jiachen Shi
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
| | - Kesheng Wu
- Jiangxi Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330096, P.R. China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
| | - Zheling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
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Mycotoxins and Essential Oils-From a Meat Industry Hazard to a Possible Solution: A Brief Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223666. [PMID: 36429263 PMCID: PMC9688991 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation of food supplies has been humankind's priority since ancient times, and it is arguably more relevant today than ever before. Food sustainability and safety have been heavily prioritized by consumers, producers, and government entities alike. In this regard, filamentous fungi have always been a health hazard due to their contamination of the food substrate with mycotoxins. Additionally, mycotoxins are proven resilient to technological processing. This study aims to identify the main mycotoxins that may occur in the meat and meat products "Farm to Fork" chain, along with their effect on the consumers' health, and also to identify effective methods of prevention through the use of essential oils (EO). At the same time, the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic potential of essential oils was considered in order to provide an overview of the subject. Targeting the main ways of meat products' contamination, the use of essential oils with proven in vitro or in situ efficacy against certain fungal species can be an effective alternative if all the associated challenges are addressed (e.g., application methods, suitability for certain products, toxicity).
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Kim TH, Bong JH, Kim HR, Shim WB, Kang MJ, Pyun JC. One-step immunoassay based on switching peptides for analyzing ochratoxin A in wines. J Anal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-022-00352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA one-step immunoassay is presented for the detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) using an antibody complex with switching peptides. Because the switching peptides (fluorescence-labeled) were able to bind the frame region of antibodies (IgGs), they were dissociated from antibodies immediately when target analytes were bound to the binding pockets of antibodies. From the fluorescence signal measurements of switching peptides, a quantitative analysis of target analytes, via a one-step immunoassay without any washing steps, could be performed. As the first step, the binding constant (KD) of OTA to the antibodies was estimated under the continuous flow conditions of a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Then, the optimal switching peptide, among four types of switching peptides, and the reaction condition for complex formation with the switching peptide were determined for the one-step immunoassay for OTA analysis. Additionally, the selectivity test of one-step immunoassay for OTA was carried out in comparison with phenylalanine and zearalenone. For the application to the one-step immunoassay to detect OTA in wines, two types of sample pre-treatment methods were compared: (1) a liquid extraction was carried out using chloroform as a solvent with subsequent resuspension in phosphate-buffered saline (total analysis time < 1 h); (2) direct dilution of the wine sample (total analysis time < 0.5 h). Finally, the direct dilution method was found to be effective for the one-step immunoassay based on the switching peptide assay for OTA in wines with a markedly improved total analysis time (< 0.5 h). Additionally, the assay results were compared with commercial lateral flow immunoassay.
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Jilek JL, Frost KL, Marie S, Myers CM, Goedken M, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Attenuated Ochratoxin A Transporter Expression in a Mouse Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Protects against Proximal Convoluted Tubule Toxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1389-1395. [PMID: 34921099 PMCID: PMC9513848 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is an abundant mycotoxin, yet the toxicological impact of its disposition is not well studied. OTA is an organic anion transporter (OAT) substrate primarily excreted in urine despite a long half-life and extensive protein binding. Altered renal transporter expression during disease, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), may influence response to OTA exposure, but the impact of NASH on OTA toxicokinetics, tissue distribution, and associated nephrotoxicity is unknown. By inducing NASH in fast food-dieted/thioacetamide-exposed mice, we evaluated the effect of NASH on a bolus OTA exposure (12.5 mg/kg by mouth) after 3 days. NASH mice presented with less gross toxicity (44% less body weight loss), and kidney and liver weights of NASH mice were 11% and 24% higher, respectively, than healthy mice. Organ and body weight changes coincided with reduced renal proximal tubule cells vacuolation, degeneration, and necrosis, though no OTA-induced hepatic lesions were found. OTA systemic exposure in NASH mice increased modestly from 5.65 ± 1.10 to 7.95 ± 0.61 mg*h/ml per kg BW, and renal excretion increased robustly from 5.55% ± 0.37% to 13.11% ± 3.10%, relative to healthy mice. Total urinary excretion of OTA increased from 24.41 ± 1.74 to 40.07 ± 9.19 µg in NASH mice, and kidney-bound OTA decreased by ∼30%. Renal OAT isoform expression (OAT1-5) in NASH mice decreased by ∼50% with reduced OTA uptake by proximal convoluted cells. These data suggest that NASH-induced OAT transporter reductions attenuate renal secretion and reabsorption of OTA, increasing OTA urinary excretion and reducing renal exposure, thereby reducing nephrotoxicity in NASH. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: These data suggest a disease-mediated transporter mechanism of altered tissue-specific toxicity after mycotoxin exposure, despite minimal systemic changes to ochratoxin A (OTA) concentrations. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the clinical relevance of this functional model and the potential effect of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis on OTA and other organic anion substrate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Jilek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona (J.L.J., K.L.F., S.M., C.M.M., N.J.C.); Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.G.); and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona (S.H.W.)
| | - Kayla L Frost
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona (J.L.J., K.L.F., S.M., C.M.M., N.J.C.); Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.G.); and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona (S.H.W.)
| | - Solène Marie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona (J.L.J., K.L.F., S.M., C.M.M., N.J.C.); Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.G.); and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona (S.H.W.)
| | - Cassandra M Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona (J.L.J., K.L.F., S.M., C.M.M., N.J.C.); Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.G.); and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona (S.H.W.)
| | - Michael Goedken
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona (J.L.J., K.L.F., S.M., C.M.M., N.J.C.); Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.G.); and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona (S.H.W.)
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona (J.L.J., K.L.F., S.M., C.M.M., N.J.C.); Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.G.); and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona (S.H.W.)
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona (J.L.J., K.L.F., S.M., C.M.M., N.J.C.); Rutgers Translational Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.G.); and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona (S.H.W.)
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Lai Y, Zhong XB. Special Section on Mechanistic and Translational Research on Transporters in Toxicology-Editorial. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1361-1363. [PMID: 36127133 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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50
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Mateo E, Tonino RPB, Canto A, Monroy Noyola A, Miranda M, Soria JM, Garcia Esparza MA. The Neurotoxic Effect of Ochratoxin-A on the Hippocampal Neurogenic Niche of Adult Mouse Brain. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090624. [PMID: 36136561 PMCID: PMC9501519 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a common secondary metabolite of Aspergillus ochraceus, A. carbonarius, and Penicillium verrucosum. This mycotoxin is largely present as a contaminant in several cereal crops and human foodstuffs, including grapes, corn, nuts, and figs, among others. Preclinical studies have reported the involvement of OTA in metabolic, physiologic, and immunologic disturbances as well as in carcinogenesis. More recently, it has also been suggested that OTA may impair hippocampal neurogenesis in vivo and that this might be associated with learning and memory deficits. Furthermore, aside from its widely proven toxicity in tissues other than the brain, there is reason to believe that OTA contributes to neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, in this present in vivo study, we investigated this possibility by intraperitoneally (i.p.) administering 3.5 mg OTA/kg body weight to adult male mice to assess whether chronic exposure to this mycotoxin negatively affects cell viability in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry assays showed that doses of 3.5 mg/kg caused a significant and dose-dependent reduction in repetitive cell division and branching (from 12% to 62%). Moreover, the number of countable astrocytes (p < 0.001), young neurons (p < 0.001), and mature neurons (p < 0.001) negatively correlated with the number of i.p. OTA injections administered (one, two, three, or six repeated doses). Our results show that OTA induced adverse effects in the hippocampus cells of adult mice brain tissue when administered in cumulative doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mateo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Antolin Canto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cardenal Herrera University-CEU Universities, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Monroy Noyola
- Neuroprotection Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 98100, Mexico
| | - Maria Miranda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cardenal Herrera University-CEU Universities, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Soria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cardenal Herrera University-CEU Universities, 46001 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.S.); (M.A.G.E.)
| | - María Angeles Garcia Esparza
- Department of Pharmacy, Cardenal Herrera University-CEU Universities, 46001 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.S.); (M.A.G.E.)
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