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Amrollahi-Sharifabadi M, Rezaei Orimi J, Adabinia Z, Shakeri T, Aghabeiglooei Z, Hashemimehr M, Rezghi M. Avicenna's views on pest control and medicinal plants he prescribed as natural pesticides. Wien Med Wochenschr 2024:10.1007/s10354-024-01034-y. [PMID: 38386215 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-024-01034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to introduce Avicenna's views on pest control and the medicinal plants he proposed as natural pesticides. Also, we addressed the strategies that he leveraged to formulate and prescribe them, and, finally, we put his views into perspective with modern science. The data were collected using Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine) as well as scientific databases. According to Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb, 42 medicinal plants are described as natural pest control agents. After introducing the pest control properties of each plant, Avicenna explained the appropriate strategies for use of these plants. These strategies or formulations included incensing, spraying, spreading, rubbing, smudging, and scent-dispersing, which are equivalent to the modern pesticide formulations of fumigants, aerosols, pastes and poisoned baits, lotions, creams, and slow-release formulations, respectively. This study revealed that Avicenna introduced the pest control approach with natural plants in his book Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb and, thus, harnessed the power of nature to control nature. Future research is recommended to find the pest control merits of the presented medicinal plants, in order to incorporate them into pest control programs and reduce environmental pollution resulting from the complications of current synthetic pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamal Rezaei Orimi
- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Zahra Adabinia
- Dr. Nourani Vesal Museum and Scientific and Cultural Documentation Center, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Shakeri
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zahra Aghabeiglooei
- Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemimehr
- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maedeh Rezghi
- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Bungau AF, Radu AF, Bungau SG, Vesa CM, Tit DM, Purza AL, Endres LM. Emerging Insights into the Applicability of Essential Oils in the Management of Acne Vulgaris. Molecules 2023; 28:6395. [PMID: 37687224 PMCID: PMC10489792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of pustules, comedones, nodules, and cysts defines acne vulgaris, a prevalent chronic inflammatory dermatological condition. In the past few decades, essential oils extracted from varied natural sources have acquired recognition due to their potential medicinal applications in acne therapy. However, there is not yet sufficient medical data to fully characterize this interaction. Multiple factors contribute to the development of acne vulgaris, including excessive sebaceous production, inflammatory processes, hyperkeratinization, and infection with Cutibacterium acnes. Essential oils, including oregano, lavender, lemon grass, myrtle, lemon, thyme, eucalyptus, rosemary, and tea tree, have been found to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, which may target the multifactorial causes of acne. Analytical methods for determining antioxidant potential (i.e., total phenolic content, diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, ferrous ion chelating activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay, β-carotene bleaching assay, etc.) are essential for the evaluation of these essential oils, and their method optimization is crucial. Further studies could include the development of novel acne treatments incorporating essential oils and an assessment of their efficacy in large clinical trials. In addition, further research is necessary to ascertain the mechanisms of action of essential oils and their optimal doses and safety profiles for optimal implementation in the management of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Florina Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.F.B.); (C.M.V.); (D.M.T.)
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Andrei-Flavius Radu
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.F.B.); (C.M.V.); (D.M.T.)
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.F.B.); (C.M.V.); (D.M.T.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Cosmin Mihai Vesa
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.F.B.); (C.M.V.); (D.M.T.)
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Delia Mirela Tit
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; (A.F.B.); (C.M.V.); (D.M.T.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Anamaria Lavinia Purza
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Laura Maria Endres
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
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Grazul M, Kwiatkowski P, Hartman K, Kilanowicz A, Sienkiewicz M. How to Naturally Support the Immune System in Inflammation-Essential Oils as Immune Boosters. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2381. [PMID: 37760822 PMCID: PMC10525302 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient functionality of the immune system is needed to fight against the development of infectious diseases, including, among others, serious recurrent chronic infections. Research has shown that many modern common diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and cardiovascular diseases, e.g., thromboembolism, cancer, obesity, or depression, are connected with inflammatory processes. Therefore, new, good stimulators of the immune system's response are sought. They include synthetic compounds as well as biological preparations such as lipopolysaccharides, enzymes, bacterial metabolites, and secondary metabolites of plants, demonstrating a multidirectional effect. Essential oils are characterized by many invaluable activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulating. Essential oils may stimulate the immune system via the utilization of their constituents, such as antibodies, cytokines, and dendritic cells. Some essential oils may stimulate the proliferation of immune-competent cells, including polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and B and T lymphocytes. This review is focused on the ability of essential oils to affect the immune system. It is also possible that essential oil components positively interact with recommended anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs. Thus, there is a need to explore possible synergies between essential oils and their active ingredients for medical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Grazul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kacper Hartman
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Barhouchi B, Menacer R, Bouchkioua S, Mansour A, Belattar N. Compounds from myrtle flowers as antibacterial agents and SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors: In-vitro and molecular docking studies. ARAB J CHEM 2023; 16:104939. [PMID: 37193561 PMCID: PMC10140470 DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants and their related phytochemicals play a key role in the treatment of bacterial and viral infections, which inspire scientists to design and develop more efficient drugs starting from the phytochemical active scaffold. This work aims to characterize the chemical compounds of Myrtus communis essential oil (EO) from Algeria and to evaluate its in vitro antibacterial effect, as well as the in silico anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. The chemical profile of hydrodistilled EO from myrtle flowers was determined using GC/MS analysis. The results showed qualitative and quantitative fluctuations and 54 compounds were identified including the main components: α-pinene (48.94%) and 1,8-cineole (28.3%) whereas other minor compounds were detected. The in vitro antibacterial activity of myrtle EO against Gram-negative bacteria was carried out by using the disc diffusion method. The best inhibition zone values ranged between 11 and 25 mm. The results revealed that Escherichia coli (25 mm), Klebsiella oxytoca (20 mm) and Serratia marcescens (20 mm) are the most susceptible strains to the EO which is endowed with a bactericidal effect. Furthermore, the antibacterial and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities were investigated by the means of molecular docking (MD) study, in addition to ADME(Tox) analysis. The phytochemicals were docked against four targets: E. coli topoisomerase II DNA gyrase B (PDB: 1KZN), SARS-CoV-2 Main protease (PDB: 6LU7), Spike (PDB: 6ZLG) and angiotensin-converting enzyme II ACE2 (PDB: 1R42). The MD investigation revealed that 1,8-cineole could be the main phytochemical associated with the antibacterial activity of EO; s-cbz-cysteine, mayurone and methylxanthine were found the most promising phytochemicals against SARS-CoV-2; The ADME(Tox) analysis has shown their good druggability with no Lipinski's rule violation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badra Barhouchi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center CRSP, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Rafik Menacer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center CRSP, Constantine 25000, Algeria
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Zone Industrielle, Bou-ismail, Tipaza RP 42004, Algeria
| | - Saad Bouchkioua
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center CRSP, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Amira Mansour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center CRSP, Constantine 25000, Algeria
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Zone Industrielle, Bou-ismail, Tipaza RP 42004, Algeria
| | - Nadjah Belattar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center CRSP, Constantine 25000, Algeria
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Dabbaghi MM, Fadaei MS, Soleimani Roudi H, Baradaran Rahimi V, Askari VR. A review of the biological effects of Myrtus communis. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15770. [PMID: 37464095 PMCID: PMC10354007 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization stated that 1.6 million deaths worldwide were caused by contact with chemicals and toxins in 2019. In the same year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stated that natural toxins caused 3960 deaths. Myrtus communis, also known as common Myrtle, is a flowering plant native to the Mediterranean region. Myrtle has been traditionally used to treat diarrhea, inflammation, bleeding, headache, pulmonary and skin diseases. This review was performed to assess Myrtle's protective and therapeutic efficacy against various chemical, natural, and radiational noxious. Multiple databases such as PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Scopus were investigated without publication time limitation. Recent studies have demonstrated its potential as a protective agent against both natural and chemical toxins. One of Myrtle's most significant protective properties is its high antioxidant content. Studies have shown that the antioxidant properties of Myrtle can protect against harmful substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, and other environmental toxins. Additionally, Myrtle has anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce the damage caused by long-term exposure to toxins. The anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of Myrtle have also proven effective in alleviating gastrointestinal conditions such as gastric ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Dabbaghi
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saleh Fadaei
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesan Soleimani Roudi
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Anti-Staphylococcal Activities of Rosmarinus officinalis and Myrtus communis Essential Oils through ROS-Mediated Oxidative Stress. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020266. [PMID: 36830178 PMCID: PMC9952310 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinus officinalis and Myrtus communis essential oils (EOs) are well-known for their ethno-pharmaceutical properties. In the present study, we have analyzed the chemical composition of both EOs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Then we assessed their antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-virulence actions against the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. The cytotoxic effect of agents tested against this bacterium was investigated by monitoring reactive oxygen-species (ROS) generation and antioxidant-enzyme (catalase) production. Regarding the antistaphylococcal effects, our results showed antibacterial efficacy of both Eos and their combination, where the minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged between 0.7 and 11.25 mg/mL. A combination of tested agents showed the highest anti-hemolytic and anti-protease effects. Additionally, association between EOs displayed more potency against the development of biofilm performed by S. aureus, with percentage of removal reaching 74%. The inhibitory impacts of EOs on S. aureus virulence factors were discovered to be concentration-dependent. Furthermore, our results provide insight on the abilities of R. officinalis and M. communis EOs, as well as their potential in combination, to generate ROS and affect oxidative stress enzyme catalase in S. aureus, leading to their antagonistic effect against this pathogen.
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Li H, Yang Y, Hai L. Chemical components, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil from Artemisia kanashiroi in Northwest China. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2023.2167881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Long Hai
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Naseri M, Iranzadasl M, Ghaffari F, Naseri V, Emadi F, Alijaniha F, Behfar A, Bahaeddin Z. Persian medicine anti-dandruff topical remedies: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS 2022; 21:1-12. [DOI: 10.52547/jmp.21.84.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
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Polat Yemiş G, Sezer E, Sıçramaz H. Inhibitory Effect of Sodium Alginate Nanoemulsion Coating Containing Myrtle Essential Oil ( Myrtus communis L.) on Listeria monocytogenes in Kasar Cheese. Molecules 2022; 27:7298. [PMID: 36364124 PMCID: PMC9658201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to characterize the physical properties of nanoemulsion-based sodium alginate edible coatings containing myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) essential oil and to determine its inhibitory effects on Listeria monocytogenes in fresh Kasar cheese during the 24-day storage at 4 °C. The GC-MS analysis showed that the main components of myrtle essential oil were 1,8-cineol (38.64%), α-pinene (30.19%), d-limonene (7.51%), and α-ocimene (6.57%). Myrtle essential oil showed an inhibitory effect on all tested L. monocytogenes strains and this effect significantly increased after ultrasonication. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of myrtle essential oil nanoemulsion were found to be 4.00-4.67 mg/mL and 5.00-7.33 mg/mL, respectively. The antibacterial activity of myrtle essential oil nanoemulsion against L. monocytogenes was confirmed by the membrane integrity and FESEM analyses. Nanoemulsion coatings containing myrtle essential oil showed antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes with no adverse effects on the physicochemical properties of cheese samples. Nanoemulsion coatings containing 1.0% and 2.0% myrtle essential oil reduced the L. monocytogenes population in cheese during the storage by 0.42 and 0.88 log cfu/g, respectively. These results revealed that nanoemulsion-based alginate edible coatings containing myrtle essential oil have the potential to be used as a natural food preservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçe Polat Yemiş
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, Serdivan 54187, Turkey
- Sakarya University Research, Development, and Application Center (SARGEM), Serdivan 54187, Turkey
| | - Elif Sezer
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, Serdivan 54187, Turkey
| | - Hatice Sıçramaz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, Serdivan 54187, Turkey
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Saritas H, Demirel HH, Bulbul A, Gorucu F, Uğurlu Z, Koc Y, Demirkan I, Saritas ZK. Myrtus Communis (Myrtle Tree: leaf and body) extract in Rat Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion injury. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.29333/jcei/12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Expanding the Knowledge Related to Flavors and Fragrances by Means of Three-Dimensional Preparative Gas Chromatography and Molecular Spectroscopy. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9080202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As universally known, gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) allows us to acquire spectra that can be searched in specific databases to attain qualitative information on a peak of interest. When not present in databases, structure elucidation is required before including a new component in a library: from that moment, scientists all around the world will be able to identify the new molecule with analytical confidence after GC-MS analysis. Conversely, if data are not shared in commercial databases, even if a molecule is studied and elucidated, it appears to be unknown or only identifiable on the basis of third-party data taken from the literature, which is a serious limitation. The present paper deals with a case that confirms this assumption. A component of Myrtus communis L. volatile fraction was tentatively identified based on literature data. Despite this, reliable identification could not be achieved due to the lack of a corresponding spectrum in commercial MS databases. Afterwards, the target component was isolated in a reasonable quantity and with a high degree of purity for downstream characterization by spectroscopic techniques. For this purpose, preparative (prep) GC may appear insufficient for the isolation of volatile components from highly complex samples. In this study, a prep-MDGC system was implemented for the isolation of the compound of interest from myrtle oil, consisting of three wide-bore columns of different selectivity coupled by means of Deans switch transfer devices. Based on the NMR and GC-FTIR data acquired, the unknown compound was identified as 2,2,5,5,7,7-hexamethyl-3,7-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4,6(2H,5H)-dione. Noticeably, this is a known molecule, yet its mass spectrum had never been registered into MS databases and thus was not available to the scientific community. Finally, the spectrum was included for the first time in a commercial library, namely the FFNSC 5.0 MS database. The aim of the present study was to highlight the opportunity to make analytical data quickly available in a reliable way by registering them in searchable MS databases to improve the identification means for researchers all over the world.
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Vaghebin R, Khalili M, Amiresmaili S, Namdar H, Javad Mousavi M. Treatment of traumatic brain injury from the viewpoint of Avicenna (Ibn Sina): A historical review. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2022.101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Botanic Garden as a Factory of Molecules: Myrtus communis L. subsp. communis as a Case Study. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11060754. [PMID: 35336637 PMCID: PMC8949965 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel perception of botanic gardens as complex “factories of molecules” (Lombardy Region Project–Lr. 25/2016, year 2021), that mediate plant–environment interactions, and are the basis of their utility for humans, is presented. The core-topic is the medicinal plant heritage of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Toscolano Maderno, Brescia, Italy) of the University of Milan. In this work, we studied Myrtus communis L. subsp. communis (Myrtaceae) at multiple scale levels: macro- and micromorphological, with special emphasis on the secretory structures responsible for the production of secondary metabolites; phytochemical, with the analysis of the essential oil (EO) composition from leaves (fresh, dried, stored at −20 °C and at −80 °C) and fruits over two consecutive years (2018 and 2019); bio-ecological, with a focus, based on literature data, on the ecology and biological activity of the main EO components. The occurrence of secretory cavities producing terpenes, along with flavonoids, was proven. A high level of chemical variability across the obtained EO profiles emerged, especially that concerning quantitative data. However, regardless of the different conservation procedures, the examined plant part, or the phenological stage, we detected the presence of three ubiquitous compounds: α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, and linalool. The overall results will serve to enrich the Ghirardi Botanic Garden with novel labeling showing accurate and updated scientific information in an Open science perspective.
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Nemiche S, Ait Hamadouche N, Nemmiche S, Fauconnier ML, Tou A. Ameliorative or corrective effects of Fig “Ficus carica” extract on nickel-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Toxicol Res 2022; 38:311-321. [DOI: 10.1007/s43188-021-00118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Bakhy K, Belhachmi T, Benabdelouahab T, Tomi F, Casanova J, Paoli M. Chemical Variability of Moroccan Myrtle Oil. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100209. [PMID: 34288384 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-three oil samples isolated from aerial parts of Myrtus communis L. harvested in seven localities, from Northern to Central Morocco, have been analyzed by combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The 33 compositions have been subjected to statistical analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Two groups have been differentiated on the basis of their myrtenyl acetate and α-pinene contents and each one was sub-divided in two sub-groups according to the contents of 1,8-cineole and linalool. The compositions of our 33 myrtle oil samples may be named as follow by their main components: sub-group IA (13/33): α-pinene/1,8-cineole/linalool; sub-group IB (6/33): 1,8-cineole/α-pinene; sub-group IIA (10/33): 1,8-cineole/myrtenyl acetate; sub-group IIB (4/33): myrtenyl acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Bakhy
- National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Research Unit on Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Rabat-Institutes, BP 6570, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Touria Belhachmi
- National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Research Unit on Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Rabat-Institutes, BP 6570, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Tarik Benabdelouahab
- National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Research Unit on Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Rabat-Institutes, BP 6570, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Félix Tomi
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie-Biomasse, 20000, Ajaccio, France
| | - Joseph Casanova
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie-Biomasse, 20000, Ajaccio, France
| | - Mathieu Paoli
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie-Biomasse, 20000, Ajaccio, France
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Ghaffari T, Hong JH, Asnaashari S, Farajnia S, Delazar A, Hamishehkar H, Kim KH. Natural Phytochemicals Derived from Gymnosperms in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6636. [PMID: 34205739 PMCID: PMC8234227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of various types of cancer is increasing globally. To reduce the critical side effects of cancer chemotherapy, naturally derived compounds have been considered for cancer treatment. Gymnosperms are a group of plants found worldwide that have traditionally been used for therapeutic applications. Paclitaxel is a commercially available anticancer drug derived from gymnosperms. Other natural compounds with anticancer activities, such as pinostrobin and pinocembrin, are extracted from pine heartwood, and pycnogenol and enzogenol from pine bark. Gymnosperms have great potential for further study for the discovery of new anticancer compounds. This review aims to provide a rational understanding and the latest developments in potential anticancer compounds derived from gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyebeh Ghaffari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 15731, Iran; (T.G.); (S.F.)
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 15731, Iran
| | - Joo-Hyun Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Solmaz Asnaashari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 15731, Iran;
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 15731, Iran; (T.G.); (S.F.)
| | - Abbas Delazar
- Research Center for Evidence based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 15731, Iran;
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 15731, Iran; (T.G.); (S.F.)
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
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17
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Rampone S, Pagliarulo C, Marena C, Orsillo A, Iannaccone M, Trionfo C, Sateriale D, Paolucci M. In silico analysis of the antimicrobial activity of phytochemicals: towards a technological breakthrough. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 200:105820. [PMID: 33168272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complications associated with infections from pathogens increasingly resistant to traditional drugs lead to a constant increase in the mortality rate among those affected. In such cases the fundamental purpose of the microbiology laboratory is to determine the sensitivity profile of pathogens to antimicrobial agents. This is an intense and complex work often not facilitated by the test's characteristics. Despite the evolution of the Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) technologies, the technological breakthrough that could guide and facilitate the search for new antimicrobial agents is still missing. METHODS In this work, we propose the experimental use of in silico instruments, particularly feedforward Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Artificial Neural Network, and Genetic Programming (GP), to verify, but also to predict, the effectiveness of natural and experimental mixtures of polyphenols against several microbial strains. RESULTS We value the results in predicting the antimicrobial sensitivity profile from the mixture data. Trained MLP shows very high correlations coefficients (0,93 and 0,97) and mean absolute errors (110,70 and 56,60) in determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Microbicidal Concentration, respectively, while GP not only evidences very high correlation coefficients (0,89 and 0,96) and low mean absolute errors (6,99 and 5,60) in the same tasks, but also gives an explicit representation of the acquired knowledge about the polyphenol mixtures. CONCLUSIONS In silico tools can help to predict phytobiotics antimicrobial efficacy, providing an useful strategy to innovate and speed up the extant classic microbiological techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Rampone
- DEMM - Università del Sannio - Via delle Puglie 76, Benevento, Italy.
| | | | - Chiara Marena
- 2019-2020 EDA Course Group - Università del Sannio - Via Calandra, Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonello Orsillo
- 2019-2020 EDA Course Group - Università del Sannio - Via Calandra, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Carmela Trionfo
- 2019-2020 EDA Course Group - Università del Sannio - Via Calandra, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Marina Paolucci
- DST - Università del Sannio - Via dei Mulini, Benevento, Italy
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18
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Shaapan RM, Al-Abodi HR, Alanazi AD, Abdel-Shafy S, Rashidipour M, Shater AF, Mahmoudvand H. Myrtus communis Essential Oil; Anti-Parasitic Effects and Induction of the Innate Immune System in Mice with Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040819. [PMID: 33557392 PMCID: PMC7915315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Myrtus communis (M. communis) is a wild aromatic plant used for traditional herbal medicine that can be demonstrated in insecticidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity of its essential oils (MCEO). Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the prophylactic effects of M. communis essential oil (MCEO) against chronic toxoplasmosis induced by the Tehran strain of Toxoplasma gondii in mice. Methods: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was performed to determine the chemical composition of MCEO. Mice were then orally administrated with MCEO at the doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg/day and also atovaquone 100 mg/kg for 21 days. On the 15th day, the mice were infected with the intraperitoneal inoculation of 20–25 tissue cysts from the Tehran strain of T. gondii. The mean numbers of brain tissue cysts and the mRNA levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ in mice of each tested group were measured. Results: By GC/MS, the major constituents were α-pinene (24.7%), 1,8-cineole (19.6%), and linalool (12.6%), respectively. The results demonstrated that the mean number of T. gondii tissue cysts in experimental groups Ex1 (p < 0.05), Ex2 (p < 0.001) and Ex3 (p < 0.001) was meaningfully reduced in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control group (C2). The mean diameter of tissue cyst was significantly reduced in mice of the experimental groups Ex2 (p < 0.01) and Ex3 (p < 0.001). The results demonstrated that although the mRNA levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 were elevated in all mice of experimental groups, a significant increase (p < 0.001) was observed in tested groups of Ex2 and Ex3 when compared with control groups. Conclusion: The findings of the present study demonstrated the potent prophylactic effects of MCEO especially in the doses 200 and 300 mg/kg in mice infected with T. gondii. Although the exceptional anti-Toxoplasma effects of MCEO and other possessions, such as improved innate immunity and low toxicity are positive topics, there is, however, a need for more proof from investigations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raafat M. Shaapan
- Department of Zoonosis, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir Street, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Hiba Riyadh Al-Abodi
- Department of Environment, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, P.O. Box 88, Al-Diwaniyah 58001, Iraq;
| | - Abdullah D. Alanazi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sobhy Abdel-Shafy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Marzieh Rashidipour
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 68149-93165, Iran;
| | - Abdullah F. Shater
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hossein Mahmoudvand
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 68149-93165, Iran
- Correspondence:
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19
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A study of the anti-corrosive effects of essential oils of rosemary and myrtle for copper corrosion in chloride media. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Filipović G, Stevanović MD, Stojanović-Radić Z, Obradović R, Randjelović PJ, Radulović NS. Choosing the Right Essential Oil for a Mouthwash: Chemical, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Studies. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000748. [PMID: 32975038 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen commercial essential oils were assessed for their possible inclusion in a mouthwash formulation based on their inhibitory effect against potentially pathogenic anaerobic oral bacterial isolates from subgingival plaque, and their cytotoxicity towards gingival cells. The essential oils, originating from species belonging to seven major aromatic plant families, were chosen to provide the necessary diversity in chemical composition that was analyzed in detail by GC and GC/MS. Multivariate statistical analysis, performed using the in vitro microbiological/toxicological assays and compositional data, revealed that the major components of the essential oils were probably not the main carriers of the activities observed. A formulation of 'designer' mouthwashes is proposed based on the selective action of certain essential oils towards specific bacterial isolates (e. g., Citrus bergamia vs. Parvimonas micra), and non-toxicity to gingival cells at antimicrobially active concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Filipović
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Zorana Ðinđića 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Milica D Stevanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stojanović-Radić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Radmila Obradović
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Zorana Ðinđića 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Pavle J Randjelović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Zorana Ðinđića 81, Niš, 18000, Serbia
| | - Niko S Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
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21
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Chemotaxonomic Evaluation by Volatolomics Analysis of Fifty-Two Genotypes of Myrtus communis L. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101288. [PMID: 33003352 PMCID: PMC7650784 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A population of 52 genotypes of Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.), selected in the framework of a domestication program and growing in the same collection field at Oristano (Central Western Sardinia, 39°54′ N 8°35′ E), was analyzed by GC/MS for leaf essential oil composition. The chemical composition of essential oils was quite variable with a number of compounds ranging from 31 to 78 depending on cultivar. One hundred and eighteen compounds were globally identified in the various genotypes. However, α-pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, α-terpineol, and linalool always resulted as main components with few differences among samples. Minor compounds have been the determining factors in differentiating or associating genotypes in the outputs of a principal component analysis (PCA), where the results of another analysis of fruit essential oils of the same genotypes were also jointly used. Genotypes were discriminated according to mother plant characterization or ecological variables, such as site altitude, soil nature, and presence or absence of calcareous soils in the substrate of the localities of origin.
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22
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Giampieri F, Cianciosi D, Forbes‐Hernández TY. Myrtle (
Myrtus communis
L.) berries, seeds, leaves, and essential oils: New undiscovered sources of natural compounds with promising health benefits. FOOD FRONTIERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giampieri
- Nutrition and Food Science Group Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry CITACA CACTI University of Vigo ‐ Vigo Campus Vigo Spain
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche e Odontostomtologiche Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy
- College of Food Science and Technology Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Danila Cianciosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche e Odontostomtologiche Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy
| | - Tamara Y. Forbes‐Hernández
- Nutrition and Food Science Group Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry CITACA CACTI University of Vigo ‐ Vigo Campus Vigo Spain
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23
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Hassan HA, El-Kholy WM, El-Sawi MRF, Galal NA, Ramadan MF. Myrtle (Myrtus communis) leaf extract suppresses hepatotoxicity induced by monosodium glutamate and acrylamide through obstructing apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, and cell cycle arrest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:23188-23198. [PMID: 32333355 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A large number of plant extracts have demonstrated to provide health benefits and mitigate several disease conditions. However, at the molecular and cellular levels, few studies have been conducted. The present work was designed to study the effect of Myrtus communis leaf extract (ME) (300 mg/kg bw) against hepatotoxicity induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) (100 mg/kg bw), and acrylamide (ACR) (20 mg/kg bw) in male rats and determining its molecular and cellular mechanisms. The data showed that the treatment with MSG and/or ACR induced significant changes in numerous biomarkers (Bcl-2 and the programmed cell death protein-1) related to liver damage, as recorded by genotoxicity, apoptosis, and histopathological changes. On the other side, the oral administration of ME (300 mg/kg bw) improved the hepatic conditions as confirmed by the improvement in cell viability, programmed cell death, and histopathological alterations. It can be concluded that the consumption of ME might be useful for minimizing the occurred hepatotoxicity through up-regulation of the key apoptotic regulators as well as the improvement of DNA content and cell cycle restoration. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A Hassan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Taibah University, Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia.
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Wafaa M El-Kholy
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh R F El-Sawi
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nadine A Galal
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan
- Agricultural Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 715, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
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24
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Kaya DA, Ghica MV, Dănilă E, Öztürk Ş, Türkmen M, Albu Kaya MG, Dinu-Pîrvu CE. Selection of Optimal Operating Conditions for Extraction of Myrtus Communis L. Essential Oil by the Steam Distillation Method. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102399. [PMID: 32455788 PMCID: PMC7287582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Myrtus communis L. is one of the important aromatic and medicinal species from the Mediterranean area. It is used in various fields such as culinary, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, therapeutic, and industrial applications. Thus, a Box–Wilson experimental plan was used in this study to select the optimal operating conditions in order to obtain high volumes of essential oils. The factorial design method was applied to evaluate at an industrial scale the effect of major process variables on the essential oil extraction from Myrtus communis L. herbs by the steam distillation method. The input variables considered as significant operating conditions were: X1—boiler occupancy rate (boilers were filled to 50%, 75%, and 100%), X2—distillation duration (distillation was continued 60, 75, and 90 min), and X3—particle size (herbs were cut in sizes of 10, 20, and 30 mm via guillotine). The dependent variable selected, coded as Y, was the essential oil volume obtained (mL). The steps of the classical statistical experimental design technique were complemented with the Taguchi method to improve the extraction efficacy of essential oil from Myrtus communis L., and the optimum parameter conditions were selected: boiler occupancy rate 100%, distillation duration 75 min, and particle size 20 mm. Following the optimum parameters, the GC-MS assay revealed for the Myrtus communis L. essential oil two predominant components, α-pinene—33.14% and eucalyptol—55.09%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durmuş Alpaslan Kaya
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Mustafa Kemal University, 31034 Antakya-Hatay, Turkey; (D.A.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Mihaela Violeta Ghica
- Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 20956 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (M.V.G.); (E.D.); Tel.: +40-74-448-6250 (M.V.G.)
| | - Elena Dănilă
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.V.G.); (E.D.); Tel.: +40-74-448-6250 (M.V.G.)
| | - Şevket Öztürk
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Mustafa Kemal University, 31034 Antakya-Hatay, Turkey; (D.A.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Musa Türkmen
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Mustafa Kemal University, 31034 Antakya-Hatay, Turkey; (D.A.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Mădălina Georgiana Albu Kaya
- Department of Collagen, Division Leather and Footwear Research Institute, National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather, 031215 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cristina-Elena Dinu-Pîrvu
- Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 20956 Bucharest, Romania;
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