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Abstract
➤ Oxidative stress has been implicated as a causative factor in many disease states, possibly including the diminished bone mineral density in osteoporosis. ➤ Understanding the effects of oxidative stress on the development of osteoporosis may lead to further research improving preventative and therapeutic measures that can combat this important contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. ➤ A diet rich in whole plant foods with high antioxidant content along with antioxidant-preserving lifestyle changes may improve bone mineral density and reduce the risk of fragility-related fractures. While it is not explicitly clear if antioxidant activity is the effector of this change, the current evidence supports this possibility. ➤ Supplementation with isolated antioxidants may also provide some osteoprotective benefits, but whole plant food-derived antioxidants potentially have more overall benefits. Larger-scale clinical trials are needed to give credence to definitive clinical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff S Kimball
- Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California
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Amirato GR, Borges JO, Marques DL, Santos JMB, Santos CAF, Andrade MS, Furtado GE, Rossi M, Luis LN, Zambonatto RF, da Silva EB, Poma SO, de Almeida MM, Pelaquim RL, dos Santos-Oliveira LC, Diniz VLS, Passos MEP, Levada-Pires AC, Gorjão R, Barros MP, Bachi ALL, Pithon-Curi TC. L-Glutamine Supplementation Enhances Strength and Power of Knee Muscles and Improves Glycemia Control and Plasma Redox Balance in Exercising Elderly Women. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13031025. [PMID: 33809996 PMCID: PMC8004646 DOI: 10.3390/nu13031025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of oral L-glutamine (Gln) supplementation, associated or not with physical exercises, in control of glycemia, oxidative stress, and strength/power of knee muscles in elderly women. Physically active (n = 21) and sedentary (n = 23) elderly women aged 60 to 80 years were enrolled in the study. Plasma levels of D-fructosamine, insulin, reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, iron, uric acid, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs) (lipoperoxidation product), as well as knee extensor/flexor muscle torque peak and average power (isokinetic test), were assessed pre- and post-supplementation with Gln or placebo (30 days). Higher plasma D-fructosamine, insulin, and iron levels, and lower strength/power of knee muscles were found pre-supplementation in the NPE group than in the PE group. Post-supplementation, Gln subgroups showed higher levels of GSH, GSSG, and torque peak, besides lower D-fructosamine than pre-supplementation values. Higher muscle average power and plasma uric acid levels were reported in the PE + Gln group, whereas lower insulin levels were found in the NPE + Gln than pre-supplementation values. TBARs levels were diminished post-supplementation in all groups. Gln supplementation, mainly when associated with physical exercises, improves strength and power of knee muscles and glycemia control, besides boosting plasma antioxidant capacity of elderly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislene R. Amirato
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
| | - Juliana O. Borges
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
| | - Daniella L. Marques
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
| | - Juliana M. B. Santos
- Post-Graduation Program in Science of Human and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP 11015-020, Brazil;
| | - Carlos A. F. Santos
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics and Gerontology), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04020-050, Brazil;
| | - Marilia S. Andrade
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04023-901, Brazil;
| | - Guilherme E. Furtado
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Marcelo Rossi
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, SP 04829-300, Brazil; (M.R.); (A.L.L.B.)
| | - Lais N. Luis
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
| | - Raquel F. Zambonatto
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
| | - Eliane B. da Silva
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
| | - Sarah O. Poma
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
| | - Mariana M. de Almeida
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
| | - Renato L. Pelaquim
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
| | - Laiane C. dos Santos-Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
| | - Vinicius L. Sousa Diniz
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
| | - Maria E. P. Passos
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
| | - Adriana C. Levada-Pires
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
| | - Marcelo P. Barros
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3385-3103
| | - André L. L. Bachi
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, SP 04829-300, Brazil; (M.R.); (A.L.L.B.)
- ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Tania C. Pithon-Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil; (G.R.A.); (J.O.B.); (D.L.M.); (L.N.L.); (R.F.Z.); (E.B.d.S.); (S.O.P.); (M.M.d.A.); (R.L.P.); (L.C.d.S.-O.); (V.L.S.D.); (M.E.P.P.); (A.C.L.-P.); (R.G.); (T.C.P.-C.)
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Venkataramani V. Iron Homeostasis and Metabolism: Two Sides of a Coin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1301:25-40. [PMID: 34370286 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-62026-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an ancient, essential and versatile transition metal found in almost all living organisms on Earth. This fundamental trace element is used in the synthesis of heme and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) containing proteins and other vital cofactors that are involved in respiration, redox reactions, catalysis, DNA synthesis and transcription. At the same time, the ability of iron to cycle between its oxidized, ferric (Fe3+) and its reduced, ferrous (Fe2+) state contributes to the production of free radicals that can damage biomolecules, including proteins, lipids and DNA. In particular, the regulated non-apoptotic cell death ferroptosis is driven by Fe2+-dependent lipid peroxidation that can be prevented by iron chelation or genetic inhibition of cellular iron uptake. Therefore, iron homeostasis must be tightly regulated to avoid iron toxicity. This review provides an overview of the origin and chemistry of iron that makes it suitable for a variety of biological functions and addresses how organisms evolved various strategies, including their scavenging and antioxidant machinery, to manage redox-associated drawbacks. Finally, key mechanisms of iron metabolism are highlighted in human diseases and model organisms, underlining the perils of dysfunctional iron handlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Venkataramani
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany.
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Wunderer F, Traeger L, Sigurslid HH, Meybohm P, Bloch DB, Malhotra R. The role of hepcidin and iron homeostasis in atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 153:104664. [PMID: 31991168 PMCID: PMC7066581 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major burden on global health and a leading cause of death worldwide. The pathophysiology of this chronic disease is complex, involving inflammation, lipoprotein oxidation and accumulation, plaque formation, and calcification. In 1981, Dr. Jerome Sullivan formulated the 'Iron Hypothesis', suggesting that higher levels of stored iron promote cardiovascular diseases, whereas iron deficiency may have an atheroprotective effect. This hypothesis has stimulated research focused on clarifying the role of iron in the development of atherosclerosis. However, preclinical and clinical studies have produced contradictory results and the observation that patients with hemochromatosis do not appear to have an increased risk of atherosclerosis seemed incongruous with Sullivan's initial hypothesis. The 'paradox' of systemic iron overload not being accompanied by an increased risk for atherosclerosis led to a refinement of the iron hypothesis focusing on intracellular macrophage iron. More recent in vitro and animal studies have elucidated the complex signaling pathways regulating iron, with a particular focus on hepcidin, the master regulator of body iron homeostasis. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is the major pathway that is required for induction of hepcidin expression in response to increasing levels of iron. Strong links between iron homeostasis, BMP signaling, inflammation and atherosclerosis have been established in both mechanistic and human studies. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of iron homeostasis and hepcidin in the development of atherosclerosis and discusses the BMP-hepcidin-ferroportin axis as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wunderer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Traeger
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Haakon H. Sigurslid
- Cardiovascular Research Center and the Cardiology Division of the Department of medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Donald B. Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiovascular Research Center and the Cardiology Division of the Department of medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Yun S, Chu D, He X, Zhang W, Feng C. Protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins against iron overload-induced renal oxidative damage in rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 57:126407. [PMID: 31570250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive exposure to iron can cause kidney damage, and chelating drugs such as deferoxamine and deferiprone have limited usefulness in treating iron poisoning. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPAs) against iron overload induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The roles of GSPAs in chelating iron, antioxidant activity, renal function, pathological section, and apoptosis-related gene expression were assessed. METHODS Newly weaned male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 21 days (weight, 65 ± 5 g) were randomly divided into four groups containing 10 rats each: normal control (negative) group, iron overload (positive) group, GSPAs group, and GSPAs + iron overload (test) group. Iron dextran injections (2.5 mg⋅ kg-1) and GSPAs (25 mg⋅ kg-1) were intraperitoneally and intragastrically administered to rats daily for 7 weeks, respectively. Measurements included red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin (Hb) level, serum total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), renal iron content, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, total antioxidant activity (T-AOC), creatinine (CR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, pathological changes, and apoptotic Fas, Bax expressions in the kidney tissue. Differences among the dietary groups were determined using one-way analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey's test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS RBC count, Hb level, renal iron content, MDA content, CR and BUN levels, and Fas, Bax expressions significantly increased in the positive group than in the negative group; contrarily, TIBC, GSH-Px activity, and T-AOC significantly decreased in the positive group than in the negative group (P < 0.05). Although not statistically significant, SOD activity was slightly reduced in the positive group than in the negative group. Inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrous tissue proliferation were observed in the kidney tissue of the rats in the positive group; in contrast, the rats exhibited better recovery when GSPAs were used instead of iron alone. Compared with the positive group, RBC counts, Hb levels, renal iron contents, the MDA content, CR and BUN levels, and Fas, Bax expressions significantly decreased, whereas the TIBC, the GSH-Px and SOD activities as well as T-AOC significantly increased in the test group rats (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the RBC counts, Hb levels, TIBC, renal iron contents, the SOD activity and MDA content, CR and BUN levels, and Fas expression between the GSPAs and negative groups. The GSH-Px activity and T-AOC were significantly increased whereas Bax expression was significantly decreased in the GSPAs group rats than in the negative group rats (P < 0.05). The rats in the GSPAs, test, and negative groups displayed glomeruli and tubules with a clear structure; further, the epithelial cells in the renal tubules were neatly arranged. CONCLUSIONS GSPAs have protective effects on nephrotoxicity in rats with iron overload. Thus, further investigation of GSPAs as a new and natural phytochemo-preventive agent against iron overload is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Yun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Dongyang Chu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Xingshuai He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Cuiping Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China.
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Baye E, Ukropec J, de Courten MPJ, Kurdiova T, Krumpolec P, Fernández-Real JM, Aldini G, Ukropcova B, de Courten B. Carnosine supplementation reduces plasma soluble transferrin receptor in healthy overweight or obese individuals: a pilot randomised trial. Amino Acids 2018; 51:73-81. [PMID: 30136029 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2623-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of iron homeostasis have been linked to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Carnosine, an over-the-counter food supplement with chelating properties, has been shown to decrease serum iron and improve glucose metabolism in diabetic rodents. We have previously demonstrated that carnosine supplementation prevented worsening of glucose metabolism in healthy overweight and obese middle-aged adults. Yet, the impact of carnosine on markers of iron metabolism in humans has not been investigated. We aimed to determine whether carnosine supplementation has an effect on iron parameters in overweight and obese, otherwise healthy adults. We included 26 participants, who were randomly allocated to receive 1 g carnosine (n = 14) or identical placebo (n = 12) twice daily for 12 weeks. Iron parameters including iron, ferritin, transferrin, soluble transferrin receptor, total iron binding capacity and iron saturation were measured in serum or plasma by standard commercial assays. Carnosine supplementation decreased plasma soluble transferrin receptor compared to placebo (mean change difference ± standard error: - 0.07 ± 0.03 mg/l, p = 0.04). None of the other iron parameters were different between carnosine and placebo groups. At follow-up, soluble transferrin receptor was associated inversely with urinary carnosine concentrations and positively with serum carnosinase-1 activity (both p < 0.02). Our findings suggest that carnosine may modulate iron metabolism in high-risk groups which could ameliorate insulin resistance and prevent type 2 diabetes. Larger human clinical trials are required to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estifanos Baye
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maximilian P J de Courten
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Timea Kurdiova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrick Krumpolec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - José-Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomedical Research Institute of Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Ukropcova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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Jorgensen JM, Yang Z, Lönnerdal B, Chantry CJ, Dewey KG. Effect of iron supplementation during lactation on maternal iron status and oxidative stress: A randomized controlled trial. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2017; 13:e12394. [PMID: 27896921 PMCID: PMC6866113 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effect of iron-containing prenatal vitamin-mineral supplements taken postpartum on biomarkers of iron status and oxidative stress. Lactating women (n = 114) were randomly assigned to consume daily one iron-free prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement plus either 27 mg of iron or placebo for approximately 3.5 months. The placebo group took the tablets between meals, while those given iron took the tablets either with (Fe-W) or between meals (Fe-B). Blood and urine samples were collected before and after the supplementation period to analyze hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, hepcidin, transferrin saturation (TfSat), total plasma iron, and biomarkers of oxidative stress (isoprostane and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)) and inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP)). There was a trend toward a greater change in Hb among women in the Fe-B group compared to placebo (+2.5 vs. -3.7 g/L, respectively, p = 0.063). When the iron groups were combined, there was a greater change in Hb (+1.4 g/L) compared to placebo (p = 0.010). There were trends toward greater changes in TfSat (p = 0.087) and total plasma iron (p = 0.065) in the iron groups compared to placebo, yet no significant differences between the three groups in change in hepcidin (p = 0.291), isoprostane (p = 0.319), or 8-OHdG (p = 0.659), nor in change in ferritin among those with elevated CRP at baseline (60% of women; p = 0.946); among those without elevated CRP (40% of women), ferritin increased more in the iron groups compared to placebo (p = 0.001). Iron consumption during lactation moderately increased iron status, particularly among women without elevated CRP, and increased Hb, but did not significantly increase oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- National Institute for Nutrition and HealthChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element NutritionMinistry of Health of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of NutritionUC DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Ameer SS, Xu Y, Engström K, Li H, Tallving P, Nermell B, Boemo A, Parada LA, Peñaloza LG, Concha G, Harari F, Vahter M, Broberg K. Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic Is Associated with Increased Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Longer Telomere Length in Peripheral Blood. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:87. [PMID: 27597942 PMCID: PMC4992680 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) through drinking water causes cancer. Alterations in mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) and telomere length in blood have been associated with cancer risk. We elucidated if arsenic exposure alters mtDNAcn and telomere length in individuals with different arsenic metabolizing capacity. Methods: We studied two groups in the Salta province, Argentina, one in the Puna area of the Andes (N = 264, 89% females) and one in Chaco (N = 169, 75% females). We assessed arsenic exposure as the sum of arsenic metabolites [iAs, methylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA)] in urine (U-As) using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hydride generation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Efficiency of arsenic metabolism was expressed as percentage of urinary metabolites. MtDNAcn and telomere length were determined in blood by real-time PCR. Results: Median U-As was 196 (5–95 percentile: 21–537) μg/L in Andes and 80 (5–95 percentile: 15–1637) μg/L in Chaco. The latter study group had less-efficient metabolism, with higher %iAs and %MMA in urine compared with the Andean group. U-As was significantly associated with increased mtDNAcn (log2 transformed to improve linearity) in Chaco (β = 0.027 per 100 μg/L, p = 0.0085; adjusted for age and sex), but not in Andes (β = 0.025, p = 0.24). U-As was also associated with longer telomere length in Chaco (β = 0.016, p = 0.0066) and Andes (β = 0.0075, p = 0.029). In both populations, individuals with above median %iAs showed significantly higher mtDNAcn and telomere length compared with individuals with below median %iAs. Conclusions: Arsenic was associated with increased mtDNAcn and telomere length, particularly in individuals with less-efficient arsenic metabolism, a group who may have increased risk for arsenic-related cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda S Ameer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - YiYi Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Engström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden; Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Huiqi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Pia Tallving
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Barbro Nermell
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Analia Boemo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas and Consejo de Investigación, Universidad Nacional de Salta Salta, Argentina
| | - Luis A Parada
- Institute of Experimental Pathology - UNSa - CONICET Salta, Argentina
| | - Lidia G Peñaloza
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas and Consejo de Investigación, Universidad Nacional de Salta Salta, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Concha
- Risk Benefit Assessment Unit, Science Department, National Food Agency Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Florencia Harari
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Vahter
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Aranda N, Fernandez-Cao JC, Tous M, Arija V. Increased iron levels and lipid peroxidation in a Mediterranean population of Spain. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:520-6. [PMID: 26999720 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many chronic diseases are adversely affected by elevated iron levels. It has been speculated that this relationship is mediated by increased oxidative stress, due to the ability of iron to generate reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between elevated iron levels and lipid peroxidation in Caucasian adults residing in the north-eastern Mediterranean region of Spain. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional case-control study included 300 subjects: 150 adults displaying elevated iron levels (cases) selected from a representative sample of our general population and 150 age- and sex-matched adults exhibiting normal iron levels (controls). Dietary assessment (3-day food records), iron biomarkers (serum iron, ferritin and transferrin saturation) and lipid profile were determined. Elevated iron levels were defined by high serum ferritin (SF>110 μg/L in women and>200 μg/L in men) and/or transferrin saturation (TS)>45%. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) plasma levels were measured, and oxLDL/LDL-cholesterol ratio was calculated to estimate lipid peroxidation. Multiple linear regression (MLR) models were applied. RESULTS Individuals with elevated serum iron levels showed increased oxLDL/LDL ratio, but not oxLDL levels, compared to control subjects (20·92 ± 4·89 U/mmol vs. 19·72 ± 3·573 U/mmol, P = 0·028). These results were further confirmed by the regression models adjusted for demographic characteristics, diet, lipid profile and inflammation. Importantly, higher serum levels of triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and lower intake of Vitamin E increased lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSIONS In our general population, we have observed that higher circulating levels of iron, measured by serum ferritin and/or TS, increased lipid peroxidation (measured by oxLDL/LDL ratio).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Aranda
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nutrition and Public Health Unit, Research Group in Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Jose Candido Fernandez-Cao
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nutrition and Public Health Unit, Research Group in Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Monica Tous
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nutrition and Public Health Unit, Research Group in Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Victoria Arija
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nutrition and Public Health Unit, Research Group in Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Tarragona-Reus, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Tarragona, Spain
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10
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Topic A, Malic Z, Francuski D, Stankovic M, Markovic B, Soskic B, Tomic B, Ilic S, Dobrivojevic S, Drca S, Radojkovic D. Gender-related differences in susceptibility to oxidative stress in healthy middle-aged Serbian adults. Biomarkers 2016; 21:186-93. [PMID: 26754535 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1126647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Gender-related differences in the association between polymorphism of xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes or non-genetic biomarkers and susceptibility to oxidative stress was assessed in healthy middle-aged Serbian adults, by urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG/creatinine) and total antioxidant status in serum (TAOS). Females were more susceptible to oxidative stress. In both genders, positive predictor of the antioxidative protection was serum triglyceride, while BMI <25 kg/m(2) was associated with oxidative stress. Susceptibility to oxidative stress in males was associated with GSTT1*null allele and increased serum iron, but in females, it was decreased serum bilirubin. Early identification of the risk factors could be important in the prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Topic
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Zivka Malic
- b Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Bijeljina , Bijeljina , Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | - Djordje Francuski
- c Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Marija Stankovic
- c Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Bojan Markovic
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Blagoje Soskic
- c Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Branko Tomic
- c Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Stefan Ilic
- c Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Snezana Dobrivojevic
- e Clinical Chemical Laboratory, Health Centre , "Stari Grad", Belgrade , Serbia , and
| | - Sanja Drca
- f Clinical Chemical Laboratory, General Hospital , Pancevo , Serbia
| | - Dragica Radojkovic
- c Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
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11
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Antioxidative Potency and UV–Vis spectra features of the compounds resulting from the chelation of Fe2+ by Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester and two of its derivatives. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. Serum ferritin is an important inflammatory disease marker, as it is mainly a leakage product from damaged cells. Metallomics 2014; 6:748-73. [PMID: 24549403 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00347g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
"Serum ferritin" presents a paradox, as the iron storage protein ferritin is not synthesised in serum yet is to be found there. Serum ferritin is also a well known inflammatory marker, but it is unclear whether serum ferritin reflects or causes inflammation, or whether it is involved in an inflammatory cycle. We argue here that serum ferritin arises from damaged cells, and is thus a marker of cellular damage. The protein in serum ferritin is considered benign, but it has lost (i.e. dumped) most of its normal complement of iron which when unliganded is highly toxic. The facts that serum ferritin levels can correlate with both disease and with body iron stores are thus expected on simple chemical kinetic grounds. Serum ferritin levels also correlate with other phenotypic readouts such as erythrocyte morphology. Overall, this systems approach serves to explain a number of apparent paradoxes of serum ferritin, including (i) why it correlates with biomarkers of cell damage, (ii) why it correlates with biomarkers of hydroxyl radical formation (and oxidative stress) and (iii) therefore why it correlates with the presence and/or severity of numerous diseases. This leads to suggestions for how one might exploit the corollaries of the recognition that serum ferritin levels mainly represent a consequence of cell stress and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131, Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, Lancs, UK.
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13
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Kim J, Wessling-Resnick M. Iron and mechanisms of emotional behavior. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1101-1107. [PMID: 25154570 PMCID: PMC4253901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron is required for appropriate behavioral organization. Iron deficiency results in poor brain myelination and impaired monoamine metabolism. Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid homeostasis is modified by changes in brain iron status. Such changes produce not only deficits in memory/learning capacity and motor skills, but also emotional and psychological problems. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that both energy metabolism and neurotransmitter homeostasis influence emotional behavior, and both functions are influenced by brain iron status. Like other neurobehavioral aspects, the influence of iron metabolism on mechanisms of emotional behavior is multifactorial: brain region-specific control of behavior, regulation of neurotransmitters and associated proteins, temporal and regional differences in iron requirements, oxidative stress responses to excess iron, sex differences in metabolism, and interactions between iron and other metals. To better understand the role that brain iron plays in emotional behavior and mental health, this review discusses the pathologies associated with anxiety and other emotional disorders with respect to body iron status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Zhuang T, Han H, Yang Z. Iron, oxidative stress and gestational diabetes. Nutrients 2014; 6:3968-80. [PMID: 25255832 PMCID: PMC4179198 DOI: 10.3390/nu6093968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both iron deficiency and hyperglycemia are highly prevalent globally for pregnant women. Iron supplementation is recommended during pregnancy to control iron deficiency. The purposes of the review are to assess the oxidative effects of iron supplementation and the potential relationship between iron nutrition and gestational diabetes. High doses of iron (~relative to 60 mg or more daily for adult humans) can induce lipid peroxidation in vitro and in animal studies. Pharmaceutical doses of iron supplements (e.g., 10× RDA or more for oral supplements or direct iron supplementation via injection or addition to the cell culture medium) for a short or long duration will induce DNA damage. Higher heme-iron intake or iron status measured by various biomarkers, especially serum ferritin, might contribute to greater risk of gestational diabetes, which may be mediated by iron oxidative stress though lipid oxidation and/or DNA damage. However, information is lacking about the effect of low dose iron supplementation (≤60 mg daily) on lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and gestational diabetes. Randomized trials of low-dose iron supplementation (≤60 mg daily) for pregnant women are warranted to test the relationship between iron oxidative stress and insulin resistance/gestational diabetes, especially for iron-replete women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taifeng Zhuang
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China.
| | - Huijun Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
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15
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Smith S, Abrams S, Davis-Street J, Heer M, O'Brien K, Wastney M, Zwart S. Fifty Years of Human Space Travel: Implications for Bone and Calcium Research. Annu Rev Nutr 2014; 34:377-400. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Smith
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058;
| | - S.A. Abrams
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
| | - J.E. Davis-Street
- Chevron Services Company, Corporate Health and Medical, Houston, Texas 77002;
| | - M. Heer
- Profil, 41460 Neuss, Germany;
- University of Bonn, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition Physiology, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K.O. O'Brien
- Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Ithaca, New York 14853;
| | - M.E. Wastney
- Metabolic Modeling Services, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906;
| | - S.R. Zwart
- Division of Space Life Sciences, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, Texas 77058;
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16
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Iwanaga S, Sakano N, Taketa K, Takahashi N, Wang DH, Takahashi H, Kubo M, Miyatake N, Ogino K. Comparison of serum ferritin and oxidative stress biomarkers between Japanese workers with and without metabolic syndrome. Obes Res Clin Pract 2014; 8:e201-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Galesloot TE, Holewijn S, Kiemeney LA, de Graaf J, Vermeulen SH, Swinkels DW. Serum Hepcidin Is Associated With Presence of Plaque in Postmenopausal Women of a General Population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:446-56. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tessel E. Galesloot
- From the Department for Health Evidence (T.E.G., L.A.L.M.K., S.H.V.), Department of General Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine (S.H., J.d.G.), Department of Urology (L.A.L.M.K.), and Laboratory of Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine (D.W.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Holewijn
- From the Department for Health Evidence (T.E.G., L.A.L.M.K., S.H.V.), Department of General Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine (S.H., J.d.G.), Department of Urology (L.A.L.M.K.), and Laboratory of Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine (D.W.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A.L.M. Kiemeney
- From the Department for Health Evidence (T.E.G., L.A.L.M.K., S.H.V.), Department of General Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine (S.H., J.d.G.), Department of Urology (L.A.L.M.K.), and Laboratory of Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine (D.W.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline de Graaf
- From the Department for Health Evidence (T.E.G., L.A.L.M.K., S.H.V.), Department of General Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine (S.H., J.d.G.), Department of Urology (L.A.L.M.K.), and Laboratory of Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine (D.W.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sita H. Vermeulen
- From the Department for Health Evidence (T.E.G., L.A.L.M.K., S.H.V.), Department of General Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine (S.H., J.d.G.), Department of Urology (L.A.L.M.K.), and Laboratory of Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine (D.W.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorine W. Swinkels
- From the Department for Health Evidence (T.E.G., L.A.L.M.K., S.H.V.), Department of General Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine (S.H., J.d.G.), Department of Urology (L.A.L.M.K.), and Laboratory of Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine (D.W.S.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Crist MB, Melekhin VV, Bian A, Shintani A, Milne GL, Kallianpur AR, Dageforde LA, Haas DW, Hulgan T. Higher serum iron is associated with increased oxidant stress in HIV-infected men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 64:367-73. [PMID: 24169121 PMCID: PMC3816092 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3182a60f36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND F₂-isoprostanes (F₂-IsoP) are oxidant stress biomarkers that are higher in HIV-infected women than men. We explored whether the effect of hemoglobin (Hgb), serum iron, or anemia on F₂-IsoP is different between HIV-infected women and men. METHODS Plasma F₂-IsoP were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; clinical and laboratory data were collected at enrollment or from the medical record. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess associations between F₂-IsoP and Hgb, anemia as a dichotomous variable, and serum iron with adjustment for age, sex, race, body mass index, CD4 lymphocyte count, self-reported current smoking status, and antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS Compared with men, women had lower Hgb [median: 12.7 (interquartile range: 11.8-13.9) vs. 14.9 (13.7-15.8) g/dL, P < 0.001], lower iron levels [75 (47-97) vs. 90 (69-121) µg/dL, P = 0.004], more anemia (29% vs. 10%, P < 0.001), and higher levels of F₂-IsoP [42 (32-62) vs. 36 (25-46) pg/mL, P < 0.001]. The relationship between iron and F₂-IsoP differed significantly between men and women (interaction P = 0.02). Men had a 21% (95% confidence interval: 8 to 36) increase in F₂-IsoP per interquartile increase in iron (P = 0.001), whereas no relationship was seen among women [-4% (-17 to 13, P = 0.65]. CONCLUSIONS Although women have overall higher F₂-IsoP than men, a relationship between circulating F₂-IsoP and iron levels was observed in men but not in women with HIV infection. The association between female sex and higher F₂-IsoP is not explained by iron or Hgb levels because the association persists when controlling for these factors. The role of iron in oxidant stress and sex-specific differences among HIV-infected individuals require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Crist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Vlada V. Melekhin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Aihua Bian
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ayumi Shintani
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ginger L. Milne
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Asha R. Kallianpur
- Departments Genomic Medicine and Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation/Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Leigh Anne Dageforde
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David W. Haas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Todd Hulgan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Zwart SR, Morgan JLL, Smith SM. Iron status and its relations with oxidative damage and bone loss during long-duration space flight on the International Space Station. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:217-23. [PMID: 23719548 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.056465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increases in stored iron and dietary intake of iron during space flight have raised concern about the risk of excess iron and oxidative damage, particularly in bone. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to perform a comprehensive assessment of iron status in men and women before, during, and after long-duration space flight and to quantify the association of iron status with oxidative damage and bone loss. DESIGN Fasting blood and 24-h urine samples were collected from 23 crew members before, during, and after missions lasting 50 to 247 d to the International Space Station. RESULTS Serum ferritin and body iron increased early in flight, and transferrin and transferrin receptors decreased later, which indicated that early increases in body iron stores occurred through the mobilization of iron to storage tissues. Acute phase proteins indicated no evidence of an inflammatory response during flight. Serum ferritin was positively correlated with the oxidative damage markers 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (r = 0.53, P < 0.001) and prostaglandin F2α (r = 0.26, P < 0.001), and the greater the area under the curve for ferritin during flight, the greater the decrease in bone mineral density in the total hip (P = 0.031), trochanter (P = 0.006), hip neck (P = 0.044), and pelvis (P = 0.049) after flight. CONCLUSION Increased iron stores may be a risk factor for oxidative damage and bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Zwart
- Division of Space Life Sciences, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX, USA
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Cadmium, mercury, and lead in kidney cortex are not associated with urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in living kidney donors. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013; 87:315-22. [PMID: 23536210 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-013-0863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cadmium in urine is positively associated with urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) concentrations, a sensitive marker of oxidative DNA damage. We determined whether kidney concentrations of cadmium, mercury, and lead, which may generate oxidative DNA damage, were associated with urinary 8-oxodG or not. METHODS 8-OxodG was measured in separate 24 h and overnight urine samples from Swedish healthy adult kidney donors (N = 152) using LC-MS/MS. Concentrations of metals were measured in kidney biopsies (N = 109) by ICP-MS. RESULTS The median 8-oxodG concentrations (adjusted to specific gravity) in 24 h and overnight samples were 13.5 and 15.3 nmol/L; 8-oxodG excretion rates in 24 h and overnight samples were 0.93 and 0.86 nmol/h. In multivariable linear regression analyses, we did not find any association between 8-oxodG concentrations or rates and elements in the kidney. The 24-h 8-oxodG concentrations were positively associated with serum ferritin (β = 0.048, p < 0.0001), body weight (β = 0.13, p = 0.0019), and inversely with gender (β = -3.34, p = 0.0024). Similar associations with 8-oxodG excretion rates were stronger. Smoking was positively associated with 24-h 8-oxodG excretion rates (β = 0.26, p = 0.0090), but not with overnight samples. CONCLUSIONS Neither cadmium, nor mercury or lead in the kidney contributed to urinary 8-oxodG concentrations in non-occupationally exposed subjects. The iron status was positively associated with urinary 8-oxodG, particularly in women.
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Inoue K, Sakano N, Ogino K, Sato Y, Wang DH, Kubo M, Takahashi H, Kanbara S, Miyatake N. Relationship between ceruloplasmin and oxidative biomarkers including ferritin among healthy Japanese. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2013; 52:160-6. [PMID: 23524455 PMCID: PMC3593134 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.12-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum ceruloplasmin (CP), a marker relevant to copper metabolism, is one of famous inflammation markers with a reduction in Wilson’s disease, whereas serum ferritin is a marker relevant to iron metabolism. Recently, ferritin is pointed out to be related with oxidative stress. However, there is still no population research which showed the relation of CP and ferritin. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between CP and ferritin including oxidative stress biomarkers among healthy Japanese (n = 389). We measured serum CP, ferritin, Fe, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and urinary oxidative stress biomarkers [H2O2, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-isoprostane] and so on. Subjects showed that age; 41.7 ± 10.0 (year), CP; 31.9 ± 6.8 (mg/dl), ferritin; 123.5 ± 121.0 (ng/ml), hs-CRP; 0.89 ± 2.53 (mg/l), 8-OHdG; 10.2 ± 4.4 [ng/mg creatinine (Cre)] and H2O2; 6.5 ± 10.9 (µM/g Cre), (All data mentioned above were expressed as mean ± SD). CP was significantly and positively correlated with hs-CRP and inversely correlated with ferritin, Fe and 8-OHdG. By a multiple logistic regression analysis, odds ratio of CP according to quartiles of hs-CRP was 4.86, and according to quartiles of 8-OHdG was 0.39 after adjusting for age and other confounding factors. In conclusion, our findings suggest that CP was an antioxidative biomarker which controls oxidative stress, whereas ferritin was a marker which may participate in the generation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyomi Inoue
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Khabour OF, Soudah OA, Aaysh MH. Genotoxicity assessment in iron deficiency anemia patients using sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations assays. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 750:72-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhao GY, Zhao LP, He YF, Li GF, Gao C, Li K, Xu YJ. A comparison of the biological activities of human osteoblast hFOB1.19 between iron excess and iron deficiency. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 150:487-95. [PMID: 23054865 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bone metabolism has a close relationship with iron homeostasis. To examine the effects of iron excess and iron deficiency on the biological activities of osteoblast in vitro, human osteoblast cells (hFOB1.19) were incubated in a medium supplemented with 0-200 μmol/L ferric ammonium citrate and 0-20 μmol/L deferoxamine. The intracellular iron was measured by a confocal laser scanning microscope. Proliferation of osteoblasts was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. Apoptotic cells were detected using annexin intervention V/PI staining with a flow cytometry. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured using an ALP assay kit. The number of calcified nodules and mineral area was evaluated by von Kossa staining assay. The expressions of type I collagen and osteocalcin of cultured osteoblasts were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using the oxidation-sensitive dye 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate by flow cytometry. The results indicated that excessive iron inhibited osteoblast activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Low iron concentrations, in contrast, produced a biphasic manner on osteoblasts: mild low iron promoted osteoblast activity, but serious low iron inhibited osteoblast activity. Osteogenesis was optimal in certain iron concentrations. The mechanism underlying biological activity invoked by excessive iron may be attributed to increased intracellular ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yang Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
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Peffer K, den Heijer M, Holewijn S, de Graaf J, Swinkels DW, Verbeek AL, Atsma F. The effect of frequent whole blood donation on ferritin, hepcidin, and subclinical atherosclerosis. Transfusion 2012; 53:1468-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Minimizing the cancer-promotional activity of cox-2 as a central strategy in cancer prevention. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:45-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rehu M, Ahonen S, Punnonen K. The diagnostic accuracy of the percentage of hypochromic red blood cells (%HYPOm) and cellular hemoglobin in reticulocytes (CHr) in differentiating iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1809-13. [PMID: 21689644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The percentages of hypochromic red blood cells (%HYPOm) and cellular hemoglobin in reticulocytes (CHr) are suggested to be useful screening markers of iron deficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of %HYPOm and CHr in differentiating iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and anemia of chronic disease (ACD). METHODS The retrospective population consisted of 58 IDA patients, 129 ACD patients and 63 controls, on whom bone marrow examination and blood count with %HYPOm and CHr had been performed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses with area under the ROC curves (AUC) were used as statistical tests. RESULTS AUCs for differentiating the groups using %HYPOm were as follows: IDA vs. controls 0.99, ACD vs. controls 0.85 and IDA vs. ACD 0.88. AUCs for CHr in distinguishing the groups were as follows: IDA vs. controls 0.95, ACD vs. controls 0.65 and IDA vs. ACD 0.83. CONCLUSIONS IDA and ACD patients were efficiently differentiated by using %HYPOm and CHr. Additionally, %HYPOm was higher and CHr was lower in IDA patients and in ACD patients than in controls. Thus, %HYPOm is higher and CHr is lower not only in absolute iron deficiency, but also when iron availability for erythropoiesis is restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Rehu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre, Kuopio, Finland.
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Broedbaek K, Siersma V, Andersen JT, Petersen M, Afzal S, Hjelvang B, Weimann A, Semba RD, Ferrucci L, Poulsen HE. The association between low-grade inflammation, iron status and nucleic acid oxidation in the elderly. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:409-16. [PMID: 21275071 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.538391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study applied a case-control approach to investigate the association between low-grade inflammation, defined by high values within the normal range of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and urinary markers of nucleic acid oxidation. No differences in excretion of urinary markers of nucleic acid oxidation between cases and controls were found and multivariable linear regression analysis showed no association between urinary markers of nucleic acid oxidation and inflammatory markers. Post-hoc multivariable linear regression analysis showed significant associations between nucleic acid oxidation and various iron status markers and especially a close relationship between nucleic acid oxidation and ferritin. This study shows no association between low-grade inflammation and urinary markers of nucleic acid oxidation in a population of elderly Italian people. The results suggest that low-grade inflammation only has a negligible impact on whole body nucleic acid oxidation, whereas iron status seems to be of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Broedbaek
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Q7642, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Fenech M. Current Knowledge and Strategies to Determine Dietary Reference Values for DNA Damage Prevention. Genes Environ 2011. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.33.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kell DB. Towards a unifying, systems biology understanding of large-scale cellular death and destruction caused by poorly liganded iron: Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, prions, bactericides, chemical toxicology and others as examples. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:825-89. [PMID: 20967426 PMCID: PMC2988997 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a variety of toxins and/or infectious agents leads to disease, degeneration and death, often characterised by circumstances in which cells or tissues do not merely die and cease to function but may be more or less entirely obliterated. It is then legitimate to ask the question as to whether, despite the many kinds of agent involved, there may be at least some unifying mechanisms of such cell death and destruction. I summarise the evidence that in a great many cases, one underlying mechanism, providing major stresses of this type, entails continuing and autocatalytic production (based on positive feedback mechanisms) of hydroxyl radicals via Fenton chemistry involving poorly liganded iron, leading to cell death via apoptosis (probably including via pathways induced by changes in the NF-κB system). While every pathway is in some sense connected to every other one, I highlight the literature evidence suggesting that the degenerative effects of many diseases and toxicological insults converge on iron dysregulation. This highlights specifically the role of iron metabolism, and the detailed speciation of iron, in chemical and other toxicology, and has significant implications for the use of iron chelating substances (probably in partnership with appropriate anti-oxidants) as nutritional or therapeutic agents in inhibiting both the progression of these mainly degenerative diseases and the sequelae of both chronic and acute toxin exposure. The complexity of biochemical networks, especially those involving autocatalytic behaviour and positive feedbacks, means that multiple interventions (e.g. of iron chelators plus antioxidants) are likely to prove most effective. A variety of systems biology approaches, that I summarise, can predict both the mechanisms involved in these cell death pathways and the optimal sites of action for nutritional or pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and the Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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Fenech MF. Dietary reference values of individual micronutrients and nutriomes for genome damage prevention: current status and a road map to the future. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:1438S-1454S. [PMID: 20219957 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the genome is recognized as a fundamental cause of developmental and degenerative diseases. Several micronutrients play an important role in protecting against DNA damage events generated through endogenous and exogenous factors by acting as cofactors or substrates for enzymes that detoxify genotoxins as well as enzymes involved in DNA repair, methylation, and synthesis. In addition, it is evident that either micronutrient deficiency or micronutrient excess can modify genome stability and that these effects may also depend on nutrient-nutrient and nutrient-gene interaction, which is affected by genotype. These observations have led to the emerging science of genome health nutrigenomics, which is based on the principle that DNA damage is a fundamental cause of disease that can be diagnosed and nutritionally prevented on an individual, genetic subgroup, or population basis. In this article, the following topics are discussed: 1) biomarkers used to study genome damage in humans and their validation, 2) evidence for the association of genome damage with developmental and degenerative disease, 3) current knowledge of micronutrients required for the maintenance of genome stability in humans, 4) the effect of nutrient-nutrient and nutrient-genotype interaction on DNA damage, and 5) strategies to determine dietary reference values of single micronutrients and micronutrient combinations (nutriomes) on the basis of DNA damage prevention. This article also identifies important knowledge gaps and future research directions required to shed light on these issues. The ultimate goal is to match the nutriome to the genome to optimize genome maintenance and to prevent pathologic amounts of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Fenech
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide BC SA 5000, Australia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Iron deficiency and anemia may impair athletic performance, and iron supplements are commonly consumed by athletes. However, iron overload should be avoided because of the possible long-term adverse health effects. METHODS We investigated the iron status of 170 male and female recreational runners participating in the Zürich marathon. Iron deficiency was defined either as a plasma ferritin (PF) concentration <15 microg/l (iron depletion) or as the ratio of the concentrations of transferrin receptor (sTfR) to PF (sTfR:log(PF) index) of > or =4.5 (functional iron deficiency). RESULTS After excluding subjects with elevated C-reactive protein concentrations, iron overload was defined as PF >200 microg/l. Iron depletion was found in only 2 out of 127 men (1.6% of the male study population) and in 12 out of 43 (28.0%) women. Functional iron deficiency was found in 5 (3.9%) and 11 (25.5%) male and female athletes, respectively. Body iron stores, calculated from the sTfR/PF ratio, were significantly higher (P<0.001) among male compared with female marathon runners. Median PF among males was 104 microg/l, and the upper limit of the PF distribution in males was 628 microg/l. Iron overload was found in 19 out of 127 (15.0%) men but only 2 out of 43 in women (4.7%). Gender (male sex), but not age, was a predictor of higher PF (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Iron depletion was present in 28% of female runners but in <2% of males, whereas one in six male runners had signs of iron overload. Although iron supplements are widely used by athletes in an effort to increase performance, our findings indicate excess body iron may be common in male recreational runners and suggest supplements should only be used if tests of iron status indicate deficiency.
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Hori A, Mizoue T, Kasai H, Kawai K, Matsushita Y, Nanri A, Sato M, Ohta M. Body iron store as a predictor of oxidative DNA damage in healthy men and women. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:517-22. [PMID: 19895603 PMCID: PMC11158582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While iron plays an important role in many cellular functions, excess iron storage induces DNA damage by generating hydroxyl radicals and thus promotes carcinogenesis. However, it remains unclear whether body iron levels that are commonly observed in a general population are related to oxidative DNA damage. We examined the association between serum ferritin concentrations and levels of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker of systemic oxidative DNA damage and repair, in 528 Japanese men and women aged 21-67 years. Men had much higher ferritin levels than in women, and the levels were significantly greater in women aged 50 years or older than in women aged less than 50 years. Urinary 8-OHdG concentrations were significantly and positively associated with serum ferritin levels in all the subgroups. The Spearman rank correlation coefficients were 0.47, 0.76, and 0.73 for men overall, women aged less than 50 years, and women aged 50 years or older, respectively. These associations were materially unchanged after adjustment for potential confounding variables. In men, a more pronounced association was observed in nonsmokers than in smokers. Our results suggest body iron storage is a strong determinant of levels of systemic oxidative DNA damage in a healthy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Hori
- Department of Epidemiology and International Health, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
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Effect of malnutrition on iron homeostasis in black-necked swans (Cygnus melanocoryphus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2010; 40:624-31. [PMID: 20063807 DOI: 10.1638/2007-0160.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cayumapu River black-necked swan (Cygnus melanocoryphus) population in southern Chile suffered a syndrome of malnutrition and hyperferremia in 2005. The iron metabolic imbalance could not be explained on the basis of the quality of their diet. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to determine the relationship between malnutrition and iron homeostasis in black-necked swans. It was proposed that catabolic processes could increase serum iron levels due to the release of endogenous iron from tissues. A free-living swan population undergoing natural nutritional imbalance due to molting was studied. In addition, swans captured were subjected to a diet restriction until they became emaciated. The results revealed that neither lipolytic activity nor emaciation affected serum iron concentrations. The increment of total iron binding capacity observed was in agreement with the reduction of endogenous iron stored, with the increase of erythropoeitic demand, or with both. Future studies are needed to determine the effect of incremental erythropoietic activity on iron homeostasis in anemic, malnourished birds.
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Antioxidant activity of sulfur and selenium: a review of reactive oxygen species scavenging, glutathione peroxidase, and metal-binding antioxidant mechanisms. Cell Biochem Biophys 2009; 55:1-23. [PMID: 19548119 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-009-9054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that oxidation caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a major cause of cellular damage and death and has been implicated in cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases. Small-molecule antioxidants containing sulfur and selenium can ameliorate oxidative damage, and cells employ multiple antioxidant mechanisms to prevent this cellular damage. However, current research has focused mainly on clinical, epidemiological, and in vivo studies with little emphasis on the antioxidant mechanisms responsible for observed sulfur and selenium antioxidant activities. In addition, the antioxidant properties of sulfur compounds are commonly compared to selenium antioxidant properties; however, sulfur and selenium antioxidant activities can be quite distinct, with each utilizing different antioxidant mechanisms to prevent oxidative cellular damage. In the present review, we discuss the antioxidant activities of sulfur and selenium compounds, focusing on several antioxidant mechanisms, including ROS scavenging, glutathione peroxidase, and metal-binding antioxidant mechanisms. Findings of several recent clinical, epidemiological, and in vivo studies highlight the need for future studies that specifically focus on the chemical mechanisms of sulfur and selenium antioxidant behavior.
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Zwart SR, Kala G, Smith SM. Body iron stores and oxidative damage in humans increased during and after a 10- to 12-day undersea dive. J Nutr 2009; 139:90-5. [PMID: 19056648 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.097592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) underwater habitat is a useful analogue for spaceflight. However, the increased air pressure in the habitat exposes crewmembers to higher oxygen pressures, which increases their risk for oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. Studies from a previous NEEMO mission suggested that DNA oxidation occurs at an increased level, similar to that in smokers and astronauts returning from space. Astronauts in space and NEEMO crewmembers also have similar changes in iron metabolism. Newly formed RBC are destroyed and body iron stores are elevated. Because excess iron can act as an oxidant and cause tissue damage, we investigated aspects of oxidative damage and tested whether toxic forms of iron were present when iron stores increased during NEEMO missions. Subjects (n = 12) participated in 10- to 12-d saturation dives, and blood and 24-h urine samples were collected twice before, twice during, and twice after the dive. During the dive, ferritin was higher (P < 0.001), transferrin was lower (P < 0.001), and transferrin receptors were lower (P < 0.01). Serum iron was higher during and immediately after the dive (P < 0.001). Total homocysteine (P < 0.001) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P < 0.05) activity were affected by time; homocysteine increased during the dive and SOD decreased during and after the dive. Labile plasma iron was measurable only during the dive. These data indicate that the NEEMO environment increases body iron stores and labile forms of iron, which may contribute to oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Zwart
- Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
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Battin EE, Brumaghim JL. Metal specificity in DNA damage prevention by sulfur antioxidants. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:2036-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Gastaldelli A, Perego L, Paganelli M, Sesti G, Hribal M, Chavez AO, DeFronzo RA, Pontiroli A, Folli F. Elevated Concentrations of Liver Enzymes and Ferritin Identify a New Phenotype of Insulin Resistance: Effect of Weight Loss After Gastric Banding. Obes Surg 2008; 19:80-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-008-9690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Loft S, Møller P, Cooke MS, Rozalski R, Olinski R. Antioxidant vitamins and cancer risk: is oxidative damage to DNA a relevant biomarker? Eur J Nutr 2008; 47 Suppl 2:19-28. [PMID: 18458832 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-2004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage to DNA is regarded as an important step in carcinogenesis. These lesions may arise as a consequence of exposure to xenobiotics, but are also generated as a consequence of endogenous generation of oxidizing compounds. Measurements of oxidative damage to guanines, such as 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydroguanine (8-oxodG) are increasingly being regarded as reliable biomarkers of oxidative stress and they may have a predictive value of cancer risk, although this needs to be established independently in several cohort studies. A survey of intervention studies of the ingestion of antioxidant-containing foods or tablets of antioxidants indicate that about one-third of the studies reported a protective effect in terms of lower levels of oxidative damage to DNA in white blood cells or decreased urinary excretion of 8-oxodG. Although firm conclusions cannot be reached, there appears to be links between ingestion of antioxidants, oxidative damage to DNA, and risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Loft
- Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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