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Najavits LM, Ledgerwood DM, Afifi TO. A Randomized Controlled Trial for Gambling Disorder and PTSD: Seeking Safety and CBT. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1865-1884. [PMID: 37306874 PMCID: PMC10258785 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies show a compelling association between gambling disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. However, there have been no randomized controlled trials for this co-morbidity. The aim of the current study was to compare two evidence-based models, one that addresses both disorders and another that addresses gambling alone. Sixty-five men and women with gambling disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder were randomized to one of two treatment conditions delivered via telehealth, Seeking Safety (integrated treatment for gambling and posttraumatic stress disorder) or Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Pathological Gambling (for gambling alone), in a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Primary outcomes were net gambling losses and number of sessions gambling. Secondary outcomes were posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, coping skills, general psychiatric symptoms, global functioning, and gambling cognitions. Assessment occurred at baseline, 6-weeks, 3 months (end of treatment) and 1-year. On most measures, including primary outcomes, participants improved significantly over time with no difference between treatment conditions. Seeking Safety patients had significantly higher session attendance. Effect sizes were large for gambling, posttraumatic stress disorder and coping. All other measures except one showed medium effect sizes. Therapeutic alliance, treatment satisfaction, and the telehealth format were all rated positively. This was the first randomized trial of Seeking Safety in a gambling disorder population. Seeking Safety showed comparable efficacy to an established gambling disorder intervention; and significantly higher Seeking Safety attendance indicates especially strong engagement. Our finding of overall comparable results between the two treatments is consistent with the comorbidity treatment literature.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02800096; Registration date: June 14, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Najavits
- Treatment Innovations, Newton Centre, MA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - David M. Ledgerwood
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Tracie O. Afifi
- Department of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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2
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Marionneau V, Nikkinen J. Gambling-related suicides and suicidality: A systematic review of qualitative evidence. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:980303. [PMID: 36387006 PMCID: PMC9645554 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.980303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between gambling and suicides or suicidality has received much research attention in recent years. Review studies have already mapped the quantitative occurrence of suicide attempts, suicides, and self-harm among gamblers, and found a positive association. Related comorbidities and conditions have also been charted in previous reviews. However, there is still a gap in knowledge regarding the actual processes that connect gambling and suicidal behavior. To understand these processes, the current paper conducts a systematic review of qualitative evidence on gambling-related suicides and suicidality. The aim was to identify the role of gambling as well as of confounding factors in suicidality, and what kind of support suicidal individuals have received or would need. We searched for relevant literature in seven scientific databases. We included all studies that presented empirical qualitative evidence on gambling-related suicide, suicidality and/or self-harm (N = 20). The results show two main processes that connect gambling and suicidal behavior: indebtedness and shame. At the same time, suicide is a multifactorial phenomenon, and related to other confounding factors. These include psychiatric conditions, personality traits, and life conditions. In many cases, these appear to emerge as a consequence of gambling. Treatment for suicidality has been effective in some cases, but indebtedness and shame may also function as barriers to help-seeking. We conclude that effective prevention is needed by adapting a more comprehensive public health approach and population-level interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virve Marionneau
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Research on Addiction, Control, and Governance, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Hing N, O’Mullan C, Mainey L, Greer N, Breen H. An integrative review of research on gambling and domestic and family violence: Fresh perspectives to guide future research. Front Psychol 2022; 13:987379. [PMID: 36312076 PMCID: PMC9606773 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.987379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an integrative review of research on domestic and family violence (DFV), including intimate partner violence (IPV), experienced by victims and perpetrators with a gambling problem. It aims to review, critique, and synthesize research on this topic to generate fresh and alternative perspectives to guide future research. Based on a systematic search of the academic literature and a targeted search of gray literature, the paper summarizes findings from empirical studies pertaining to the prevalence of perpetration and victimization, characteristics of perpetrators and victims, and explanations for this violence. Based on this review, the paper suggests several potential improvements that can be considered in future studies. These include a shift from focusing on situational violence to also include coercive control; greater sensitivity in research design and interpretation to gender differences in experiences of violence; and the need to include economic abuse as a form of DFV/IPV. Adopting a public health lens is also recommended to broaden the research focus from victims and perpetrators to also consider contextual factors. In particular, gambling research should examine the contribution of gambling products, practices, environments, and marketing to DFV/IPV and how this might be ameliorated. While research to date has drawn much needed attention to the risks that gambling presents for DFV/IPV, this review provides some suggestions for future research so that it can provide more nuanced findings to inform policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerilee Hing
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Nerilee Hing,
| | - Cathy O’Mullan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Lydia Mainey
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Central Queensland University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Nancy Greer
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Helen Breen
- Faculty of Business and Law and Arts, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
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4
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Hing N, Mainey L, O'Mullan C, Nuske E, Greer N, Thomas A, Breen H. Seeking Solace in Gambling: The Cycle of Gambling and Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Who Gamble. J Gambl Stud 2022; 39:795-812. [PMID: 35670931 PMCID: PMC10175330 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study explored women's gambling in response to male intimate partner violence (IPV). Twenty-four women were recruited through service providers and online advertising. All women had been victimised by IPV and all experienced problems relating to the gambling on electronic gaming machines (EGMs). Thematic analysis of their in-depth interviews identified three major themes. The main pattern of gambling and IPV (Theme 1) was where ongoing coercive control preceded the woman's gambling. Situational violence in response to gambling was also observed. Regardless of temporal sequence, a self-perpetuating cycle of gambling and IPV victimisation was typically apparent, with both issues escalating over time. Reflecting severe traumatic violence, push factors from IPV that motivated the women's gambling (Theme 2) included physical escape, psychological escape, hope of regaining control over their lives, and gambling to cope with the legacy of abuse. Pull factors attracting these women to gambling venues (Theme 3) appeared to have heightened appeal to these victims of IPV. These included venues' social, geographic and temporal accessibility, allowance for uninterrupted play on EGMs, and the addictive nature of EGMs. These push and pull factors led to these women's prolonged and harmful gambling while exacerbating their partner's violence. Concerted efforts are needed to assist women in this cycle of IPV and gambling, prevent violence against women, and reduce harmful gambling products and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerilee Hing
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences), Central Queensland University, G.07 Building 8, University Drive, 4670, Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Lydia Mainey
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Sciences), Central Queensland University, Cairns, Queensland), Australia
| | - Catherine O'Mullan
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences), Central Queensland University, G.07 Building 8, University Drive, 4670, Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elaine Nuske
- Faculty of Health), Southern Cross University, Coolangatta, Queensland), Australia
| | - Nancy Greer
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences), Central Queensland University, Melbourne, Victoria), Australia
| | - Anna Thomas
- Independent researcher, Melbourne, Victoria), Australia
| | - Helen Breen
- Faculty of Business, Law and Arts), Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Gartner C, Bickl A, Härtl S, Loy JK, Häffner L. Differences in problem and pathological gambling: A narrative review considering sex and gender. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:267-289. [PMID: 35499928 PMCID: PMC9295224 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim A wide range of studies indicates that men and women with Problem (PrG) and Pathological Gambling (PG) differ in several clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. However, evidence for sex differences, such as the telescoping effect, is contradictory, and it is still unclear whether sex differences observed in offline gambling can also be found for online gambling. Furthermore, reviews have so far focused on binary sex differences but neglect gender aspects. In this study, an updated literature survey of sex- and gender-related differences in PrG and PG was conducted. Methods We searched PsyInfo, Medline/Pubmed, and the Web of Science databases from 2005 to 2020 for studies investigating sex and gender differences in gambling. A total of 126 papers were included in the literature survey. Results We are presenting our findings according to the categories 'prevalence' (offline, online, LGBTQI*), 'sociodemographic factors', 'preferred gambling type', 'gambling motives', 'severity', 'progression of gambling problems', 'use of professional help/motivation for treatment', 'comorbidity', 'trauma', 'violence and criminality/delinquency'. The studies indicate that, despite some robust sex differences (e.g., concerning prevalence rates), results for most areas were mixed or suggest no sex differences (e.g., violence, gambling motives). Discussion and conclusion To date, there is a lack of studies assessing gender, and not only sex, warranting further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Gartner
- BAS Bayerische Akademie für Sucht- und Gesundheitsfragen (Unternehmergesellschaft haftungsbeschränkt), LSG Landesstelle Glücksspielsucht in Bayern, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Härtl
- BAS Bayerische Akademie für Sucht- und Gesundheitsfragen (Unternehmergesellschaft haftungsbeschränkt), LSG Landesstelle Glücksspielsucht in Bayern, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Laura Häffner
- BAS Bayerische Akademie für Sucht- und Gesundheitsfragen (Unternehmergesellschaft haftungsbeschränkt), LSG Landesstelle Glücksspielsucht in Bayern, Munich, Germany
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6
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Russell AMT, Browne M, Hing N, Visintin T, Begg S, Rawat V, Rockloff M. Stressful Life Events Precede Gambling Problems, and Continued Gambling Problems Exacerbate Stressful Life Events; A Life Course Calendar Study. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:1405-1430. [PMID: 34802086 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Do stressful life events cause gambling problems, or do gambling problems cause stressful life events? This study used a retrospective design to examine the temporal order of these associations. Specifically, the study employed a life course calendar in a self-directed online survey to minimise memory biases common in retrospective designs. A total of 1564 US respondents who had gambled at any point in their life (51.0% female, median age 46) were asked whether, for each year of their adult life, they had experienced each of eight stressful life events, and whether they had engaged in casual or heavy gambling, drinking or drug use, with heavy gambling defined in line with a problem gambling definition. We found that five stressful life events were associated with the onset of heavy gambling: work issues, financial issues, legal issues, relationship issues and the death of a loved one. The same five stressful life events predict the cessation of an episode of heavy gambling, indicating a possible tendency for gambling problems to self-resolve in the presence of stress. Insights are also gained into comorbidities with alcohol and drug use, and the course of stressful life events and gambling and substance use throughout the life course, albeit with a non-representative sample. The methodology allows tentative conclusions in terms of possible causation pathways, indicating that stressful life events may play a role both in the onset and the maintenance (or cessation) of gambling problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M T Russell
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Level 6, 400 Kent St, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Matthew Browne
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Nerilee Hing
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Tess Visintin
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen Begg
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Vijay Rawat
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Rockloff
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
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7
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Blekić W, Rossignol M, Wauthia E, Felmingham KL. Influence of acute stress on attentional bias toward threat: How a previous trauma exposure disrupts threat apprehension. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 170:20-29. [PMID: 34597728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While previous trauma exposure is known to be a risk factor for the development and maintenance of many psychological disorders, it remains unclear how it increases individual risk for prospective psychopathology in the aftermath of a new trauma exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate how a prior exposure to trauma affects attentional processing of threat before and after an acute stress task. Specifically, we assessed attentional biases to threat before and after a cold pressor task in 17 individuals who have been exposed to trauma (TE) compared to 18 individuals without trauma exposure (NTE). Behavioral results showed difficulties to disengage from threat in TE but not in the control group prior to stress induction, as well as a switch to an attentional bias toward threat after the cold pressor task in the TE group. For the ERPs, we highlighted (1) decreased N1 negativity in response to threatening stimuli after an acute stress in both groups, and (2) a parallel increase in P1 for such stimuli only in the TE group. Those results suggest a vulnerability presented by previously traumatized individuals when dealing with threats as well as an acute responsitity toward stress. Those results are interpreted in regards with the theorical models of stress and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wivine Blekić
- Laboratory of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Mons, Belgium.
| | - Mandy Rossignol
- Laboratory of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Mons, Belgium
| | - Erika Wauthia
- Laboratory of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Mons, Belgium
| | - Kim L Felmingham
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
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8
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Dowling NA, Oldenhof E, Cockman S, Suomi A, Merkouris SS, Jackson AC. Problem Gambling and Family Violence: Factors Associated With Family Violence Victimization and Perpetration in Treatment-Seeking Gamblers. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:7645-7669. [PMID: 30894040 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519835877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although problem gambling and family violence are related, there is little available research exploring the factors associated with this relationship. The primary aim was to predict family violence (victimization and perpetration) in a sample of treatment-seeking gamblers by gambling indices (gambling symptom severity, gambling time spent, gambling frequency, gambling expenditure), psychological distress, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, gambling coping motives, alcohol and drug use, gambling-related legal consequences, work and social adjustment, impulsivity, and gender. A secondary aim was to explore the degree to which these factors moderate the relationship between gambling symptom severity and family violence. Participants (n = 141) were consecutively recruited gamblers presenting to a gambling counseling service. The prevalence of family violence was 25.5%, with 18.4% reporting victimization and 19.1% reporting perpetration. Intimate partners and parents were most likely to be both perpetrators and victims of family violence. Victimization was significantly predicted by psychological distress, symptoms of PTSD, and gambling-related legal consequences, while perpetration was significantly predicted by gambling symptom severity, gambling-related legal consequences, and impulsivity. The association between gambling symptom severity and victimization was significant only for gamblers with low levels of gambling coping motives and moderate or high levels of alcohol use. These findings provide further support for routine screening in problem gambling and family violence services, particularly those who report gambling-related legal consequences; highlight the need for prevention and intervention programs to lower the co-occurrence of these behaviors; and suggest that reducing psychological distress, symptoms of PTSD, alcohol use, and impulsivity may be important in these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicki A Dowling
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Sue Cockman
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aino Suomi
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Moore LH, Grubbs JB. Gambling Disorder and comorbid PTSD: A systematic review of empirical research. Addict Behav 2021; 114:106713. [PMID: 33268184 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gambling Disorder (GD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are frequently comorbid and often associated with a more severe clinical profile compared to those with either diagnosis alone. Despite recent growing interest in this comorbidity, there has been little effort to synthesize this domain of research and define areas of need for future research. DESIGN The present work details a systematic review of empirical studies examining the relationship between PTSD and GD-related factors. This review encompassed 74 studies each examining the overlap between GD and the following domains: PTSD, Trauma, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Stressful Life Events. FINDINGS The included studies yielded 91 independent samples each providing associations between the above-mentioned constructs. The present work found that stress, trauma, and symptom severity of PTSD each influence the severity of both GD and subclinical levels of GD. The severity, type, and time at which trauma occurs in the lifespan all appear to influence the predictive strength of trauma on GD severity. However, PTSD symptoms appear to have a greater impact on GD severity compared to trauma alone. CONCLUSION PTSD symptoms result in increased severity of GD, and pathological dissociation plays a particularly important role in exacerbating this relationship. Clinical and etiological implications, as well as direction for future research from these findings, are revealed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis H Moore
- Bowling Green State University, Department of Psychology, United States.
| | - Joshua B Grubbs
- Bowling Green State University, Department of Psychology, United States.
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10
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Menezes FP, Padilha de Sousa I, Luchiari AC. Early Mistreatment Contributes to Social Behavior Disorders in Zebrafish. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:578242. [PMID: 33177998 PMCID: PMC7596165 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.578242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse experiences during childhood have been the focus of a series of studies due to the psychological damage observed in individuals who suffered abuse during their youth. Studies with model animals that can mimic these observations can significantly contribute to understanding the mechanisms behind this phenomenon. In our experiments, young zebrafish (20 dpf) were exposed to aggressive alcoholized male adults for 30 min for 10 days. At 30 dpf, the animals were tested for shoal formation, and at 60 dpf, locomotion and aggression were evaluated. Animals that suffered oppression from adults showed greater group cohesion and lower attack emission and higher distance from the image in the mirror test. Locomotor parameters were not changed. These results show that the stress caused by aggression exposure in the juvenile phase led to increased fear and avoidance behavior later in life. Moreover, we confirm the importance of the zebrafish as a sensitive tool for studies on the effects of early mistreatment and its consequences to adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Peres Menezes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Comportamento, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Igo Padilha de Sousa
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Comportamento, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Luchiari
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Comportamento, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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11
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Kim JH, Choi JY. Influence of childhood trauma and post-traumatic stress symptoms on impulsivity: focusing on differences according to the dimensions of impulsivity. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11:1796276. [PMID: 33029332 PMCID: PMC7473132 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1796276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity, a trait and multidimensional construct, is associated with a wide range of impulsive behaviours. Although it is well documented that childhood trauma (CT) affects impulsivity, few studies examine whether its effects depend on particular dimensions of impulsivity and the role post-traumatic stress symptoms play in the relationship between childhood trauma and different dimensions of impulsivity. OBJECTIVE This research aims to explore the relationships between CT, PTSD, and impulsivity in a heterogeneous clinical sample. We also sought to examine whether the influence of CT on impulsivity differs across the dimensions of impulsivity. METHOD We investigated the relationships between CT, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and five dimensions of impulsivity using a sample of 162 non-psychotic psychiatric patients without neurocognitive diagnoses. Participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES), and the UPPS-P Impulsive Behaviour Scale (UPPS-P). RESULTS The results of structural equation modelling showed that CT is associated with PTSD symptoms, in addition to four of the five dimensions of impulsivity in the UPPS-P:positive urgency, negative urgency, lack of premeditation, and lack of perseverance. The indirect effect of CT through PTSD symptoms was significant only for the two types of urgency. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that interventions that aim to alleviate impulsive behaviour derived from high urgency should pay particular attention to the presence of CT and PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Choi
- Department of Child Studies, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
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12
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Goghari VM, Shakeel MK, Swan JL, Kim HS, Sharif-Razi M, Hodgins DC. A Family Study of Trauma and Coping Strategies in Gambling Disorder. J Gambl Stud 2020; 36:767-782. [PMID: 32666373 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Family studies can provide a wealth of information regarding risk factors in psychological disorders. No studies have compared the trauma experiences and coping strategies of problem gamblers with those of their first-degree relatives. Therefore, in this study, childhood trauma and coping strategies were investigated among participants with gambling disorder, their first-degree biological relatives, and community controls. Participants completed diagnostic interviews and symptom severity assessments. Participants also completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) which assesses history of abuse and neglect, and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) which assesses task, emotion, and avoidance oriented coping strategies. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant effect for group, but not gender, on the CTQ. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant effect for group on coping style. Post-hoc tests showed that probands and relatives were less likely to use task-oriented coping compared to controls, but probands and relatives did not differ from each other on task-oriented coping. Mediation analysis showed that task-oriented coping did not mediate the relation between childhood trauma and gambling severity. By using a family study design, this study was able for the first time to delineate familial and disease-specific effects associated with childhood trauma and coping strategies in gambling disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vina M Goghari
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Mohammed K Shakeel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Swan
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hyoun S Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Maryam Sharif-Razi
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - David C Hodgins
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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13
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An Exploratory Study through a Life Course Perspective: Gambling among Older Chinese People in a Canadian Context. AGEING INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12126-020-09383-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Rosen LA, Weinstock J, Peter SC. A Randomized Clinical Trial Exploring Gambling Attitudes, Barriers to Treatment, and Efficacy of a Brief Motivational Intervention Among Ex-Offenders with Disordered Gambling. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:1646-1655. [PMID: 32539157 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Correctional populations are disproportionately burdened by disordered gambling; yet, problem awareness is minimal among both offenders and professionals within the criminal justice system. The aims of the current study were twofold: (i) to examine gambling attitudes and problem awareness among ex-offenders, and (ii) to determine the efficacy of a brief online gambling intervention for ex-offenders. Participants (N = 126) were ex-offenders on probation and parole. Gambling attitudes, attitudes toward treatment, and disorder gambling status were assessed. Disordered gamblers (n = 102) were randomly assigned to (i) a brief intervention plus referral to treatment or (ii) referral to treatment only, and these individuals were re-assessed at a 30-day follow-up. Lifetime disordered gambling was highly prevalent (86%) in the ex-offender sample, and providing information regarding disordered gambler status and referral to treatment was effective in decreasing gambling attitudes, as well as gambling severity and frequency. The current study has direct implications for treatment and intervention efforts among ex-offenders with disordered gambling and yields a greater understanding of attitudes toward gambling among ex-offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura April Rosen
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, 3700 Lindell Blvd., Morrissey Hall, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jeremiah Weinstock
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, 3700 Lindell Blvd., Morrissey Hall, St. Louis, MO
| | - Samuel Cody Peter
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Dr., Memphis, TN, 38111
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Abstract
Gambling addiction (GA) is now considered a worldwide health issue. Although the topic of disorder awareness is a central issue in clinical practice, there are few studies examining this dimension in relation to GA. To bridge this gap, we conducted a qualitative study, administering interviews focused on awareness of GA and eliciting narratives of both the disorder and the whole life of participants. We adopted both qualitative and quantitative methods of research, using computer-aided content analysis. We administered to a sample of 15 treatment-seeking gamblers the Psychiatric Interview for Gambling Addiction and performed a qualitative analysis of the text using the T-Lab software. Five main thematic domains and four factors emerged, shedding light on specific aspects underlying the development of and recovery from GA. Specifically, the results suggested that dissociation processes, materialistic thinking and difficulties in social achievement underlie the subjective experience of GA. Moreover, closeness in interpersonal relationships and awareness of the disorder emerged as core features in the process of change. As a whole, the results highlight the specificities of disorder awareness in addicted gamblers. We discuss these results within the context of previous research and suggest clinical implications for the treatment of GA.
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Sharman S, Butler K, Roberts A. Psychosocial risk factors in disordered gambling: A descriptive systematic overview of vulnerable populations. Addict Behav 2019; 99:106071. [PMID: 31473572 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling is a behaviour engaged in by millions of people worldwide; for some, gambling can become a severely maladaptive behaviour, and previous research has identified a wide range of psychosocial risk factors that can be considered important for the development and maintenance of disordered gambling. Although risk factors have been identified, the homogeneity of risk factors across specific groups thought to be vulnerable to disordered gambling is to date, unexplored. METHODS To address this, the current review sought to conduct a systematic overview of literature relating to seven vulnerable groups: young people and adolescents, older adults, women, veterans, indigenous peoples, prisoners, and low socio-economic/income groups. RESULTS Multiple risk factors associated with disordered gambling were identified; some appeared consistently across most groups, including being male, co-morbid mental and physical health conditions, substance use disorders, accessibility and availability of gambling, form and mode of gambling, and experience of trauma. Further risk factors were identified that were specific to each vulnerable group. CONCLUSION Within the general population, certain groups are more vulnerable to disordered gambling. Although some risk factors are consistent across groups, some risk factors appear to be group specific. It is clear that there is no homogenous pathway in to disordered gambling, and that social, developmental, environmental and demographic characteristics can all interact to influence an individual's relationship with gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sharman
- University of East London School of Psychology, University of East London, Water Lane, Stratford, London E15 4LZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Kevin Butler
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom.
| | - Amanda Roberts
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom.
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Zilberman N, Yadid G, Efrati Y, Rassovsky Y. Negative and positive life events and their relation to substance and behavioral addictions. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107562. [PMID: 31563094 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that negative life events (LEs) may be connected to the development and maintenance of addictions. However, few studies have examined the potential relationship between positive events and addictive disorders, and even fewer studies evaluated the subjective perception of LEs that may underlie these relationships. Importantly, addictive disorders include both substance-related and behavioral addictions, but the relative relationship of each type of addiction with LEs remains unclear. METHODS The present study compared 212 participants suffering from an addiction (drugs, alcohol, gambling, and sex) and 79 controls on self-report measures of negative and positive LEs. RESULTS Compared with controls, individuals with an addiction reported experiencing a larger number of both negative and positive LEs and also tended to be more influenced by negative LEs. Findings also demonstrated differential patterns across addiction types, such that participants with compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) reported experiencing less negative events than those with drug use disorders (DUD) and were less influenced by these events than participants with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Finally, analyses within each group further revealed differences in the way each group experienced negative compared to positive events. Controls and participants with CSB reported experiencing a similar number of positive and negative events, whereas participants with DUD, AUD, and gambling disorder reported more negative events in their lives. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a unique profile among different types of addictions, which should be taken into account when planning personalized prevention and intervention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Zilberman
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Gal Yadid
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel; Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Yaniv Efrati
- Faculty of Education and Society and Culture, Beit-Berl College, Kfar-Saba, 4490500, Israel
| | - Yuri Rassovsky
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel; Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, 760 Westwood Plaza (C8-746), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, 90095, USA.
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Hellberg SN, Russell TI, Robinson MJF. Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 19:737-758. [PMID: 30357661 PMCID: PMC6482104 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-00662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gambling disorder is an impairing condition confounded by psychiatric co-morbidity, particularly with substance use and anxiety disorders. Yet, our knowledge of the mechanisms that cause these disorders to coalesce remains limited. The Incentive Sensitization Theory suggests that sensitization of neural "wanting" pathways, which attribute incentive salience to rewards and their cues, is responsible for the excessive desire for drugs and cue-triggered craving. The resulting hyper-reactivity of the "wanting' system is believed to heavily influence compulsive drug use and relapse. Notably, evidence for sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway has been seen across gambling and substance use, as well as anxiety and stress-related pathology, with stress playing a major role in relapse. Together, this evidence highlights a phenomenon known as cross-sensitization, whereby sensitization to stress, drugs, or gambling behaviors enhance the sensitivity and dopaminergic response to any of those stimuli. Here, we review the literature on how cue attraction and reward uncertainty may underlie gambling pathology, and examine how this framework may advance our understanding of co-mordidity with substance-use disorders (e.g., alcohol, nicotine) and anxiety disorders. We argue that reward uncertainty, as seen in slot machines and games of chance, increases dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway and enhances the incentive value of reward cues. We propose that incentive sensitization by reward uncertainty may interact with and predispose individuals to drug abuse and stress, creating a mechanism through which co-mordidity of these disorders may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Hellberg
- Psychology Department and the Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT, 06457, USA
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Trinity I Russell
- Psychology Department and the Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT, 06457, USA
- National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mike J F Robinson
- Psychology Department and the Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT, 06457, USA.
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Gambling and Subsequent Road Traffic Injuries: A Longitudinal Cohort Analysis. J Addict Med 2018; 13:139-146. [PMID: 30379778 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the risks of a road traffic injury (RTI) crash among adults who were involved in high-risk gambling and those who did not gamble. METHODS We conducted a linked longitudinal cohort analysis of adult persons in large population survey conducted during 2007 and 2008 in Ontario, Canada. We used responses to Problem Gambling Severity Index to distinguish persons as nongamblers, no-risk, low-risk, or high-risk gamblers. All persons were subsequently monitored for a subsequent RTI crash as a driver, pedestrian, or bicyclist up to March 31, 2014, through health insurance databases. We estimated relative risks as rate ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS In all, 30,652 adults were included, of whom 52% self-identified as gamblers, including 49% as no-risk gamblers, 2% as low-risk gamblers, and 1% as high-risk gamblers. During a median follow-up period of 6.8 years, 708 participants (2%) were involved in 821 RTI crashes. The absolute risks of an RTI were 6.4 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 3.7-10.4) in high-risk gamblers and 3.6 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 3.2-4.0) in nongamblers. The relative risks for RTI crashes were significantly higher in high-risk gamblers than in nongamblers (adjusted RR 1.68, 95% CI 1.03-2.76). The risks for RTI crashes as a driver were augmented in high-risk gamblers than in nongamblers (RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.13-3.43). CONCLUSIONS We found an increased risk of an RTI crash among drivers who self-identified as high-risk gamblers. Further research exploring the underlying mechanisms of these associations might interest health professionals to monitor RTI risks in adults involved in high-risk gambling.
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Dowling NA, Ewin C, Youssef GJ, Merkouris SS, Suomi A, Thomas SA, Jackson AC. Problem gambling and family violence: Findings from a population-representative study. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:806-813. [PMID: 30238783 PMCID: PMC6426382 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Few studies have investigated the association between problem gambling (PG) and violence extending into the family beyond intimate partners. This study aimed to explore the association between PG and family violence (FV) in a population-representative sample. It was hypothesized that: (a) PG would be positively associated with FV, even after adjusting for sociodemographic variables and comorbidities and (b) these relationships would be significantly exacerbated by substance use and psychological distress. A secondary aim was to explore whether gender moderated these relationships. METHODS Computer-assisted telephone interviews were conducted with a population-representative sample of 4,153 Australian adults. RESULTS Moderate-risk (MR)/problem gamblers had a 2.73-fold increase in the odds of experiencing FV victimization (21.3%; 95% CI: 13.1-29.4) relative to non-problem gamblers (9.4%; 95% CI: 8.5-10.4). They also had a 2.56-fold increase in the odds of experiencing FV perpetration (19.7%; 95% CI: 11.8-27.7) relative to non-problem gamblers (9.0%; 95% CI: 8.0-10.0). Low-risk gamblers also had over a twofold increase in the odds of experiencing FV victimization (20.0%; 95% CI: 14.0-26.0) and perpetration (19.3%; 95% CI: 13.5-25.1). These relationships remained robust for low-risk gamblers, but were attenuated for MR/problem gamblers, after adjustment for substance use and psychological distress. MR/problem gamblers had a greater probability of FV victimization, if they reported hazardous alcohol use; and low-risk gamblers had a greater probability of FV perpetration if they were female. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings provide further support for routine screening, highlight the need for prevention and intervention programs, and suggest that reducing alcohol use may be important in these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicki A. Dowling
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Carrie Ewin
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Aino Suomi
- Institute of Child Protection Study, Australian Catholic University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shane A. Thomas
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health & Wellbeing, Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, ACT, Australia
- International Primary Health Care Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Alun C. Jackson
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto M, Aoki S, Ishihara T. Juvenile stress induces behavioral change and affects perineuronal net formation in juvenile mice. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:41. [PMID: 30012101 PMCID: PMC6048828 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0442-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many neuropsychiatric disorders develop in early life. Although the mechanisms involved have not been elucidated, it is possible that functional abnormalities of parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV neurons) are present. Several previous studies have shown that juvenile stress is implicated in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. We aimed to clarify the effects of juvenile stress on behavior and on the central nervous system. We investigated behavioral abnormalities of chronically-stressed mice during juvenilehood and the effect of juvenile stress on PV neurons and WFA-positive perineuronal nets (PNNs), which are associated with vulnerability and plasticity in the mouse brain. Results Due to juvenile stress, mice showed neurodevelopmental disorder-like behavior. Juvenile stressed mice did not show depressive-like behaviors, but on the contrary, they showed increased activity and decreased anxiety-like behavior. In the central nervous system of juvenile stressed mice, the fluorescence intensity of WFA-positive PNNs decreased, which may signify increased vulnerability. Conclusion This study suggested that juvenile stressed mice showed behavioral abnormalities, resembling those seen in neuropsychiatric disorders, and increased brain vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan. .,Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shinji Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kenta Wani
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shozo Aoki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
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Lotzin A, Ulas M, Buth S, Milin S, Kalke J, Schäfer I. Profiles of childhood adversities in pathological gamblers - A latent class analysis. Addict Behav 2018; 81:60-69. [PMID: 29428814 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite of high rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in pathological gamblers, researchers have rarely studied which types of ACEs often co-occur and how these profiles of ACEs are related to current psychopathology. We aimed to identify profiles of ACEs in pathological gamblers and examined how these profiles were related to gambling-related characteristics and current general psychopathology. In 329 current or lifetime pathological gamblers, diagnosed with the Composite Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV, 10 types of ACEs were measured using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire. Global psychopathology was assessed using the Symptom Checklist SCL-27. ACE profiles were identified using latent class analysis. Differences between ACE profiles in gambling-related characteristics and global psychopathology were analyzed using MANOVA. We found that four out of five gamblers (n=257, 78.1%) reported at least one ACE. Four distinct ACE profiles were identified: 'Low ACE', 'High ACE', 'Physical and emotional abuse', and 'Neglect'. The number of the fulfilled pathological gambling criteria and the severity of current global psychopathology differed between the ACE profiles: Gamblers with a 'High ACE' profile fulfilled more pathological gambling criteria and showed a more severe current psychopathology than gamblers of the 'Low ACE' profile. Gamblers with a 'Physical and emotional abuse' or an 'Emotion neglect' profile showed an intermediate severity of psychopathology. Our findings indicate that four different ACE profiles can be distinguished in pathological gamblers that differed in their gambling-related characteristics and current psychopathology. Systematic assessment of profiles of ACEs in pathological gamblers may inform about the severity of current global psychopathology that might be important to be addressed in addition to gambling-specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Lotzin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Interdisciplinary Addiction and Drug Research, Mailbox 201731, 20207 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mehmet Ulas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Interdisciplinary Addiction and Drug Research, Mailbox 201731, 20207 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sven Buth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Interdisciplinary Addiction and Drug Research, Mailbox 201731, 20207 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sascha Milin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Interdisciplinary Addiction and Drug Research, Mailbox 201731, 20207 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Kalke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Interdisciplinary Addiction and Drug Research, Mailbox 201731, 20207 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ingo Schäfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Interdisciplinary Addiction and Drug Research, Mailbox 201731, 20207 Hamburg, Germany.
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Kräplin A, Scherbaum S, Bühringer G, Goschke T, Schmidt A. Negative interpersonal scenes decrease inhibitory control in healthy individuals but not in gambling disorder patients. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2018.1448426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kräplin
- Faculty of Psychology, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Scherbaum
- Faculty of Psychology, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bühringer
- Faculty of Psychology, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung , Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Goschke
- Faculty of Psychology, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany
| | - André Schmidt
- Faculty of Psychology, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany
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Gambling Disorder in Veterans: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Future Research. J Gambl Stud 2018; 34:1205-1239. [PMID: 29427019 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-018-9749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To review the scientific literature examining gambling behavior in military veterans in order to summarize factors associated with gambling behavior in this population. Database searches were employed to identify articles specifically examining gambling behavior in military veterans. Cumulative search results identified 52 articles (1983-2017) examining gambling behavior in veteran populations. Articles generally fell into one or more of the following categories: prevalence, psychological profiles and psychiatric comorbidities, treatment evaluations, measurement, and genetic contributions to gambling disorder. Results from reviewed articles are presented and implications for future research discussed. Research to date has provided an excellent foundation to inform potential screening, intervention and research activities going forward. The authors suggest that a public health approach to future research endeavors would strengthen the evidence base regarding gambling in veteran populations and better inform strategies for screening, prevention and treatment.
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Ronzitti S, Kraus SW, Hoff RA, Potenza MN. Stress moderates the relationships between problem-gambling severity and specific psychopathologies. Psychiatry Res 2018; 259:254-261. [PMID: 29091825 PMCID: PMC5742031 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which stress moderated the relationships between problem-gambling severity and psychopathologies. We analyzed Wave-1 data from 41,869 participants of the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Logistic regression showed that as compared to a non-gambling (NG) group, individuals at-risk gambling (ARG) and problem gambling (PPG) demonstrated higher odds of multiple Axis-I and Axis-II disorders in both high- and low-stress groups. Interactions odds ratios were statistically significant for stress moderating the relationships between at-risk gambling (versus non-gambling) and Any Axis-I and Any Axis-II disorder, with substance-use and Cluster-A and Cluster-B disorders contributing significantly. Some similar patterns were observed for pathological gambling (versus non-gambling), with stress moderating relationships with Cluster-B disorders. In all cases, a stronger relationship was observed between problem-gambling severity and psychopathology in the low-stress versus high-stress groups. The findings suggest that perceived stress accounts for some of the variance in the relationship between problem-gambling severity and specific forms of psychopathology, particularly with respect to lower intensity, subsyndromal levels of gambling. Findings suggest that stress may be particularly important to consider in the relationships between problem-gambling severity and substance use and Cluster-B disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ronzitti
- Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Shane W. Kraus
- VISN 1 New England MIRECC, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, 200 Spring Road, Building 5, Room 135B, Bedford MA, 01730, United States
| | - Rani A. Hoff
- Northeast Program Evaluation Center; Director, Evaluation Division, National Center for PTSD, West Haven, CT USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Child Study Center, National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, and Connecticut Mental Health Center
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Roberts A, Landon J, Sharman S, Hakes J, Suomi A, Cowlishaw S. Gambling and physical intimate partner violence: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions (NESARC). Am J Addict 2017; 27:7-14. [DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Roberts
- School of Psychology; University of Lincoln; United Kingdom
| | - Jason Landon
- Department of Psychology; AUT University; New Zealand
| | | | | | - Aino Suomi
- Institute of Child Protection Studies; The Australian Catholic University; Australia
| | - Sean Cowlishaw
- Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry; The University of Melbourne; Australia
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Gambling and negative life events in a nationally representative sample of UK men. Addict Behav 2017; 75:95-102. [PMID: 28715699 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The links between gambling problems, trauma and life stressors are known to exist but understanding the extent of these relationships will allow for greater efficacy in early intervention and treatment. We investigated these relationships among men and sought to determine whether links were attenuated by alcohol and drug use problems. METHODS A cross-sectional UK representative general population survey was conducted in 2009 with 3025 men aged 18-64years. Measurements included self-reported gambling behaviours, as measured by the South Oaks Gambling Scale (SOGS) and traumatic or stressful life events. Covariates included alcohol and drug dependence and socio-demographics. Binary logistic regression models were used to examine associations. RESULTS Problem gambling (SOGS 3-4) and probable pathological gambling (SOGS 5+) were associated with increased odds of trauma in childhood (e.g. violence in the home (Adjusted Odd Ratios (AOR) 3.0 (CI=1.8-5.0) and 2.6 (CI=1.7-4.1) respectively), and life stressors in adulthood (e.g. intimate partner violence (AORs 4.5 (CI=2.0-10.3) and 4.7 (CI=2.3-9.7) and homelessness (AORs 2.2 (CI=1.1-4.6) and 3.2 (CI=1.9-5.5)). Results were attenuated when adjusted for probable alcohol and drug dependence with the latter having largest effects. CONCLUSIONS Among men in the United Kingdom, disordered gambling remains uniquely associated with trauma and life stressors in childhood and adulthood after adjusting for alcohol and drug dependence. The results support a need for disordered gambling treatment services to undertake routine screening for alcohol, drugs, IPV and traumatic life events and to tailor treatment that specifically targets the effects of stress for clients who present with such a cluster of issues.
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Bellringer M, Pearson J, du Preez KP, Wilson D, Koziol-McLain J, Garrett N, Abbott M. Family violence in a sample of treatment-seeking gamblers: the effect of having dependent children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:8. [PMID: 29082128 PMCID: PMC5640745 DOI: 10.1186/s40405-017-0028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of problem gambler gender on the relationship between the gambler having dependent children (younger than 18 years) living at home and the gambler perpetrating or being a victim of family violence. The sample comprised 164 help-seeking gamblers (43% female; 37% with dependent child/ren) recruited from three national gambling treatment services in New Zealand. Family violence was measured using a modified version of the HITS scale covering physical, psychological, verbal, emotional and sexual violence. Forty-nine percent of participants reported being a victim of violence and 43% had perpetrated violence. Multivariable logistic regression modelling was conducted, adjusting in sequence for significant socio-demographic, psychosocial and gambling factors. The relationship between having dependent children and being a victim of family violence was gender-related. Female gamblers living with dependent children reported more family violence perpetration and victimisation than male gamblers living with dependent children. Female gamblers with dependent children living at home had greater odds of being a victim of family violence than male gamblers without dependent children living at home. This relationship remained when adjusted for contextual factors of being a victim (ethnicity, income support status, and feelings of inadequacy) in this sample. A similar gender effect of having dependent children living at home on violence perpetration disappeared when known psychosocial contextual factors of violence perpetration (aggression, difficulties in emotion regulation, drug issue in the family, and interpersonal support) were taken into account. These findings suggest the value of coordinated approaches between gambling treatment services and programmes supporting vulnerable families in order to identify vulnerable families and put support mechanisms in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bellringer
- Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Janet Pearson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Katie Palmer du Preez
- Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Denise Wilson
- Taupua Waiora Centre for Māori Health Research, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jane Koziol-McLain
- Interdisciplinary Trauma Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Nick Garrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Max Abbott
- Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
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Stefanovics EA, Potenza MN, Pietrzak RH. Gambling in a National U.S. Veteran Population: Prevalence, Socio-demographics, and Psychiatric Comorbidities. J Gambl Stud 2017; 33:1099-1120. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-017-9678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Schwaninger PV, Mueller SE, Dittmann R, Poespodihardjo R, Vogel M, Wiesbeck GA, Walter M, Petitjean SA. Patients with non-substance-related disorders report a similar profile of childhood trauma experiences compared to heroin-dependent patients. Am J Addict 2017; 26:215-220. [PMID: 28240800 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Exposure to traumatic events is common among patients with substance use disorders (SUD). In patients with non-substance-related disorders, especially with gambling disorders (GD) and internet addiction (IA), traumatic childhood experiences have not been investigated extensively. The objective of this study was to compare trauma histories in patients with GD and IA to patients with heroin dependence. METHODS Cross-sectional surveys including the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and clinical data among 107 participants; 59 patients with non-substance-related disorders (GD [n = 39]; IA [n = 20]) were compared to 28 patients prescribed injectable heroin for opioid dependence in heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) and to a healthy control group (HC) (n = 20). RESULTS The findings revealed a high prevalence of trauma exposure in all three clinical groups, with 74.4% of patients with GD, 80.0% of patients with IA, and 93.0% of patients in HAT compared to 40% in HC. All three groups (GD, IA, HAT) reported significantly higher levels of "emotional neglect" compared to HC. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE The results provide clinically relevant information suggesting that the burden of childhood traumatic experiences may be as common in patients with GD and IA as in patients with heroin dependence. These findings could pose an important starting-point for treatment. (Am J Addict 2017;26:215-220).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp V Schwaninger
- Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra E Mueller
- Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Dittmann
- Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renanto Poespodihardjo
- Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Vogel
- Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard A Wiesbeck
- Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Walter
- Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie A Petitjean
- Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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32
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Dowling N, Suomi A, Jackson A, Lavis T, Patford J, Cockman S, Thomas S, Bellringer M, Koziol-Mclain J, Battersby M, Harvey P, Abbott M. Problem Gambling and Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2016; 17:43-61. [PMID: 25477014 DOI: 10.1177/1524838014561269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a systematic review of the empirical evidence related to the association between problem gambling and intimate partner violence (IPV). We identified 14 available studies in the systematic search (8 for victimisation only, 4 for perpetration only and 2 for both victimisation and perpetration). Although there were some equivocal findings, we found that most of the available research suggests that there is a significant relationship between problem gambling and being a victim of IPV. There was more consistent evidence that there is a significant relationship between problem gambling and perpetration of IPV. Meta-analyses revealed that over one third of problem gamblers report being victims of physical IPV (38.1%) or perpetrators of physical IPV (36.5%) and that the prevalence of problem gambling in IPV perpetrators is 11.3%. Although the exact nature of the relationships between problem gambling and IPV is yet to be determined, the findings suggest that less than full employment and clinical anger problems are implicated in the relationship between problem gambling and IPV victimization and that younger age, less than full employment, clinical anger problems, impulsivity, and alcohol and substance use are implicated in the relationship between problem gambling and IPV perpetration. The findings highlight the need for treatment services to undertake routine screening and assessment of problem gambling, IPV, alcohol and substance use problems, and mental health issues and provide interventions designed to manage this cluster of comorbid conditions. Further research is also required to investigate the relationship between problem gambling and violence that extends into the family beyond intimate partners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aino Suomi
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Alun Jackson
- University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Janet Patford
- University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Shane Thomas
- Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Max Abbott
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Imperatori C, Innamorati M, Bersani FS, Imbimbo F, Pompili M, Contardi A, Farina B. The Association among Childhood Trauma, Pathological Dissociation and Gambling Severity in Casino Gamblers. Clin Psychol Psychother 2015; 24:203-211. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
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The Prevalence, Mental Health and Criminal Characteristics of Potential Problem Gamblers in a Substance Using Treatment Seeking Population. Int J Ment Health Addict 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-015-9604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Gaher RM, Arens AM, Shishido H. Alexithymia as a Mediator Between Childhood Maltreatment and Impulsivity. Stress Health 2015; 31:274-80. [PMID: 26468625 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity, specifically negative urgency, is associated with diverse health risk behaviours, yet relatively little research has examined factors contributing to negative urgency. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between childhood maltreatment, alexithymia and negative urgency. The sample was comprised of 410 undergraduate students who completed measures online. A series of regression analyses tested whether alexithymia mediated the association between childhood maltreatment and negative urgency. Results supported the hypothesized mediation model. Subsequent analyses examined effects of specific subtypes of maltreatment and alexithymia subscales. These analyses indicated that growing up in a punishing environment (e.g. being hit or beat; expected to follow a strict code of behaviour) was indirectly associated with negative urgency via difficulty identifying feelings, suggesting that excessive use of punishment during childhood may reduce the development of the ability to identify and label feeling states. This difficulty in emotional processing may in turn lead to acting rashly when emotionally aroused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca M Gaher
- Department of Psychology, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Ashley M Arens
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Hanako Shishido
- Department of Psychology, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
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36
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The Relationship Between Stress and Motivation in Pathological Gambling: a Focused Review and Analysis. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-015-0064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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37
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Lavis TJ, Harvey PW, Battersby MW, Smith DP. Problem gambling, familial violence and alcohol misuse: exploring the triad for treatment-seekers. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2015.1042492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Dion J, Cantinotti M, Ross A, Collin-Vézina D. Sexual abuse, residential schooling and probable pathological gambling among Indigenous Peoples. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2015; 44:56-65. [PMID: 25816756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sexual abuse leads to short-term and long-lasting pervasive outcomes, including addictions. Among Indigenous Peoples, sexual abuse experienced in the context of residential schooling may have led to unresolved grief that is contributing to social problems, such as pathological (disordered) gambling. The aim of this study is to investigate the link between child sexual abuse, residential schooling and probable pathological gambling. The participants were 358 Indigenous persons (54.2% women) aged between 18 and 87 years, from two communities and two semi-urban centers in Quebec (Canada). Probable pathological gambling was evaluated using the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), and sexual abuse and residential schooling were assessed with dichotomous questions (yes/no). The results indicate an 8.7% past-year prevalence rate of pathological gambling problems among participants, which is high compared with the general Canadian population. Moreover, 35.4% were sexually abused, while 28.1% reported having been schooled in a residential setting. The results of a logistic regression also indicate that experiences of child sexual abuse and residential schooling are associated with probable pathological gambling among Indigenous Peoples. These findings underscore the importance of using an ecological approach when treating gambling, to address childhood traumas alongside current addiction problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinthe Dion
- Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Canada; CRIPCAS (Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Conjugal Problems and Sexual Abuse), Canada
| | | | - Amélie Ross
- Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Canada; CRIPCAS (Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Conjugal Problems and Sexual Abuse), Canada
| | - Delphine Collin-Vézina
- CRIPCAS (Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Conjugal Problems and Sexual Abuse), Canada; School of Social Work, McGill University, Canada
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39
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Andronicos M, Beauchamp G, DiMambro M, Robert M, Besson J, Séguin M. Do male and female gamblers have the same burden of adversity over their life course? INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2015.1024706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Dowling NA, Jackson AC, Suomi A, Lavis T, Thomas SA, Patford J, Harvey P, Battersby M, Koziol-McLain J, Abbott M, Bellringer ME. Problem gambling and family violence: prevalence and patterns in treatment-seekers. Addict Behav 2014; 39:1713-7. [PMID: 25117847 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to explore the prevalence and patterns of family violence in treatment-seeking problem gamblers. Secondary aims were to identify the prevalence of problem gambling in a family violence victimisation treatment sample and to explore the relationship between problem gambling and family violence in other treatment-seeking samples. Clients from 15 Australian treatment services were systematically screened for problem gambling using the Brief Bio-Social Gambling Screen and for family violence using single victimisation and perpetration items adapted from the Hurt-Insulted-Threatened-Screamed (HITS): gambling services (n=463), family violence services (n=95), alcohol and drug services (n=47), mental health services (n=51), and financial counselling services (n=48). The prevalence of family violence in the gambling sample was 33.9% (11.0% victimisation only, 6.9% perpetration only, and 16.0% both victimisation and perpetration). Female gamblers were significantly more likely to report victimisation only (16.5% cf. 7.8%) and both victimisation and perpetration (21.2% cf. 13.0%) than male gamblers. There were no other demographic differences in family violence prevalence estimates. Gamblers most commonly endorsed their parents as both the perpetrators and victims of family violence, followed by current and former partners. The prevalence of problem gambling in the family violence sample was 2.2%. The alcohol and drug (84.0%) and mental health (61.6%) samples reported significantly higher rates of any family violence than the gambling sample, while the financial counselling sample (10.6%) reported significantly higher rates of problem gambling than the family violence sample. The findings of this study support substantial comorbidity between problem gambling and family violence, although this may be accounted for by a high comorbidity with alcohol and drug use problems and other psychiatric disorders. They highlight the need for routine screening, assessment and management of problem gambling and family violence in a range of services.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Dowling
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia; Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre, University of Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
| | - A C Jackson
- Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Suomi
- Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre, University of Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Gambling Research, The Australian National University, Australia
| | - T Lavis
- Flinders Human Behaviour & Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Australia
| | - S A Thomas
- Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre, Monash University, Australia
| | - J Patford
- Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Harvey
- Flinders Human Behaviour & Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Australia
| | - M Battersby
- Flinders Human Behaviour & Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Australia
| | - J Koziol-McLain
- Trauma Research Centre, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - M Abbott
- Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - M E Bellringer
- Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
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41
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Montes KS, Weatherly JN. The Relationship Between Personality Traits and Military Enlistment: An Exploratory Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/21635781.2013.866509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Larsen CVL, Curtis T, Bjerregaard P. Gambling behavior and problem gambling reflecting social transition and traumatic childhood events among Greenland Inuit: a cross-sectional study in a large indigenous population undergoing rapid change. J Gambl Stud 2014; 29:733-48. [PMID: 23065180 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-012-9337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An increase in social pathologies is a key feature in indigenous populations undergoing transition. The Greenland Inuit are a large indigenous population constituting a majority in their own country, which makes it possible to investigate differences within the population. This led us to study gambling behavior and problem gambling among Greenland Inuit in relation to the ongoing social transition and traumatic events during childhood. A large representative cross-sectional study was conducted among Greenland Inuit (n = 2,189). Data was collected among adults (18+) in 9 towns and 13 villages in Greenland from 2005 to 2010. Problem gambling, gambling behavior and traumatic childhood events were measured through a self-administered questionnaire. The lie/bet screen was used to identify past year and lifetime problem gambling. Social transition was measured as place of residence and a combination of residence, education and occupation. The lifetime prevalence of problem gambling was 16 % among men and 10 % among women (p < 0.0001); and higher in towns (19 %) compared to the capital of Nuuk (11 %) and in villages (12 %) (men only, p = 0.020). Lifetime problem gambling was associated with social transition (p = 0.023), alcohol problems in childhood home (p = 0.001/p = 0.002) and sexual abuse in childhood (women only, p = 0.030). A comparably high prevalence of lifetime problem gambling among Greenland Inuit adds problem gambling to the list of social pathologies in Greenland. A significant association between lifetime problem gambling, social transition and traumatic childhood events suggests people caught between tradition and modern ways of life are more vulnerable to gambling problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Viskum Lytken Larsen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Oester Farimagsgade 5A, 2, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark,
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Saugeres L, Thomas A, Moore S. ‘It wasn't a very encouraging environment’: influence of early family experiences on problem and at-risk gamblers in Victoria, Australia. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2013.879729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lowengrub K, Iancu I, Aizer A, Kotler M, Dannon PN. Pharmacotherapy of pathological gambling: review of new treatment modalities. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 6:1845-51. [PMID: 17181431 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.6.12.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pathological gambling is classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition as an impulse-control disorder. In the International Classification of Diseases of the WHO, pathological gambling is coded under the heading of 'Habit and Impulse Disorders'. Pathological gambling is a chronic, progressive disorder, which has a prevalence of 1-3.4% among western civilizations. The enormous personal and social consequences of this disorder include a high rate of suicide attempts, job loss, marital and family problems, legal problems, and criminal behavior. Recent studies have demonstrated that pathological gambling patients respond well to treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, mood stabilizers and opioid antagonists. These findings support the idea that pathological gambling and other disorders of impulse control may be conceptualized as part of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders or addictive disorders. This article will discuss possible treatment strategies according to different behavior patterns in pathological gambling and also remind the physicians who intend to treat this disorder of the possible diagnosis of pathological gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Lowengrub
- Ness Ziona and Beer Ya'akov Medical Complex and Tel Aviv University, The Rehovot Community Mental Health & Rehabilitation Center, Remez Street 80, Rehovot, 76449, Israel.
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Brydges NM, Jin R, Seckl J, Holmes MC, Drake AJ, Hall J. Juvenile stress enhances anxiety and alters corticosteroid receptor expression in adulthood. Brain Behav 2014; 4:4-13. [PMID: 24653949 PMCID: PMC3937700 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to stress in early life is correlated with the development of anxiety disorders in adulthood. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, but an imbalance in corticosteroid receptor (CR) expression in the limbic system, particularly the hippocampus, has been implicated in the etiology of anxiety disorders. However, little is known about how prepubertal stress in the so called "juvenile" period might alter the expression of these receptors. AIMS Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate how stress experienced in the juvenile phase of life altered hippocampal expression of CRs and anxiety behaviors in adulthood. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a rodent model to assess the effects of juvenile stress on hippocampal CR expression, and performance in three behavioral tests of anxiety in adulthood. RESULTS Juvenile stress (JS) increased anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus maze, increased mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression, and decreased the ratio of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to MR expression in the hippocampus of adult animals. Females demonstrated lower levels of anxiety-type behavior and increased activity in three behavioral tests, and had greater expression of GR and GR:MR ratio than males, regardless of treatment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that JS can alter the expression and balance of CRs, providing a potential mechanism for the corresponding increase in anxiety behavior observed in adulthood. Further evidence for the role of CR expression in anxiety is provided by sex differences in anxiety behavior and corresponding alterations in CR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola M Brydges
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science QMRI, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Rowen Jin
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science QMRI, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Jonathan Seckl
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science QMRI, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Megan C Holmes
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science QMRI, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Amanda J Drake
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science QMRI, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science QMRI, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, U.K ; Division of Psychiatry Centre for Clinical Brain Science, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, U.K ; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff, U.K
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Clinical and Personality Characteristics Associated with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Problem and Pathological Gamblers Recruited from the Community. J Gambl Stud 2013; 31:501-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-013-9426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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McPherson S, Clayton S, Wood H, Hiskey S, Andrews L. The Role of Childhood Experiences in the Development of Sexual Compulsivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2013.803213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Slavin M, Pilver CE, Hoff RA, Krishnan-Sarin S, Steinberg MA, Rugle L, Potenza MN. Serious Physical Fighting and Gambling-Related Attitudes and Behaviors in Adolescents. J Behav Addict 2013; 2:167. [PMID: 24294502 PMCID: PMC3840436 DOI: 10.1556/jba.2.2013.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Physical fighting and gambling are common risk behaviors among adolescents. Prior studies have found associations among these behaviors in adolescents but have not examined systematically the health and gambling correlates of problem-gambling severity amongst youth stratified by fight involvement. METHODS Survey data were used from 2,276 Connecticut high-school adolescents regarding their physical fight involvement, gambling behaviors and perceptions, and health and functioning. Gambling perceptions and correlates of problem-gambling severity were examined in fighting and non-fighting adolescents. RESULTS Gambling perceptions were more permissive and at-risk/problem gambling was more frequent amongst adolescents reporting serious fights versus those denying serious fights. A stronger relationship between problem-gambling severity and regular smoking was observed for adolescents involved in fights. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The more permissive gambling attitudes and heavier gambling associated with serious fights in high-school students suggest that youth who engage in physical fights warrant enhanced prevention efforts related to gambling. The stronger relationship between tobacco smoking and problem-gambling severity amongst youth engaging in serious fights suggest that fighting youth who smoke might warrant particular screening for gambling problems and subsequent interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Slavin
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Corey E. Pilver
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rani A. Hoff
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,National Center for PTSD, Evaluation Division, VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Loreen Rugle
- Connecticut Problem Gambling Services, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Corresponding Author: Marc N. Potenza, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Phone: +1-203-974-7356; Fax: +1-203-974-7366;
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Abdollahnejad MR, Delfabbro P, Denson L. The Clustering of Psychiatric Disorders in High-Risk Gambling Populations. J Gambl Stud 2013; 30:933-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-013-9392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Najavits LM, Smylie D, Johnson K, Lung J, Gallop RJ, Classen CC. Seeking Safety Therapy for Pathological Gambling and PTSD: A Pilot Outcome Study. J Psychoactive Drugs 2013; 45:10-6. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2013.763557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Najavits
- a Treatment Innovations, Newton Centre, MA; Lecturer, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Diane Smylie
- b Former Director of Community Integration and Project Development, Jean Tweed Centre , Toronto , Canada
| | - Kay Johnson
- c Treatment Innovations , Newton Centre , MA , USA
| | - John Lung
- c Treatment Innovations , Newton Centre , MA , USA
| | | | - Catherine C. Classen
- e Women's College Research Institute; Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto , Canada
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