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Li Q, Zhou SR, Kim H, Wang H, Zhu JJ, Yang JK. Discovering novel Cathepsin L inhibitors from natural products using artificial intelligence. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2606-2614. [PMID: 39006920 PMCID: PMC11245987 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a promising therapeutic target for metabolic disorders. Current pharmacological interventions targeting CTSL have demonstrated potential in reducing body weight gain, serum insulin levels, and improving glucose tolerance. However, the clinical application of CTSL inhibitors remains limited. In this study, we used a combination of artificial intelligence and experimental methods to identify new CTSL inhibitors from natural products. Through a robust deep learning model and molecular docking, we screened 150 molecules from natural products for experimental validation. At a concentration of 100 µM, we found that 36 of them exhibited more than 50 % inhibition of CTSL. Notably, 13 molecules displayed over 90 % inhibition and exhibiting concentration-dependent effects. The molecular dynamics simulation on the two most potent inhibitors, Plumbagin and Beta-Lapachone, demonstrated stable interaction at the CTSL active site. Enzyme kinetics studies have shown that these inhibitors exert an uncompetitive inhibitory effect on CTSL. In conclusion, our research identifies Plumbagin and Beta-Lapachone as potential CTSL inhibitors, offering promising candidates for the treatment of metabolic disorders and illustrating the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Si-Rui Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hanna Kim
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Juan-Juan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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2
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Kumar A, Rani M, Giovannuzzi S, Raghav N, Supuran CT, Sharma PK. Novel thiazolotriazole and triazolothiadiazine scaffolds as selective tumor associated carbonic anhydrase inhibitors endowed with cathepsin B inhibition. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400366. [PMID: 38991221 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The present research focused on the tail-approach synthesis of novel extended thiazolotriazoles (8a-8j) and triazolothiadiazines (11a-11j) including aminotriazole intermediate 10. After successful synthesis, all the compounds were evaluated for their inhibition potential against cytosolic isoforms of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA I, II), tumor-linked transmembrane isoforms (hCA IX, XII), and cathepsin B. As per the inhibition data, the newly synthesized compounds showed poor inhibition against hCA I. Many of the compounds showed effective inhibition toward hCA IX and/or XII in low nanomolar concentration. Despite the strong to moderate inhibition of hCA II by these compounds, more than half of them demonstrated better inhibition against hCA IX and/or XII, comparatively. Further, insights of CA inhibition data of these extended analogs and their comparison with earlier reported thiazolotriazole and triazolothiadiazine derivatives might help in the rational design of novel potent and selective hCA IX and XII inhibitors. The novel compounds were also found to possess anti-cathepsin B potential at a low concentration of 10-7 M. Broadly, compounds of series 11a-11j presented more effective inhibition against cathepsin B than their counterparts in series 8a-8j. Moreover, these in vitro results with respect to cathepsin B inhibition were also supported by the in silico insights obtained via molecular modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Manishita Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Simone Giovannuzzi
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Neera Raghav
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pawan K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
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3
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Wang Y, Shi X, Yin Y, Yang F, Zhang Y, He X, Wen D, Li BX, Ma K. Association Between Neuroinflammation and Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Mendelian Randomization Study. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04197-2. [PMID: 38709392 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the study is to determine the causal relationship and potential mechanisms between Parkinson's disease (PD) and neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic mediators. We conducted two-sample Mendelian randomization (2SMR) study and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analysis to investigate the causality between PD and neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic mediators. The mediation analysis with MR was also conducted to determine the potential mediating effect of neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic mediators between asthma and PD. Genetically predicted levels of nine neuroinflammation were associated with changes in PD risk. The associations of PD with CCL24, galectin-3 levels, haptoglobin, and Holo-Transcobalamin-2 remained significant in multivariable analyses. The mediation analysis with MR revealed that asthma affects PD through CCL24 and galectin-3. The results showed neuroinflammation could affect the pathogenesis of PD. In the combined analysis of these nine variables, CCL24, galectin-3 levels, HP, and Holo-Transcobalamin-2 alone were found to be significant. Asthma plays an intermediary role through CCL24 and galectin-3 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiNi Wang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - XinYu Shi
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - YaPing Yin
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - YiNan Zhang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Wen
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Xiang Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kun Ma
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Pečar Fonović U, Kos J, Mitrović A. Compensational role between cathepsins. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00085-3. [PMID: 38663456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Cathepsins, a family of lysosomal peptidases, play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating protein turnover and degradation as well as many specific regulatory actions that are important for proper cell function and human health. Alterations in the activity and expression of cathepsins have been observed in many diseases such as cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, bone remodelling-related conditions and others. These changes are not exclusively harmful, but rather appear to be a compensatory response on the lack of one cathepsin in order to maintain tissue integrity. The upregulation of specific cathepsins in response to the inhibition or dysfunction of other cathepsins suggests a fine-tuned system of proteolytic balance and understanding the compensatory role of cathepsins may improve therapeutic potential of cathepsin's inhibitors. Selectively targeting one cathepsin or modulating their activity could offer new treatment strategies for a number of diseases. This review emphasises the need for comprehensive research into cathepsin biology in the context of disease. The identification of the specific cathepsins involved in compensatory responses, the elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms and the development of targeted interventions could lead to innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urša Pečar Fonović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Janko Kos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Siwach K, Rani M, Vats L, Giovannuzzi S, Paul AK, Brahma M, Kumari N, Maruthi M, Raghav N, Supuran CT, Sharma PK. 1,2,3-Triazole-based esters and carboxylic acids as nonclassical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors capable of cathepsin B inhibition. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300372. [PMID: 38012535 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a library of 28 new 1,2,3-triazole derivatives bearing carboxylic acid and ester moieties as dual inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and cathepsin B enzymes. The synthesised compounds were assayed in vitro for their inhibition potential against four human CA (hCA) isoforms, I, II, IX and XII. The carboxylic acid derivatives displayed low micromolar inhibition against hCA II, IX and XII in contrast to the ester derivatives. Most of the target compounds showed poor inhibition against the hCA I isoform. 4-Fluorophenyl appended carboxylic acid derivative 6c was found to be the most potent inhibitor of hCA IX and hCA XII with a KI value of 0.7 μM for both the isoforms. The newly synthesised compounds showed dual inhibition towards CA as well as cathepsin B. The ester derivatives exhibited higher % inhibition at 10-7 M concentration as compared with the corresponding carboxylic acid derivatives against cathepsin B. The results from in silico studies of the target compounds with the active site of cathepsin B were found in good correlation with the in vitro results. Moreover, two compounds, 5i and 6c, showed cytotoxic activity against A549 lung cancer cells, with IC50 values lower than 100 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Siwach
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Manishita Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Lalit Vats
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Bherian, Pehowa, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Simone Giovannuzzi
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Avijit Kumar Paul
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Mettle Brahma
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Neetu Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Mulaka Maruthi
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Neera Raghav
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pawan K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
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Wang Y, Yi K, Chen B, Zhang B, Jidong G. Elucidating the susceptibility to breast cancer: an in-depth proteomic and transcriptomic investigation into novel potential plasma protein biomarkers. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1340917. [PMID: 38304232 PMCID: PMC10833003 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1340917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to identify plasma proteins that are associated with and causative of breast cancer through Proteome and Transcriptome-wide association studies combining Mendelian Randomization. Methods: Utilizing high-throughput datasets, we designed a two-phase analytical framework aimed at identifying novel plasma proteins that are both associated with and causative of breast cancer. Initially, we conducted Proteome/Transcriptome-wide association studies (P/TWAS) to identify plasma proteins with significant associations. Subsequently, Mendelian Randomization was employed to ascertain the causation. The validity and robustness of our findings were further reinforced through external validation and various sensitivity analyses, including Bayesian colocalization, Steiger filtering, heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Additionally, we performed functional enrichment analysis of the identified proteins to better understand their roles in breast cancer and to assess their potential as druggable targets. Results: We identified 5 plasma proteins demonstrating strong associations and causative links with breast cancer. Specifically, PEX14 (OR = 1.201, p = 0.016) and CTSF (OR = 1.114, p < 0.001) both displayed positive and causal association with breast cancer. In contrast, SNUPN (OR = 0.905, p < 0.001), CSK (OR = 0.962, p = 0.038), and PARK7 (OR = 0.954, p < 0.001) were negatively associated with the disease. For the ER-positive subtype, 3 plasma proteins were identified, with CSK and CTSF exhibiting consistent trends, while GDI2 (OR = 0.920, p < 0.001) was distinct to this subtype. In ER-negative subtype, PEX14 (OR = 1.645, p < 0.001) stood out as the sole protein, even showing a stronger causal effect compared to breast cancer. These associations were robustly supported by colocalization and sensitivity analyses. Conclusion: Integrating multiple data dimensions, our study successfully pinpointed plasma proteins significantly associated with and causative of breast cancer, offering valuable insights for future research and potential new biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Yi
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyue Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Puren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bailin Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gao Jidong
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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Zhao S, Jiang M, Qing H, Ni J. Cathepsins and SARS-CoV-2 infection: From pathogenic factors to potential therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2455-2481. [PMID: 37403614 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The COVID-19 pandemic began in March 2020 and has wrought havoc on health and economic systems worldwide. Efficacious treatment for COVID-19 is lacking: Only preventive measures as well as symptomatic and supportive care are available. Preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that lysosomal cathepsins might contribute to the pathogenesis and disease outcome of COVID-19. Here, we discuss cutting-edge evidence on the pathological roles of cathepsins in SARS-CoV-2 infection, host immune dysregulations, and the possible underlying mechanisms. Cathepsins are attractive drug targets because of their defined substrate-binding pockets, which can be exploited as binding sites for pharmaceutical enzyme inhibitors. Accordingly, the potential modulatory strategies of cathepsin activity are discussed. These insights could shed light on the development of cathepsin-based interventions for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Muzhou Jiang
- Department of Periodontics, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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8
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Huang L, Lou N, Xie T, Tang L, Han X, Shi Y. Identification of an antigen-presenting cells/T/NK cells-related gene signature to predict prognosis and CTSL to predict immunotherapeutic response for lung adenocarcinoma: an integrated analysis of bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:3259-3277. [PMID: 37458771 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen-presenting cells (APC)/T/NK cells are key immune cells that play crucial roles in fighting against malignancies including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). In this study, we aimed to identify an APC/T/NK cells-related gene signature (ATNKGS) and potential immune cell-related genes (IRGs) to realize risk stratification, prognosis, and immunotherapeutic response prediction for LUAD patients. METHODS Based on the univariate Cox regression and the LASSO Cox regression results of 196 APC/T/NK cells-related genes collected from three pathways in the KEGG database, we determined the final genes and established the ATNKGS-related risk model. The single-cell RNA sequencing data were applied for key IRGs identification and investigate their value in immunotherapeutic response prediction. Several GEO datasets and an external immunotherapy cohort from Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, were applied for validation. RESULTS In this study, nine independent public datasets including 1108 patients were enrolled. An ATNKGS containing 16 genes for predicting overall survival of LUAD patients was constructed with robust prognostic capability. The ATNKGS high risk group was related to significantly worse OS outcomes than those in the low-risk group, which were verified in TCGA and four GEO datatsets. A nomogram combining the ATNKGS risk score with clinical TNM stage achieved the optimal prediction performance. The single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed CTSL as an IRG of macrophage and monocyte. Moreover, though CTSL was an indicator for poor prognosis of LUAD patients, CTSL high expression group was associated with higher ESTIMATEScore, immune checkpoints expression, and lower TIDE score. Several immunotherapeutic cohorts have confirmed the response-predicting significance of CTSL in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided an insight into the significant role of APC/T/NK cells-related genes in survival risk stratification and CTSL in response prediction of immunotherapy in patients with LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study On Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ning Lou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study On Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tongji Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study On Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Le Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study On Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaohong Han
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Yuankai Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study On Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Zhou L, He F, Xiang X, Dong C, Xiang T, Li X, Li H, Bu L, Wang Y, Ma X. Radioactive and Fluorescent Dual Modality Cysteine Cathepsin B Activity-Based Probe for Cancer Theranostics. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3539-3548. [PMID: 37289648 PMCID: PMC10324598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsin B (CTS-B) is a crucial enzyme that is overexpressed in numerous malignancies and contributes to the invasion and metastasis of cancer. Therefore, this study sets out to develop and evaluate an activity-based multimodality theranostic agent targeting CTS-B for cancer imaging and therapy. A CTS-B activity-based probe, BMX2, was synthesized and labeled efficiently with 68Ga and 90Y to produce 68Ga-BMX2 for multimodality imaging and 90Y-BMX2 for radiation therapy. The affinity and specificity of BMX2 binding with the CTS-B enzyme were determined by fluorescent western blots using recombined active human CTS-B enzyme (rh-CTS-B) and four cancer cell lines including HeLa, HepG2, MCF7, and U87MG, with CA074 as the CTS-B inhibitor for control. Confocal laser scanning microscope imaging and cell uptake measurement were also performed. Then, in vivo PET imaging and fluorescence imaging were acquired on HeLa xenografts. Finally, the therapeutic effect of 90Y-BMX2 was tested. BMX2 could be specifically activated by rh-CTS-B and stably bound to the enzyme. The binding of BMX2 with CTS-B is time-dependent and enzyme concentration-dependent. Although CTS-B expression varied between cell lines, all showed significant uptake of BMX2 and 68Ga-BMX2. In vivo optical and PET imaging showed a high tumor uptake of BMX2 and 68Ga-BMX2 and accumulation for more than 24 h. 90Y-BMX2 could significantly inhibit HeLa tumor growth. The development of 68Ga/90Y-BMX2, a radioactive and fluorescent dual modality theranostic agent, demonstrated an effective theranostic approach for PET diagnostic imaging, fluorescence imaging, and radionuclide therapy of cancers, which may have a potential for clinical translation for cancer theranostics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianbo Zhou
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Feng He
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Chuning Dong
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Tian Xiang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Xian Li
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Hong Li
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Lihong Bu
- Molecular
Imaging Centre, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan
University, 99 Zhang Zhi Dong Road, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Yunhua Wang
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, PR China
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Lin Z, Zhao S, Li X, Miao Z, Cao J, Chen Y, Shi Z, Zhang J, Wang D, Chen S, Wang L, Gu A, Chen F, Yang T, Sun K, Han Y, Xie L, Chen H, Ji Y. Cathepsin B S-nitrosylation promotes ADAR1-mediated editing of its own mRNA transcript via an ADD1/MATR3 regulatory axis. Cell Res 2023; 33:546-561. [PMID: 37156877 PMCID: PMC10313700 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic information is generally transferred from RNA to protein according to the classic "Central Dogma". Here, we made a striking discovery that post-translational modification of a protein specifically regulates the editing of its own mRNA. We show that S-nitrosylation of cathepsin B (CTSB) exclusively alters the adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing of its own mRNA. Mechanistically, CTSB S-nitrosylation promotes the dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of ADD1, leading to the recruitment of MATR3 and ADAR1 to CTSB mRNA. ADAR1-mediated A-to-I RNA editing enables the binding of HuR to CTSB mRNA, resulting in increased CTSB mRNA stability and subsequently higher steady-state levels of CTSB protein. Together, we uncovered a unique feedforward mechanism of protein expression regulation mediated by the ADD1/MATR3/ADAR1 regulatory axis. Our study demonstrates a novel reverse flow of information from the post-translational modification of a protein back to the post-transcriptional regulation of its own mRNA precursor. We coined this process as "Protein-directed EDiting of its Own mRNA by ADAR1 (PEDORA)" and suggest that this constitutes an additional layer of protein expression control. "PEDORA" could represent a currently hidden mechanism in eukaryotic gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lin
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zian Miao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiawei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yurong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiguang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongjin Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Cardiothoracic Vascular Disease, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kangyun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (NKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, the Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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11
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Chen Q, Liao Y, Liu Y, Song Y, Jiang J, Zhang Z, Li A, Zheng M, Chen X, Zhao T, Gu J, Tan Y, Liu X, Jiang Y, Wang K, Yi H, Xiao J, Hu S. Identification of Fangjihuangqi Decoction as a late-stage autophagy inhibitor with an adjuvant anti-tumor effect against non-small cell lung cancer. Chin Med 2023; 18:68. [PMID: 37287052 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically, although chemotherapy is one of the most commonly used methods of treating tumors, chemotherapeutic drugs can induce autophagic flux and increase tumor cell resistance, leading to drug tolerance. Therefore, theoretically, inhibiting autophagy may improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. The discovery of autophagy regulators and their potential application as adjuvant anti-cancer drugs is of substantial importance. In this study, we clarified that Fangjihuangqi Decoction (FJHQ, traditional Chinese medicine) is an autophagy inhibitor, which can synergistically enhance the effect of cisplatin and paclitaxel on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. METHODS We observed the changes of autophagy level in NSCLC cells under the effect of FJHQ, and verified the level of the autophagy marker protein and cathepsin. Apoptosis was detected after the combination of FJHQ with cisplatin or paclitaxel, and NAC (ROS scavenger) was further used to verify the activation of ROS-MAPK pathway by FJHQ. RESULTS We observed that FJHQ induced autophagosomes in NSCLC cells and increased the levels of P62 and LC3-II protein expression in a concentration- and time-gradient-dependent manner, indicating that autophagic flux was inhibited. Co-localization experiments further showed that while FJHQ did not inhibit autophagosome and lysosome fusion, it affected the maturation of cathepsin and thus inhibited the autophagic pathway. Finally, we found that the combination of FJHQ with cisplatin or paclitaxel increased the apoptosis rate of NSCLC cells, due to increased ROS accumulation and further activation of the ROS-MAPK pathway. This synergistic effect could be reversed by NAC. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results demonstrate that FJHQ is a novel late-stage autophagy inhibitor that can amplify the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin and paclitaxel against NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiugu Chen
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yue Song
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junbo Jiang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mengyi Zheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tingxiu Zhao
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiangyong Gu
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuhui Tan
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanjun Jiang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, SAR, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hua Yi
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jianyong Xiao
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Shan Hu
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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12
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Tena Pérez V, Apaza Ticona L, H Cabanillas A, Maderuelo Corral S, Rosero Valencia DF, Martel Quintana A, Ortega Domenech M, Rumbero Sánchez Á. Isolation of Nocuolin A and Synthesis of New Oxadiazine Derivatives. Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking, Apoptotic Evaluation, and Cathepsin B Inhibition. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21050284. [PMID: 37233478 DOI: 10.3390/md21050284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nocuolin A (1), an oxadiazine, was isolated from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. Its chemical structure was elucidated using NMR and mass spectroscopic data. From this compound, two new oxadiazines, 3-[(6R)-5,6-dihydro-4,6-dipentyl-2H-1,2,3-oxadiazin-2-yl]-3-oxopropyl acetate (2) and 4-{3-[(6R)-5,6-dihydro-4,6-dipentyl-2H-1,2,3-oxadiazin-2-yl]-3-oxopropoxy}-4-oxobutanoic acid (3), were synthesised. The chemical structures of these two compounds were elucidated by a combination of NMR and MS analysis. Compound 3 showed cytotoxicity against the ACHN (0.73 ± 0.10 μM) and Hepa-1c1c7 (0.91 ± 0.08 μM) tumour cell lines. Similarly, compound 3 significantly decreased cathepsin B activity in ACHN and Hepa-1c1c7 tumour cell lines at concentrations of 1.52 ± 0.13 nM and 1.76 ± 0.24 nM, respectively. In addition, compound 3 showed no in vivo toxicity in a murine model treated with a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Tena Pérez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Apaza Ticona
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Organic Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Plza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo H Cabanillas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Antera Martel Quintana
- Spanish Bank of Algas, Institute of Oceanography and Global Change (IOCAG) University of Las Palmas de Gran Canarias, Muelle de Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Rumbero Sánchez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Bonatto V, Lameiro RF, Rocho FR, Lameira J, Leitão A, Montanari CA. Nitriles: an attractive approach to the development of covalent inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:201-217. [PMID: 36846367 PMCID: PMC9945868 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00204c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitriles have broad applications in medicinal chemistry, with more than 60 small molecule drugs on the market containing the cyano functional group. In addition to the well-known noncovalent interactions that nitriles can perform with macromolecular targets, they are also known to improve drug candidates' pharmacokinetic profiles. Moreover, the cyano group can be used as an electrophilic warhead to covalently bind an inhibitor to a target of interest, forming a covalent adduct, a strategy that can present benefits over noncovalent inhibitors. This approach has gained much notoriety in recent years, mainly with diabetes and COVID-19-approved drugs. Nevertheless, the application of nitriles in covalent ligands is not restricted to it being the reactive center, as it can also be employed to convert irreversible inhibitors into reversible ones, a promising strategy for kinase inhibition and protein degradation. In this review, we introduce and discuss the roles of the cyano group in covalent inhibitors, how to tune its reactivity and the possibility of achieving selectivity only by replacing the warhead. Finally, we provide an overview of nitrile-based covalent compounds in approved drugs and inhibitors recently described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Bonatto
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400 13566-590 São Carlos/SP Brazil
| | - Rafael F Lameiro
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400 13566-590 São Carlos/SP Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Rocho
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400 13566-590 São Carlos/SP Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400 13566-590 São Carlos/SP Brazil
- Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Pará Rua Augusto Correa S/N Belém PA Brazil
| | - Andrei Leitão
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400 13566-590 São Carlos/SP Brazil
| | - Carlos A Montanari
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400 13566-590 São Carlos/SP Brazil
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14
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Chang MC, Chen JH, Lee HN, Chen SY, Zhong BH, Dhingra K, Pan YH, Chang HH, Chen YJ, Jeng JH. Inducing cathepsin L expression/production, lysosomal activation, and autophagy of human dental pulp cells by dentin bonding agents, camphorquinone and BisGMA and the related mechanisms. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 145:213253. [PMID: 36563508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Camphorquinone (CQ) and resin monomers are included in dentin bonding agents (DBAs) and composite resin to restore tooth defects due to abrasion, crown fracture, or dental caries. DBAs, CQ, and bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA) applications influence the biological activities of the dental pulp. The current investigation aimed to delineate the effect of DBAs, CQ, and BisGMA on cathepsin L production/expression, lysosomal activity, and autophagy induction in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). HDPCs were exposed to DBAs, CQ, or BisGMA with/without inhibitors for 24 h. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to determine the cathepsin L level in culture medium. The cell layer was utilized to measure cell viability by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl -tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate the mRNA expression. Western blotting or immunofluorescent staining was used to study protein expression. Lysosomal density was evaluated by lysotracker red staining. We found that DBAs, CQ, and BisGMA stimulated cathepsin L mRNA, protein expression, and production in HDPCs. In addition, CQ and BisGMA induced lysosomal activity, Beclin1, ATG12, LC3B, Bax, and p53 expression in HDPCs, indicating the stimulation of autophagy. Glutathione (GSH) prevented CQ- and BisGMA-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, E64d, cathepsin L inhibitor (two cathepsin inhibitors), and Pifithrin-α (a p53 inhibitor) showed little preventive effect toward CQ- and BisGMA-induced cytotoxicity. Autophagy inhibitors (NH4Cl, Lys05) mildly enhanced the CQ- and BisGMA-induced cytotoxicity. These results indicate that DBAs stimulated cathepsin L, possibly due to their content of CQ and BisGMA that may induce cathepsin L in HDPCs. CQ and BisGMA stimulated lysosomal activity, autophagy, and apoptosis, possibly via induction of Beclin 1, ATG12, LC-3B, Bax, and p53 expression. In addition, CQ and BisGMA cytotoxicity was related to redox change and autophagy. These events are important role in pulpal changes after the restoration of tooth decay using CQ- and BisGMA-containing DBAs and resin composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Chang
- Biomedical Science Team, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hao Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Na Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shyuan-Yow Chen
- Department of Dentistry, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Hao Zhong
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kunaal Dhingra
- Periodontics Division, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yu-Hwa Pan
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hua Chang
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jane Chen
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Wang Y, Xi W, Zhang X, Bi X, Liu B, Zheng X, Chi X. CTSB promotes sepsis-induced acute kidney injury through activating mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1053754. [PMID: 36713420 PMCID: PMC9880165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1053754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury is a common and severe complication of sepsis. Sepsis -induced acute kidney injury(S-AKI) is an independent risk factor for mortality among sepsis patients. However, the mechanisms of S-AKI are complex and poorly understand. Therefore, exploring the underlying mechanisms of S-AKI may lead to the development of therapeutic targets. Method A model of S-AKI was established in male C57BL/6 mice using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The data-independent acquisition (DIA)-mass spectrometry-based proteomics was used to explore the protein expression changes and analyze the key proteomics profile in control and CLP group. The methodology was also used to identify the key proteins and pathways. S-AKI in vitro was established by treating the HK-2 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Subsequently, the effect and mechanism of Cathepsin B (CTSB) in inducing apoptosis in HK-2 cells were observed and verified. Results The renal injury scores, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and kidney injury molecule 1 were higher in septic mice than in non-septic mice. The proteomic analysis identified a total of 449 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). GO and KEGG analysis showed that DEPs were mostly enriched in lysosomal-related cell structures and pathways. CTSB and MAPK were identified as key proteins in S-AKI. Electron microscopy observed enlarged lysosomes, swelled and ruptured mitochondria, and cytoplasmic vacuolization in CLP group. TUNEL staining and CTSB activity test showed that the apoptosis and CTSB activity were higher in CLP group than in control group. In HK-2 cell injury model, the CTSB activity and mRNA expression were increased in LPS-treated cells. Acridine orange staining showed that LPS caused lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). CA074 as an inhibitor of CTSB could effectively inhibit CTSB activity. CCK8 and Annexin V/PI staining results indicated that CA074 reversed LPS-induced apoptosis of HK-2 cells. The JC-1 and western blot results showed that LPS inhibited mitochondrial membrane potential and activated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, which could be reversed by CA074. Conclusions LMP and CTSB contribute to pathogenesis of S-AKI. LPS treatment induced HK-2 cell injury by activating mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Inhibition of CTSB might be a new therapeutic strategy to alleviate sepsis-induced acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjie Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinwen Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boyang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoming Zheng
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoming Zheng, ; Xinjin Chi,
| | - Xinjin Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoming Zheng, ; Xinjin Chi,
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16
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Bartl M, Dakna M, Schade S, Otte B, Wicke T, Lang E, Starke M, Ebentheuer J, Weber S, Toischer K, Schnelle M, Sixel-Döring F, Trenkwalder C, Mollenhauer B. Blood Markers of Inflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Cardiovascular Risk in Early Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:68-81. [PMID: 36267007 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies point toward a significant impact of cardiovascular processes and inflammation on Parkinson's disease (PD) progression. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess established markers of neuronal function, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk by high-throughput sandwich immune multiplex panels in deeply phenotyped PD. METHODS Proximity Extension Assay technology on 273 markers was applied in plasma of 109 drug-naive at baseline (BL) patients with PD (BL, 2-, 4-, and 6-year follow-up [FU]) and 96 healthy control patients (HCs; 2- and 4-year FU) from the de novo Parkinson's cohort. BL plasma from 74 individuals (37 patients with PD, 37 healthy control patients) on the same platform from the Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative was used for independent validation. Correlation analysis of the identified markers and 6 years of clinical FU, including motor and cognitive progression, was evaluated. RESULTS At BL, 35 plasma markers were differentially expressed in PD, showing downregulation of atherosclerotic risk markers, eg, E-selectin and ß2 -integrin. In contrast, we found a reduction of markers of the plasminogen activation system, eg, urokinase plasminogen activator. Neurospecific markers indicated increased levels of peripheral proteins of neurodegeneration and inflammation, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 and peptidase inhibitor 3. Several markers, including interleukin-6 and cystatin B, correlated with cognitive decline and progression of motor symptoms during FU. These findings were independently validated in the Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative. CONCLUSIONS We identified and validated possible PD plasma biomarker candidates for state, fate, and disease progression, elucidating new molecular processes with reduced endothelial/atherosclerotic processes, increased thromboembolic risk, and neuroinflammation. Further investigations and validation in independent and larger longitudinal cohorts are needed. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bartl
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mohammed Dakna
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schade
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
| | - Birgit Otte
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandrina Weber
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
| | - Karl Toischer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Schnelle
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Friederike Sixel-Döring
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
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17
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Collery P, Desmaële D, Harikrishnan A, Veena V. Remarkable Effects of a Rhenium(I)-diselenoether Drug on the Production of Cathepsins B and S by Macrophages and their Polarizations. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2396-2407. [PMID: 37859327 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128268963231013074433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) produce an excessive amount of cysteine proteases, and we aimed to study the effects of anticancer rhenium(I)-diselenoether (Re-diSe) on the production of cathepsins B and S by macrophages. We investigated the effect of Re-diSe on lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced M1 macrophages, or by interleukin 6 (IL-6) induced M2 macrophages. METHODS Non-stimulated or prestimulated murine Raw 264 or human THP-1 macrophages were exposed to increasing concentrations of the drug (5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 μM) and viability was assayed by the MTT assay. The amount of cysteine proteases was evaluated by ELISA tests, the number of M1 and M2 macrophages by the expression of CD80 or CD206 biomarkers. The binding of Re-diSe with GSH as a model thiol-containing protein was studied by mass spectrometry. RESULTS A dose-dependent decrease in cathepsins B and S was observed in M1 macrophages. There was no effect in non-stimulated cells. The drug induced a dramatic dose-dependent increase in M1 expression in both cells, significantly decreased the M2 expression in Raw 264 and had no effect in non-stimulated macrophages. The binding of the Re atom with the thiols was clearly demonstrated. CONCLUSION The increase in the number of M1 and a decrease in M2 macrophages treated by Re-diSe could be related to the decrease in cysteine proteases upon binding of their thiol residues with the Re atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Collery
- Society for the Coordination of Therapeutic Researches, 20220 Algajola, France
| | - Didier Desmaële
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Galien, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Adhikesavan Harikrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Science, Vinayaka Mission Research Foundation- AV Campus, Chennai 560064, India
| | - Vijay Veena
- School of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore 560066, India
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18
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Captur G, Moon JC, Topriceanu CC, Joy G, Swadling L, Hallqvist J, Doykov I, Patel N, Spiewak J, Baldwin T, Hamblin M, Menacho K, Fontana M, Treibel TA, Manisty C, O'Brien B, Gibbons JM, Pade C, Brooks T, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ, McKnight Á, Maini MK, Noursadeghi M, Mills K, Heywood WE. Plasma proteomic signature predicts who will get persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection. EBioMedicine 2022; 85:104293. [PMID: 36182629 PMCID: PMC9515404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of those infected by ancestral Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the UK first wave (starting March 2020) did not require hospitalisation. Most had a short-lived mild or asymptomatic infection, while others had symptoms that persisted for weeks or months. We hypothesized that the plasma proteome at the time of first infection would reflect differences in the inflammatory response that linked to symptom severity and duration. METHODS We performed a nested longitudinal case-control study and targeted analysis of the plasma proteome of 156 healthcare workers (HCW) with and without lab confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Targeted proteomic multiple-reaction monitoring analysis of 91 pre-selected proteins was undertaken in uninfected healthcare workers at baseline, and in infected healthcare workers serially, from 1 week prior to 6 weeks after their first confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Symptom severity and antibody responses were also tracked. Questionnaires at 6 and 12 months collected data on persistent symptoms. FINDINGS Within this cohort (median age 39 years, interquartile range 30-47 years), 54 healthcare workers (44% male) had PCR or antibody confirmed infection, with the remaining 102 (38% male) serving as uninfected controls. Following the first confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, perturbation of the plasma proteome persisted for up to 6 weeks, tracking symptom severity and antibody responses. Differentially abundant proteins were mostly coordinated around lipid, atherosclerosis and cholesterol metabolism pathways, complement and coagulation cascades, autophagy, and lysosomal function. The proteomic profile at the time of seroconversion associated with persistent symptoms out to 12 months. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD036590. INTERPRETATION Our findings show that non-severe SARS-CoV-2 infection perturbs the plasma proteome for at least 6 weeks. The plasma proteomic signature at the time of seroconversion has the potential to identify which individuals are more likely to suffer from persistent symptoms related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. FUNDING INFORMATION The COVIDsortium is supported by funding donated by individuals, charitable Trusts, and corporations including Goldman Sachs, Citadel and Citadel Securities, The Guy Foundation, GW Pharmaceuticals, Kusuma Trust, and Jagclif Charitable Trust, and enabled by Barts Charity with support from University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Charity. This work was additionally supported by the Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group and the Biomedical Research Center (BRC) at Great Ormond Street Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Captur
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, 33 Bedford Place, London WC1B 5JU, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; The Royal Free Hospital, Center for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, Cardiology Department, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - James C Moon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Barts Heart Center, The Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit and The Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Constantin-Cristian Topriceanu
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, 33 Bedford Place, London WC1B 5JU, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - George Joy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Barts Heart Center, The Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit and The Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Jenny Hallqvist
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ivan Doykov
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Nina Patel
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Justyna Spiewak
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Tomas Baldwin
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Matt Hamblin
- Barts Heart Center, The Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit and The Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Katia Menacho
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Barts Heart Center, The Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit and The Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Marianna Fontana
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; The Royal Free Hospital, Cardiac MRI Unit, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Thomas A Treibel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Barts Heart Center, The Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit and The Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Barts Heart Center, The Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit and The Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Ben O'Brien
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK; Department of Cardiac Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, German Heart Center, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiac Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Outcomes Research Consortium, Department of Outcomes Research, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave P77, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Joseph M Gibbons
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Corrina Pade
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Tim Brooks
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Lung Division, Royal Brompton Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Áine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Kevin Mills
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Wendy E Heywood
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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19
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Zamyatnin AA, Gregory LC, Townsend PA, Soond SM. Beyond basic research: the contribution of cathepsin B to cancer development, diagnosis and therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:963-977. [PMID: 36562407 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2161888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In view of other candidate proteins from the cathepsin family of proteases holding great potential in being targeted during cancer therapy, the importance of Cathepsin B (CtsB) stands out as being truly exceptional. Based on its contribution to oncogenesis, its intimate connection with regulating apoptosis and modulating extracellular and intracellular functions through its secretion or compartmentalized subcellular localization, collectively highlight its complex molecular involvement with a myriad of normal and pathological regulatory processes. Despite its complex functional nature, CtsB is emerging as one of the few cathepsin proteases that has been extensively researched to yield tangible outcomes for cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED In this article, we review the scientific literature that has justified or shaped the importance of CtsB expression in cancer progression, from the perspective of highlighting a paradigm that is rapidly changing from basic research toward a broader clinical and translational context. EXPERT OPINION In doing so, we detail its maturation as a diagnostic marker through describing the development of CtsB-specific Activity-Based Probes, the rapid evolution of these toward a new generation of Prodrugs, and the evaluation of these in model systems for their therapeutic potential as anti-cancer agents in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Zamyatnin
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Levy C Gregory
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Paul A Townsend
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Surinder M Soond
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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20
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Fé LXSGM, Cipolatti EP, Pinto MCC, Branco S, Nogueira FCS, Ortiz GMD, Pinheiro ADS, Manoel EA. Enzymes in the time of COVID-19: An overview about the effects in the human body, enzyme market, and perspectives for new drugs. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:2126-2167. [PMID: 35762498 PMCID: PMC9350392 DOI: 10.1002/med.21919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The rising pandemic caused by a coronavirus, resulted in a scientific quest to discover some effective treatments against its etiologic agent, the severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). This research represented a significant scientific landmark and resulted in many medical advances. However, efforts to understand the viral mechanism of action and how the human body machinery is subverted during the infection are still ongoing. Herein, we contributed to this field with this compilation of the roles of both viral and human enzymes in the context of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. In this sense, this overview reports that proteases are vital for the infection to take place: from SARS‐CoV‐2 perspective, the main protease (Mpro) and papain‐like protease (PLpro) are highlighted; from the human body, angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2, transmembrane serine protease‐2, and cathepsins (CatB/L) are pointed out. In addition, the influence of the virus on other enzymes is reported as the JAK/STAT pathway and the levels of lipase, enzymes from the cholesterol metabolism pathway, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase are also be disturbed in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Finally, this paper discusses the importance of detailed enzymatic studies for future treatments against SARS‐CoV‐2, and how some issues related to the syndrome treatment can create opportunities in the biotechnological market of enzymes and the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Xavier Soares Gomes Moura Fé
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliane Pereira Cipolatti
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martina Costa Cerqueira Pinto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia (CT), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Chemical Engineering Program, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE), Centro de Tecnologia (CT), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suema Branco
- Biofísica Ambiental, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio César Sousa Nogueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia (CT), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisela Maria Dellamora Ortiz
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anderson de Sá Pinheiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia (CT), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Evelin Andrade Manoel
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia (CT), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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21
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Sfera A, Thomas KG, Andronescu CV, Jafri N, Sfera DO, Sasannia S, Zapata-Martín del Campo CM, Maldonado JC. Bromodomains in Human-Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Model of Ferroptosis-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:904816. [PMID: 35645713 PMCID: PMC9134113 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.904816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) comprise a group of illnesses marked by memory and behavioral dysfunction that can occur in up to 50% of HIV patients despite adequate treatment with combination antiretroviral drugs. Iron dyshomeostasis exacerbates HIV-1 infection and plays a major role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. In addition, persons living with HIV demonstrate a high prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, indicating that HAND provides a unique opportunity to study ferroptosis in these conditions. Both HIV and combination antiretroviral drugs increase the risk of ferroptosis by augmenting ferritin autophagy at the lysosomal level. As many viruses and their proteins exit host cells through lysosomal exocytosis, ferroptosis-driving molecules, iron, cathepsin B and calcium may be released from these organelles. Neurons and glial cells are highly susceptible to ferroptosis and neurodegeneration that engenders white and gray matter damage. Moreover, iron-activated microglia can engage in the aberrant elimination of viable neurons and synapses, further contributing to ferroptosis-induced neurodegeneration. In this mini review, we take a closer look at the role of iron in the pathogenesis of HAND and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, we describe an epigenetic compensatory system, comprised of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and microRNA-29, that may counteract ferroptosis by activating cystine/glutamate antiporter, while lowering ferritin autophagy and iron regulatory protein-2. We also discuss potential interventions for lysosomal fitness, including ferroptosis blockers, lysosomal acidification, and cathepsin B inhibitors to achieve desirable therapeutic effects of ferroptosis-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Nyla Jafri
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Dan O. Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Jose C. Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
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22
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Ashhurst A, Tang AH, Fajtová P, Yoon MC, Aggarwal A, Bedding MJ, Stoye A, Beretta L, Pwee D, Drelich A, Skinner D, Li L, Meek TD, McKerrow JH, Hook V, Tseng CT, Larance M, Turville S, Gerwick WH, O’Donoghue AJ, Payne RJ. Potent Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity by the Natural Product Gallinamide A and Analogues via Inhibition of Cathepsin L. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2956-2970. [PMID: 34730959 PMCID: PMC8577376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin L is a key host cysteine protease utilized by coronaviruses for cell entry and is a promising drug target for novel antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. The marine natural product gallinamide A and several synthetic analogues were identified as potent inhibitors of cathepsin L with IC50 values in the picomolar range. Lead molecules possessed selectivity over other cathepsins and alternative host proteases involved in viral entry. Gallinamide A directly interacted with cathepsin L in cells and, together with two lead analogues, potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, with EC50 values in the nanomolar range. Reduced antiviral activity was observed in cells overexpressing transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2); however, a synergistic improvement in antiviral activity was achieved when combined with a TMPRSS2 inhibitor. These data highlight the potential of cathepsin L as a COVID-19 drug target as well as the likely need to inhibit multiple routes of viral entry to achieve efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneliese
S. Ashhurst
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
- School
of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Arthur H. Tang
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California92093, United States
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy
of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael C. Yoon
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- Kirby
Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
| | - Max J. Bedding
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Alexander Stoye
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Laura Beretta
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Dustin Pwee
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas77755-1001, United States
| | - Danielle Skinner
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main
Drive, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - Thomas D. Meek
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main
Drive, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas77755-1001, United States
| | - Mark Larance
- Charles
Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- Kirby
Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California92093, United States
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
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23
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Advances in Targeting ACE2 for Developing COVID-19 Therapeutics. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:1734-1749. [PMID: 36261668 PMCID: PMC9581451 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03094-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic in December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has accounted for over 6.3 million lives resulting in the demand to develop novel therapeutic approaches to target and treat SARS-CoV-2. Improved understanding of viral entry and infection mechanisms has led to identifying different target receptors to mitigate infection in the host. Researchers have been working on identifying and targeting potential therapeutic target receptors utilizing different candidate drugs. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) has been known to perform critical functions in maintaining healthy cardiorespiratory function. However, ACE2 also functions as the binding site for the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, allowing the virus to enter the cells and ensue infection. Therefore, drugs targeting ACE2 receptors can be considered as therapeutic candidates. Strategies targeting the level of ACE2 expression have been investigated and compared to other potential therapeutic targets, such as TMPRSS2, RdRp, and DPP4. This mini review discusses the key therapeutic approaches that target the ACE2 receptor, which is critical to the cellular entry and propagation of the novel SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we summarize the main advantages of ACE2 targeting against alternative approaches for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Zhang L, Qiu J, Shi J, Liu S, Zou H. MicroRNA-140-5p represses chondrocyte pyroptosis and relieves cartilage injury in osteoarthritis by inhibiting cathepsin B/Nod-like receptor protein 3. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9949-9964. [PMID: 34565303 PMCID: PMC8810115 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1985342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease. Dysregulated microRNA (miRNA) expressions are implicated in OA progression. Consequently, the current study set out to investigate the mechanism of miR-140-5p in OA cartilage injury. Firstly, the murine and cell models of OA were established, and cartilage tissues of OA mice were observed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and safranin O staining. Chondrocyte pyroptosis was further assessed using immunohistochemical and Calcein-AM/PI staining. The levels of gasdermin-D (GSDMD)-N, cleaved caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18 in cartilage tissues and cells were determined using Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The targeting relationship between miR-140-5p and cathepsin B (CTSB) was verified using a dual-luciferase assay. Moreover, the binding of CTSB and Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) was detected using co-immunoprecipitation assay. Lastly, the effects of NLRP3 activation and CTSB overexpression on chondrocyte pyroptosis were documented. It was found that OA induction aggravated cartilage tissue injury and enhanced chondrocyte pyroptosis. miR-140-5p was poorly-expressed in OA models, and miR-140-5p over-expression alleviated chondrocyte pyroptosis, as evidenced by decreased GSDMD-N, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels. miR-140-5p targeted the CTSB gene, whereas CTSB further bound to NLRP3 and activated the NLRP3 inflammasome. Additionally, CTSB over-expression or NLRP3 activation reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-140-5p on chondrocyte pyroptosis. Collectively, our findings revealed that miR-140-5p repressed chondrocyte pyroptosis and alleviated OA cartilage injury via inhibition of the CTSB/NLRP3. This study may confer a theoretical basis for the treatment of OA cartilage injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jixiang Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanlin Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Maganhi SH, Caracelli I, Zukerman-Schpector J, Cunha RL, Veja-Teijido MA, Tiekink ER. Crystal structures and docking studies in cathepsin S of bioactive 1,3‐diphenyl‐4‐(trichloro‐λ4‐tellanyl)but‐2‐en‐1‐one derivatives. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sex-Biased Gene Expression of Mesobuthus martensii Collected from Gansu Province, China, Reveals Their Different Therapeutic Potentials. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:1967158. [PMID: 34462639 PMCID: PMC8403048 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1967158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The scorpions, named Mesobuthus martensii, commonly called Quanxie (全蝎) in Chinese, have been widely used as one of the animal medicines for more than 1,000 years because of the strong toxicity of their venoms. Meanwhile, scorpions are sexually dimorphic in appearance, and many exhibit traits associated with sex-biased gene expression, including maternal care, mating competition, female mating choices, ecology, and even venom composition and lethality. This study aims to explore the differences in composition of the venom of scorpions of different sex using the method of transcriptomics. Whole de novo transcriptomes were performed on the samples of M. martensii captured from Gansu Province to identify their sex-biased gene expression. The conserved CO-1 sequences of the captured samples matched that of M. martensii. A total of 8,444 (35.15%), 7,636 (31.78%), 8,510 (35.42%), 7,840 (32.63%), 9,980 (41.54%), and 11,829 (49.23%) unigenes were annotated with GO, KEGG, Pfam, Swissprot, eggNOG, and NR databases. Moreover, a total of 43 metalloproteases, 40 potassium channel toxins, 24 phospholipases, 12 defensins, 10 peroxiredoxins, 9 cysteine proteinase inhibitors, 7 serine protease inhibitors, 6 sodium channel toxins, 2 NDBPs, 1 calcium channel toxin, 1 waprin-like peptide, 1 antibacterial peptide, 1 antimicrobial peptide, and 1 anticoagulant peptide were screened out. With the fold change of 2 and 0.5, p value < 0.01, and q value < 0.05 as thresholds, a total of 41 out of 157 (26.11%) toxin-related unigenes had significant differential expression, and this ratio was much higher than the ratio of differentially expressed unigenes out of all annotated ones (8.84%). Of these differentially expressed toxins, 28 were upregulated and occupied the majority, up to 68.30%. The female scorpions showed more upregulated unigenes that annotated with toxins and had the potential to be used as more effective therapeutic drugs. In addition, this method of omics can be further used as a useful way to identify the difference between female and male toxic animals.
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Zhou YW, Xie Y, Tang LS, Pu D, Zhu YJ, Liu JY, Ma XL. Therapeutic targets and interventional strategies in COVID-19: mechanisms and clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:317. [PMID: 34446699 PMCID: PMC8390046 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the limitations of the present efforts on drug discovery against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the lack of the understanding of the biological regulation mechanisms underlying COVID-19, alternative or novel therapeutic targets for COVID-19 treatment are still urgently required. SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity dysfunction are the two main courses driving the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Both the virus and host factors are potential targets for antiviral therapy. Hence, in this study, the current therapeutic strategies of COVID-19 have been classified into "target virus" and "target host" categories. Repurposing drugs, emerging approaches, and promising potential targets are the implementations of the above two strategies. First, a comprehensive review of the highly acclaimed old drugs was performed according to evidence-based medicine to provide recommendations for clinicians. Additionally, their unavailability in the fight against COVID-19 was analyzed. Next, a profound analysis of the emerging approaches was conducted, particularly all licensed vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) enrolled in clinical trials against primary SARS-CoV-2 and mutant strains. Furthermore, the pros and cons of the present licensed vaccines were compared from different perspectives. Finally, the most promising potential targets were reviewed, and the update of the progress of treatments has been summarized based on these reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Dermatovenerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lian-Sha Tang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dan Pu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ya-Juan Zhu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ji-Yan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Xue-Lei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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28
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Hansen L, Brasch HD, Paterson E, Patel J, Bockett N, Davis PF, Tan ST. Expression of Cathepsins B, D, and G in Extracranial Arterio-Venous Malformation. Front Surg 2021; 8:676871. [PMID: 34409065 PMCID: PMC8367294 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.676871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We have previously identified a population of cells that expressed stemness-associated markers in extracranial arterio-venous malformation (AVM) and demonstrated expression of cathepsins B, D, and G on embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like populations in other vascular anomalies. This study investigated the expression of cathepsins B, D, and G, and their localization in relation to this primitive population in extracranial AVM. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining was performed on AVM tissue samples from 13 patients to demonstrate expression of cathepsins B, D, and G. Western blotting was performed on four AVM tissue samples and three AVM-derived primary cell lines to confirm protein expression of cathepsins B and D proteins. RT-qPCR was performed on three AVM-derived primary cell lines to demonstrate transcript expression of cathepsins B, D, and G. Enzymatic activity assays were performed on three AVM-derived primary cell lines to investigate if cathepsins B and D were active. Localization of the cathepsins was investigated using immunofluorescence dual-staining of the cathepsins with the ESC markers OCT4 and SOX2, and mast cells marker chymase on two of the 13 AVM tissue samples. Results: Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated expression of cathepsins B, D, and G in all 13 AVM tissue samples. Western blotting showed expression of cathepsins B and D proteins in all four AVM tissue samples and all three AVM-derived primary cell lines. RT-qPCR demonstrated transcripts of cathepsins B, D, and G in all three AVM-derived primary cell lines. Enzymatic activity assays showed that cathepsins B and D were active. Immunofluorescence staining showed expression of cathepsins B and D on the OCT4+/SOX2+ endothelium and media of the lesional vessels and cells within the stroma in AVM nidus. Cathepsin G was expressed on the chymase+ phenotypic mast cells. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the novel finding of the expression of cathepsins B, D, and G in AVM. Cathepsins B and D were expressed by the primitive population, and cathepsin G was localized to mast cells, within the AVM nidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hansen
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Helen D Brasch
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Erin Paterson
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Josie Patel
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Paul F Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Centre for the Study and Treatment of Vascular Birthmarks, Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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29
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Hansen MB, Postol M, Tvingsholm S, Nielsen IØ, Dietrich TN, Puustinen P, Maeda K, Dinant C, Strauss R, Egan D, Jäättelä M, Kallunki T. Identification of lysosome-targeting drugs with anti-inflammatory activity as potential invasion inhibitors of treatment resistant HER2 positive cancers. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:805-820. [PMID: 33939112 PMCID: PMC8090911 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Most HER2 positive invasive cancers are either intrinsic non-responsive or develop resistance when treated with 1st line HER2 targeting drugs. Both 1st and 2nd line treatments of HER2 positive cancers are aimed at targeting the HER2 receptor directly, thereby strongly limiting the treatment options of HER2/ErbB2 inhibition resistant invasive cancers. METHODS We used phenotypic high throughput microscopy screening to identify efficient inhibitors of ErbB2-induced invasion using 1st line HER2 inhibitor trastuzumab- and pertuzumab-resistant, p95-ErbB2 expressing breast cancer cells in conjunction with the Prestwick Chemical Library®. The screening entailed a drug's ability to inhibit ErbB2-induced, invasion-promoting positioning of lysosomes at the cellular periphery, a phenotype that defines their invasiveness. In addition, we used high throughput microscopy and biochemical assays to assess the effects of the drugs on lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and autophagy, two features connected to cancer treatment. Using 2nd line HER2 inhibitor lapatinib resistant 3-dimensional model systems, we assessed the effects of the drugs on ErbB2 positive breast cancer spheroids and developed a high-throughput invasion assay for HER2 positive ovarian cancer organoids for further evaluation. RESULTS We identified Auranofin, Colchicine, Monensin, Niclosamide, Podophyllotoxin, Quinacrine and Thiostrepton as efficient inhibitors of invasive growth of 2nd line HER2 inhibitor lapatinib resistant breast cancer spheroids and ovarian cancer organoids. We classified these drugs into four groups based on their ability to target lysosomes by inducing autophagy and/or LMP, i.e., drugs inducing early LMP, early autophagy with late LMP, late LMP, or neither. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that targetable lysosome-engaging cellular pathways downstream of ErbB2 contribute to invasion. They support lysosomal trafficking as an attractive target for therapy aiming at preventing the spreading of cancer cells. Since these drugs additionally possess anti-inflammatory activities, they could serve as multipurpose drugs simultaneously targeting infection/inflammation and cancer spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Bredahl Hansen
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Postol
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siri Tvingsholm
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inger Ødum Nielsen
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tiina Naumanen Dietrich
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pietri Puustinen
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffel Dinant
- Genome Integrity Group, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Core Facility for Bioimaging, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Strauss
- Genome Integrity Group, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Egan
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Core Life Analytics, Padualaan, 83584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tuula Kallunki
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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30
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Ferreira BA, Toyama D, Henrique-Silva F, Araújo FDA. Recombinant sugarcane cystatin CaneCPI-5 down regulates inflammation and promotes angiogenesis and collagen deposition in a mouse subcutaneous sponge model. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107801. [PMID: 34162162 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cystatins are natural inhibitors of cysteine peptidases that are found practically in all living organisms. CaneCPI-5 is a sugarcane cystatin with inhibitory activity against human cathepsins B, K and L, which are cysteine proteases highly expressed in a variety of pathological conditions, usually marked by persistent inflammation and processing of the extracellular matrix. This work evaluated the effects of daily administration of the recombinant cystatin CaneCPI-5 [0.01, 0.1 or 1.0 μg in 10 μL of Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)] on the inflammatory, angiogenic and fibrogenic components during chronic inflammatory response induced by subcutaneous sponge implants. The anti-inflammatory effect of treatment with CaneCPI-5 was confirmed by reduction of the levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, CXCL1 and CCL2/JE/MCP-1, as well as the activity of the myeloperoxidase and n-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase. Treatment with CaneCPI-5 promoted angiogenesis in the implants, increasing the production of cytokines VEGF and FGF and the formation of new blood vessels. Finally, the administration of the recombinant cystatin favored the production of the pro-fibrogenic cytokine TGF-β1 and collagen deposition next to the implants. Together, these results show the potential therapeutic application of CaneCPI-5 as an anti-inflammatory agent, capable of favoring angiogenesis and fibrogenesis processes, necessary for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Antonio Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Bioquímica, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Danyelle Toyama
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique-Silva
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Assis Araújo
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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31
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Bollavaram K, Leeman TH, Lee MW, Kulkarni A, Upshaw SG, Yang J, Song H, Platt MO. Multiple sites on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein are susceptible to proteolysis by cathepsins B, K, L, S, and V. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1131-1143. [PMID: 33786919 PMCID: PMC8138523 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2 is the coronavirus responsible for the COVID‐19 pandemic. Proteases are central to the infection process of SARS‐CoV‐2. Cleavage of the spike protein on the virus's capsid causes the conformational change that leads to membrane fusion and viral entry into the target cell. Since inhibition of one protease, even the dominant protease like TMPRSS2, may not be sufficient to block SARS‐CoV‐2 entry into cells, other proteases that may play an activating role and hydrolyze the spike protein must be identified. We identified amino acid sequences in all regions of spike protein, including the S1/S2 region critical for activation and viral entry, that are susceptible to cleavage by furin and cathepsins B, K, L, S, and V using PACMANS, a computational platform that identifies and ranks preferred sites of proteolytic cleavage on substrates, and verified with molecular docking analysis and immunoblotting to determine if binding of these proteases can occur on the spike protein that were identified as possible cleavage sites. Together, this study highlights cathepsins B, K, L, S, and V for consideration in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and presents methodologies by which other proteases can be screened to determine a role in viral entry. This highlights additional proteases to be considered in COVID‐19 studies, particularly regarding exacerbated damage in inflammatory preconditions where these proteases are generally upregulated. PDB Code(s): 6VYB, 4Z2A, 5F02, 4P6E, 5TUN, 2IPP and 3H6S;
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Affiliation(s)
- Keval Bollavaram
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tiffanie H Leeman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maggie W Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Akhil Kulkarni
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sophia G Upshaw
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jiabei Yang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hannah Song
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Manu O Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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32
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Arora M, Pandey G, Chauhan SS. Cysteine Cathepsins and Their Prognostic and Therapeutic Relevance in Leukemia. ANNALS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (INDIA) 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCysteine cathepsins are lysosomal proteases that require Cys-His ion pair in their catalytic site for enzymatic activity. While their aberrant expression and oncogenic functions have been widely reported in solid tumors, recent findings suggest that these proteases also play an important role in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies. In this review, we summarize the potential clinical implications of cysteine cathepsins as diagnostic and prognostic markers in leukemia, and present evidences which supports the utility of these proteases as potential therapeutic targets in hematological malignancies. We also highlight the available information on the expression patterns, regulation, and potential functions of cysteine cathepsins in normal hematopoiesis and hematological malignancies. In hematopoiesis, cysteine cathepsins play a variety of physiological roles including regulation of hematopoietic stem cell adhesion in the bone marrow, trafficking, and maturation. They are also involved in several functions of immune cells which include the selection of lymphocytes in the thymus, antigen processing, and presentation. However, the expression of cysteine cathepsins is dysregulated in hematological malignancies where they have been shown to play diverse functions. Interestingly, several pieces of evidence over the past few years have demonstrated overexpression of cathepsins in leukemia and their association with worst survival outcomes in patients. Strategies aimed at altering the expression, activity, and subcellular localization of these cathepsins are emerging as potential therapeutic modalaties in the management of hematological malignancies. Recent findings also suggest the involvement of these proteases in modulating the immune response in leukemia and lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Arora
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam S. Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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33
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Temiz Karadag D, Cetinarslan B, Kasap M, Canturk NZ, Akpinar G, Canturk Z, Tarkun I, Simsek T, Selek A. Proteomic analysis of thyroid tissue reveals enhanced catabolic activity in Graves' disease compared to toxic multinodular goitre. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:658-666. [PMID: 33728674 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) and toxic multinodular goitre (TMNG) are the most common thyroid diseases which mainly lead to thyrotoxicosis, however, the underlying mechanism of distinct clinical presentations remains unclear. Protein extracts from the thyroid tissue specimens of the patients with GD and TMNG were subjected to Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE). Differentially regulated protein spots were determined by image analysis, and the spots displaying statistically significant differences were identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (MALDI-TOF) followed by MASCOT search. Western blot analysis was used to verify changes occurring at the protein levels. The identified proteins were classified based on their functions in metabolic pathways using bioinformatics algorithms. Fifteen proteins showed significant alterations in abundance between the two disease groups. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the differentially regulated proteins were particularly related to catabolism, oxidative stress and especially energy utilization pathways, including glycolysis, proteolysis, ketone body catabolism and other energy metabolism-related pathways. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Previously, GD has been the subject of many studies that performed the proteomics approaches in the orbital tissue samples or tear. This is one of the very few studies that investigate the changes in the proteome of thyroid tissue in GD. We demonstrated mainly the upregulation of catabolic activity-related proteins in patients with GD compared to TMNG. Although it remains to be elucidated, some of these proteins can be used as markers for GD or have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Our study contributes the increasing data over time by providing new biomarker candidates for GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Temiz Karadag
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Berrin Cetinarslan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Murat Kasap
- Department of Medical Biology/DEKART Proteomics Laboratory, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nuh Zafer Canturk
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gurler Akpinar
- Department of Medical Biology/DEKART Proteomics Laboratory, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Canturk
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Tarkun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Turgay Simsek
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Alev Selek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Ashhurst AS, Tang AH, Fajtová P, Yoon M, Aggarwal A, Stoye A, Larance M, Beretta L, Drelich A, Skinner D, Li L, Meek TD, McKerrow JH, Hook V, Tseng CTK, Turville S, Gerwick WH, O'Donoghue AJ, Payne RJ. Potent in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity by gallinamide A and analogues via inhibition of cathepsin L. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33398273 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.23.424111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019, and the subsequent COVID-19 pandemic, has led to substantial mortality, together with mass global disruption. There is an urgent need for novel antiviral drugs for therapeutic or prophylactic application. Cathepsin L is a key host cysteine protease utilized by coronaviruses for cell entry and is recognized as a promising drug target. The marine natural product, gallinamide A and several synthetic analogues, were identified as potent inhibitors of cathepsin L activity with IC 50 values in the picomolar range. Lead molecules possessed selectivity over cathepsin B and other related human cathepsin proteases and did not exhibit inhibitory activity against viral proteases Mpro and PLpro. We demonstrate that gallinamide A and two lead analogues potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro , with EC 50 values in the nanomolar range, thus further highlighting the potential of cathepsin L as a COVID-19 antiviral drug target.
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Mehrotra S, van Schaijik B, Boyes K, Bockett N, Brasch HD, Davis PF, Itinteang T, Tan ST. Expression of Cathepsins B, D, and G in Microcystic Lymphatic Malformation. Lymphat Res Biol 2020; 19:347-354. [PMID: 33337924 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2020.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study investigated the expression and localization of cathepsins B, D, and G in relationship to the embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like population we have previously identified in microcystic lymphatic malformation (mLM). Methods and Results: Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated expression of cathepsins B, D, and G in cervicofacial mLM tissue samples from 11 patients. Immunofluorescence staining of two representative mLM samples showed localization of cathepsins B and D to the OCT4+ and the c-MYC+ cells on the endothelium of lesional vessels and the stroma, while cathepsin G was localized to the OCT4+/tryptase+ cells within the stroma. Transcript expression of cathepsins B, D, and G was confirmed using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR; n = 5). Western blotting (n = 3) performed on the mLM tissue samples revealed protein expression of cathepsins B and D, which were demonstrated to be enzymatically active using enzymatic activity assays. Conclusion: This study demonstrated expression of cathepsins B and D by the ESC-like cells on the endothelium of lesional vessels and the stroma, while cathepsin G was localized to the OCT4+ phenotypic mast cells within the stroma of mLM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kendra Boyes
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Helen D Brasch
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul F Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Gomes CP, Fernandes DE, Casimiro F, da Mata GF, Passos MT, Varela P, Mastroianni-Kirsztajn G, Pesquero JB. Cathepsin L in COVID-19: From Pharmacological Evidences to Genetics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:589505. [PMID: 33364201 PMCID: PMC7753008 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.589505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemics is a challenge without precedent for the modern science. Acute Respiratory Discomfort Syndrome (ARDS) is the most common immunopathological event in SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV infections. Fast lung deterioration results of cytokine storm determined by a robust immunological response leading to ARDS and multiple organ failure. Here, we show cysteine protease Cathepsin L (CatL) involvement with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and COVID-19 from different points of view. CatL is a lysosomal enzyme that participates in numerous physiological processes, including apoptosis, antigen processing, and extracellular matrix remodeling. CatL is implicated in pathological conditions like invasion and metastasis of tumors, inflammatory status, atherosclerosis, renal disease, diabetes, bone diseases, viral infection, and other diseases. CatL expression is up-regulated during chronic inflammation and is involved in degrading extracellular matrix, an important process for SARS-CoV-2 to enter host cells. In addition, CatL is probably involved in processing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. As its inhibition is detrimental to SARS-CoV-2 infection and possibly exit from cells during late stages of infection, CatL could have been considered a valuable therapeutic target. Therefore, we describe here some drugs already in the market with potential CatL inhibiting capacity that could be used to treat COVID-19 patients. In addition, we discuss the possible role of host genetics in the etiology and spreading of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio P. Gomes
- Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo E. Fernandes
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Casimiro
- Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F. da Mata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle T. Passos
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Varela
- Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - João Bosco Pesquero
- Center for Research and Molecular Diagnostic of Genetic Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Padmanabhan P, Desikan R, Dixit NM. Targeting TMPRSS2 and Cathepsin B/L together may be synergistic against SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008461. [PMID: 33290397 PMCID: PMC7748278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into target cells requires the activation of its surface spike protein, S, by host proteases. The host serine protease TMPRSS2 and cysteine proteases Cathepsin B/L can activate S, making two independent entry pathways accessible to SARS-CoV-2. Blocking the proteases prevents SARS-CoV-2 entry in vitro. This blockade may be achieved in vivo through 'repurposing' drugs, a potential treatment option for COVID-19 that is now in clinical trials. Here, we found, surprisingly, that drugs targeting the two pathways, although independent, could display strong synergy in blocking virus entry. We predicted this synergy first using a mathematical model of SARS-CoV-2 entry and dynamics in vitro. The model considered the two pathways explicitly, let the entry efficiency through a pathway depend on the corresponding protease expression level, which varied across cells, and let inhibitors compromise the efficiency in a dose-dependent manner. The synergy predicted was novel and arose from effects of the drugs at both the single cell and the cell population levels. Validating our predictions, available in vitro data on SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV entry displayed this synergy. Further, analysing the data using our model, we estimated the relative usage of the two pathways and found it to vary widely across cell lines, suggesting that targeting both pathways in vivo may be important and synergistic given the broad tissue tropism of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings provide insights into SARS-CoV-2 entry into target cells and may help improve the deployability of drug combinations targeting host proteases required for the entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranesh Padmanabhan
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queesnsland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rajat Desikan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Narendra M. Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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Silva GP, Grangeiro VPX, de Oliveira CFD, Neto FL. Cystatin C and Seminal Parameter Evaluation in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. Curr Urol 2020; 14:178-182. [PMID: 33488335 PMCID: PMC7810215 DOI: 10.1159/000499241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the possible relationship between seminal parameters and cystatin C seminal levels in an infertility evaluation of chronic hemodialysis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study, aged 18-60 years, in a group of 60 men undergoing hemodialysis (case) for more than 6 months, and a group of 15 healthy men (control) without clinical or laboratory signs of genitourinary tract infection. We performed a spermogram, hormonal profile, and assessment of leukocytes and cystatin levels in the semen. RESULTS The ages in the case and control were similar (p = 0.060). The seminal cystatin was significantly different between the case group and control group (41.16 ± 26.59 vs. 79.00 ± 05.68 mg/l, respectively, p < 0.001) and between normospermia and oligospermia (83.50 ± 02.40 vs. 30.34 ± 02.52 mg/l, respectively, p < 0.001). The mean seminal cystatin levels identified by the degrees of oligospermia (severe, moderate, and slim) were similar to each other (p > 0.05) and significantly different (p < 0.05) in relation to normospermia in the case group. The seminal cystatin levels positively correlated (p < 0.05) with sperm motility and sperm density. CONCLUSION Seminal cystatin levels are associated with the numerical and motility changes evidenced in the spermogram and may be of help in the initial evaluation of clinical suspicion of sub-fertility and infertility.
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Wu Z, Wang B, Tang J, Bai B, Weng S, Xie Z, Shen Z, Yan D, Chen L, Zhang J, Yang L. Degradation of subchondral bone collagen in the weight-bearing area of femoral head is associated with osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis. J Orthop Surg Res 2020; 15:526. [PMID: 33176818 PMCID: PMC7659206 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-02065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the change of subchondral bone collagen and trabecular bone in the weight-bearing area of femoral head from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) or osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH), and discuss the effect of collagen degradation on OA and ONFH. Methods Femoral heads from patients with femoral neck fracture (FNF) were collected as control group. All collected samples were divided into OA group (N = 10), ONFH group (N = 10), and FNF group (N = 10). Differences of subchondral bone collagen were compared through scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, immunohistochemistry staining, and Masson’s trichrome staining. Alteration of subchondral bone was displayed through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and gross morphology. Results SEM results showed that collagen fibers in OA and ONFH group appeared to be thinner, rougher, sparser, and more wizened. Immunohistochemistry and Masson’s trichrome staining results demonstrated that the content of collagen fibers in the OA and ONFH group was obviously less than the FNF group. H&E staining results showed that trabecular bone in OA and ONFH group appeared to be thinner and ruptured. Gross morphology results showed that the degeneration and destruction of cartilage and subchondral bone in OA and ONFH group were severer than FNF group. The characteristics mentioned above in ONFH group were more apparent than OA group. Conclusions This study revealed that degradation of collagen fibers from subchondral bone in the weight-bearing area of femoral head was associated with OA and ONFH, which may help to find new therapeutic strategies of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.109, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingzhang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.109, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.109, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingli Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.109, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheji Weng
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.109, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.109, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.109, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyi Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.109, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.109, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.109, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.109, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Mazzotta C, Marden G, Farina A, Bujor A, Trojanowski MA, Trojanowska M. FLI1 and ERG protein degradation is regulated via Cathepsin B lysosomal pathway in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Microcirculation 2020; 28:e12660. [PMID: 32979864 PMCID: PMC7988617 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific, important regulators of endothelial cell homeostasis, are reduced in microvascular endothelial cells in scleroderma patients, and their deficiency has been implicated in disease pathogenesis. The goal of this study was to identify the mechanisms involved in the protein turnover of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific in microvascular endothelial cells. Methods The effects of lysosome and proteosome inhibitors on friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific levels were assessed by Western blotting and capillary morphogenesis. The effect of scleroderma and control sera on the levels of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific was examined. Results The reduction in the protein levels of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific in response to interferon α or Poly:(IC) was reversed by blocking either lysosomal (leupeptin and Cathepsin B inhibitor) or proteosomal degradation (MG132). MG132, leupeptin or CTSB‐(i) also counteracted the anti‐angiogenic effects of Poly:(IC) or interferon α. Scleroderma sera reduced protein levels of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific in comparison to control sera. Treatment with CTSB(i) increased the levels of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific in a majority of serum‐treated samples. Conclusions Inhibition of cathepsin B was effective in reversing the reduction of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation‐specific protein levels after treatment with interferon α or scleroderma sera, suggesting that targeting cathepsin B may have a beneficial effect in SSc vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestina Mazzotta
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace Marden
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandra Farina
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreea Bujor
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcin A Trojanowski
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Trojanowska
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Matos TKB, Batista PHJ, Dos Reis Rocho F, de Vita D, Pearce N, Kellam B, Montanari CA, Leitão A. Synthesis and matched molecular pair analysis of covalent reversible inhibitors of the cysteine protease CPB. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127439. [PMID: 32717373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine protease B (CPB) can be targeted by reversible covalent inhibitors that could serve as antileishmanial compounds. Here, sixteen dipeptidyl nitrile derivatives were synthesized, tested against CPB, and analyzed using matched molecular pairs to determine the effects of stereochemistry and p-phenyl substitution on enzyme inhibition. The compound (S)-2-(((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino)-N-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-3-phenylpropanamide (5) was the most potent CPB inhibitor (pKi = 6.82), which was also selective for human cathepsin B (pKi < 5). The inversion of the stereochemistry from S to R was more detrimental to potency when placed at the P2 position than at P3. The p-Br derivatives were more potent than the p-CH3 and p-OCH3 derivatives, probably due to intermolecular interactions with the S3 subsite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Kelvin Brito Matos
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry-University of São Paulo (IQSC-USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Jatai Batista
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry-University of São Paulo (IQSC-USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Dos Reis Rocho
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry-University of São Paulo (IQSC-USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Vita
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry-University of São Paulo (IQSC-USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Pearce
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Barrie Kellam
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Carlos Alberto Montanari
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry-University of São Paulo (IQSC-USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrei Leitão
- Medicinal & Biological Chemistry Group (NEQUIMED), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry-University of São Paulo (IQSC-USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Liu T, Luo S, Libby P, Shi GP. Cathepsin L-selective inhibitors: A potentially promising treatment for COVID-19 patients. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107587. [PMID: 32470470 PMCID: PMC7255230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The widespread coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has already infected over 4 million people worldwide, with a death toll over 280,000. Current treatment of COVID-19 patients relies mainly on antiviral drugs lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol, and remdesivir, the anti-malarial drugs hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, and traditional Chinese medicine. There are over 2,118 on-going clinical trials underway, but to date none of these drugs have consistently proven effective. Cathepsin L (CatL) is an endosomal cysteine protease. It mediates the cleavage of the S1 subunit of the coronavirus surface spike glycoprotein. This cleavage is necessary for coronavirus entry into human host cells, virus and host cell endosome membrane fusion, and viral RNA release for next round of replication. Here we summarize data regarding seven CatL-selective inhibitors that block coronavirus entry into cultured host cells and provide a mechanism to block SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Given the rapid growth of the SARS-CoV-2-positive population worldwide, ready-to-use CatL inhibitors should be explored as a treatment option. We identify ten US FDA-approved drugs that have CatL inhibitory activity. We provide evidence that supports the combined use of serine protease and CatL inhibitors as a possibly safer and more effective therapy than other available therapeutics to block coronavirus host cell entry and intracellular replication, without compromising the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Songyuan Luo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Zwicker JD, Smith D, Guerra AJ, Hitchens JR, Haug N, Vander Roest S, Lee P, Wen B, Sun D, Wang L, Keep RF, Xiang J, Carruthers VB, Larsen SD. Discovery and Optimization of Triazine Nitrile Inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii Cathepsin L for the Potential Treatment of Chronic Toxoplasmosis in the CNS. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2450-2463. [PMID: 32027110 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With roughly 2 billion people infected, the neurotropic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii remains one of the most pervasive and infectious parasites. Toxoplasma infection is the second leading cause of death due to foodborne illness in the United States, causes severe disease in immunocompromised patients, and is correlated with several cognitive and neurological disorders. Currently, no therapies exist that are capable of eliminating the persistent infection in the central nervous system (CNS). In this study we report the identification of triazine nitrile inhibitors of Toxoplasma cathepsin L (TgCPL) from a high throughput screen and their subsequent optimization. Through rational design, we improved inhibitor potency to as low as 5 nM, identified pharmacophore features that can be exploited for isoform selectivity (up to 7-fold for TgCPL versus human isoform), and improved metabolic stability (t1/2 > 60 min in mouse liver microsomes) guided by a metabolite ID study. We demonstrated that this class of compounds is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier in mice (1:1 brain/plasma at 2 h). Importantly, we also show for the first time that treatment of T. gondii bradyzoite cysts in vitro with triazine nitrile inhibitors reduces parasite viability with efficacy equivalent to a TgCPL genetic knockout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery D. Zwicker
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - David Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alfredo J. Guerra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jacob R. Hitchens
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nicole Haug
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Steve Vander Roest
- Center for Chemical Genomics, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Pil Lee
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bo Wen
- Pharmacokinetics Core, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Pharmacokinetics Core, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Pharmacokinetics Core, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Richard F. Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jianming Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Vern B. Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Scott D. Larsen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Cancer Stem Cells in Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Express Cathepsins. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2020; 8:e3042. [PMID: 32983794 PMCID: PMC7489689 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulations within moderately differentiated head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (MDHNcSCC) express the components of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). This study investigated the expression of cathepsins B, D, and G, which constitute bypass loops of the RAS, by CSCs in MDHNcSCC.
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Cannalire R, Stefanelli I, Cerchia C, Beccari AR, Pelliccia S, Summa V. SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitors: Small Molecules and Peptides Targeting Virus or Host Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165707. [PMID: 32784899 PMCID: PMC7460888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection is forcing the scientific community to unprecedented efforts to explore all possible approaches against COVID-19. In this context, targeting virus entry is a promising antiviral strategy for controlling viral infections. The main strategies pursued to inhibit the viral entry are considering both the virus and the host factors involved in the process. Primarily, direct-acting antivirals rely on inhibition of the interaction between ACE2 and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Spike (S) protein or targeting the more conserved heptad repeats (HRs), involved in the membrane fusion process. The inhibition of host TMPRSS2 and cathepsins B/L may represent a complementary strategy to be investigated. In this review, we discuss the development entry inhibitors targeting the S protein, as well as the most promising host targeting strategies involving TMPRSS2 and CatB/L, which have been exploited so far against CoVs and other related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.C.); (I.S.); (C.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Irina Stefanelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.C.); (I.S.); (C.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Carmen Cerchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.C.); (I.S.); (C.C.); (S.P.)
| | | | - Sveva Pelliccia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.C.); (I.S.); (C.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.C.); (I.S.); (C.C.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-678656
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46
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Roman D, Raguž L, Keiff F, Meyer F, Barthels F, Schirmeister T, Kloss F, Beemelmanns C. Modular Solid-Phase Synthesis of Antiprotozoal Barnesin Derivatives. Org Lett 2020; 22:3744-3748. [PMID: 32212714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we applied and optimized a solid support (SP)-based Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reagent to prepare SP-bound vinylogous amino acids. Subsequent SP-based peptide synthesis, global deprotection, and chemical modifications yielded 14 lipodipeptides carrying vinylogous amino acids, including the natural product barnesin A (1). Biological evaluation revealed that several synthesized derivatives show micromolar to nanomolar inhibitory activity against papain-like cysteine proteases, human cathepsin L, and rhodesain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Roman
- Leibniz Institute for Natural-Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraβe 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Luka Raguž
- Leibniz Institute for Natural-Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraβe 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - François Keiff
- Leibniz Institute for Natural-Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraβe 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Meyer
- Leibniz Institute for Natural-Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraβe 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Fabian Barthels
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Kloss
- Leibniz Institute for Natural-Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraβe 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Leibniz Institute for Natural-Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraβe 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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De Pasquale V, Moles A, Pavone LM. Cathepsins in the Pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses: New Perspectives for Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040979. [PMID: 32326609 PMCID: PMC7227001 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins (CTSs) are ubiquitously expressed proteases normally found in the endolysosomal compartment where they mediate protein degradation and turnover. However, CTSs are also found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and extracellular matrix where they actively participate in cell signaling, protein processing, and trafficking through the plasma and nuclear membranes and between intracellular organelles. Dysregulation in CTS expression and/or activity disrupts cellular homeostasis, thus contributing to many human diseases, including inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, obesity, cancer, kidney dysfunction, and others. This review aimed to highlight the involvement of CTSs in inherited lysosomal storage disorders, with a primary focus to the emerging evidence on the role of CTSs in the pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs). These latter diseases are characterized by severe neurological, skeletal and cardiovascular phenotypes, and no effective cure exists to date. The advance in the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of CTSs in MPSs may open a new challenge for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the cure of such intractable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish Research Council, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7463043
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48
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Reassessing enzyme kinetics: Considering protease-as-substrate interactions in proteolytic networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3307-3318. [PMID: 31980525 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912207117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are catalysts in biochemical reactions that, by definition, increase rates of reactions without being altered or destroyed. However, when that enzyme is a protease, a subclass of enzymes that hydrolyze other proteins, and that protease is in a multiprotease system, protease-as-substrate dynamics must be included, challenging assumptions of enzyme inertness, shifting kinetic predictions of that system. Protease-on-protease inactivating hydrolysis can alter predicted protease concentrations used to determine pharmaceutical dosing strategies. Cysteine cathepsins are proteases capable of cathepsin cannibalism, where one cathepsin hydrolyzes another with substrate present, and misunderstanding of these dynamics may cause miscalculations of multiple proteases working in one proteolytic network of interactions occurring in a defined compartment. Once rates for individual protease-on-protease binding and catalysis are determined, proteolytic network dynamics can be explored using computational models of cooperative/competitive degradation by multiple proteases in one system, while simultaneously incorporating substrate cleavage. During parameter optimization, it was revealed that additional distraction reactions, where inactivated proteases become competitive inhibitors to remaining, active proteases, occurred, introducing another network reaction node. Taken together, improved predictions of substrate degradation in a multiple protease network were achieved after including reaction terms of autodigestion, inactivation, cannibalism, and distraction, altering kinetic considerations from other enzymatic systems, since enzyme can be lost to proteolytic degradation. We compiled and encoded these dynamics into an online platform (https://plattlab.shinyapps.io/catKLS/) for individual users to test hypotheses of specific perturbations to multiple cathepsins, substrates, and inhibitors, and predict shifts in proteolytic network reactions and system dynamics.
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49
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de Moura TR, Zanetti RD, Silva DES, de Farias RL, Mauro AE, Pereira JCM, de Souza AA, da Silva Siqueira F, de Souza Júdice WA, Lima MA, Rocha FV, Deflon VM, Vieira de Godoy Netto A. Palladium( ii) complexes bearing 1-iminothiolate-3,5-dimethylpyrazoles: synthesis, cytotoxicity, DNA binding and enzymatic inhibition studies. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02825h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the enzymatic inhibitory activity of four novel Pd(ii) complexes towards topoisomerase IIα and cathepsins B and L.In silicostudies agree well with the enhancedin vitrocathepsin B inhibition induced by compound4(58% at 10 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Reggiani de Moura
- UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista
- Instituto de Química
- Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica
- Araraquara
- Brazil
| | - Renan Diego Zanetti
- UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista
- Instituto de Química
- Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica
- Araraquara
- Brazil
| | - Debora Eduarda Soares Silva
- UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista
- Instituto de Química
- Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica
- Araraquara
- Brazil
| | - Renan Lira de Farias
- UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista
- Instituto de Química
- Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica
- Araraquara
- Brazil
| | - Antonio Eduardo Mauro
- UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista
- Instituto de Química
- Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica
- Araraquara
- Brazil
| | - José Clayston Melo Pereira
- UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista
- Instituto de Química
- Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica
- Araraquara
- Brazil
| | - Aline Aparecida de Souza
- UMC - Univ. de Mogi das Cruzes
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica
- Mogi das Cruzes
- Brazil
| | - Fábio da Silva Siqueira
- UMC - Univ. de Mogi das Cruzes
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica
- Mogi das Cruzes
- Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Almeida Lima
- UFSCar – Univ. Federal de São Carlos
- Departamento de Química
- São Carlos
- Brazil
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50
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da Cunha GA, de Souza RFF, de Farias RL, Moreira MB, Silva DES, Zanetti RD, Garcia DM, Spindola DG, Michelin LFG, Bincoletto C, de Souza AA, Antunes AA, Judice WADS, Leitao RCF, Deflon VM, Mauro AE, Netto AVG. Cyclopalladated compounds containing 2,6-lutidine: Synthesis, spectral and biological studies. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 203:110944. [PMID: 31794895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bridge splitting reactions between [Pd(C2,N-dmba)(μ-X)]2 (dmba = N,N-dimethylbenzylamine; X = Cl, I, N3, NCO) and 2,6-lutidine (lut) in the 1:2 molar ratio at room temperature afforded cyclopalladated compounds of general formulae [Pd(C2,N-dmba)(X)(lut)] {X = Cl- (1), I-(2), NNN-(3), NCO-(4)}, which were characterized by elemental analyses and infrared (IR), 1H NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structures of all synthesized palladacycles have been solved by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The cytotoxicity of the cyclopalladated compounds has been evaluated against a panel of murine {mammary carcinoma (4T1) and melanoma (B16F10-Nex2)} and human {melanoma (A2058, SK-MEL-110 and SK-MEL-5) tumor cell lines. All complexes were about 10 to 100-fold more active than cisplatin, depending on the tested tumor cell line. For comparison purposes, the cytotoxic effects of 1-4 towards human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) have also been tested. The late apoptosis-inducing properties of 1-4 compounds in SK-MEL-5 cells were verified 24 h incubation using annexin V-Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI). The binding properties of the model compound 1 on human serum albumin (HSA) and calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) have been studied using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. Docking simulations have been carried out to gain more information about the interaction of the palladacycle and HSA. The ability of compounds 1-4 to inhibit the activity of cathepsin B and L has also been investigated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine A da Cunha
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronan F F de Souza
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan L de Farias
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariete B Moreira
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora E S Silva
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan D Zanetti
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel M Garcia
- São Paulo Federal University (UNIFESP), Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo Medicinal School, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel G Spindola
- São Paulo Federal University (UNIFESP), Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo Medicinal School, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis F G Michelin
- São Paulo Federal University (UNIFESP), Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo Medicinal School, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Bincoletto
- São Paulo Federal University (UNIFESP), Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo Medicinal School, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline A de Souza
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica -CIIB, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Av. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200-CEP: 08701-970, CP: 411, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Alyne A Antunes
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica -CIIB, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Av. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200-CEP: 08701-970, CP: 411, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner A de S Judice
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica -CIIB, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Av. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200-CEP: 08701-970, CP: 411, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan C F Leitao
- University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry (IQSC), 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor M Deflon
- University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry (IQSC), 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio E Mauro
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Adelino V G Netto
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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