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Drobac Backović D, Tokodi N. Cyanotoxins in food: Exposure assessment and health impact. Food Res Int 2024; 184:114271. [PMID: 38609248 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The intricate nature of cyanotoxin exposure through food reveals a complex web of risks and uncertainties in our dietary choices. With the aim of starting to unravel this intricate nexus, a comprehensive review of 111 papers from the past two decades investigating cyanotoxin contamination in food was undertaken. It revealed a widespread occurrence of cyanotoxins in diverse food sources across 31 countries. Notably, 68% of the studies reported microcystin concentrations exceeding established Tolerable Daily Intake levels. Cyanotoxins were detected in muscles of many fish species, and while herbivorous fish exhibited the highest recorded concentration, omnivorous species displayed a higher propensity for cyanotoxin accumulation, exemplified by Oreochromis niloticus. Beyond fish, crustaceans and bivalves emerged as potent cyanotoxin accumulators. Gaps persist regarding contamination of terrestrial and exotic animals and their products, necessitating further exploration. Plant contamination under natural conditions remains underreported, yet evidence underscores irrigation-driven cyanotoxin accumulation, particularly affecting leafy vegetables. Finally, cyanobacterial-based food supplements often harbored cyanotoxins (57 % of samples were positive) warranting heightened scrutiny, especially for Aphanizomenon flos-aquae-based products. Uncertainties surround precise concentrations due to methodological variations (chemical and biochemical) and extraction limitations, along with the enigmatic fate of toxins during storage, processing, and digestion. Nonetheless, potential health consequences of cyanotoxin exposure via contaminated food include gastrointestinal and neurological disorders, organ damage (e.g. liver, kidneys, muscles), and even elevated cancer risks. While microcystins received significant attention, knowledge gaps persist regarding other cyanotoxins' accumulation, exposure, and effects, as well as combined exposure via multiple pathways. Intriguing and complex, cyanotoxin exposure through food beckons further research for our safer and healthier diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjana Drobac Backović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Nada Tokodi
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia; Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30387, Poland.
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2
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Ledenko M, Antwi SO, Patel T. Geospatial analysis of cyanobacterial exposure and liver cancer in the contiguous United States. Hepatology 2024; 79:575-588. [PMID: 37607728 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cyanobacteria are commonly found in water bodies and their production of hepatotoxins can contribute to liver damage. However, the population health effects of cyanobacteria exposure (CE) are unknown. Our objectives were to determine the effect of chronic exposure to cyanobacteria through proximity to water bodies with high cyanobacteria counts on the incidence and mortality of liver cancers, as well as to identify location-based risk factors. APPROACH AND RESULTS Across the contiguous United States, regions with high cyanobacteria counts in water bodies were identified using satellite remote sensing data. The data were geospatially mapped to county boundaries, and disease mortality and incidence rates were analyzed. Distinctive spatial clusters of CE and mortality related to liver diseases or cancer were identified. There was a highly significant spatial association between CE, liver disease, and liver cancer but not between CE and all cancers. Hot spots of CE and mortality were identified along the Gulf of Mexico, eastern Texas, Louisiana, and Florida, and cold spots across the Appalachians. The social vulnerability index was identified as a major location-based determinant by logistic regression, with counties in the fourth or fifth quintiles having the highest prevalence of hot spots of CE and mortality from liver cancer. CONCLUSIONS These findings emphasize the importance of environmental exposure to cyanobacteria as a location-based determinant of mortality from liver cancer. Public health initiatives addressing CE may be considered to reduce mortality, particularly in areas of high social vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ledenko
- Department of Transplantation, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Samuel O Antwi
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Tushar Patel
- Department of Transplantation, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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3
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Xu W, Hu X, Li H, Tian X, Ouyang Z, Du Y, Chen J. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Ep-M17 on growth, immunity and intestinal microbiota of Penaeus vannamei under Microcystin-LR stress. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 265:106763. [PMID: 37980848 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are biologically active cyclic heptapeptide compounds released by cyanobacteria in water bodies, and MC-LR is one of the most widespread and toxic isoforms. It frequently poses a serious threat to Penaeus vannamei aquaculture. Our previous study revealed that the supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum Ep-M17 has a probiotic effect on P. vannamei health and whether Ep-M17 can alleviate the stressful effects of MC-LR on shrimp remains unclear. Therefore, in the present work, shrimp were fed MC-LR alone or combined with Ep-M17 for six weeks, and then evaluated the effects on histology, enzyme activity, gene expression, and intestinal flora. The results showed that MC-LR stress lead to slow growth and reduced survival rates in shrimp. However, feeding Ep-M17 significantly increased both the growth rate and survival rate. Meanwhile, MC-LR stress caused severe tissue damage in the hepatopancreas and intestines of shrimp, but Ep-M17 significantly reduced the toxic effects and protected the integrity of these tissues. Additionally, Ep-M17 significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and digestive enzymes, and induced higher expression of immune-related genes, thereby promoting the digestive and immune responses in shrimp. Furthermore, MC-LR stress disrupted the intestinal flora in shrimp intestines, while the use of Ep-M17 significantly increased the abundance of immune- and metabolism-related bacteria and inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria to maintain intestinal flora balance and intestinal health. In conclusion, our results indicate that Ep-M17 can reduce the toxic effect of MC-LR on shrimp and has a positive function in the prevention and control of shrimp diseases caused by MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Xiaoman Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Xiangrong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Zhihang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Yang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China.
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Wang X, Zhu Y, Lu W, Guo X, Chen L, Zhang N, Chen S, Ge C, Xu S. Microcystin-LR-induced nuclear translocation of cGAS promotes mutagenesis in human hepatocytes by impeding homologous recombination repair. Toxicol Lett 2022; 373:94-104. [PMID: 36435412 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) has been recognized as a typical hepatotoxic cyclic peptides produced by cyanobacteria. Nowadays, due to the frequent occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms, the underlying hepatotoxic mechanism of MC-LR has become the focus of attention. In our present work, the mutagenic effect of MC-LR on human normal hepatic (HL-7702) cells regulated by cGAS was mainly studied. Here, we showed that exposure to MC-LR for 1-4 days could activate the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and then trigger immune response in HL-7702 cells. Notably, relative to the treatment with 1 μM MC-LR for 1-3 days, it was observed that when HL-7702 cells were exposed to 1 μM MC-LR for 4 days, the mutation frequency at the Hprt locus was remarkably increased. In addition, cGAS in HL-7702 cells was also found to complete the nuclear translocation after 4-day exposure. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation and homologous recombination (HR)-directed DSB repair assay were applied to show that homologous recombination repair was inhibited after 4-day exposure. However, the intervention of the nuclear translocation of cGAS by transfecting BLK overexpression plasmid restored homologous recombination repair and reduced the mutation frequency at the Hprt locus in HL-7702 cells exposed to MC-LR. Our study unveiled the distinct roles of cGAS in the cytoplasm and nucleus of human hepatocytes as well as potential mutagenic mechanism under the early and late stage of exposure to MC-LR, and provided a novel insight into the prevention and control measures about the hazards of cGAS-targeted MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Yuchen Zhu
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Wenzun Lu
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Guo
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Liuzeng Chen
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, PR China
| | - Chunmei Ge
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Shengmin Xu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
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5
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Svirčev Z, Chen L, Sántha K, Drobac Backović D, Šušak S, Vulin A, Palanački Malešević T, Codd GA, Meriluoto J. A review and assessment of cyanobacterial toxins as cardiovascular health hazards. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2829-2863. [PMID: 35997789 PMCID: PMC9395816 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eutrophicated waters frequently support bloom-forming cyanobacteria, many of which produce potent cyanobacterial toxins (cyanotoxins). Cyanotoxins can cause adverse health effects in a wide range of organisms where the toxins may target the liver, other internal organs, mucous surfaces and the skin and nervous system. This review surveyed more than 100 studies concerning the cardiovascular toxicity of cyanotoxins and related topics. Over 60 studies have described various negative effects on the cardiovascular system by seven major types of cyanotoxins, i.e. the microcystin (MC), nodularin (NOD), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin (ATX), guanitoxin (GNTX), saxitoxin (STX) and lyngbyatoxin (LTX) groups. Much of the research was done on rodents and fish using high, acutely toxin concentrations and unnatural exposure routes (such as intraperitoneal injection), and it is thus concluded that the emphasis in future studies should be on oral, chronic exposure of mammalian species at environmentally relevant concentrations. It is also suggested that future in vivo studies are conducted in parallel with studies on cells and tissues. In the light of the presented evidence, it is likely that cyanotoxins do not constitute a major risk to cardiovascular health under ordinary conditions met in everyday life. The risk of illnesses in other organs, in particular the liver, is higher under the same exposure conditions. However, adverse cardiovascular effects can be expected due to indirect effects arising from damage in other organs. In addition to risks related to extraordinary concentrations of the cyanotoxins and atypical exposure routes, chronic exposure together with co-existing diseases could make some of the cyanotoxins more dangerous to cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Svirčev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Kinga Sántha
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Damjana Drobac Backović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Stamenko Šušak
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, UNS, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Vulin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, UNS, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Tamara Palanački Malešević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
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Hernandez BY, Biggs J, Zhu X, Sotto P, Nagata M, Mendez AJP, Paulino Y. Environmental Exposure to Cyanobacteria Hepatotoxins in a Pacific Island Community: A Cross-Sectional Assessment. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081607. [PMID: 36014026 PMCID: PMC9412653 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Cyanobacteria produce a wide range of secondary metabolites, including tumor-promoting hepatotoxins. We recently reported evidence of an independent association between oral cyanobacteria and hepatocellular carcinoma in a U.S. population. We sought to characterize the nature, sources, and health correlates of cyanotoxin exposure in the U.S. Pacific Island territory of Guam, which has a high incidence of liver cancer. (2) Methods: Seventy-four adult males and females were enrolled in a cross-sectional study to quantify cyanotoxins in saliva, urine, and blood and their correlation with health behaviors, medical history, and environmental exposures. Plant samples were collected from locations throughout the island. Microcystin/nodularin (MC/NOD), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), and anabaenopeptin (AB) were measured in biospecimens and in plant extracts by ELISA. (3) Results: Overall, among study participants MC/NOD were detected in 53.9% of saliva, 7.5% of urine, and 100% of serum.; CYN in 40.0% of saliva, 100.0% of urine, and 70.4% of serum; AB in 30.8% of saliva, 85% of urine, and 92.6% of serum. Salivary MC/NOD levels were significantly higher in individuals using municipal tap water as their primary source of drinking water; both salivary and urinary MC/NOD levels were higher in those not using store-bought/commercial water. Urine MC/NOD levels were highest among individuals consuming fruits and vegetables exclusively from local sources. Urine MC/NOD levels were elevated in individuals with hypertension and hyperlipidemia and salivary MC/NOD in those with recent alcohol consumption. Cyanotoxins were prevalent in plant samples including MC/NOD (46.6%), CYN (35.1%), and AB (51.7%). (4) Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that exposure to cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, including tumor promoters, may be prevalent in Guam and may originate from environmental sources. Population-based epidemiologic studies are needed to investigate the role of cyanotoxins in liver cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Y. Hernandez
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-808-586-2992
| | - Jason Biggs
- University of Guam Cancer Research Center, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Patrick Sotto
- University of Guam Cancer Research Center, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA
| | - Michelle Nagata
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | | | - Yvette Paulino
- University of Guam Cancer Research Center, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA
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7
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Li J, Xiao X, Guo L, Chen H, Feng M, Yu X. A novel qPCR-based method to quantify seven phyla of common algae in freshwater and its application in water sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153340. [PMID: 35085638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The light microscope is widely used to count algae, however, there are some disadvantages associated with this method, such as time consuming and laborious. In this study, a qPCR-based method was established for quantifying seven phyla of common algae in freshwater, including Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Bacillariophyta, Dinophyta, Cryptophyta, and Chrysophyta. The accuracy of qPCR in estimating algal cells was confirmed by comparing it with the microscopic counting. The qPCR was used to detect the cell concentration of seven phyla of algae in Longhu Reservoir, showing that green algal blooms occurred during the monitoring period. The intensity of algal blooms was further evaluated according to the classification standard, which suggested that the grade of this bloom was mild. An early warning system was proposed to early warn the occurrence of algal blooms in two water sources, Longhu Reservoir and Dongzhang Reservoir. The qPCR method developed in this study could be a useful tool in the monitoring of algae. The early warning system reported here will have important implications for the effective warning of algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyan Xiao
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lizheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Fujian Provincial Investigation, Design & Research Institute of Water Conservancy & Hydropower, No.158 Dongda Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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8
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He J, Chen J, Chen F, Chen L, Giesy JP, Guo Y, Liang G, Deng X, Wang W, Xie P. Health Risks of Chronic Exposure to Small Doses of Microcystins: An Integrative Metabolomic and Biochemical Study of Human Serum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6548-6559. [PMID: 35510355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Health risks of chronic exposure to microcystins (MCs), a family of aquatic contaminants produced mainly by cyanobacteria, are critical yet unsolved problems. Despite a few epidemiological studies, the metabolic profiles of humans exposed to MCs remain unknown, hindering the deep understanding of the molecular toxicity mechanisms. Here, sensitive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)- and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics were applied to investigate the serum metabolic profiles of humans living near Lake Chao, where toxic cyanobacterial blooms occur annually. MCs were positively detected in 92 of 144 sera by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with a median concentration of 0.016 μg/L. The estimated daily intake (0.15-0.27 μg MC-LReq/day) was less than the tolerable daily intake (TDI, 2.4 μg MC-LR for 60 kg adults) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Obvious disruptions of the amino acid metabolism were confirmed and played important roles in renal impairments associated with serum MC burdens. Chronic oral exposure of mice to 30 μg MC-LR/kg body mass, which is less than the no observed adverse effect level, also led to obvious renal lesions and metabolic dysfunction. These observations provide the first evidence of metabolic disturbance of humans exposed to MCs and indicate that the WHO's TDI value determined traditionally should be lessened to protect human health effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatoon S7N 5B4, Canada
- Zoology Department, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco 76706, Texas, United States
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Gaodao Liang
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xuwei Deng
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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9
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Hernandez BY, Zhu X, Risch HA, Lu L, Ma X, Irwin ML, Lim JK, Taddei TH, Pawlish KS, Stroup AM, Brown R, Wang Z, Wong LL, Yu H. Oral Cyanobacteria and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:221-229. [PMID: 34697061 PMCID: PMC8755591 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbial alterations have been linked to chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The role of the oral microbiome in liver cancer development has not been widely investigated. METHODS Bacterial 16S rRNA sequences were evaluated in oral samples from 90 HCC cases and 90 controls who were a part of a larger U.S. case-control study of HCC among patients diagnosed from 2011 to 2016. RESULTS The oral microbiome of HCC cases showed significantly reduced alpha diversity compared with controls (Shannon P = 0.002; Simpson P = 0.049), and beta diversity significantly differed (weighted Unifrac P = 0.004). The relative abundance of 30 taxa significantly varied including Cyanobacteria, which was enriched in cases compared with controls (P = 0.018). Cyanobacteria was positively associated with HCC [OR, 8.71; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.22-62.00; P = 0.031] after adjustment for age, race, birthplace, education, smoking, alcohol, obesity, type 2 diabetes, Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), fatty liver disease, aspirin use, other NSAID use, laboratory batch, and other significant taxa. When stratified by HCC risk factors, significant associations of Cyanobacteria with HCC were exclusively observed among individuals with negative histories of established risk factors as well as females and college graduates. Cyanobacterial genes positively associated with HCC were specific to taxa producing microcystin, the hepatotoxic tumor promotor, and other genes known to be upregulated with microcystin exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel evidence that oral Cyanobacteria may be an independent risk factor for HCC. IMPACT These findings support future studies to further examine the causal relationship between oral Cyanobacteria and HCC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Y Hernandez
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Harvey A Risch
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Melinda L Irwin
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Joseph K Lim
- Yale Liver Center and Section of Digestive Diseases, Department if Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tamar H Taddei
- Yale Liver Center and Section of Digestive Diseases, Department if Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Karen S Pawlish
- New Jersey State Cancer Registry, New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, New Jersey
| | - Antoinette M Stroup
- New Jersey State Cancer Registry, New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, New Jersey
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Robert Brown
- Department of Medicine, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
- Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Zhanwei Wang
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Linda L Wong
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Department of Surgery, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Herbert Yu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
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10
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Cyanotoxins and the Nervous System. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090660. [PMID: 34564664 PMCID: PMC8472772 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are capable of producing a wide range of bioactive compounds with many considered to be toxins. Although there are a number of toxicological outcomes with respect to cyanobacterial exposure, this review aims to examine those which affect the central nervous system (CNS) or have neurotoxicological properties. Such exposures can be acute or chronic, and we detail issues concerning CNS entry, detection and remediation. Exposure can occur through a variety of media but, increasingly, exposure through air via inhalation may have greater significance and requires further investigation. Even though cyanobacterial toxins have traditionally been classified based on their primary mode of toxicity, increasing evidence suggests that some also possess neurotoxic properties and include known cyanotoxins and unknown compounds. Furthermore, chronic long-term exposure to these compounds is increasingly being identified as adversely affecting human health.
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11
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Wood SA, Puddick J, Hawes I, Steiner K, Dietrich DR, Hamilton DP. Variability in microcystin quotas during a Microcystis bloom in a eutrophic lake. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254967. [PMID: 34288957 PMCID: PMC8294494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystis is a bloom-forming genus of cyanobacteria with some genotypes that produce highly toxic microcystin hepatotoxins. In waterbodies where biological and physical factors are relatively homogenous, toxin quotas (the average amount of toxin per cell), at a single point in time, are expected to be relatively constant. In this study we challenged this assumption by investigating the spatial distribution of microcystin quotas at a single point in time on two separate occasions in a lake with a major Microcystis bloom. Microcystis cell concentrations varied widely across the lake on both sampling occasions (730- and 137-fold) together with microcystin quotas (148- and 362-fold). Cell concentrations and microcystin quotas were strongly positively correlated (R2 = 0.89, P < 0.001, n = 28; R2 = 0.67, P < 0.001, n = 25). Analysis of Microcystis strains using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region showed no relationship between microcystin quota and the relative abundance of specific sequences. Collectively, the results of this study indicate an association between microcystin production and cell density that magnifies the potential for bloom toxicity at elevated cell concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Hawes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | | | - David P. Hamilton
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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12
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Shi L, Du X, Liu H, Chen X, Ma Y, Wang R, Tian Z, Zhang S, Guo H, Zhang H. Update on the adverse effects of microcystins on the liver. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110890. [PMID: 33617868 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most common cyanobacteria toxins in eutrophic water, which have strong hepatotoxicity. In the past decade, epidemiological and toxicological studies on liver damage caused by MCs have proliferated, and new mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by MCs have also been discovered and confirmed. However, there has not been a comprehensive and systematic review of these new findings. Therefore, this paper summarizes the latest advances in studies on the hepatotoxicity of MCs to reveal the effects and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by MCs. Current epidemiological studies have confirmed that symptoms or signs of liver damage appear after human exposure to MCs, and a long time of exposure can even lead to liver cancer. Toxicological studies have shown that MCs can affect the expression of oncogenes by activating cell proliferation pathways such as MAPK and Akt, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of cancer. The latest evidence shows that epigenetic modifications may play an important role in MCs-induced liver cancer. MCs can cause damage to the liver by inducing hepatocyte death, mainly manifested as apoptosis and necrosis. The imbalance of liver metabolic homeostasis may be involved in hepatotoxicity induced by MCs. In addition, the combined toxicity of MCs and other toxins are also discussed in this article. This detailed information will be a valuable reference for further exploring of MCs-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjia Shi
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ya Ma
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhihui Tian
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongxiang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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13
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Hernandez BY, Zhu X, Sotto P, Paulino Y. Oral exposure to environmental cyanobacteria toxins: Implications for cancer risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 148:106381. [PMID: 33465665 PMCID: PMC7870584 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Areca nut/betel quid (AN/BQ) chewing, a prevalent practice in parts of the Pacific and Asia, is an independent cause of cancers of the oral cavity and esophagus and may be linked to liver cancer. The mechanisms of AN/BQ-associated carcinogenesis are unclear. In a Guam population, we previously demonstrated that AN/BQ chewing alters the oral bacterial microbiome including in chewers with oral premalignant lesions. Enrichment of specific taxa, including Cyanobacteria, was observed. OBJECTIVES We undertook an investigation to evaluate Areca catechu and/or Piper betle plants as potential sources of Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in AN/BQ chewers in Guam. METHODS We evaluated bacterial 16S rRNA with Illumina MiSeq in 122 oral samples and 30 Areca catechu nut and Piper betle leaf samples. Cyanobacteria sequences were interrogated using the NCBI database to identify candidate species and their reference sequences were evaluated for secondary metabolite toxins using AntiSMASH 5.0. Selected toxins were measured by ELISA in extracts from 30 plant samples and in a subset of 25 saliva samples. RESULTS Cyanobacteria was the predominant taxa in Areca catechu and Piper betle plants, comprising 75% of sequences. Cyanobacteria was detected at low levels in oral samples but 90-fold higher in current AN/BQ chewers compared to former/never chewers (p = 0.001). Microcystin/nodularin was detected in saliva (15 of 25 samples) and Piper betle leaves (6 of 10 samples). Cylindrospermopsin was detected in all saliva and leaf samples and 7 of 10 nut/husks. Salivary cylindrospermopsin levels were significantly higher in current chewers of betel quid (i.e., crushed Areca catechu nut wrapped in Piper betle leaf) compared to those chewing Areca nut alone. Anabaenopeptin was detected in saliva (10 of 25 samples), all leaf samples, and 7 of 10 nut/husks. Salivary anabaenopeptin concentration was weakly, albeit significantly, correlated with oral Cyanobacteria relative abundance. DISCUSSION Our study demonstrates that Cyanobacteria can contaminate AN/BQ plants and expose chewers to potent hepatotoxins. With worldwide increases in climate-related overgrowth of Cyanobacteria, our findings have broad implications for cancer risk across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Y Hernandez
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States.
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States.
| | - Patrick Sotto
- University of Guam Cancer Research Center, Mangilao, GU, United States.
| | - Yvette Paulino
- University of Guam Cancer Research Center, Mangilao, GU, United States.
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14
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Ge S, Qiao X, Zhao X, Li X, Liu Y. Microcystin in source water: pollution characteristics and human health risk assessment. RSC Adv 2021; 11:6415-6422. [PMID: 35423125 PMCID: PMC8694861 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08983d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic waters produce a variety of toxins such as microcystins (MCs), which are seriously harmful to waterbodies and human health. The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the MC-LR concentration in drinking water sources in seven river basins in China were investigated in this study. The removal rate of MC-LR in the purification process of water treatment plants and the human health risk of MC-LR in drinking water are also discussed. The results show that the detection frequency of MC-LR in source water was 55.46% and its concentration ranged from 0.06 × 10-3 to 52 × 10-3 μg L-1 (mean of 12.47 × 10-3 μg L-1), which are both below China's drinking water quality standard for algal toxins. The MC-LR concentration in lakes and reservoirs was higher than that in rivers, and exhibited an obvious spatiotemporal variation. The mean removal rate of MC-LR varied with river basin, and was also slightly higher for the advanced water treatment process (97.46%) in comparison to that of the conventional process (96.74%). The concentration of MC-LR in 8.26% of treated water samples was higher than that of raw water, thus indicating that MC-LR may be further released during the purification process. The risk index of MC-LR in treated water samples ranged from 2.29 × 10-3 to 8.40 × 10-3 (mean of 4.73 × 10-3), which corresponded to an extremely low level of risk. However, intensive monitoring should still be carried out in some high-concentration watersheds during the summer to ensure the safety of public drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Ge
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
| | - Xiaocui Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
| | - Xingru Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
| | - Xue Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
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15
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Labine MA, Shu E, Xue L, Mak G, Griffith J, Minuk GY. A lack of association between increases in gastrointestinal, liver, and urologic cancers and cyanobacterial contamination of fresh water lakes in Manitoba. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:35852-35858. [PMID: 32607998 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are becoming increasingly abundant in North American fresh water lakes. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria have been associated with gastrointestinal injury, liver failure, and nephrotoxicity. They have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal and liver cancers. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the incidence rates of gastrointestinal, liver, and urologic cancers are increasing in the province of Manitoba and, if so, whether these increases spatially and/or temporally correlate with areas where cyanobacterial contamination of fresh water lakes have been identified. Cancer incidence data were obtained from the Manitoba Cancer Registry. Cyanobacterial contamination data, as reflected by microcystin toxin concentrations, were available from the Manitoba Water Stewardship. ArcGIS mapping was employed to document spatial and temporal relationships between cancer incidence and cyanobacterial data. The results revealed that although the incidence rates for all three cancers have increased over the past 20-25 years, these increases were not disproportionally higher in zones with high microcystin toxin determinations. The results of this study argue against increased exposure to cyanotoxins as an explanation for the increase in gastrointestinal, liver and urologic cancers in Manitoba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan A Labine
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Emma Shu
- Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lin Xue
- Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Giselle Mak
- Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jane Griffith
- Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Gerald Y Minuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, John Buhler Research Centre, University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P4, Canada.
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16
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Metcalf JS, Banack SA, Wessel RA, Lester M, Pim JG, Cassani JR, Cox PA. Toxin Analysis of Freshwater Cyanobacterial and Marine Harmful Algal Blooms on the West Coast of Florida and Implications for Estuarine Environments. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:27-35. [PMID: 32683648 PMCID: PMC7904716 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent marine and freshwater algal and cyanobacterial blooms in Florida have increased public concern and awareness of the risks posed by exposure to these organisms. In 2018, Lake Okeechobee and the Caloosahatchee river, on the west coast of Florida, experienced an extended bloom of Microcystis spp. and a bloom of Karenia brevis in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico that coincided in the Fort Myers area. Samples from the Caloosahatchee at Fort Myers into Pine Island Sound and up to Boca Grande were collected by boat. High concentrations of microcystin-LR were detected in the cyanobacterial bloom along with brevetoxins in the marine samples. Furthermore, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and isomers N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG) and 2,4-diaminobuytric acid (DAB) were detected in marine diatoms and dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria of freshwater origin. High freshwater flows pushed the cyanobacterial bloom to barrier island beaches and Microcystis and microcystins could be detected into the marine environment at a salinity of 41 mS/cm. For comparison, in 2019 collections of Dapis (a new generic segregate from Lyngbya) mats from Sarasota showed high concentrations of BMAA, suggesting the possibility of long-term exposure of residents to BMAA. The findings highlight the potential for multiple, potentially toxic blooms to co-exist and the possible implications for human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Metcalf
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA.
| | - S A Banack
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA
| | - R A Wessel
- Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation, Sanibel, FL, 33957, USA
| | - M Lester
- Path of Wellness Holistic Health, Lexington, GA, 30648, USA
| | - J G Pim
- Calusa Waterkeeper, Inc., PO Box 1165, Fort Myers, FL, 33902, USA
| | - J R Cassani
- Calusa Waterkeeper, Inc., PO Box 1165, Fort Myers, FL, 33902, USA
| | - P A Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA
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Marić P, Ahel M, Babić O, Simeunović J, Smital T. Ecotoxicological profiling of selected cyanobacterial strains using multi-endpoint effect-directed analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:535-550. [PMID: 32297059 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to perform an ecotoxicological profiling of terrestrial and aquatic cyanobacterial strains found in different soils or in toxic cyanobacterial blooms in Vojvodina region, Serbia, using the effect-directed analysis (EDA) approach. The applied procedure was based on a series of in vitro or small-scale bioassays covering multiple endpoints in combination with advanced chemical analytical protocols. Non-selective and non-target preparation techniques were used for the extraction of a broad range of chemical compounds present in three terrestrial (Anabaena Č2, Anabaena Č5, Nostoc S8) and three aquatic (Nostoc Z1, Phormidium Z2, Oscillatoria K3) strains. Ecotoxicological endpoints addressed included evaluation of the fish cytotoxicity in vitro (acute toxicity), algal growth inhibition (chronic toxicity), and interaction with cellular detoxification mechanisms. All cyanobacterial strains tested in the 1st tier EDA showed significant effects in terms of chronic toxicity and interaction with cellular detoxification. Three major fractions of different polarities were further tested in the 2nd tier, using bioassays which showed the strongest response: induction of CYP1A1 biotransformation enzyme and inhibition of zebrafish organic anion (Oatp1d1) and cation (Oct1) uptake transporters. Oscillatoria K3 strain was selected for a more detailed 3rd tier EDA, and the obtained results revealed that positive sub-fractions possess polar anion and cation compounds that are reactive to both uptake transporters, and compounds responsible for the strongest effects have a pronounced lipophilic character. Apart from lipophilic non-polar compounds that represent typical phase I substrates, sub-fractions that contained polar substances are also shown to significantly induce CYP1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marić
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Ahel
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Organic Compounds, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - O Babić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - J Simeunović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - T Smital
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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18
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Wang L, He L, Zeng H, Fu W, Wang J, Tan Y, Zheng C, Qiu Z, Luo J, Lv C, Huang Y, Shu W. Low-dose microcystin-LR antagonizes aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocarcinogenesis through decreasing cytochrome P450 1A2 expression and aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct generation. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:126036. [PMID: 32045972 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) co-existed in food and water, and were associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AFB1 induced HCC by activating oxidative stress and generating AFB1-DNA adducts, while MC-LR could promote HCC progression. However, whether they have co-effects in HCC progression remains uncertain. In this study, we found the antagonistic effects of MC-LR on AFB1 induced HCC when they were exposed simultaneously. Compared with single exposure to AFB1, co-exposed to MC-LR significantly repressed the AFB1 induced malignant transformation of human hepatic cells and the glutathione S-transferase Pi positive foci formation in rat livers. MC-LR inhibited AFB1 induced upregulation of cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 2 (CYP1A2) and reduced the AFB1-DNA adducts generation in both human hepatic cells and rat livers. These results suggest that when co-exposure with AFB1, MC-LR might repress hepatocarcinogenicity of AFB1, which might be associated with its repression on AFB1 induced CYP1A2 upregulation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqiao Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lixiong He
- The 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wenjuan Fu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yao Tan
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chuanfen Zheng
- Department of Health Education, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhiqun Qiu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jiaohua Luo
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chen Lv
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yujing Huang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Weiqun Shu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Svirčev Z, Lalić D, Bojadžija Savić G, Tokodi N, Drobac Backović D, Chen L, Meriluoto J, Codd GA. Global geographical and historical overview of cyanotoxin distribution and cyanobacterial poisonings. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2429-2481. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Lei F, Lei X, Li R, Tan H. Microcystin-LR in peripheral circulation worsens the prognosis partly through oxidative stress in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Exp Med 2019; 19:235-243. [PMID: 30859346 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-019-00550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prognostic significance of serum microcystin in hepatocellular carcinoma has not been well investigated. The aim of the study was to reveal the relationship between serum microcystin-LR and prognosis in these patients. There were 650 early-stage hepatitis B-induced hepatocellular carcinoma patients, who were not affected by hepatitis C, cirrhosis, heavy drinking or excessive aflatoxin exposure. All of them underwent hepatectomy and were followed up for 5 years. Tumor relapse and overall death were recorded. Blood specimens were collected on admission and at the time of relapse. Serum levels of microcystin-LR and fluorescent oxidation products (FlOP_360, FlOP_320 and FlOP_400) were measured separately using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescence spectrometry. Multifactorial COX regression analysis suggested that serum microcystin-LR ≥ 0.97 ng/ml was associated with the increased risk of the tumor relapse (HR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.35-1.77) and serum microcystin-LR ≥ 1.09 ng/ml was related to the higher risk of the overall death (HR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.35-1.84) in the follow-up period. Furthermore, there was a linear relationship between serum level of microcystin-LR and serum levels of FlOP_360, FlOP_320 and FlOP_400 (P = 0.001, P = 0.023, P = 0.047). Serum levels of these fluorescent oxidation products were also higher in the patients with tumor relapse (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.001) or overall death (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.002) compared with the remaining patients. Serum microcystin-LR independently worsens the prognosis partly through promoting oxidative stress in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Lei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Lab. of Liver Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 39 Chaoyang Zhong Road, Maojian District, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Xu Lei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Lab. of Liver Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 39 Chaoyang Zhong Road, Maojian District, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Rugui Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Lab. of Liver Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 39 Chaoyang Zhong Road, Maojian District, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Huabing Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Lab. of Liver Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 39 Chaoyang Zhong Road, Maojian District, Shiyan, 442000, China.
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Olano H, Martigani F, Somma A, Aubriot L. Wastewater discharge with phytoplankton may favor cyanobacterial development in the main drinking water supply river in Uruguay. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:146. [PMID: 30737570 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The main drinking water source supplying Uruguay (Santa Lucía River, SLR) was threatened in 2013 by a cyanobacterial bloom transported downstream to the water treatment plant that provides water to half of this country population. Several eutrophic reservoirs and stabilization ponds located in the river basin may have been the source of cyanobacterial populations. Such conditions may be common in productive basins; however, few studies have evaluated the impact of microalgae from wastewater stabilization ponds on rivers and its viability downstream. The effect of a dairy wastewater effluent on SLR was studied by means of nutrient and chlorophyll a loads, phytoplankton composition, and effluent incubation in river water in order to evaluate the potential development of cyanobacteria. Total phosphorus and nitrogen loads of the effluent reached up to 25% and 17% of SLR, respectively, while chlorophyll a was up to 37%. The upstream-downstream evaluation showed an increase in dissolved phosphorus and chlorophyll a. The effluent phytoplankton (14.16 mm3 L-1) was dominated by organisms < 10 μm and diatoms (91%), and 3% of cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria were not detected in SLR, though it appeared downstream of the effluent discharge. At the end of the bioassay, cyanobacterial biomass became the dominant group (37%). This study shows the potential development of cyanobacteria present in industrial effluents when diluted in river water. The effect of phytoplankton discharge from stabilization ponds is not generally considered in monitoring assessments and environment management, despite representing a particular risk if the water body is used as a drinking water source.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Olano
- Grupo de Ecología y Fisiología de Fitoplancton, Sección Limnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - F Martigani
- Grupo de Ecología y Fisiología de Fitoplancton, Sección Limnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Somma
- Grupo de Ecología y Fisiología de Fitoplancton, Sección Limnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L Aubriot
- Grupo de Ecología y Fisiología de Fitoplancton, Sección Limnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Tokodi N, Drobac D, Lazić G, Petrović T, Marinović Z, Lujić J, Malešević TP, Meriluoto J, Svirčev Z. Screening of cyanobacterial cultures originating from different environments for cyanotoxicity and cyanotoxins. Toxicon 2018; 154:1-6. [PMID: 30243795 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Eighty cultures from the Novi Sad Cyanobacterial Culture Collection (NSCCC) were screened for toxicity with Artemia salina bioassay and for common cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins/nodularin (MCs/NOD) and saxitoxin (STX), with ELISA assays. The results show that 22.5% (11) of the investigated cyanobacterial cultures in exponential phase exhibited toxicity in the A. salina bioassay and 38.7% (31) produced MCs/NOD and/or STX. However, the findings in the two methods applied were contradictory. Therefore, A. salina bioassay was repeated on 28 cultures in stationary growth phase, which were positive in ELISA assays but not in the initial A. salina bioassay. Seven more cultures exhibited cell-bound toxicity, and only one extracellular toxicity. The observed difference in the toxicity indicates that cyanobacterial growth phase could affect the screening results. The findings also varied depending on the environment from which the cultures originated. In the initial screening via bioassay, 11.8% (6 cultures out of 51) from terrestrial and 17.2% (5 out of 29) from aquatic environment showed cell-bound toxicity. Furthermore, based on the ELISA assay, 31.4% (16) of the cultures from terrestrial ecosystems were positive for the presence of the investigated cyanotoxins, and 51.7% (15) from aquatic ecosystems. Based on all results, more frequent toxin production was observed in cultures originating from aquatic environments. Furthermore, the group of terrestrial cultures that originated from biological loess crusts were basically non-toxic. The discrepancies in the results by two different methods indicates that the use of several complementary methods would help to improve the assessment of cyanobacterial toxicity and cyanotoxin analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Tokodi
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Damjana Drobac
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gospava Lazić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenački put 20, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenački put 20, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zoran Marinović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Szent István University, Department of Aquaculture, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Jelena Lujić
- Szent István University, Department of Aquaculture, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Tamara Palanački Malešević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Åbo Akademi University, Department for biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Åbo Akademi University, Department for biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Major Y, Kifle D, Spoof L, Meriluoto J. Cyanobacteria and microcystins in Koka reservoir (Ethiopia). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26861-26873. [PMID: 30003488 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The composition and abundance of cyanobacteria and their toxins, microcystins (MCs), and cylindrospermopsins (CYN) were investigated using samples collected at monthly intervals from the Amudde side of Koka Reservoir from May 2013 to April 2014. Cyanobacteria were the most abundant and persistent phytoplankton taxa with Microcystis and Cylindrospermopsis species alternately dominating the phytoplankton community of the reservoir and accounting for up to 84.3 and 11.9% of total cyanobacterial abundance, respectively. Analyses of cyanotoxins in filtered samples by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS identified and quantified five variants of MCs (MC-LR, MC-YR, MC-RR, MC-dmLR, and MC-LA) in all samples, with their total concentrations ranging from 1.86 to 28.3 μg L-1 and from 1.71 to 33 μg L-1, respectively. Despite the presence and occasional abundance of Cylindrospermopsis sp., cylindrospermopsin was not detected. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the environmental variables explained 82.7% of the total variance in cyanobacterial abundance and microcystin concentration. The presence of considerably high levels of MCs almost throughout the year represents a serious threat to public health and life of domestic and wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshiemebet Major
- Applied Biology Program, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Demeke Kifle
- Aquatic Science, Fisheries and Aquaculture stream, Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lisa Spoof
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Tokodi N, Drobac D, Meriluoto J, Lujić J, Marinović Z, Važić T, Nybom S, Simeunović J, Dulić T, Lazić G, Petrović T, Vuković-Gačić B, Sunjog K, Kolarević S, Kračun-Kolarević M, Subakov-Simić G, Miljanović B, Codd GA, Svirčev Z. Cyanobacterial effects in Lake Ludoš, Serbia - Is preservation of a degraded aquatic ecosystem justified? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1047-1062. [PMID: 29710560 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are present in many aquatic ecosystems in Serbia. Lake Ludoš, a wetland area of international significance and an important habitat for waterbirds, has become the subject of intense research interest because of practically continuous blooming of cyanobacteria. Analyses of water samples indicated a deterioration of ecological condition and water quality, and the presence of toxin-producing cyanobacteria (the most abundant Limnothrix redekei, Pseudanabaena limnetica, Planktothrix agardhii and Microcystis spp.). Furthermore, microcystins were detected in plants and animals from the lake: in macrophyte rhizomes (Phragmites communis, Typha latifolia and Nymphaea elegans), and in the muscle, intestines, kidneys, gonads and gills of fish (Carassius gibelio). Moreover, histopathological deleterious effects (liver, kidney, gills and intestines) and DNA damage (liver and gills) were observed in fish. A potential treatment for the reduction of cyanobacterial populations employing hydrogen peroxide was tested during this study. The treatment was not effective in laboratory tests although further in-lake trials are needed to make final conclusions about the applicability of the method. Based on our observations of the cyanobacterial populations and cyanotoxins in the water, as well as other aquatic organisms and, a survey of historical data on Lake Ludoš, it can be concluded that the lake is continuously in a poor ecological state. Conservation of the lake in order to protect the waterbirds (without urgent control of eutrophication) actually endangers them and the rest of the biota in this wetland habitat, and possibly other ecosystems. Thus, urgent measures for restoration are required, so that the preservation of this Ramsar site would be meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Tokodi
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Damjana Drobac
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Lujić
- Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Zoran Marinović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Tamara Važić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sonja Nybom
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jelica Simeunović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tamara Dulić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gospava Lazić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenački put 20, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenački put 20, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Branka Vuković-Gačić
- Center for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Studenski Trg 16, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Karolina Sunjog
- Center for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Studenski Trg 16, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stoimir Kolarević
- Center for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Studenski Trg 16, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Margareta Kračun-Kolarević
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Despota Stefana 142, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Subakov-Simić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko Miljanović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Greer B, Meneely JP, Elliott CT. Uptake and accumulation of Microcystin-LR based on exposure through drinking water: An animal model assessing the human health risk. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4913. [PMID: 29559706 PMCID: PMC5861052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in freshwater systems and intensified aquaculture have increased the risk to human health through exposure to cyanotoxins such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR). To understand the uptake and processing of MC-LR in humans, the pig was chosen as an animal model. This was assessed by repeated exposure for 13 weeks of eight animals dosed daily with MC-LR at 0.04 µg/kg bw, repeated with six animals over five weeks at a dose 50 times higher at 2 µg/kg bw. An analytical method was developed for MC-LR in porcine serum and also to analyse levels of free MC-LR in harvested porcine tissues, with Lemieux Oxidation employed to determine bound MC-LR in these tissues. MC-LR was not detected in the serum of treated animals from either experiment but free MC-LR was observed in the large intestine and kidney from two animals from the higher dosed group at levels of 1.4 and 1.9 µg/kg dry weight (dw) respectively. The results indicated 50% of higher dosed animals accumulated bound MC-LR in liver tissue, averaging 26.4 µg, approximately 1.1% of the dose administered. These results point to the potential uptake and accumulation of MC-LR in human liver tissue exposed chronically to sub-acute doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Julie P Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
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Zheng C, Zeng H, Lin H, Wang J, Feng X, Qiu Z, Chen JA, Luo J, Luo Y, Huang Y, Wang L, Liu W, Tan Y, Xu A, Yao Y, Shu W. Serum microcystin levels positively linked with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A case-control study in southwest China. Hepatology 2017; 66:1519-1528. [PMID: 28599070 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Microcystins have been reported to be carcinogenic by animal and cell experimentation, but there are no data on the linkage between serum microcystins and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk in humans. We conducted a clinical case-control study to investigate the association between serum microcystins and HCC risk after controlling several known risk factors, such as hepatitis B virus, alcohol, and aflatoxin. From December 2013 to May 2016, 214 patients newly diagnosed with HCC along with 214 controls (frequency-matched by age and sex) were recruited from three hospitals in Chongqing, southwest China. Basic information on lifestyle and history of disease was obtained by questionnaire. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for serum microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and aflatoxin-albumin adduct by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and for hepatitis B surface antigen status by chemiluminescence assay. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the independent effects of MC-LR and its joint effects with other factors on HCC risk. The adjusted odds ratio for HCC risk by serum MC-LR was 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-5.5) in all patients. Notably, a clear relationship between increased MC-LR level (Q2, Q3, and Q4) and HCC risk was observed with elevated adjusted odds ratios (1.3, 2.6, and 4.0, respectively). Positive interactions with the additive model were investigated between MC-LR and hepatitis B virus infection (synergism index = 3.0; 95% CI, 2.0-4.5) and between MC-LR and alcohol (synergism index = 4.0; 95% CI, 1.7-9.5), while a negative interaction was found between MC-LR and aflatoxin (synergism index = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.3-0.7). Additionally, serum MC-LR was significantly associated with tumor differentiation (r = -0.228, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION We provide evidence that serum MC-LR was an independent risk factor for HCC in humans, with an obvious positive interaction with hepatitis B virus and alcohol but a negative interaction with aflatoxin. (Hepatology 2017;66:1519-1528).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfen Zheng
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Tropical Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaobin Feng
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqun Qiu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji-An Chen
- Department of Health Education, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaohua Luo
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Center for Nanomedicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujing Huang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingqiao Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyi Liu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Tan
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Anwei Xu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiqun Shu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing, China
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Saoudi A, Brient L, Boucetta S, Ouzrout R, Bormans M, Bensouilah M. Management of toxic cyanobacteria for drinking water production of Ain Zada Dam. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:361. [PMID: 28667413 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of toxic cyanobacteria in Algerian reservoirs represent a potential health problem, mainly from drinking water that supplies the local population of Ain Zada (Bordj Bou Arreridj). The objective of this study is to monitor, detect, and identify the existence of cyanobacteria and microcystins during blooming times. Samples were taken in 2013 from eight stations. The results show that three potentially toxic cyanobacterial genera with the species Planktothrix agardhii were dominant. Cyanobacterial biomass, phycocyanin (PC) concentrations, and microcystin (MC) concentrations were high in the surface layer and at 14 m depth; these values were also high in the treated water. On 11 May 2013, MC concentrations were 6.3 μg/L in MC-LR equivalent in the drinking water. This study shows for the first time the presence of cyanotoxins in raw and treated waters, highlighting that regular monitoring of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins must be undertaken to avoid potential health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Saoudi
- Faculty of Sciences, Ecobiology Laboratory for Marine Environments and Coastal Areas, BP 12 El-Hadjar, University of Badji Mokhtar, 23000, Annaba, Algeria.
| | - Luc Brient
- UMR/CNRS Ecobio 6553, University of Rennes I, Rennes, 35 042, France
| | - Sabrine Boucetta
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, University Ferhat Abbas Sétif 1, Sétif, Algeria
| | - Rachid Ouzrout
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of natural and life sciences, Chadli Bendjedid University, Box. P.0.73, 36000, El Tarf, Algeria
| | - Myriam Bormans
- UMR/CNRS Ecobio 6553, University of Rennes I, Rennes, 35 042, France
| | - Mourad Bensouilah
- Faculty of Sciences, Ecobiology Laboratory for Marine Environments and Coastal Areas, BP 12 El-Hadjar, University of Badji Mokhtar, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
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Đorđević NB, Matić SL, Simić SB, Stanić SM, Mihailović VB, Stanković NM, Stanković VD, Ćirić AR. Impact of the toxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya & Subba Raju on laboratory rats in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14259-14272. [PMID: 28421526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In vivo laboratory studies of toxicity were performed on Wistar rats using a methanol extract produced by the natural population of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (abundance of 2.13 × 105 trichomes mL-1) collected at Aleksandrovac Lake (Serbia). HPLC analysis showed that the extract contains 6.65 μg cylindrospermopsin (CYN) mg-1. The rats were killed 24 or 72 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of C. raciborskii extract in concentrations of 1500, 3000, 6000 and 12,000 μg kg-1 body weight (bw) and an equivalent amount of CYN as present in the highest dose of the extract (79.80 μg CYN kg-1 bw). The genotoxic effect on the livers treated with C. raciborskii was evaluated using comet assay and potential induction of oxidative stress as the toxicity mechanism associated with the presence of CYN in extract. The results from the analyses of DNA damage in the comet tail length, tail moment and percentage of DNA in the tail in the liver indicated that administration of extract and CYN present statistically significant difference when compared with the negative control group. Although an increase in the frequency of selected parameters induced by the CYN was observed in the liver, this damage was less than the damage resulting from the administration of the highest dose of extract. The changes in the biochemical parameters of the hepatic damage showed that the application of single doses of the extract and CYN did not cause serious liver damage in rats. The extract and CYN significantly increased oxidative stress in rats' liver after a single exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena B Đorđević
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
| | - Sanja Lj Matić
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
| | - Snežana B Simić
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia.
| | - Snežana M Stanić
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
| | - Vladimir B Mihailović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
| | - Nevena M Stanković
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
| | - Vesna D Stanković
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
| | - Andrija R Ćirić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
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30
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Drobac D, Tokodi N, Kiprovski B, Malenčić D, Važić T, Nybom S, Meriluoto J, Svirčev Z. Microcystin accumulation and potential effects on antioxidant capacity of leaves and fruits of Capsicum annuum. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:145-154. [PMID: 28140774 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1259527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Surface water, often used for irrigation purposes, may sometimes be contaminated with blooming cyanobacteria and thereby may contain their potent and harmful toxins. Cyanotoxins adversely affect many terrestrial plants, and accumulate in plant tissues that are subsequently ingested by humans. Studies were undertaken to (1) examine the bioaccumulation of microcystins (MCs) in leaves and fruits of pepper Capsicum annuum and (2) examine the potential effects of MCs on antioxidant capacity of these organs. Plants were irrigated with water containing MCs for a period of 3 mo. Data showed that MCs did not accumulate in leaves; however, in fruits the presence of the MC-LR (0.118 ng/mg dry weight) and dmMC-LR (0.077 ng/mg dry weight) was detected. The concentrations of MC-LR in fruit approached the acceptable guideline values and tolerable daily intake for this toxin. Lipid peroxidation levels and flavonoids content were significantly enhanced in both organs of treated plants, while total phenolic concentrations were not markedly variable between control and treated plants. Significant decrease in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity was noted for both organs. The levels of superoxide anion in fruits and hydroxyl radical in leaves were markedly reduced. Data suggest that exposure to MCs significantly reduced antioxidant capacity of experimental plants, indicating that MCs affected antioxidant systems in C. annuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjana Drobac
- a Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Nada Tokodi
- a Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | | | - Djordje Malenčić
- c Faculty of Agriculture , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Tamara Važić
- a Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Sonja Nybom
- d Faculty of Science and Engineering , Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University , Turku , Finland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- a Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
- d Faculty of Science and Engineering , Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University , Turku , Finland
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- a Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
- d Faculty of Science and Engineering , Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University , Turku , Finland
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Buratti FM, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Stefanelli M, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1049-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Svirčev Z, Drobac D, Tokodi N, Mijović B, Codd GA, Meriluoto J. Toxicology of microcystins with reference to cases of human intoxications and epidemiological investigations of exposures to cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:621-650. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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Liu J, Wang B, Huang P, Wang H, Xu K, Wang X, Xu L, Guo Z. Microcystin-LR promotes cell proliferation in the mice liver by activating Akt and p38/ERK/JNK cascades. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:14-21. [PMID: 27517128 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a heptapeptide produced by blue-green algae, is shown to induce cytotoxicity by inhibiting protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity. Our previous study revealed that MC-LR promoted cell proliferation in vitro by activating the Akt/mTORC1/S6K1 pathway. This study aims to further investigate the effects of MC-LR on cell proliferation and the correlated mechanisms in vivo. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 20-80 μg/kg/d MC-LR from 2 h (hours) to 4 d (days). The results showed that the associations of MC-LR with PP2A/C (PP2A C subunit) were concentration-dependent but not time-dependent in the liver, whereas the total PP2A activity was inhibited in both concentration and time dependent manners. The PP2A regulator α4 was found to release its associated PP2A/C as MC-LR bound to PP2A/C. Importantly, 80 μg/kg MC-LR promoted liver cell proliferation beginning at 1 d post exposure, and hyperproliferation also occurred in the 40 μg/kg group at 4 d after exposure. Meanwhile, the Akt/mTORC1/S6K1 and Akt/β-catenin signaling pathways were activated as early as at 2 h post exposure. Furthermore, MC-LR also activated ERK/p38/JNK MAPKs as early as at 2 h post exposure, which was supported by the hyperphosphorylation of their substrates, ATF-2, c-Jun and c-Myc. Interestingly, the total c-Jun and c-Myc levels also increased after MC-LR exposure. These findings indicate that MC-LR can also promote cell proliferation in vivo, and the activation of Akt and MAPK signaling pathways due to PP2A inhibition is proposed to participate in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hanying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kailun Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Lihong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zonglou Guo
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, College of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Ma J, Feng Y, Liu Y, Li X. PUMA and survivin are involved in the apoptosis of HepG2 cells induced by microcystin-LR via mitochondria-mediated pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 157:241-249. [PMID: 27235693 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the cytotoxicity of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells in order to elucidate the mechanism of apoptosis induced by MC-LR. Morphological evaluation results showed that MC-LR induced time- and concentration-dependent apoptosis in HepG2 cells. The biochemical assays revealed that MC-LR-exposure caused overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cyclooxygenase-2 activity alteration, cytochrome c release, and remarkable activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in HepG2 cells, indicating that MC-LR-induced apoptosis is mediated by mitochondrial pathway. Moreover, we also found that p53 and Bax might play an important role in MC-LR-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells in which PUMA and survivin were involved. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate the possible functions of PUMA and survivin in MC-LR-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yiyi Feng
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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Drobac D, Tokodi N, Lujić J, Marinović Z, Subakov-Simić G, Dulić T, Važić T, Nybom S, Meriluoto J, Codd GA, Svirčev Z. Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in fishponds and their effects on fish tissue. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 55:66-76. [PMID: 28073548 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can produce toxic metabolites known as cyanotoxins. Common and frequently investigated cyanotoxins include microcystins (MCs), nodularin (NOD) and saxitoxins (STXs). During the summer of 2011 extensive cyanobacterial growth was found in several fishponds in Serbia. Sampling of the water and fish (common carp, Cyprinus carpio) was performed. Water samples from 13 fishponds were found to contain saxitoxin, microcystin, and/or nodularin. LC-MS/MS showed that MC-RR was present in samples of fish muscle tissue. Histopathological analyses of fish grown in fishponds with cyanotoxin production showed histopathological damage to liver, kidney, gills, intestines and muscle tissues. This study is among the first so far to report severe hyperplasia of intestinal epithelium and severe degeneration of muscle tissue of fish after cyanobacterial exposure. These findings emphasize the importance of cyanobacterial and cyanotoxin monitoring in fishponds in order to recognize cyanotoxins and their potential effects on fish used for human consumption and, further, on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjana Drobac
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia.
| | - Nada Tokodi
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Lujić
- Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Zoran Marinović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia; Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Gordana Subakov-Simić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Tamara Dulić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Tamara Važić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Sonja Nybom
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, Turku 20520, Finland; Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- School of the Environment, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia; Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, Turku 20520, Finland
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Deng W, Long L, Tang XY, Huang TR, Li JL, Rong MH, Li KZ, Liu HZ. Anisotropic patterns of liver cancer prevalence in Guangxi in Southwest China: is local climate a contributing factor? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:3579-86. [PMID: 25921181 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.8.3579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic information system (GIS) technology has useful applications for epidemiology, enabling the detection of spatial patterns of disease dispersion and locating geographic areas at increased risk. In this study, we applied GIS technology to characterize the spatial pattern of mortality due to liver cancer in the autonomous region of Guangxi Zhuang in southwest China. A database with liver cancer mortality data for 1971-1973, 1990-1992, and 2004-2005, including geographic locations and climate conditions, was constructed, and the appropriate associations were investigated. It was found that the regions with the highest mortality rates were central Guangxi with Guigang City at the center, and southwest Guangxi centered in Fusui County. Regions with the lowest mortality rates were eastern Guangxi with Pingnan County at the center, and northern Guangxi centered in Sanjiang and Rongshui counties. Regarding climate conditions, in the 1990s the mortality rate of liver cancer positively correlated with average temperature and average minimum temperature, and negatively correlated with average precipitation. In 2004 through 2005, mortality due to liver cancer positively correlated with the average minimum temperature. Regions of high mortality had lower average humidity and higher average barometric pressure than did regions of low mortality. Our results provide information to benefit development of a regional liver cancer prevention program in Guangxi, and provide important information and a reference for exploring causes of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangxi Cancer Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China E-mail :
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Blooms of toxic microorganisms in aquatic environments: marine microalgae and freshwater cyanobacteria. A brief review with a particular focus on the Italian situation. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-015-0488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liu J, Sun Y. The role of PP2A-associated proteins and signal pathways in microcystin-LR toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2015; 236:1-7. [PMID: 25922137 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are a family of monocyclic heptapeptides produced by cyanobacteria during water blooms. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most common member of this family. Microcystins induce a variety of toxic cellular effects, including oxidative damage, apoptosis, cytoskeletal destabilization, and cancer cell invasion. Recent studies have examined the molecular mechanism of their toxicity. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is emerging as a critical regulator of the microcystin-induced molecular network. Furthermore, it has been shown that several molecules or signal pathways associated with PP2A play important roles in microcystin-induced toxic effects. This review summarizes the recent research progress of the molecular mechanism and focuses on the role of PP2A in MC-LR toxicity, which will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of microcystin toxicity, and will provide biomarkers for toxicity assessment and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Regenerative Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Regenerative Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
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Svirčev Z, Lujić J, Marinović Z, Drobac D, Tokodi N, Stojiljković B, Meriluoto J. Toxicopathology induced by microcystins and nodularin: a histopathological review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2015; 33:125-167. [PMID: 26023756 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2015.1003000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are present in all aquatic ecosystems throughout the world. They are able to produce toxic secondary metabolites, and microcystins are those most frequently found. Research has displayed a negative influence of microcystins and closely related nodularin on fish, and various histopathological alterations have been observed in many organs of the exposed fish. The aim of this article is to summarize the present knowledge of the impact of microcystins and nodularin on the histology of fish. The observed negative effects of cyanotoxins indicate that cyanobacteria and their toxins are a relevant medical (due to irritation, acute poisoning, tumor promotion, and carcinogenesis), ecotoxicological, and economic problem that may affect both fish and fish consumers including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Svirčev
- a Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
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Tseng CH, Lee KY, Tseng FH. An updated review on cancer risk associated with incretin mimetics and enhancers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2015; 33:67-124. [PMID: 25803196 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2015.1003496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Incretin-based therapies, including the use of incretin mimetics of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and incretin enhancers of dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, are widely used by clinicians for glucose lowering in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These agents have benefits of a lower risk of hypoglycemia, being neutral for body weight for DPP-4 inhibitors and having a potential for weight reduction with GLP-1R agonists. They may also have a neutral or beneficial cardiovascular effect. Despite these benefits, an increased risk of cancer (especially pancreatic cancer and thyroid cancer) associated with incretin-based therapies has been reported. In this article, we reviewed related literature of experimental animal and observational human studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses published until December 15, 2014. Current studies suggested a probable role of GLP-1R activation on the development of pancreatic cancer and thyroid cancer in rodents, but such an effect in humans is not remarkable due to the lower or lack of expression of GLP-1R on human pancreatic ductal cells and thyroid tissues. Findings in human studies are controversial and inconclusive. In the analyses of the US Food and Drug Administration adverse events reporting system, a significantly higher risk of pancreatic cancer was observed for GLP-1R agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors, but a significantly higher risk of thyroid cancer was only observed for GLP-1R agonists. Such a higher risk of pancreatic cancer or thyroid cancer could not be similarly demonstrated in other human observational studies or analyses of data from clinical trials. With regards to cancers other than pancreatic cancer and thyroid cancer, available studies supported a neutral association in humans. Some preliminary studies even suggested a potentially beneficial effect on the development of other cancers with the use of incretins. Based on current evidence, continuous monitoring of the cancer issues related to incretin-based therapies is required, even though the benefits may outweigh the potential cancer risk in the general patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsiao Tseng
- a Department of Internal Medicine , National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
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42
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Buratti FM, Testai E. Species- and congener-differences in microcystin-LR and -RR GSH conjugation in human, rat, and mouse hepatic cytosol. Toxicol Lett 2015; 232:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Svirčev ZB, Tokodi N, Drobac D, Codd GA. Cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems in Serbia: effects on water quality, human health and biodiversity. SYST BIODIVERS 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2014.921254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tseng CH. A review on thiazolidinediones and bladder cancer in human studies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2014; 32:1-45. [PMID: 24598039 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2014.877645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a concern of an increased risk of bladder cancer associated with the use of thiazolidinediones, a class of oral glucose-lowering drugs commonly used in patients with type 2 diabetes with a mechanism of improving insulin resistance. Human studies on related issues are reviewed, followed by a discussion on potential concerns on the causal inference in current studies. Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone are discussed separately, and findings from different geographical regions are presented. Randomized controlled trials designed for primarily answering such a cancer link are lacking, and evidence from clinical trials with available data for evaluating the association may not be informative. Observational studies have been reported with the use of population-based administrative databases, single-hospital records, drug adverse event reporting system, and case series collection. Meta-analysis has also been performed by six different groups of investigators. These studies showed a signal of higher risk of bladder cancer associated with pioglitazone, especially at a higher cumulative dose or after prolonged exposure; however, a weaker signal or null association is observed with rosiglitazone. In addition, there are some concerns on the causal inference, which may be related to the use of secondary databases, biases in sampling, differential detection, and confounding by indications. Lack of full control of smoking and potential biases related to study designs and statistical approaches such as prevalent user bias and immortal time bias may be major limitations in some studies. Overlapping populations and opposing conclusions in studies using the same databases may be of concern and weaken the reported conclusions of the studies. Because randomized controlled trials are expensive and unethical in providing an answer to this cancer issue, observational studies are expected to be the main source in providing an answer in the future. Furthermore, international comparison studies using well-designed and uniform methodology to clarify the risk in specific sexes, ethnicities, and other subgroups and to evaluate the interaction with other environmental risk factors or medications will be helpful to identify patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsiao Tseng
- a Department of Internal Medicine , National Taiwan University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
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Svirčev Z, Drobac D, Tokodi N, Lužanin Z, Munjas AM, Nikolin B, Vuleta D, Meriluoto J. Epidemiology of cancers in Serbia and possible connection with cyanobacterial blooms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2014; 32:319-337. [PMID: 25436472 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2014.967053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce toxic metabolites known as cyanotoxins. These bioactive compounds can cause acute poisoning, and some of them may promote cancer through chronic exposure. Direct ingestion of and contact with contaminated water is one of the many exposure routes to cyanotoxins. The aim of this article was to review the incidence of 13 cancers during a 10-year period in Serbia and to assess whether there is a correlation between the cancer incidences and cyanobacterial bloom occurrence in reservoirs for drinking water supply. The types of cancers were chosen and subjected to epidemiological analyses utilizing previously published data. Based on the epidemiological and statistical analysis, the group of districts in which the incidences of cancers are significant, and may be considered as critical, include Nišavski, Toplički, and Šumadijski district. A significantly higher incidence of ten cancers was observed in the three critical districts as compared to the remaining 14 districts in Central Serbia. These elevated incidences of cancer include: brain cancer, heart, mediastinum and pleura cancer, ovary cancer, testicular cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, retroperitoneum and peritoneum cancer, leukemia, malignant melanoma of skin, and primary liver cancer. In addition, the mean incidence of five chosen cancers was the highest in the three critical regions, then in the rest of Central Serbia, while the lowest values were recorded in Vojvodina. Persistent and recurrent cyanobacterial blooms occur during summer months in reservoirs supplying water to waterworks in the three critical districts. People in Central Serbia mainly use surface water as water supply (but not all the water bodies are blooming) while in Vojvodina region (control region in this study) only groundwater is used. Among the 14 "noncritical" districts, reservoirs used for drinking water supply have been affected by recurrent cyanobacterial blooms in two districts (Rasinski and Zaječarski), but the waterworks in these districts have been performing ozonation for more than 30 years. We propose that the established statistical differences of cancer incidences in Serbia could be related to drinking water quality, which is affected by cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water reservoirs in certain districts. However, more detailed research is needed regarding cyanobacterial secondary metabolites as risk factors in tumor promotion and cancerogenesis in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Svirčev
- a Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
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