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Murray SB, Diaz-Fong JP, Duval CJ, Balkchyan AA, Nagata JM, Lee DJ, Ganson KT, Toga AW, Siegel SJ, Jann K. Sex differences in regional gray matter density in pre-adolescent binge eating disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:6077-6089. [PMID: 36305572 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge eating disorder (BED) is a pernicious psychiatric disorder which is linked with broad medical and psychiatric morbidity, and obesity. While BED may be characterized by altered cortical morphometry, no evidence to date examined possible sex-differences in regional gray matter characteristics among those with BED. This is especially important to consider in children, where BED symptoms often emerge coincident with rapid gray matter maturation. METHODS Pre-adolescent, 9-10-year old boys (N = 38) and girls (N = 33) with BED were extracted from the 3.0 baseline (Year 0) release of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. We investigated sex differences in gray matter density (GMD) via voxel-based morphometry. Control sex differences were also assessed in age and body mass index and developmentally matched control children (boys N = 36; girls N = 38). Among children with BED, we additionally assessed the association between dorsolateral prefrontal (dlPFC) GMD and parent-reported behavioral approach and inhibition tendencies. RESULTS Girls with BED uniquely demonstrate diffuse clusters of greater GMD (p < 0.05, Threshold Free Cluster Enhancement corrected) in the (i) left dlPFC (p = 0.003), (ii) bilateral dmPFC (p = 0.004), (iii) bilateral primary motor and somatosensory cortex (p = 0.0003) and (iv) bilateral precuneus (p = 0.007). Brain-behavioral associations suggest a unique negative correlation between GMD in the left dlPFC and behavioral approach tendencies among girls with BED. CONCLUSIONS Early-onset BED may be characterized by regional sex differences in terms of its underlying gray matter morphometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joel P Diaz-Fong
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christina J Duval
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ane A Balkchyan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Darrin J Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur W Toga
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven J Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kay Jann
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ganson KT, Hallward L, Cunningham ML, Murray SB, Nagata JM. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use: Patterns of Use among a National Sample of Canadian Adolescents and Young Adults. PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT & HEALTH 2023; 11:100241. [PMID: 37841070 PMCID: PMC10571510 DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2022.100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Androgenic-anabolic steroid (AAS) use is relatively common among international recreational and community samples and is associated with several deleterious side effects and health consequences that have not been studied recently among a large Canadian sample. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess and describe characteristics of AAS users compared to non-AAS users among a national sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults. Methods Data from 2,774 adolescents and young adults from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors were analyzed. Participants were recruited via social media advertisements and completed the survey online. Survey items measured sociodemographics, AAS use, AAS side effects, motives for AAS use, AAS administration, body satisfaction, other illicit substance use, mental health, and violence involvement. Results Among the overall sample, 1.6% of participants reported lifetime AAS use, with the majority of users being White, heterosexual males. Most users strived to gain weight, with main motives for AAS use including increased muscularity and strength, and improved appearance. Most AAS users were satisfied with their body compared to non-users. Approximately one in five users had AAS dependence and experienced multiple adverse side effects. Few differences between users and non-users in self-reported mental health were found. Conclusion Findings indicate that AAS use among a community sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults is an important health issue, particularly given the relatively high occurrence of AAS dependence and adverse side effects reported by users. Findings support the need for education and intervention efforts from healthcare professionals. Further investigations among Canadian AAS users may provide more insight regarding the unique supports these individuals require.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Hallward
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Ganson KT, Hallward L, Cunningham ML, Murray SB, Nagata JM. Use of Legal Appearance- and Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Substances: Findings from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:289-297. [PMID: 36576273 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2161318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of appearance- and performance-enhancing drugs and substances (APEDS) is common among adolescent and young adults. Many APEDS are legally sold "over-the-counter," however research has documented contamination of legal APEDS and many adverse effects of use. Despite this, little research has been conducted on legal APEDS use in Canada, particularly regarding the prevalence and sociodemographic predictors of use, which was the aim of this study. METHODS Data from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors (N = 2,731) were analyzed. Prevalence and frequency of use of 10 common APEDS in the past 12 months were estimated overall and across genders. Multiple modified Poisson regression analyses were conducted to determine the sociodemographic predictors of APEDS use. RESULTS Overall, use of caffeine was most common among the sample (71.3%), along with protein bars (63.4%), and whey protein powders or protein shakes (63.1%). Boys and men reported greater prevalence of use of eight of the 10 APEDS, with the exception of diuretics or water pills and probiotics, compared to girls and women and transgender/gender non-confirming participants. Over three quarters (82.5%) of boys and men reported use of whey protein powders or protein shakes and 50.3% reported use of creatine monohydrate. Use of APEDS varied based on several key sociodemographic identifiers. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to document legal APEDS use among a sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults, providing important implications for health care and policymaking professionals. Further research is needed to gain greater insight into APEDS use among Canadian young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Laura Hallward
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Canada
| | | | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Nagata JM, Bojorquez-Ramirez P, Nguyen A, Ganson KT, McDonald CM, Machen VI, Downey A, Buckelew SM, Garber AK. Sex differences and associations between zinc deficiency and anemia among hospitalized adolescents and young adults with eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2911-2917. [PMID: 35624393 PMCID: PMC9556365 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine sex differences in and associations between zinc deficiency and anemia among adolescents and young adults hospitalized for medical complications of eating disorders. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records of 601 patients aged 9-25 years admitted to the University of California, San Francisco Eating Disorders Program for medical instability, between May 2012 and August 2020. Descriptive statistics, crude, and adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess the association between zinc deficiency (< 55 mcg/dL) and anemia (< 13.6 g/dL in males [M] and < 11.8 g/dL in females [F]). RESULTS A total of 87 males and 450 females met eligibility criteria (age 15.98 ± 2.81, 59.4% anorexia nervosa; admission body mass index 17.49 ± 2.82). In unadjusted comparisons, plasma zinc in males and females were not statistically different (M 64.88 ± 14.89 mcg/dL vs F 63.81 ± 13.96 mcg/dL, p = 0.517); moreover, there were no differences in the percentage of males and females with zinc deficiency (M 24.14% vs F 24.89%). However, a greater percentage of males than females were anemic (M 50.00% vs F 17.61%, p < 0.001), with similar findings in the subgroup with anorexia nervosa. In logistic regression models stratified by sex and eating disorder diagnosis, zinc deficiency was significantly associated with anemia in males (AOR 3.43, 95% CI 1.16, 10.13), but not females (AOR 1.47, 95% CI 0.86, 2.54). CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we demonstrate that zinc deficiency is equally severe in males compared to females hospitalized with medical complications from eating disorders, with nearly a quarter of inpatients experiencing zinc deficiency. Anemia is more common in males than females hospitalized with eating disorders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V: descriptive cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | | | - Anthony Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Vanessa I Machen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Amanda Downey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Sara M Buckelew
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Andrea K Garber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Nagata JM, Grandis A, Bojorquez-Ramirez P, Nguyen A, Downey AE, Ganson KT, Patel KP, Machen VI, Buckelew SM, Garber AK. Assessment of vitamin D among male adolescents and young adults hospitalized with eating disorders. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:104. [PMID: 35851069 PMCID: PMC9295348 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Medical complications of eating disorders in males are understudied compared to females, as is the case of vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this study was to assess vitamin D levels among male and female adolescents and young adults hospitalized for medical complications of eating disorders. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records of patients aged 9-25 years (N = 565) admitted to the University of California, San Francisco Eating Disorders Program for medical instability, between May 2012 and August 2020. Serum vitamin D (25-hydroxy) level was assessed at admission as was history of prior calcium, vitamin D, or multivitamin supplementation. Linear regression was used to assess factors associated with vitamin D levels. RESULTS A total of 93 males and 472 females met eligibility criteria (age 15.5 ± 2.8, 58.8% anorexia nervosa; admission body mass index 17.6 ± 2.91). Among male participants, 44.1% had 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels < 30 ng/mL, 18.3% had 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels < 20 ng/mL, and 8.6% had 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels < 12 ng/mL. There were no significant differences in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in males compared to females, except that a lower proportion (1.9%) of female participants had 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels < 12 ng/mL (p = 0.001). Only 3.2% of males reported calcium or vitamin D-specific supplementation prior to hospital admission, while 8.6% reported taking multivitamins. White race, prior calcium/vitamin D supplementation, and higher calcium levels were associated with higher vitamin D levels on admission. CONCLUSIONS Nearly half of patients admitted to the hospital for malnutrition secondary to eating disorders presented with low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels; males were more likely than females to have severe vitamin D deficiency. These findings support vitamin D assessment as part of the routine medical/nutritional evaluation for hospitalized eating disorder patients, with particular attention on male populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Anna Grandis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | | | - Anthony Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Amanda E Downey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khushi P Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Vanessa I Machen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sara M Buckelew
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Andrea K Garber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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Frederick DA, Tylka TL, Rodgers RF, Convertino L, Pennesi JL, Parent MC, Brown TA, Compte EJ, Cook-Cottone CP, Crerand CE, Malcarne VL, Nagata JM, Perez M, Pila E, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Murray SB. Pathways from sociocultural and objectification constructs to body satisfaction among men: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:84-96. [PMID: 35247867 PMCID: PMC9812655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the tripartite influence model, body dissatisfaction is shaped by internalizing cultural appearance ideals stemming from appearance-related family, peer, and media pressures. This model was developed for women, but emerging evidence points to its relevance for men's body image. This study advanced this budding research by (a) integrating muscular-ideal internalization alongside lean-ideal internalization and body surveillance into the model, (b) examining two positive dimensions of body image as outcomes (body image quality of life and appearance evaluation), and (c) testing this model in national online sample of 5293 men. Structural equation modeling supported the model. Family, peer, and media pressures related to higher lean-ideal internalization, which related to higher body surveillance and poorer body image outcomes. Peer and media pressures related to higher muscular-ideal internalization, which related to higher body surveillance but more adaptive body image outcomes. We further examined whether model variables and paths differed based on men's body mass index (BMI). Men with higher BMIs evidenced a stronger path between body surveillance and body image outcomes. These findings highlight the usefulness of sociocultural models for understanding men's body image experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (T.L. Tylka)
| | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (T.L. Tylka)
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Balkchyan AA, Nakamura T, Murray SB. Updates in the treatment of eating disorders in 2021: a year in review in Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention. Eat Disord 2022; 30:144-153. [PMID: 35442858 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2022.2064109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An array of novel and important studies advancing the treatment of eating disorders (EDs) were published in Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention in 2021. In an unprecedented year of challenges to the delivery of ED treatment, and the volume of patients requiring it, this review summarizes the recent contributions to the literature on the treatment of EDs. Notably, an emphasis on assessing and addressing barriers to collaborative care offers much promise in augmenting treatment delivery and patient outcomes. In keeping with recent data illustrating an elevated risk for increased symptom severity during the COVID-19 pandemic, a focus on further disseminating treatments to higher level of care settings will be critical as the field meets the challenge presented by COVID-19. In addition, we review recent findings relating to the broader assessment and treatment of comorbidities which exacerbate ED symptom severity-which offer critical insights into the development of novel treatments. These recent contributions pave the way for more nuanced approaches to treating EDs across the diagnostic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane A Balkchyan
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tiffany Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Ganson KT, Nagata JM, Lavender JM, Rodgers RF, L Cunningham M, Murray SB, Hammond D. Prevalence and correlates of weight gain attempts across five countries. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:1829-1842. [PMID: 34415082 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and correlates of weight gain attempts in a pooled sample of adults aged 18 and older from Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Mexico. METHOD Data collected during 2 years (2018 and 2019) of the International Food Policy Study (N = 42,108) were analyzed. Unadjusted 12-month prevalence of weight gain attempts was estimated based on body mass index (BMI; kg/m2 ), weight perception, country, survey year, and sex. Logistic regression analyses were estimated to determine the sociodemographic correlates (age, race/ethnicity, education, BMI, weight perception, weight perception accuracy, and self-rated mental health) of weight gain attempts among the pooled sample stratified by sex. RESULTS Men (10.4%) were significantly more likely than women (5.4%) to report weight gain attempts (p < .001). Nearly one in five (17.1%) men with a BMI in the "normal" range (≥18.5 to <25.0) reported weight gain attempts. Among both men and women, minority group identity was associated with higher odds, while older age and higher BMI category were associated with lower odds, of reporting weight gain attempts. Country differences over the two survey years showed the prevalence of weight gain attempts in 2019 (vs. 2018) was higher among women in Australia (p < .05) and men in the United States (p < .01). DISCUSSION Weight gain attempts are more common among men, compared to women, across five countries, potentially reflecting the global salience of the pursuit of a muscular body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Metis Foundation, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the recent literature on eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors among adolescent boys and young men, including epidemiology, assessment, medical complications, treatment outcomes, and special populations. RECENT FINDINGS Body image concerns in men may involve muscularity, and muscle-enhancing goals and behaviors are common among adolescent boys and young men. Recent measures, such as the Muscularity Oriented Eating Test (MOET) have been developed and validated to assess for muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Medical complications of eating disorders can affect all organ systems in male populations. Eating disorders treatment guidance may lack specificity to boys and men, leading to worse treatment outcomes in these population. Male populations that may have elevated risk of eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors include athletes and racial/ethnic, sexual, and gender minorities. SUMMARY Eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors in boys and men may present differently than in girls and women, particularly with muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Treatment of eating disorders in boys and men may be adapted to address their unique concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyle T. Ganson
- School of Social Work, Simmons University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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