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Weatherly LM, Shane HL, Baur R, Lukomska E, McKinney W, Roberts JR, Fedan JS, Anderson SE. Effects of inhaled tier-2 diesel engine exhaust on immunotoxicity in a rat model: A hazard identification study. Part II. Immunotoxicology. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:135-147. [PMID: 38304699 PMCID: PMC10831500 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) is an air pollutant containing gaseous compounds and particulate matter. Diesel engines are common on gas extraction and oil sites, leading to complex DE exposure to a broad range of compounds through occupational settings. The US EPA concluded that short-term exposure to DE leads to allergic inflammatory disorders of the airways. To further evaluate the immunotoxicity of DE, the effects of whole-body inhalation of 0.2 and 1 mg/m3 DE (total carbon; 6 h/d for 4 days) were investigated 1-, 7-, and 27-days post exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats using an occupationally relevant exposure system. DE exposure of 1 mg/m3 increased total cellularity, number of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, and B-cells at 1 d post-exposure in the lung lymph nodes. At 7 d post-exposure to 1 mg/m3, cellularity and the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells decreased in the LLNs. In the bronchoalveolar lavage, B-cell number and frequency increased at 1 d post-exposure, Natural Killer cell number and frequency decreased at 7 d post-exposure, and at 27 d post-exposure CD8+ T-cell and CD11b+ cell number and frequency decreased with 0.2 mg/m3 exposure. In the spleen, 0.2 mg/m3 increased CD4+ T-cell frequency at 1 and 7 d post-exposure and at 27 d post-exposure increased CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell number and CD8+ T-cell frequency. B-cells were the only immune cell subset altered in the three tissues (spleen, LLNs, and BALF), suggesting the induction of the adaptive immune response. The increase in lymphocytes in several different organ types also suggests an induction of a systemic inflammatory response occurring following DE exposure. These results show that DE exposure induced modifications of cellularity of phenotypic subsets that may impair immune function and contribute to airway inflammation induced by DE exposure in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Weatherly
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Hillary L. Shane
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Rachel Baur
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Walter McKinney
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jenny R. Roberts
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Fedan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Stacey E. Anderson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Kayalar Ö, Rajabi H, Konyalilar N, Mortazavi D, Aksoy GT, Wang J, Bayram H. Impact of particulate air pollution on airway injury and epithelial plasticity; underlying mechanisms. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1324552. [PMID: 38524119 PMCID: PMC10957538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1324552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Air pollution plays an important role in the mortality and morbidity of chronic airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Particulate matter (PM) is a significant fraction of air pollutants, and studies have demonstrated that it can cause airway inflammation and injury. The airway epithelium forms the first barrier of defense against inhaled toxicants, such as PM. Airway epithelial cells clear airways from inhaled irritants and orchestrate the inflammatory response of airways to these irritants by secreting various lipid mediators, growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines. Studies suggest that PM plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic airway diseases by impairing mucociliary function, deteriorating epithelial barrier integrity, and inducing the production of inflammatory mediators while modulating the proliferation and death of airway epithelial cells. Furthermore, PM can modulate epithelial plasticity and airway remodeling, which play central roles in asthma and COPD. This review focuses on the effects of PM on airway injury and epithelial plasticity, and the underlying mechanisms involving mucociliary activity, epithelial barrier function, airway inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, mesenchymal-epithelial transition, and airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgecan Kayalar
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hadi Rajabi
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nur Konyalilar
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Deniz Mortazavi
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Gizem Tuşe Aksoy
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Biomedicine and Biopharmacology, School of Biological Engineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hasan Bayram
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koç University, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Dietary Intervention with Blackcurrant Pomace Protects Rats from Testicular Oxidative Stress Induced by Exposition to Biodiesel Exhaust. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081562. [PMID: 36009280 PMCID: PMC9404818 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure to diesel exhaust emissions (DEE) contributes to negative health outcomes and premature mortality. At the same time, the health effects of the exposure to biodiesel exhaust emission are still in scientific debate. The aim of presented study was to investigate in an animal study the effects of exposure to DEE from two types of biodiesel fuels, 1st generation B7 biodiesel containing 7% of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or 2nd generation biodiesel (SHB20) containing 7% of FAME and 13% of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), on the oxidative stress in testes and possible protective effects of dietary intervention with blackcurrant pomace (BC). Adult Fisher344/DuCrl rats were exposed by inhalation (6 h/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks) to 2% of DEE from B7 or SHB20 fuel mixed with air. The animals from B7 (n = 14) and SHB20 (n = 14) groups subjected to filtered by a diesel particulate filter (DPF) or unfiltered DEE were maintained on standard feed. The rats from B7+BC (n = 12) or SHB20+BC (n = 12), exposed to DEE in the same way, were fed with feed supplemented containing 2% (m/m) of BC. The exposure to exhaust emissions from 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel resulted in induction of oxidative stress in the testes. Higher concentration of the oxidative stress markers thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs), 25-dihydroxycholesterols (25(OH)2Ch), and 7-ketocholesterol (7-KCh) level), as well as decreased level of antioxidant defense systems such as reduced glutathione (GSH), GSH/GSSG ratio, and increased level of oxidized glutathione (GSSG)) were found. Dietary intervention reduced the concentration of TBARS, 7-KCh, LOOHs, and the GSSG level, and elevated the GSH level in testes. In conclusion, DEE-induced oxidative stress in the testes was related to the biodiesel feedstock and the application of DPF. The SHB20 DEE without DPF technology exerted the most pronounced toxic effects. Dietary intervention with BC in rats exposed to DEE reduced oxidative stress in testes and improved antioxidative defense parameters, however the redox balance in the testes was not completely restored.
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Liu Y, Dong F. Exploring the effect of urban traffic development on PM 2.5 pollution in emerging economies: fresh evidence from China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57260-57274. [PMID: 34089155 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban traffic congestion and haze pollution have become the main obstacles to the development of most cities in emerging economies. It is not clear how urban traffic development processes impact on PM2.5 concentration for the cities of emerging economies. Motivated by exploring the relationship between urban traffic development and PM2.5 pollution, 30 provinces in China (a representative emerging economy) from 2007 to 2016 were taken as examples, and threshold regression model and geographically temporally weighted regression model were used to explore the nonlinear relationship and their spatio-temporal heterogeneity. These empirical researches demonstrated that the impact of urban traffic development on PM2.5 pollution has a significant threshold effect. That is, when the road area crosses the threshold, it will significantly aggravate the regional PM2.5 pollution. Meanwhile, regional economic development also shows a significant threshold effect. Moreover, the relationship between urban traffic development and PM2.5 pollution in various Chinese provinces presents significant spatial heterogeneity. Specifically, the Chinese provinces are divided into four categories, and urban planning should be designed for different types for the sustainable development of the economy and environment. Our results not only contribute to advancing the existing literature, but also merit particular attention from urban planners in emerging economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Liu
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Dong
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, People's Republic of China.
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Sadeghpour A, Oroumiyeh F, Zhu Y, Ko DD, Ji H, Bertozzi AL, Ju YS. Experimental study of a string-based counterflow wet electrostatic precipitator for collection of fine and ultrafine particles. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:851-865. [PMID: 33395565 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1869627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wet electrostatic precipitators (WESP) have been widely studied for collecting fine and ultrafine particles, such as diesel particulate matter (DPM), which have deleterious effects on human health. Here, we report an experimental and numerical simulation study on a novel string-based two-stage WESP. Our new design incorporates grounded vertically aligned polymer strings, along which thin films of water flow down. The water beads, generated by intrinsic flow instability, travel down the strings and collect charged particles in the counterflowing gas stream. We performed experiments using two different geometric configurations of WESP: rectangular and cylindrical. We examined the effects of the WESP electrode bias voltage, air stream velocity, and water flow rate on the number-based fractional collection efficiency for particles of diameters ranging from 10 nm to 2.5 μm. The collection efficiency improves with increasing bias voltages or decreasing airflow rates. At liquid-to-gas (L/G) as low as approximately 0.0066, our design delivers a collection efficiency over 70% even for fine and ultrafine particles. The rectangular and cylindrical configurations exhibit similar collection efficiencies under nominally identical experimental conditions. We also compare the water-to-air mass flow rate ratio, air flow rate per unit collector volume, and collection efficiency of our string-based design with those of previously reported WESPs. The present work demonstrates a promising design for a highly efficient, compact, and scalable two-stage WESPs with minimal water consumption.Implications: Wet Electrostatic Precipitators (WESPs) are highly effective for collecting fine particles in exhaust air streams from various sources such as diesel engines, power plants, and oil refineries. However, their large-scale adoption has been limited by high water usage and reduced collection efficiencies for ultrafine particles. We perform experimental and numerical investigation to characterize the collection efficiency and water flow rate-dependence of a new design of WESP. The string-based counterflow WESP reported in this study offers number-based collection efficiencies >70% at air flow rates per collector volume as high as 4.36 (m3/s)/m3 for particles of diameters ranging from 10 nm - 2.5 μm, while significantly reducing water usage. Our work provides a basis for the design of more compact and water-efficient WESPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Sadeghpour
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Farzan Oroumiyeh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Danny D Ko
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hangjie Ji
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Andrea L Bertozzi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Y Sungtaek Ju
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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Cardenas A, Fadadu RP, Van Der Laan L, Ward-Caviness C, Granger L, Diaz-Sanchez D, Devlin RB, Bind MA. Controlled human exposures to diesel exhaust: a human epigenome-wide experiment of target bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2021; 7:dvab003. [PMID: 33859829 PMCID: PMC8035831 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) is a major contributor to ambient air pollution around the world. It is a known human carcinogen that targets the respiratory system and increases risk for many diseases, but there is limited research on the effects of DE exposure on the epigenome of human bronchial epithelial cells. Understanding the epigenetic impact of this environmental pollutant can elucidate biological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of harmful DE-related health effects. To estimate the causal effect of short-term DE exposure on the bronchial epithelial epigenome, we conducted a controlled single-blinded randomized crossover human experiment of exposure to DE and used bronchoscopy and Illumina 450K arrays for data collection and analysis, respectively. Of the 13 participants, 11 (85%) were male and 2 (15%) were female, and 12 (92%) were White and one (8%) was Hispanic; the mean age was 26 years (SD = 3.8 years). Eighty CpGs were differentially methylated, achieving the minimum possible exact P-value of P = 2.44 × 10-4 (i.e. 2/213). In regional analyses, we found two differentially methylated regions (DMRs) annotated to the chromosome 5 open reading frame 63 genes (C5orf63; 7-CpGs) and unc-45 myosin chaperone A gene (UNC45A; 5-CpGs). Both DMRs showed increased DNA methylation after DE exposure. The average causal effects for the DMRs ranged from 1.5% to 6.0% increases in DNA methylation at individual CpGs. In conclusion, we found that short-term DE alters DNA methylation of genes in target bronchial epithelial cells, demonstrating epigenetic level effects of exposure that could be implicated in pulmonary pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Cardenas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Raj P Fadadu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lars Van Der Laan
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Cavin Ward-Caviness
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC 27709, USA
| | - Louis Granger
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David Diaz-Sanchez
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC 27709, USA
| | - Robert B Devlin
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC 27709, USA
| | - Marie-Abèle Bind
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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7
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Pan WC, Yeh SY, Wu CD, Huang YT, Chen YC, Chen CJ, Yang HI. Association Between Traffic Count and Cardiovascular Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study in Taiwan. J Epidemiol 2020; 31:343-349. [PMID: 32565497 PMCID: PMC8021879 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to traffic-related pollution is positively associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but little is known about how different sources of traffic pollution (eg, gasoline-powered cars, diesel-engine vehicles) contribute to CVD. Therefore, we evaluated the association between exposure to different types of engine exhaust and CVD mortality. Methods We recruited 12,098 participants from REVEAL-HBV cohort in Taiwan. The CVD mortality in 2000–2014 was ascertained by the Taiwan Death Certificates. Traffic pollution sources (2005–2013) were based on information provided by the Directorate General of Highway in 2005. Exposure to PM2.5 was based on a land-use regression model. We applied Cox proportional hazard models to assess the association of traffic vehicle exposure and CVD mortality. A causal mediation analysis was applied to evaluate the mediation effect of PM2.5 on the relationship between traffic and CVD mortality. Results A total of 382 CVD mortalities were identified from 2000 to 2014. We found participants exposed to higher volumes of small car and truck exhausts had an increased CVD mortality. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.10 for small cars (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94–1.27; P-value = 0.23) and 1.24 for truck (95% CI, 1.03–1.51; P-value = 0.03) per one unit increment of the logarithm scale. The findings were still robust with further adjustment for different types of vehicles. A causal mediation analysis revealed PM2.5 had an over 60% mediation effect on traffic-CVD association. Conclusions Exposure to exhaust from trucks or gasoline-powered cars is positively associated with CVD mortality, and air pollution may play a role in this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Pan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University.,Center of Preventive Medicine, National Yang-Ming University
| | - Szu-Yu Yeh
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University.,Center of Preventive Medicine, National Yang-Ming University
| | - Chih-Da Wu
- Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University.,National Health Research Institutes, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
| | | | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Institution of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institute
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica.,Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University
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Sauvé JF, Stapleton EM, O'Shaughnessy PT, Locke SJ, Josse PR, Altmaier RW, Silverman DT, Liu D, Albert PS, Beane Freeman LE, Hofmann JN, Thorne PS, Jones RR, Friesen MC. Diesel Exhaust Exposure during Farming Activities: Statistical Modeling of Continuous Black Carbon Concentrations. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 64:503-513. [PMID: 32219300 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Daily driving of diesel-powered tractors has been linked to increased lung cancer risk in farmers, yet few studies have quantified exposure levels to diesel exhaust during tractor driving or during other farm activities. We expanded an earlier task-based descriptive investigation of factors associated with real-time exposure levels to black carbon (BC, a surrogate of diesel exhaust) in Iowa farmers by increasing the sample size, collecting repeated measurements, and applying statistical models adapted to continuous measurements. METHODS The expanded study added 43 days of sampling, for a total of 63 sample days conducted in 2015 and 2016 on 31 Iowa farmers. Real-time, continuous monitoring (30-s intervals) of personal BC concentrations was performed using a MicroAeth AE51 microaethelometer affixed with a micro-cyclone. A field researcher recorded information on tasks, fuel type, farmer location, and proximity to burning biomass. We evaluated the influence of these variables on log-transformed BC concentrations using a linear mixed-effect model with random effects for farmer and day and a first-order autoregressive structure for within-day correlation. RESULTS Proximity to diesel-powered equipment was observed for 42.5% of the overall sampling time and on 61 of the 63 sample days. Predicted geometric mean BC concentrations were highest during grain bin work, loading, and harvesting, and lower for soil preparation and planting. A 68% increase in BC concentrations was predicted for close proximity to a diesel-powered vehicle, relative to far proximity, while BC concentrations were 44% higher in diesel vehicles with open cabins compared with closed cabins. Task, farmer location, fuel type, and proximity to burning biomass explained 8% of within-day variance in BC concentrations, 2% of between-day variance, and no between-farmer variance. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that farmers worked frequently near diesel equipment and that BC concentrations varied between tasks and by fuel type, farmer location, and proximity to burning biomass. These results could support the development of exposure models applicable to investigations of health effects in farmers associated with exposure to diesel engine exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Sauvé
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emma M Stapleton
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Patrick T O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sarah J Locke
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pabitra R Josse
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ralph W Altmaier
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danping Liu
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul S Albert
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rena R Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melissa C Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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9
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Wu WT, Li LA, Tsou TC, Wang SL, Lee HL, Shih TS, Liou SH. Longitudinal follow-up of health effects among workers handling engineered nanomaterials: a panel study. Environ Health 2019; 18:107. [PMID: 31818305 PMCID: PMC6902474 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although no human illness to date is confirmed to be attributed to engineered nanoparticles, occupational epidemiological studies are needed to verify the health effects of nanoparticles. This study used a repeated measures design to explore the potential adverse health effects of workers handling nanomaterials. METHODS Study population was 206 nanomaterial-handling workers and 108 unexposed controls, who were recruited from 14 nanotechnology plants. They were followed up no less than two times in four years. A questionnaire was used to collect potential confounders and detailed work conditions. Control banding was adopted to categorize risk level for each participant as a surrogate marker of exposure. Health hazard markers include cardiopulmonary dysfunction markers, inflammation and oxidative damage markers, antioxidant enzymes activity, and genotoxicity markers. The Generalized Estimating Equation model was applied to analyze repeated measurements. RESULTS In comparison to the controls, a significant dose-dependent increase on risk levels for the change of superoxide dismutase (p<0.01) and a significant increase of glutathione peroxidase change in risk level 1 was found for nanomaterial-handling workers. However, the change of cardiovascular dysfunction, lung damages, inflammation, oxidative damages, neurobehavioral and genotoxic markers were not found to be significantly associated with nanomaterials handling in this panel study. CONCLUSIONS This repeated measurement study suggests that there was no evidence of potential adverse health effects under the existing workplace exposure levels among nanomaterials handling workers, except for the increase of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Te Wu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Lih-Ann Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Chun Tsou
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Sheng Shih
- Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety, and Health, Ministry of Labor, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Saou-Hsing Liou
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Division of occupational medicine, Division of fanily medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Hime NJ, Marks GB, Cowie CT. A Comparison of the Health Effects of Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution from Five Emission Sources. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1206. [PMID: 29890638 PMCID: PMC6024892 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article briefly reviews evidence of health effects associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution from five common outdoor emission sources: traffic, coal-fired power stations, diesel exhaust, domestic wood combustion heaters, and crustal dust. The principal purpose of this review is to compare the evidence of health effects associated with these different sources with a view to answering the question: Is exposure to PM from some emission sources associated with worse health outcomes than exposure to PM from other sources? Answering this question will help inform development of air pollution regulations and environmental policy that maximises health benefits. Understanding the health effects of exposure to components of PM and source-specific PM are active fields of investigation. However, the different methods that have been used in epidemiological studies, along with the differences in populations, emission sources, and ambient air pollution mixtures between studies, make the comparison of results between studies problematic. While there is some evidence that PM from traffic and coal-fired power station emissions may elicit greater health effects compared to PM from other sources, overall the evidence to date does not indicate a clear ‘hierarchy’ of harmfulness for PM from different emission sources. Further investigations of the health effects of source-specific PM with more advanced approaches to exposure modeling, measurement, and statistics, are required before changing the current public health protection approach of minimising exposure to total PM mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Hime
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia.
- The Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Guy B Marks
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia.
- South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia.
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Christine T Cowie
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia.
- South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia.
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia.
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11
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Stapleton EM, O’Shaughnessy PT, Locke SJ, Altmaier RW, Hofmann JN, Beane Freeman LE, Thorne PS, Jones RR, Friesen MC. A task-based analysis of black carbon exposure in Iowa farmers during harvest. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2018; 15:293-304. [PMID: 29286870 PMCID: PMC6114936 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2017.1422870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust has been associated with adverse human health effects. Farmers are often exposed to diesel exhaust; however, their diesel exposure has not been well characterized. In this descriptive study, we measured black carbon concentrations as a proxy for diesel exhaust exposure in 16 farmers over 20 sampling days during harvest in southeast Iowa. Farmers wore a personal aethalometer which measured real-time black carbon levels throughout the working day, and their activities were recorded by a field researcher. Black carbon concentrations were characterized for each farmer, and by activity, vehicle fuel type, and microenvironment. Overall, 574 discrete tasks were monitored with a median task duration of 5.5 min. Of these tasks, 39% involved the presence of a diesel vehicle. Farmers' daily black carbon geometric mean exposures ranged from 0.1-2.3 µg/m3, with a median daily geometric mean of 0.3 µg/m3. The highest black carbon concentrations were measured on farmers who used or worked near diesel vehicles (geometric mean ranged from 0.5 µg/m3 while harvesting to 4.9 µg/m3 during animal work). Higher geometric means were found for near vs. far proximity to diesel-fueled vehicles and equipment (2.9 vs. 0.3 µg/m3). Indoor, bystander proximity to diesel-operated vehicles resulted in the highest geometric mean black carbon concentrations (18 µg/m3). Use of vehicles with open cabs had higher mean black carbon concentrations than closed cabs (2.1-3.2 vs. 0.4-0.9 µg/m3). In summary, our study provided evidence that farmers were frequently exposed to black carbon associated with diesel-related activities at levels above urban ambient concentrations in their daily work during harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. Stapleton
- University of Iowa, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Patrick T. O’Shaughnessy
- University of Iowa, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Patrick O’Shaughnessy, , Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Sarah J. Locke
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ralph W. Altmaier
- University of Iowa, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan N. Hofmann
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- University of Iowa, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rena R. Jones
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Melissa C. Friesen
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
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12
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Microglial Immune Response to Low Concentrations of Combustion-Generated Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Model of Brain Health. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8030155. [PMID: 29522448 PMCID: PMC5869646 DOI: 10.3390/nano8030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the central regulator for integration and control of responses to environmental cues. Previous studies suggest that air pollution may directly impact brain health by triggering the onset of chronic neuroinflammation. We hypothesize that nanoparticle components of combustion-generated air pollution may underlie these effects. To test this association, a microglial in vitro biological sensor model was used for testing neuroinflammatory response caused by low-dose nanoparticle exposure. The model was first validated using 20 nm silver nanoparticles (AgNP). Next, neuroinflammatory response was tested after exposure to size-selected 20 nm combustion-generated nanoparticles (CGNP) collected from a modern diesel engine. We show that low concentrations of CGNPs promote low-grade inflammatory response indicated by increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release (tumor necrosis factor-α), similar to that observed after AgNP exposure. We also demonstrate increased production of reactive oxygen species and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) p65 phosphorylation in microglia after CGNP stimulation. Finally, we show conditioned media from CGNP-stimulated microglia significantly reduced hypothalamic neuronal survival in vitro. To our knowledge, this data show for the first time that exposure to AgNP and CGNP elicits microglial neuroinflammatory response through the activation of NF-κB.
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13
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Abstract
The burden of disease and death attributable to environmental pollution is becoming a public health challenge worldwide, especially in developing countries. The kidney is vulnerable to environmental pollutants because most environmental toxins are concentrated by the kidney during filtration. Given the high mortality and morbidity of kidney disease, environmental risk factors and their effect on kidney disease need to be identified. In this Review, we highlight epidemiological evidence for the association between kidney disease and environmental pollutants, including air pollution, heavy metal pollution and other environmental risk factors. We discuss the potential biological mechanisms that link exposure to environmental pollutants to kidney damage and emphasize the contribution of environmental pollution to kidney disease. Regulatory efforts should be made to control environmental pollution and limit individual exposure to preventable or avoidable environmental risk. Population studies with accurate quantification of environmental exposure in polluted regions, particularly in developing countries, might aid our understanding of the dose-response relationship between pollutants and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sheng Nie
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hanying Ding
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fan Fan Hou
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China
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14
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Farris BY, Antonini JM, Fedan JS, Mercer RR, Roach KA, Chen BT, Schwegler-Berry D, Kashon ML, Barger MW, Roberts JR. Pulmonary toxicity following acute coexposures to diesel particulate matter and α-quartz crystalline silica in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:322-339. [PMID: 28967277 PMCID: PMC6545482 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1361487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of acute pulmonary coexposures to silica and diesel particulate matter (DPM), which may occur in various mining operations, were investigated in vivo. Rats were exposed by intratracheal instillation (IT) to silica (50 or 233 µg), DPM (7.89 or 50 µg) or silica and DPM combined in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or to PBS alone (control). At one day, one week, one month, two months and three months postexposure bronchoalveolar lavage and histopathology were performed to assess lung injury, inflammation and immune response. While higher doses of silica caused inflammation and injury at all time points, DPM exposure alone did not. DPM (50 µg) combined with silica (233 µg) increased inflammation at one week and one-month postexposure and caused an increase in the incidence of fibrosis at one month compared with exposure to silica alone. To assess susceptibility to lung infection following coexposure, rats were exposed by IT to 233 µg silica, 50 µg DPM, a combination of the two or PBS control one week before intratracheal inoculation with 5 × 105 Listeria monocytogenes. At 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days following infection, pulmonary immune response and bacterial clearance from the lung were evaluated. Coexposure to DPM and silica did not alter bacterial clearance from the lung compared to control. Although DPM and silica coexposure did not alter pulmonary susceptibility to infection in this model, the study showed that noninflammatory doses of DPM had the capacity to increase silica-induced lung injury, inflammation and onset/incidence of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne Y. Farris
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - James M. Antonini
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Fedan
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Robert R. Mercer
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Katherine A. Roach
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Bean T. Chen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Michael L. Kashon
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mark W. Barger
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jenny R. Roberts
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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15
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de Jager P, Rees D, Kisting S, Kgalamono S, Ndaba M, Stacey N, Tugendhaft A, Hofman K. Nudging for Prevention in Occupational Health and Safety in South Africa Using Fiscal Policies. New Solut 2017; 27:176-188. [PMID: 28514907 DOI: 10.1177/1048291117710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, in some countries occupational health and safety policy and practice have a bias toward secondary prevention and workers' compensation rather than primary prevention. Particularly, in emerging economies, research has not adequately contributed to effective interventions and improvements in workers' health. This article, using South Africa as a case study, describes a methodology for identifying candidate fiscal policy interventions and describes the policy interventions selected for occupational health and safety. It is argued that fiscal policies are well placed to deal with complex intersectoral health problems and to focus efforts on primary prevention. A major challenge is the lack of empirical evidence to support the effectiveness of fiscal policies in improving workers' health. A second challenge is the underprioritization of occupational health and safety partly due to the relatively small burden of disease attributed to occupational exposures. Both challenges can and should be overcome by (i) conducting policy-relevant research to fill the empirical gaps and (ii) reconceptualizing, both for policy and research purposes, the role of work as a determinant of population health. Fiscal policies to prevent exposure to hazards at work have face validity and are thus appealing, not as a replacement for other efforts to improve health, but as part of a comprehensive effort toward prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter de Jager
- 1 National Institute of Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David Rees
- 1 National Institute of Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sophia Kisting
- 1 National Institute of Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Spo Kgalamono
- 1 National Institute of Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mpume Ndaba
- 1 National Institute of Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicolas Stacey
- 2 University of the Witwatersrand School of Public Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aviva Tugendhaft
- 2 University of the Witwatersrand School of Public Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Karen Hofman
- 2 University of the Witwatersrand School of Public Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
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16
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ZHANG LP, ZHANG X, DUAN HW, MENG T, NIU Y, HUANG CF, GAO WM, YU SF, ZHENG YX. Long-term exposure to diesel engine exhaust induced lung function decline in a cross sectional study. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2017; 55:13-26. [PMID: 27334424 PMCID: PMC5285310 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2016-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the effects of lung function following exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DEE), we recruited 137 diesel engine testing workers exposed to DEE and 127 non-DEE-exposed workers as study subjects. We performed lung function tests and measured cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome index and levels of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) metabolites. There was a significant decrease of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/ FVC), maximal mid expiratory flow curve (MMF), forced expiratory flow at 50% of FVC (FEF50%), and forced expiratory flow at 75% of FVC (FEF75%) in the DEE-exposed workers than non-DEE-exposed workers (all p<0.05). Among all study subjects, the decreases of FEF75% were associated with the increasing levels of PAHs meta-bolites (p<0.05), and there were negative correlations between FEV1, FEV1/FVC, MMF, FEF50%, and FEF75% with CBMN cytome index (all p<0.05). Our results show that long-term exposure to DEE can induce lung function decline which shows mainly obstructive changes and influence of small airways function. The decreased lung function is associated with internal dosage of DEE exposure, and accompany with the increasing CBMN cytome index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ping ZHANG
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Xiao ZHANG
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Hua Wei DUAN
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Tao MENG
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yong NIU
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Chuan Feng HUANG
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Wei Min GAO
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, USA
| | - Shan Fa YU
- Henan Provincial Institute for Occupational Health, China
| | - Yu Xin ZHENG
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
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17
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Steiner S, Bisig C, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Diesel exhaust: current knowledge of adverse effects and underlying cellular mechanisms. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1541-53. [PMID: 27165416 PMCID: PMC4894930 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Diesel engine emissions are among the most prevalent anthropogenic pollutants worldwide, and with the growing popularity of diesel-fueled engines in the private transportation sector, they are becoming increasingly widespread in densely populated urban regions. However, a large number of toxicological studies clearly show that diesel engine emissions profoundly affect human health. Thus the interest in the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these effects is large, especially concerning the nature of the components of diesel exhaust responsible for the effects and how they could be eliminated from the exhaust. This review describes the fundamental properties of diesel exhaust as well as the human respiratory tract and concludes that adverse health effects of diesel exhaust not only emerge from its chemical composition, but also from the interplay between its physical properties, the physiological and cellular properties, and function of the human respiratory tract. Furthermore, the primary molecular and cellular mechanisms triggered by diesel exhaust exposure, as well as the fundamentals of the methods for toxicological testing of diesel exhaust toxicity, are described. The key aspects of adverse effects induced by diesel exhaust exposure described herein will be important for regulators to support or ban certain technologies or to legitimate incentives for the development of promising new technologies such as catalytic diesel particle filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Bisig
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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18
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Schulte JK, Fox JR, Oron AP, Larson TV, Simpson CD, Paulsen M, Beaudet N, Kaufman JD, Magzamen S. Neighborhood-Scale Spatial Models of Diesel Exhaust Concentration Profile Using 1-Nitropyrene and Other Nitroarenes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13422-30. [PMID: 26501773 PMCID: PMC5026850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With emerging evidence that diesel exhaust exposure poses distinct risks to human health, the need for fine-scale models of diesel exhaust pollutants is growing. We modeled the spatial distribution of several nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) to identify fine-scale gradients in diesel exhaust pollution in two Seattle, WA neighborhoods. Our modeling approach fused land-use regression, meteorological dispersion modeling, and pollutant monitoring from both fixed and mobile platforms. We applied these modeling techniques to concentrations of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), a highly specific diesel exhaust marker, at the neighborhood scale. We developed models of two additional nitroarenes present in secondary organic aerosol: 2-nitropyrene and 2-nitrofluoranthene. Summer predictors of 1-NP, including distance to railroad, truck emissions, and mobile black carbon measurements, showed a greater specificity to diesel sources than predictors of other NPAHs. Winter sampling results did not yield stable models, likely due to regional mixing of pollutants in turbulent weather conditions. The model of summer 1-NP had an R(2) of 0.87 and cross-validated R(2) of 0.73. The synthesis of high-density sampling and hybrid modeling was successful in predicting diesel exhaust pollution at a very fine scale and identifying clear gradients in NPAH concentrations within urban neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill K. Schulte
- University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, United States
- Corresponding Author Phone: (360) 407-6374. Fax (360) 407-7534.
| | - Julie R. Fox
- University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, United States
| | - Assaf P. Oron
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, P.O. Box 5371, Seattle, Washington 98145-5005, United States
| | - Timothy V. Larson
- University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, United States
| | | | - Michael Paulsen
- University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, United States
| | - Nancy Beaudet
- University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, United States
| | - Joel D. Kaufman
- University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, United States
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Colorado State University, 1681 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1681, United States
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19
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Liou SH, Tsai CSJ, Pelclova D, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Schulte PA. Assessing the first wave of epidemiological studies of nanomaterial workers. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 17:413. [PMID: 26635494 PMCID: PMC4666542 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-015-3219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The results of early animal studies of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and air pollution epidemiology suggest that it is important to assess the health of ENM workers. Initial epidemiological studies of workers' exposure to ENMs (<100 nm) are reviewed and characterized for their study designs, findings, and limitations. Of the 15 studies, 11 were cross-sectional, 4 were longitudinal (1 was both cross-sectional and longitudinal in design), and 1 was a descriptive pilot study. Generally, the studies used biologic markers as the dependent variables. All 11 cross-sectional studies showed a positive relationship between various biomarkers and ENM exposures. Three of the four longitudinal studies showed a negative relationship; the fourth showed positive findings after a 1-year follow-up. Each study considered exposure to ENMs as the independent variable. Exposure was assessed by mass concentration in 10 studies and by particle count in six studies. Six of them assessed both mass and particle concentrations. Some of the studies had limited exposure data because of inadequate exposure assessment. Generally, exposure levels were not very high in comparison to those in human inhalation chamber studies, but there were some exceptions. Most studies involved a small sample size, from 2 to 258 exposed workers. These studies represent the first wave of epidemiological studies of ENM workers. They are limited by small numbers of participants, inconsistent (and in some cases inadequate) exposure assessments, generally low exposures, and short intervals between exposure and effect. Still, these studies are a foundation for future work; they provide insight into where ENM workers are experiencing potentially adverse effects that might be related to ENM exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saou-Hsing Liou
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Academia Sinica, and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Candace S. J. Tsai
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, Discovery Park, IN, USA
| | - Daniela Pelclova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Paul A. Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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20
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Fox JR, Cox DP, Drury BE, Gould TR, Kavanagh TJ, Paulsen MH, Sheppard L, Simpson CD, Stewart JA, Larson TV, Kaufman JD. Chemical characterization and in vitro toxicity of diesel exhaust particulate matter generated under varying conditions. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2015; 8:507-519. [PMID: 26539254 PMCID: PMC4628827 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-014-0301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have linked diesel exhaust (DE) to cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality, as well as lung cancer. DE composition is known to vary with many factors, although it is unclear how this influences toxicity. We generated eight DE atmospheres by applying a 2×2×2 factorial design and altering three parameters in a controlled exposure facility: (1) engine load (27 vs 82 %), (2) particle aging (residence time ~5 s vs ~5 min prior to particle collection), and (3) oxidation (with or without ozonation during dilution). Selected exposure concentrations of both diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) and DE gases, DEP oxidative reactivity via DTT activity, and in vitro DEP toxicity in murine endothelial cells were measured for each DE atmosphere. Cell toxicity was assessed via measurement of cell proliferation (colony formation assay), cell viability (MTT assay), and wound healing (scratch assay). Differences in DE composition were observed as a function of engine load. The mean 1-nitropyrene concentration was 15 times higher and oxidative reactivity was two times higher for low engine load versus high load. There were no substantial differences in measured toxicity among the three DE exposure parameters. These results indicate that alteration of applied engine load shifts the composition and can modify the biological reactivity of DE. While engine conditions did not affect the selected in vitro toxicity measures, the change in oxidative reactivity suggests that toxicological studies with DE need to take into account engine conditions in characterizing biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Richman Fox
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David P. Cox
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Timothy R. Gould
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terrance J. Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael H. Paulsen
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher D. Simpson
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James A. Stewart
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy V. Larson
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joel D. Kaufman
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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21
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Rohr AC, Campleman SL, Long CM, Peterson MK, Weatherstone S, Quick W, Lewis A. Potential Occupational Exposures and Health Risks Associated with Biomass-Based Power Generation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:8542-605. [PMID: 26206568 PMCID: PMC4515735 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120708542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomass is increasingly being used for power generation; however, assessment of potential occupational health and safety (OH&S) concerns related to usage of biomass fuels in combustion-based generation remains limited. We reviewed the available literature on known and potential OH&S issues associated with biomass-based fuel usage for electricity generation at the utility scale. We considered three potential exposure scenarios--pre-combustion exposure to material associated with the fuel, exposure to combustion products, and post-combustion exposure to ash and residues. Testing of dust, fungal and bacterial levels at two power stations was also undertaken. Results indicated that dust concentrations within biomass plants can be extremely variable, with peak levels in some areas exceeding occupational exposure limits for wood dust and general inhalable dust. Fungal spore types, identified as common environmental species, were higher than in outdoor air. Our review suggests that pre-combustion risks, including bioaerosols and biogenic organics, should be considered further. Combustion and post-combustion risks appear similar to current fossil-based combustion. In light of limited available information, additional studies at power plants utilizing a variety of technologies and biomass fuels are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette C Rohr
- Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Susan Weatherstone
- ON Technologies (Ratcliffe) Ltd., Ratcliffe on Soar, Nottinghamshire, NG11 0EE, UK.
| | - Will Quick
- ON Technologies (Ratcliffe) Ltd., Ratcliffe on Soar, Nottinghamshire, NG11 0EE, UK.
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Wei J, Li F, Yang J, Liu X, Cho WC. MicroRNAs as regulators of airborne pollution-induced lung inflammation and carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:677-85. [PMID: 25667014 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of pulmonary inflammation and lung cancer, as well as exacerbation of pre-existing chronic lung diseases by exposure to airborne pollutants, e.g., particulate matter and cigarette smoke, is becoming a major public health concern in the world. However, the exact mechanisms of pulmonary injury from exposure to these airborne insults have not been fully elucidated. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) may play a unique role in the regulation of airborne agent-induced lung inflammation and carcinogenesis. Since epigenetic modifications are heritable and reversible, this may provide a new insight into the relationship of miRNAs and environmental pollution-related lung disorders. The aim of this review was to update our existing knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which airborne pollutants altering miRNA profiles in the lung, specifically for cigarette smoke and airborne particulate matter, and the potential biological roles of miRNAs in the initiation of pulmonary inflammation and lung cancer, as well as the regulation of underlying genetic susceptibility to these environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Center of Medical Research, General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China
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Habert C, Garnier R. [Health effects of diesel exhaust: a state of the art]. Rev Mal Respir 2014; 32:138-54. [PMID: 25765120 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review presents the state of knowledge regarding the acute and chronic toxicity of diesel engine exhaust in humans. STATE OF ART The health effects of diesel engine exhaust, which is a complex mixture of gas and particulate matter (ultrafine and fine particles), are mainly irritation of the respiratory tract and carcinogenicity. They may also facilitate the development of respiratory allergies. A recent reassessment by the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that there is sufficient evidence of a causal association between exposure to diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer. PERSPECTIVES The epidemiologic data collected during the last two decades also show limited evidence of increased risks of bladder cancer, as well as of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in diesel engine exhaust exposed workers. Both experimental and epidemiological studies have involved the effect of emissions from traditional diesel engine technology. Major developments in this technology have occurred recently and the toxicity of emissions from these new engines is still to be characterized. CONCLUSION Further studies are needed to explore the link between diesel engine exhaust exposure and the risks of bladder cancer, as well as of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory allergies. Research is also needed to get more information about the toxicity of the new diesel technology emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Habert
- Société nationale des chemins de fer, cellule de toxicologie, département prévention et santé, 44, rue de Rome, 75008 Paris, France.
| | - R Garnier
- Société nationale des chemins de fer, cellule de toxicologie, département prévention et santé, 44, rue de Rome, 75008 Paris, France; Centre antipoison de Paris, groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Saint Louis, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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Snow SJ, McGee J, Miller DB, Bass V, Schladweiler MC, Thomas RF, Krantz T, King C, Ledbetter AD, Richards J, Weinstein JP, Conner T, Willis R, Linak WP, Nash D, Wood CE, Elmore SA, Morrison JP, Johnson CL, Gilmour MI, Kodavanti UP. Inhaled diesel emissions generated with cerium oxide nanoparticle fuel additive induce adverse pulmonary and systemic effects. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:403-17. [PMID: 25239632 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) exposure induces adverse cardiopulmonary effects. Cerium oxide nanoparticles added to diesel fuel (DECe) increases fuel burning efficiency but leads to altered emission characteristics and potentially altered health effects. Here, we evaluated whether DECe results in greater adverse pulmonary effects compared with DE. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to filtered air, DE, or DECe for 5 h/day for 2 days. N-acetyl glucosaminidase activity was increased in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rats exposed to DECe but not DE. There were also marginal but insignificant increases in several other lung injury biomarkers in both exposure groups (DECe > DE for all). To further characterize DECe toxicity, rats in a second study were exposed to filtered air or DECe for 5 h/day for 2 days or 4 weeks. Tissue analysis indicated a concentration- and time-dependent accumulation of lung and liver cerium followed by a delayed clearance. The gas-phase and high concentration of DECe increased lung inflammation at the 2-day time point, indicating that gas-phase components, in addition to particles, contribute to pulmonary toxicity. This effect was reduced at 4 weeks except for a sustained increase in BALF γ-glutamyl transferase activity. Histopathology and transmission electron microscopy revealed increased alveolar septa thickness due to edema and increased numbers of pigmented macrophages after DECe exposure. Collectively, these findings indicate that DECe induces more adverse pulmonary effects on a mass basis than DE. In addition, lung accumulation of cerium, systemic translocation to the liver, and delayed clearance are added concerns to existing health effects of DECe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Snow
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703 *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, Na
| | - John McGee
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Desinia B Miller
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Virginia Bass
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Ronald F Thomas
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Todd Krantz
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Charly King
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Allen D Ledbetter
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Judy Richards
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Jason P Weinstein
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Teri Conner
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Robert Willis
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - William P Linak
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - David Nash
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703 *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, Na
| | - Charles E Wood
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Susan A Elmore
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - James P Morrison
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Crystal L Johnson
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Matthew Ian Gilmour
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, NERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, NRMRL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, Arcadis US Inc., Durham, North Carolina, 27713, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711 and Pathology Associates Inc., Charles River Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, 27703
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Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehungen von Exposition und Lungenfunktion bei Kalibergarbeitern — vergleichende Auswertung einer Längsschnittstudie im linearen und gemischten Modell. ZENTRALBLATT FÜR ARBEITSMEDIZIN, ARBEITSSCHUTZ UND ERGONOMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03346170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Current Status of the Toxicology of Diesel Engine Exhaust — and the ACES Project. ZENTRALBLATT FUR ARBEITSMEDIZIN ARBEITSSCHUTZ UND ERGONOMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03346132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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LIAO HY, CHUNG YT, LAI CH, LIN MH, LIOU SH. Sneezing and allergic dermatitis were increased in engineered nanomaterial handling workers. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2014; 52:199-215. [PMID: 24492762 PMCID: PMC4209579 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2013-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to survey the work-relatedness of symptoms and diseases among engineered nanomaterials handling workers by questionnaire. A total of 258 exposed workers and 200 comparison workers were recruited from 14 nanomaterials handling factories in Taiwan. In addition to current disease status (prevalence), we classified the diseases worsened by employment (worsened by work). The control banding nanotool risk level matrix was adopted to categorize the severity and probability of nanomaterial exposure. The work-relatedness of symptoms was also self-reported in the questionnaire. The only symptom identified as significantly work-related was sneezing (5.88% in risk level 2 and 7.91% in risk level 1 vs. 2.00% in controls, p=0.04). The prevalences of work-related dry cough (p=0.06) and productive cough (p=0.09) in nanomaterials handling workers were also higher than those in controls. The only disease significantly worsened by work was allergic dermatitis (4.20% in risk level 2, 0% in risk level 1 vs. 0.50% in control, p=0.01). The incidence of angina in nanoworkers was also higher than in controls (p=0.06). In addition to allergic diseases, cardiopulmonary symptoms such as cough and angina may be used as screening tools for medical surveillance of people handling engineered nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yi LIAO
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine,
National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Teh CHUNG
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine,
National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Huang LAI
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical
Center, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiu LIN
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of
Labor Affairs, Taiwan
| | - Saou-Hsing LIOU
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine,
National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical
Center, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health,
China Medical University and Hospital, Taiwan
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Adgate JL, Goldstein BD, McKenzie LM. Potential public health hazards, exposures and health effects from unconventional natural gas development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8307-20. [PMID: 24564405 DOI: 10.1021/es404621d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in unconventional natural gas (UNG) development in the United States during the past decade has brought wells and related infrastructure closer to population centers. This review evaluates risks to public health from chemical and nonchemical stressors associated with UNG, describes likely exposure pathways and potential health effects, and identifies major uncertainties to address with future research. The most important occupational stressors include mortality, exposure to hazardous materials and increased risk of industrial accidents. For communities near development and production sites the major stressors are air pollutants, ground and surface water contamination, truck traffic and noise pollution, accidents and malfunctions, and psychosocial stress associated with community change. Despite broad public concern, no comprehensive population-based studies of the public health effects of UNG operations exist. Major uncertainties are the unknown frequency and duration of human exposure, future extent of development, potential emission control and mitigation strategies, and a paucity of baseline data to enable substantive before and after comparisons for affected populations and environmental media. Overall, the current literature suggests that research needs to address these uncertainties before we can reasonably quantify the likelihood of occurrence or magnitude of adverse health effects associated with UNG production in workers and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Adgate
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver , 13001 E. 17th Place, Campus Box B119, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Liao HY, Chung YT, Lai CH, Wang SL, Chiang HC, Li LA, Tsou TC, Li WF, Lee HL, Wu WT, Lin MH, Hsu JH, Ho JJ, Chen CJ, Shih TS, Lin CC, Liou SH. Six-month follow-up study of health markers of nanomaterials among workers handling engineered nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8 Suppl 1:100-10. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.858793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yi Liao
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
| | - Yu-Teh Chung
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
| | - Ching-Huang Lai
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
| | - Hung-Che Chiang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
| | - Lih-Ann Li
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
| | - Tsui-Chun Tsou
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
| | - Wan-Fen Li
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
| | - Hui-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, and
| | - Wei-Te Wu
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
| | - Ming-Hsiu Lin
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Huei Hsu
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiune-Jye Ho
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Jong Chen
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Sheng Shih
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chi Lin
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Saou-Hsing Liou
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan,
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan,
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
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Angelovič M, Tkač Z, Angelovič M. Oilseed rape as feedstock for biodiesel production in relation to the environment and human health. POTRAVINARSTVO 2013. [DOI: 10.5219/278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oilseed rape is one of the most important crops in cultivation process. A current developmental trend in non-food rapeseed production on agricultural land shows that this new course is irreversible and is a great opportunity for agriculture. Non-food rapeseed production is focused on the production of biodiesel. Biodiesel has good environmental properties. Lower emissions are produced by the combustion of biodiesel than for diesel. In content of exhaust gas is observed a significant decrease of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, particulate matter and etc. The analysis of the literary knowledge on impacts of biodiesel on exhaust emissions, on regulated emissions, shows a reduction of 10.1% for particulate matter, of 21.1% for hydrocarbons, and 11.0% for carbon monoxide with the use of B20. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) increased by 2.0%. Biodiesel was introduced into the European market in the 1988s as B100. The use of blends with content up to 5% biodiesel has no significant impact on the emissions and their toxicity. An increased mutagenicity was observed with blends containing 20%. Nevertheless, increased mutagenic effects were observed under specific conditions. Accordingly, the problem concerning blends of diesel fuel with biodiesel (B20) should be investigated with high priority. No comprehensive risk assessment for diesel engine emissions from biodiesel and its blends is possible In regard to a comprehensive hazard characterization it is urged to develop a panel of standardized and internationally accepted protocols which allow a reliable assessment of possible health hazards which may arise from the combustion of new fuels compared to conventional diesel fuel. These methods should be robust and should reflect the various health hazards associated with diesel engine emissions to supplement data on regulated emissions. Methods for the generation of the exhaust and sample preparation should be harmonized. There is sufficient evidence supporting a causal relationship between diesel engine emissions and acute health effects, as are childhood asthma, non-asthma respiratory symptoms, impaired lung function, total and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular morbidity. Although, diesel engine emissions exposures in developed countries changed strongly during recent years, reliable animal experiments or epidemiological studies concerning the use of new fuels and technologies are almost lacking.
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Effect of serum on diesel exhaust particles (DEP)-induced apoptosis of airway epithelial cells in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2013; 218:215-23. [PMID: 23454527 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic airway diseases may be more susceptible to adverse effects of air pollutants including diesel exhaust particles (DEP). We investigated effects of foetal calf serum (FCS) on DEP-induced changes in airway epithelial cell apoptosis and inflammation. DEP (50-200 μg/ml) increased A549 cell viability in the absence of FCS. In the presence of 3.3%FCS, DEP (50-400 μg/ml) decreased A549 cell viability. N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 33 mM) and the c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor (SP600125, 33 μM) further decreased the viability in the presence of DEP (200 μg/ml) and 3.3% FCS. Under serum-free (SF) condition, DEP (50 μg/ml) reduced apoptotic cells; however, when 3.3% FCS added to the culture medium, this effect was abolished. DEP (200 μg/ml) induced mRNA expression of p21(CIP1/WAF1) both in absence or presence of 3.3% FCS and enhanced JNK2 mRNA expression only in the presence of 3.3% FCS. Under SF condition, DEP (50 μg/ml) induced mRNA expression for p27 and p53, whereas cyclin E mRNA expression was inhibited by DEP (50 and 200 μg/ml). Furthermore, DEP (200 μg/ml) decreased the release of interleukin (IL)-8 in the absence of FCS. In conclusion, FCS modulates effects of DEP on cell death, cell cycle and apoptosis regulating proteins, and IL-8 release by activating oxidant stress pathways, JNK and NF-κB. Extravasation of serum, as occurs in the inflamed airways of patients with chronic airway diseases such as asthma and COPD, may render airway epithelial cells more susceptible to the deleterious effects of DEP.
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Motta V, Angelici L, Nordio F, Bollati V, Fossati S, Frascati F, Tinaglia V, Bertazzi PA, Battaglia C, Baccarelli AA. Integrative Analysis of miRNA and inflammatory gene expression after acute particulate matter exposure. Toxicol Sci 2013; 132:307-16. [PMID: 23358196 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are environmentally sensitive inhibitors of gene expression that may mediate the effects of metal-rich particulate matter (PM) and toxic metals on human individuals. Previous environmental miRNA studies have investigated a limited number of candidate miRNAs and have not yet evaluated the functional effects on gene expression. In this study, we wanted to identify PM-sensitive miRNAs using microarray profiling on matched baseline and postexposure RNA from foundry workers with well-characterized exposure to metal-rich PM and to characterize miRNA relations with expression of candidate inflammatory genes. We applied microarray analysis of 847 human miRNAs and real-time PCR analysis of 18 candidate inflammatory genes on matched blood samples collected from foundry workers at baseline and after 3 days of work (postexposure). We identified differentially expressed miRNAs (fold change [FC] > 2 and p < 0.05) and correlated their expression with the inflammatory associated genes. We performed in silico network analysis in MetaCore v6.9 to characterize the biological pathways connecting miRNA-mRNA pairs. Microarray analysis identified four miRNAs that were differentially expressed in postexposure compared with baseline samples, including miR-421 (FC = 2.81, p < 0.001), miR-146a (FC = 2.62, p = 0.007), miR-29a (FC = 2.91, p < 0.001), and let-7g (FC = 2.73, p = 0.019). Using false discovery date adjustment for multiple comparisons, we found 11 miRNA-mRNA correlated pairs involving the 4 differentially expressed miRNAs and candidate inflammatory genes. In silico network analysis with MetaCore database identified biological interactions for all the 11 miRNA-mRNA pairs, which ranged from direct mRNA targeting to complex interactions with multiple intermediates. Acute PM exposure may affect gene regulation through PM-responsive miRNAs that directly or indirectly control inflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Motta
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Yan Chan K, Jian L. Identification of significant factors for air pollution levels using a neural network based knowledge discovery system. Neurocomputing 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bünger J, Krahl J, Schröder O, Schmidt L, Westphal GA. Potential hazards associated with combustion of bio-derived versus petroleum-derived diesel fuel. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:732-50. [PMID: 22871157 PMCID: PMC3483060 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.710194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fuels from renewable resources have gained worldwide interest due to limited fossil oil sources and the possible reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gas. One of these fuels is so called biodiesel produced from vegetable oil by transesterification into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). To get a first insight into changes of health hazards from diesel engine emissions (DEE) by use of biodiesel scientific studies were reviewed which compared the combustion of FAME with common diesel fuel (DF) for legally regulated and non-regulated emissions as well as for toxic effects. A total number of 62 publications on chemical analyses of DEE and 18 toxicological in vitro studies were identified meeting the criteria. In addition, a very small number of human studies and animal experiments were available. In most studies, combustion of biodiesel reduces legally regulated emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. Nitrogen oxides are regularly increased. Among the non-regulated emissions aldehydes are increased, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are lowered. Most biological in vitro assays show a stronger cytotoxicity of biodiesel exhaust and the animal experiments reveal stronger irritant effects. Both findings are possibly caused by the higher content of nitrogen oxides and aldehydes in biodiesel exhaust. The lower content of PAH is reflected by a weaker mutagenicity compared to DF exhaust. However, recent studies show a very low mutagenicity of DF exhaust as well, probably caused by elimination of sulfur in present DF qualities and the use of new technology diesel engines. Combustion of vegetable oil (VO) in common diesel engines causes a strongly enhanced mutagenicity of the exhaust despite nearly unchanged regulated emissions. The newly developed fuel "hydrotreated vegetable oil" (HVO) seems to be promising. HVO has physical and chemical advantages compared to FAME. Preliminary results show lower regulated and non-regulated emissions and a decreased mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Bünger
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany.
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Hesterberg TW, Long CM, Bunn WB, Lapin CA, McClellan RO, Valberg PA. Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust: an historical overview focused on lung cancer risk. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24 Suppl 1:1-45. [PMID: 22663144 PMCID: PMC3423304 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.691913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mutagenicity of organic solvent extracts from diesel exhaust particulate (DEP), first noted more than 55 years ago, initiated an avalanche of diesel exhaust (DE) health effects research that now totals more than 6000 published studies. Despite an extensive body of results, scientific debate continues regarding the nature of the lung cancer risk posed by inhalation of occupational and environmental DE, with much of the debate focused on DEP. Decades of scientific scrutiny and increasingly stringent regulation have resulted in major advances in diesel engine technologies. The changed particulate matter (PM) emissions in "New Technology Diesel Exhaust (NTDE)" from today's modern low-emission, advanced-technology on-road heavy-duty diesel engines now resemble the PM emissions in contemporary gasoline engine exhaust (GEE) and compressed natural gas engine exhaust more than those in the "traditional diesel exhaust" (TDE) characteristic of older diesel engines. Even with the continued publication of epidemiologic analyses of TDE-exposed populations, this database remains characterized by findings of small increased lung cancer risks and inconsistent evidence of exposure-response trends, both within occupational cohorts and across occupational groups considered to have markedly different exposures (e.g. truckers versus railroad shopworkers versus underground miners). The recently published National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-National Cancer Institute (NCI) epidemiologic studies of miners provide some of the strongest findings to date regarding a DE-lung cancer association, but some inconsistent exposure-response findings and possible effects of bias and exposure misclassification raise questions regarding their interpretation. Laboratory animal studies are negative for lung tumors in all species, except for rats under lifetime TDE-exposure conditions with durations and concentrations that lead to "lung overload." The species specificity of the rat lung response to overload, and its occurrence with other particle types, is now well-understood. It is thus generally accepted that the rat bioassay for inhaled particles under conditions of lung overload is not predictive of human lung cancer hazard. Overall, despite an abundance of epidemiologic and experimental data, there remain questions as to whether TDE exposure causes increased lung cancers in humans. An abundance of emissions characterization data, as well as preliminary toxicological data, support NTDE as being toxicologically distinct from TDE. Currently, neither epidemiologic data nor animal bioassay data yet exist that directly bear on NTDE carcinogenic potential. A chronic bioassay of NTDE currently in progress will provide data on whether NTDE poses a carcinogenic hazard, but based on the significant reductions in PM mass emissions and the major changes in PM composition, it has been hypothesized that NTDE has a low carcinogenic potential. When the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reevaluates DE (along with GEE and nitroarenes) in June 2012, it will be the first authoritative body to assess DE carcinogenic health hazards since the emergence of NTDE and the accumulation of data differentiating NTDE from TDE.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epidemiologic investigation has associated traffic-related air pollution with adverse human health outcomes. The capacity of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), a major emission source air pollution particle, to initiate an airway inflammation has subsequently been investigated. We review the recent controlled human exposures to diesel exhaust and DEPs, and summarize the investigations into the associations between this emission source air pollution particle and airway inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS Using bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial biopsies, and sputum collection, studies have demonstrated inflammation in the airways of healthy individuals after exposure to diesel exhaust and DEPs. This inflammation has included neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes. Elevated expression and concentrations of inflammatory mediators have similarly been observed in the respiratory tract after diesel exhaust and DEP exposure. An increased sensitivity of asthmatic individuals to the proinflammatory effects of DEPs has not been confirmed. SUMMARY Inflammation after diesel exhaust and DEP exposure is evident at higher concentrations only; there appears to be a threshold dose for DEPs approximating 300 μg/m. The lack of a biological response to DEPs at lower concentrations may reflect a contribution of gaseous constituents or interactions between DEPs and gaseous air pollutants to the human inflammatory response and function loss.
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Ito Y, Ramdhan DH, Yanagiba Y, Yamagishi N, Kamijima M, Nakajima T. [Exposure to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust may cause liver damage]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2011; 66:638-42. [PMID: 21996760 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.66.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) is one of the air pollutants in the world, and exposure to DE is an environmental health concern. Most studies amongst the limited number of studies on hepatotoxicity have focused on genotoxicity or mutagenicity. However, DE exposure may cause liver damage because one prospective study suggests that DE exposure is associated with increased mortality due to arteriosclerosis and cirrhosis of the liver. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α plays a role in the regulation of lipid homeostasis and inflammation and thereby may be involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. We investigated whether nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NR-DE) affects the liver and how PPARα is involved in the NR-DE induced effects. We report these results briefly in this minireview. Our results suggest NR-DE-induced hepatic inflammation and dyslipidemia. PPARα may be involved in the development of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
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Sonkoly E, Pivarcsi A. MicroRNAs in inflammation and response to injuries induced by environmental pollution. Mutat Res 2011; 717:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Hesterberg TW, Long CM, Sax SN, Lapin CA, McClellan RO, Bunn WB, Valberg PA. Particulate matter in new technology diesel exhaust (NTDE) is quantitatively and qualitatively very different from that found in traditional diesel exhaust (TDE). JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2011; 61:894-913. [PMID: 22010375 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2011.599277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) characteristic of pre-1988 engines is classified as a "probable" human carcinogen (Group 2A) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has classified DE as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans." These classifications were based on the large body of health effect studies conducted on DE over the past 30 or so years. However, increasingly stringent U.S. emissions standards (1988-2010) for particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in diesel exhaust have helped stimulate major technological advances in diesel engine technology and diesel fuel/lubricant composition, resulting in the emergence of what has been termed New Technology Diesel Exhaust, or NTDE. NTDE is defined as DE from post-2006 and older retrofit diesel engines that incorporate a variety of technological advancements, including electronic controls, ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel, oxidation catalysts, and wall-flow diesel particulate filters (DPFs). As discussed in a prior review (T. W. Hesterberg et al.; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 6437-6445), numerous emissions characterization studies have demonstrated marked differences in regulated and unregulated emissions between NTDE and "traditional diesel exhaust" (TDE) from pre-1988 diesel engines. Now there exist even more data demonstrating significant chemical and physical distinctions between the diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) in NTDE versus DEP from pre-2007 diesel technology, and its greater resemblance to particulate emissions from compressed natural gas (CNG) or gasoline engines. Furthermore, preliminary toxicological data suggest that the changes to the physical and chemical composition of NTDE lead to differences in biological responses between NTDE versus TDE exposure. Ongoing studies are expected to address some of the remaining data gaps in the understanding of possible NTDE health effects, but there is now sufficient evidence to conclude that health effects studies of pre-2007 DE likely have little relevance in assessing the potential health risks of NTDE exposures.
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McDonald JD, Campen MJ, Harrod KS, Seagrave J, Seilkop SK, Mauderly JL. Engine-operating load influences diesel exhaust composition and cardiopulmonary and immune responses. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1136-41. [PMID: 21524982 PMCID: PMC3237353 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition of diesel engine exhaust (DEE) varies by engine type and condition, fuel, engine operation, and exhaust after treatment such as particle traps. DEE has been shown to increase inflammation, susceptibility to infection, and cardiovascular responses in experimentally exposed rodents and humans. Engines used in these studies have been operated at idle, at different steady-state loads, or on variable-load cycles, but exposures are often reported only as the mass concentration of particulate matter (PM), and the effects of different engine loads and the resulting differences in DEE composition are unknown. OBJECTIVES We assessed the impacts of load-related differences in DEE composition on models of inflammation, susceptibility to infection, and cardiovascular toxicity. METHODS We assessed inflammation and susceptibility to viral infection in C57BL/6 mice and cardiovascular toxicity in APOE-/- mice after being exposed to DEE generated from a single-cylinder diesel generator operated at partial or full load. RESULTS At the same PM mass concentration, partial load resulted in higher proportions of particle organic carbon content and a smaller particle size than did high load. Vapor-phase hydrocarbon content was greater at partial load. Compared with high-load DEE, partial-load DEE caused greater responses in heart rate and T-wave morphology, in terms of both magnitude and rapidity of onset of effects, consistent with previous findings that systemic effects may be driven largely by the gas phase of the exposure atmospheres. However, high-load DEE caused more lung inflammation and greater susceptibility to viral infection than did partial load. CONCLUSIONS Differences in engine load, as well as other operating variables, are important determinants of the type and magnitude of responses to inhaled DEE. PM mass concentration alone is not a sufficient basis for comparing or combining results from studies using DEE generated under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA.
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Features of microglia and neuroinflammation relevant to environmental exposure and neurotoxicity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:2980-3018. [PMID: 21845170 PMCID: PMC3155341 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8072980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident cells of the brain involved in regulatory processes critical for development, maintenance of the neural environment, injury and repair. They belong to the monocytic-macrophage lineage and serve as brain immune cells to orchestrate innate immune responses; however, they are distinct from other tissue macrophages due to their relatively quiescent phenotype and tight regulation by the CNS microenvironment. Microglia actively survey the surrounding parenchyma and respond rapidly to changes such that any disruption to neural architecture or function can contribute to the loss in regulation of the microglia phenotype. In many models of neurodegeneration and neurotoxicity, early events of synaptic degeneration and neuronal loss are accompanied by an inflammatory response including activation of microglia, perivascular monocytes, and recruitment of leukocytes. In culture, microglia have been shown to be capable of releasing several potentially cytotoxic substances, such as reactive oxygen intermediates, nitric oxide, proteases, arachidonic acid derivatives, excitatory amino acids, and cytokines; however, they also produce various neurotrophic factors and quench damage from free radicals and excitotoxins. As the primary source for pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglia are implicated as pivotal mediators of neuroinflammation and can induce or modulate a broad spectrum of cellular responses. Neuroinflammation should be considered as a balanced network of processes whereby subtle modifications can shift the cells toward disparate outcomes. For any evaluation of neuroinflammation and microglial responses, within the framework of neurotoxicity or degeneration, one key question in determining the consequence of neuroinflammation is whether the response is an initiating event or the consequence of tissue damage. As examples of environmental exposure-related neuroinflammation in the literature, we provide an evaluation of data on manganese and diesel exhaust particles.
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Surawski NC, Miljevic B, Ayoko GA, Roberts BA, Elbagir S, Fairfull-Smith KE, Bottle SE, Ristovski ZD. Physicochemical characterization of particulate emissions from a compression ignition engine employing two injection technologies and three fuels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:5498-5505. [PMID: 21627159 DOI: 10.1021/es200388f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Alternative fuels and injection technologies are a necessary component of particulate emission reduction strategies for compression ignition engines. Consequently, this study undertakes a physicochemical characterization of diesel particulate matter (DPM) for engines equipped with alternative injection technologies (direct injection and common rail) and alternative fuels (ultra low sulfur diesel, a 20% biodiesel blend, and a synthetic diesel). Particle physical properties were addressed by measuring particle number size distributions, and particle chemical properties were addressed by measuring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Particle volatility was determined by passing the polydisperse size distribution through a thermodenuder set to 300 °C. The results from this study, conducted over a four point test cycle, showed that both fuel type and injection technology have an impact on particle emissions, but injection technology was the more important factor. Significant particle number emission (54%-84%) reductions were achieved at half load operation (1% increase-43% decrease at full load) with the common rail injection system; however, the particles had a significantly higher PAH fraction (by a factor of 2 to 4) and ROS concentrations (by a factor of 6 to 16) both expressed on a test-cycle averaged basis. The results of this study have significant implications for the health effects of DPM emissions from both direct injection and common rail engines utilizing various alternative fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Surawski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Krantz QT, King C, Costa DL, Farraj AK. TRPA1 and sympathetic activation contribute to increased risk of triggered cardiac arrhythmias in hypertensive rats exposed to diesel exhaust. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:951-7. [PMID: 21377951 PMCID: PMC3223009 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust (DE), which is emitted from on- and off-road sources, is a complex mixture of toxic gaseous and particulate components that leads to triggered adverse cardiovascular effects such as arrhythmias. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that increased risk of triggered arrhythmias 1 day after DE exposure is mediated by airway sensory nerves bearing transient receptor potential (TRP) channels [e.g., transient receptor potential cation channel, member A1 (TRPA1)] that, when activated by noxious chemicals, can cause a centrally mediated autonomic imbalance and heightened risk of arrhythmia. METHODS Spontaneously hypertensive rats implanted with radiotelemeters were whole-body exposed to either 500 μg/m³ (high) or 150 μg/m³ (low) whole DE (wDE) or filtered DE (fDE), or to filtered air (controls), for 4 hr. Arrhythmogenesis was assessed 24 hr later by continuous intravenous infusion of aconitine, an arrhythmogenic drug, while heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored. RESULTS Rats exposed to wDE or fDE had slightly higher HRs and increased low-frequency:high-frequency ratios (sympathetic modulation) than did controls; ECG showed prolonged ventricular depolarization and shortened repolarization periods. Rats exposed to wDE developed arrhythmia at lower doses of aconitine than did controls; the dose was even lower in rats exposed to fDE. Pretreatment of low wDE-exposed rats with a TRPA1 antagonist or sympathetic blockade prevented the heightened sensitivity to arrhythmia. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a single exposure to DE increases the sensitivity of the heart to triggered arrhythmias. The gaseous components appear to play an important role in the proarrhythmic response, which may be mediated by activation of TRPA1, and subsequent sympathetic modulation. As such, toxic inhalants may partly exhibit their toxicity by lowering the threshold for secondary triggers, complicating assessment of their risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi S Hazari
- Environmental Public Health Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Patel H, Eo S, Kwon S. Effects of diesel particulate matters on inflammatory responses in static and dynamic culture of human alveolar epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2010; 200:124-31. [PMID: 21094226 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diesel particulate matter (DPM) possesses the potential to induce acute and chronic health issues upon occupational and daily exposure. Many recent studies have focused on understanding molecular mechanisms to depict DPM's side effects inside the lung using static in vitro cell culture models. These studies have provided abundant fundamental information on DPM's adverse effects on cellular responses, but these systems were limited by the absence of dynamic nature to access relevant cellular responses and functionality. We hypothesized that the exposure of DPM under dynamic environment may affect the levels of cellular inflammation and reactive oxygen species, which may be different from those under static environments. In this study, we used the dynamic cell growth condition to mimic mechanically dynamic environment similar to the normal breathing in vivo. We also used high (20, 10, and 5 ppm) and low (3, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 ppm) ranges of DPM exposure to mimic different levels of exposure, respectively. Following 24-, 48-, and 72-h exposure of DPM, Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-reactive protein (CRP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and total amount of protein were analyzed. Our results demonstrated the distinct differences in the profiles of inflammatory mediators (IL-8, CRP, and ROS) between the static and dynamic cell growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemang Patel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA
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Hesterberg TW, Long CM, Lapin CA, Hamade AK, Valberg PA. Diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) and nanoparticle exposures: what do DEP human clinical studies tell us about potential human health hazards of nanoparticles? Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:679-94. [PMID: 20462394 DOI: 10.3109/08958371003758823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are increasingly tested in cellular and laboratory-animal experiments for hazard potential, but there is a lack of health effects data for humans exposed to ENPs. However, human data for another source of nanoparticle (NP) exposure are available, notably for the NPs contained in diesel exhaust particulate (DEP). Studies of human volunteers exposed to diesel exhaust (DE) in research settings report DEP-NP number concentrations (i.e., >10(6) particles/cm(3)) that exceed number concentrations reported for worst-case exposure conditions for workers manufacturing and handling ENPs. Recent human DE exposure studies, using sensitive physiological instrumentation and well-characterized exposure concentrations and durations, suggest that elevated DE exposures from pre-2007 engines may trigger short-term changes in, for example, lung and systemic inflammation, thrombogenesis, vascular function, and brain activity. Considerable uncertainty remains both as to which DE constituents underlie the observed responses (i.e., DEP NPs, DEP mass, DE gases), and as to the implications of the observed short-term changes for the development of disease. Even so, these DE human clinical data do not give evidence of a unique toxicity for NPs as compared to other small particles. Of course, physicochemical properties of toxicological relevance may differ between DEP NPs and other NPs, yet overall, the DE human clinical data do not support the idea that elevated levels of NPs per se (at least in the DEP context) must be acutely toxic by virtue of their nano-sized nature alone.
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Andersen ZJ, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Loft S, Sørensen M, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Raaschou-Nielsen O. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution: a cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 183:455-61. [PMID: 20870755 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201006-0937oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Short-term exposure to air pollution has been associated with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), whereas the role of long-term exposures on the development of COPD is not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVES We assessed the effect of exposure to traffic-related air pollution over 35 years on the incidence of COPD in a prospective cohort study. METHODS We followed 57,053 participants in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort in the Hospital Discharge Register for their first hospital admission for COPD between 1993 and 2006. We estimated the annual mean levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) at all residential addresses of the cohort participants since 1971 to an event or 2006 and used indicators of traffic near the residential address at recruitment. We assessed the association between exposure to air pollution and COPD incidence by Cox regression analyses for the full cohort, and for participants with and without comorbid conditions, including asthma, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A first hospital admission for COPD was recorded for 1,786 (3.4%) of 52,799 eligible subjects between recruitment (1993-1997) and 2006. COPD incidence was associated with the 35-year mean NO₂ level (hazard ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.14, per interquartile range of 5.8 μg/m³), with stronger associations in subjects with diabetes (1.29; 1.05-1.50) and asthma (1.19; 1.03-1.38). CONCLUSIONS Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution may contribute to the development of COPD with possibly enhanced susceptibility in people with diabetes and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorana J Andersen
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Laumbach RJ, Kipen HM. Acute effects of motor vehicle traffic-related air pollution exposures on measures of oxidative stress in human airways. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1203:107-12. [PMID: 20716291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have linked exposure to traffic-related air pollutants to increased respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Evidence from human, animal, and in vitro studies supports an important role for oxidative stress in the pathophysiological pathways underlying the adverse health effects of air pollutants. In controlled-exposure studies of animals and humans, emissions from diesel engines, a major source of traffic-related air pollutants, cause pulmonary and systemic inflammation that is mediated by redox-sensitive signaling pathways. Assessment of human responses to traffic-related air pollution under realistic conditions is challenging due to the complex, dynamic nature of near-roadway exposure. Noninvasive measurement of biomarkers in breath and breath condensate may be particularly useful for evaluating the role of oxidative stress in acute responses to exposures that occur in vehicles or during near-roadway activities. Promising biomarkers include nitric oxide in exhaled breath, and nitrite/nitrate, malondialdehyde, and F2-isoprostanes in exhaled breath condensate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Laumbach
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
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Lee MW, Chen ML, Lung SCC, Tsai CJ, Yin XJ, Mao IF. Exposure assessment of PM2.5 and urinary 8-OHdG for diesel exhaust emission inspector. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:505-510. [PMID: 19896169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) to induce production of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and increase levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyquanosine (8-OHdG). Controversial results have been obtained regarding the effects of workplace exposure on urinary 8-OHdG level. This study assessed concentrations of environmental PM(2.5) in DEP (DEP(2.5)), personal DEP(2.5) and urinary 8-OHdG of diesel engine exhaust emission inspector (inspector) at a diesel vehicle emission inspection station (inspection station). The analysis specifically focuses on the factors that influence inspector urinary 8-OHdG. Repeated-measures study design was used to sample for five consecutive days. A total of 25 environmental PM(2.5) measurements were analyzed at 5 different locations by using a dichotomous sampler, and a total of 55 personal PM(2.5) measurements were analyzed from inspectors by using PM(2.5) personal sampler. During the sampling period, a total of 110 pre- and post-work urine samples from inspectors, and 32 samples from the control group were collected. Following age and sex matching between the inspectors and the control group, levels of urinary 8-OHdG were analyzed. Environmental and personal concentrations of DEP(2.5) were 107.25+/-39.76 (mean+/-SD) and 155.96+/-75.70 microg/m(3), respectively. Also, the concentration of urinary 8-OHdG differed significantly between inspector and control non-smokers, averaging 14.05+/-12.71 and 6.58+/-4.39 microg/g creatinine, respectively. Additionally, urinary 8-OHdG concentrations were associated with diesel exposure after controlling for smoking and cooking at home. Compared with the control group, the inspector displayed significantly increased levels of urinary 8-OHdG. Diesel exhaust is the single pollutant involved in the exposure of DEP(2.5) at the inspection station, as confirmed by the final results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Wen Lee
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Beitou, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cho SH, Tong H, McGee JK, Baldauf RW, Krantz QT, Gilmour MI. Comparative toxicity of size-fractionated airborne particulate matter collected at different distances from an urban highway. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1682-9. [PMID: 20049117 PMCID: PMC2801189 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have reported an association between proximity to highway traffic and increased cardiopulmonary illnesses. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of size-fractionated particulate matter (PM), obtained at different distances from a highway, on acute cardiopulmonary toxicity in mice. METHODS We collected PM for 2 weeks in July-August 2006 using a three-stage (ultrafine, < 0.1 microm; fine, 0.1-2.5 microm; coarse, 2.5-10 microm) high-volume impactor at distances of 20 m [near road (NR)] and 275 m [far road (FR)] from an interstate highway in Raleigh, North Carolina. Samples were extracted in methanol, dried, diluted in saline, and then analyzed for chemical constituents. Female CD-1 mice received either 25 or 100 microg of each size fraction via oropharyngeal aspiration. At 4 and 18 hr postexposure, mice were assessed for pulmonary responsiveness to inhaled methacholine, biomarkers of lung injury and inflammation; ex vivo cardiac pathophysiology was assessed at 18 hr only. RESULTS Overall chemical composition between NR and FR PM was similar, although NR samples comprised larger amounts of PM, endotoxin, and certain metals than did the FR samples. Each PM size fraction showed differences in ratios of major chemical classes. Both NR and FR coarse PM produced significant pulmonary inflammation irrespective of distance, whereas both NR and FR ultrafine PM induced cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. CONCLUSIONS On a comparative mass basis, the coarse and ultrafine PM affected the lung and heart, respectively. We observed no significant differences in the overall toxicity end points and chemical makeup between the NR and FR PM. The results suggest that PM of different size-specific chemistry might be associated with different toxicologic mechanisms in cardiac and pulmonary tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Cho
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Haiyan Tong
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and
| | - John K. McGee
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and
| | - Richard W. Baldauf
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Q. Todd Krantz
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and
| | - M. Ian Gilmour
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and
- Address correspondence to M.I. Gilmour, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Mail Drop B143-04, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA. Telephone: (919) 541-0015. Fax: (919) 541-0026. E-mail:
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