1
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Feldman MJ, Bliss-Moreau E, Lindquist KA. The neurobiology of interoception and affect. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:643-661. [PMID: 38395706 PMCID: PMC11222051 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Scholars have argued for centuries that affective states involve interoception, or representations of the state of the body. Yet, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how signals from the body are transduced, transmitted, compressed, and integrated by the brains of humans to produce affective states. We suggest that to understand how the body contributes to affect, we first need to understand information flow through the nervous system's interoceptive pathways. We outline such a model and discuss how unique anatomical and physiological aspects of interoceptive pathways may give rise to the qualities of affective experiences in general and valence and arousal in particular. We conclude by considering implications and future directions for research on interoception, affect, emotions, and human mental experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Feldman
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - E Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K A Lindquist
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Annese J, Klaming R, Haase Alasantro L, Feinstein JS. A case of severe anterograde amnesia in the era of smartphone technology. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2023; 45:498-512. [PMID: 37916950 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2254911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
A.V. is a young herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) survivor who suffered extensive bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) leading to a severe and pervasive form of anterograde amnesia. Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed lesions that encompass the hippocampus and amygdala in both hemispheres and that extend more laterally in the right temporal lobe. At the same time, detailed neuropsychological testing showed that the disparity between A.V.'s preserved intellectual functioning (Full Scale IQ: 115) and severe memory deficit (Delayed Memory Index: 42) is one of the largest on record. Despite this deficit, A.V. has regained a higher level of functioning and autonomy compared to previously documented amnesic cases with major bilateral MTL lesions. As a millennial, one advantage which A.V. has over prior amnesic cases is fluency with digital technology - particularly the smartphone. The analysis of his phone and specific app usage showed a pattern that is consistent with the strategy to offload cognitive tasks that would normally be supported by the MTL. A.V.'s behavior is significant in terms of rehabilitation and may have broader implications at the societal level and for public health given the ubiquity of smartphone technology and its potential to become integrated with neural mnemonic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Klaming
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lori Haase Alasantro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- The Neurology Center of Southern California, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Justin S Feinstein
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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3
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Sackris D. The disunity of moral judgment: Implications for the study of psychopathy. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2022.2155125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Sackris
- Communications, Humanities, Art and Design, Arapahoe Community College, Littleton, USA
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4
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Beadle JN, Heller A, Rosenbaum RS, Davidson PSR, Tranel D, Duff M. Amygdala but not hippocampal damage associated with smaller social network size. Neuropsychologia 2022; 174:108311. [PMID: 35810880 PMCID: PMC9887793 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Social network size has been associated with complex socio-cognitive processes (e.g., memory, perspective taking). Supporting this idea, recent neuroimaging studies in healthy adults have reported a relationship between social network size and brain volumes in regions related to memory and social cognition (e.g., hippocampus, amygdala). Lesion-deficit studies in neurological patients are rare and have been inconclusive due to differences in participant sampling and measurement. The present study uses a multiple case study approach. We investigated patients with focal damage to the hippocampus and/or amygdala (two neural structures thought to be critical for social networks), and examined the patients' social network size, loneliness, and life satisfaction relative to a non-injured comparison group. Patients with amygdalar damage had smaller social networks and reported higher levels of loneliness and lower life satisfaction, on average, than comparison participants. Patients with damage to the hippocampus reported more friends than the comparison participants, but did not differ in their ratings of loneliness or life satisfaction. This lesion study offers new evidence that the amygdala is critical for social networks, life satisfaction, and reduced loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle N Beadle
- Department of Gerontology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA.
| | - Abi Heller
- Department of Gerontology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
| | - R Shayna Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychology and Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Tranel
- Departments of Neurology and Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Melissa Duff
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, USA
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5
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Clough S, Hilverman C, Brown-Schmidt S, Duff MC. Evidence of Audience Design in Amnesia: Adaptation in Gesture but Not Speech. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1082. [PMID: 36009145 PMCID: PMC9405987 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Speakers design communication for their audience, providing more information in both speech and gesture when their listener is naïve to the topic. We test whether the hippocampal declarative memory system contributes to multimodal audience design. The hippocampus, while traditionally linked to episodic and relational memory, has also been linked to the ability to imagine the mental states of others and use language flexibly. We examined the speech and gesture use of four patients with hippocampal amnesia when describing how to complete everyday tasks (e.g., how to tie a shoe) to an imagined child listener and an adult listener. Although patients with amnesia did not increase their total number of words and instructional steps for the child listener, they did produce representational gestures at significantly higher rates for the imagined child compared to the adult listener. They also gestured at similar frequencies to neurotypical peers, suggesting that hand gesture can be a meaningful communicative resource, even in the case of severe declarative memory impairment. We discuss the contributions of multiple memory systems to multimodal audience design and the potential of gesture to act as a window into the social cognitive processes of individuals with neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharice Clough
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Caitlin Hilverman
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Qntfy Corporation, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
| | - Sarah Brown-Schmidt
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Melissa C. Duff
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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6
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Fermin ASR, Friston K, Yamawaki S. An insula hierarchical network architecture for active interoceptive inference. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220226. [PMID: 35774133 PMCID: PMC9240682 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the brain, the insular cortex receives a vast amount of interoceptive information, ascending through deep brain structures, from multiple visceral organs. The unique hierarchical and modular architecture of the insula suggests specialization for processing interoceptive afferents. Yet, the biological significance of the insula's neuroanatomical architecture, in relation to deep brain structures, remains obscure. In this opinion piece, we propose the Insula Hierarchical Modular Adaptive Interoception Control (IMAC) model to suggest that insula modules (granular, dysgranular and agranular), forming parallel networks with the prefrontal cortex and striatum, are specialized to form higher order interoceptive representations. These interoceptive representations are recruited in a context-dependent manner to support habitual, model-based and exploratory control of visceral organs and physiological processes. We discuss how insula interoceptive representations may give rise to conscious feelings that best explain lower order deep brain interoceptive representations, and how the insula may serve to defend the body and mind against pathological depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. R. Fermin
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Karl Friston
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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7
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Fukumitsu K, Kaneko M, Maruyama T, Yoshihara C, Huang AJ, McHugh TJ, Itohara S, Tanaka M, Kuroda KO. Amylin-Calcitonin receptor signaling in the medial preoptic area mediates affiliative social behaviors in female mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:709. [PMID: 35136064 PMCID: PMC8825811 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Social animals actively engage in contact with conspecifics and experience stress upon isolation. However, the neural mechanisms coordinating the sensing and seeking of social contacts are unclear. Here we report that amylin-calcitonin receptor (Calcr) signaling in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) mediates affiliative social contacts among adult female mice. Isolation of females from free social interactions first induces active contact-seeking, then depressive-like behavior, concurrent with a loss of Amylin mRNA expression in the MPOA. Reunion with peers induces physical contacts, activates both amylin- and Calcr-expressing neurons, and leads to a recovery of Amylin mRNA expression. Chemogenetic activation of amylin neurons increases and molecular knockdown of either amylin or Calcr attenuates contact-seeking behavior, respectively. Our data provide evidence in support of a previously postulated origin of social affiliation in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kansai Fukumitsu
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Misato Kaneko
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Applied Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Teppo Maruyama
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Applied Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yoshihara
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Arthur J Huang
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Thomas J McHugh
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Itohara
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Applied Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Kumi O Kuroda
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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8
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Ghafarimoghadam M, Mashayekh R, Gholami M, Fereydani P, Shelley-Tremblay J, Kandezi N, Sabouri E, Motaghinejad M. A review of behavioral methods for the evaluation of cognitive performance in animal models: Current techniques and links to human cognition. Physiol Behav 2022; 244:113652. [PMID: 34801559 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Memory is defined as the ability to store, maintain and retrieve information. Learning is the acquisition of information that changes behavior and memory. Stress, dementia, head trauma, amnesia, Alzheimer's, Huntington, Parkinson's, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) may be mentioned among the diseases in which memory and learning are affected. The task of understanding deficits in memory and learning in humans is daunting due to the complexity of neural and cognitive mechanisms in the nervous system. This job is made more difficult for clinicians and researchers by the fact that many techniques used to research memory are not ethically acceptable or technically feasible for use in humans. Thus, animal models have been necessary alternative for studying normal and disordered learning and memory. This review attempts to bridge these domains to allow biomedical researchers to have a firm grasp of "memory" and "learning" as constructs in humans whereby they may then select the proper animal cognitive test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Various tests (open field habituation test, Y-maze test, passive avoidance test, step-down inhibitory avoidance test, active avoidance test, 8-arms radial maze test, Morris water maze test, radial arm water maze, novel object recognition test and gait function test) have been designed to evaluate different kinds of memory. Each of these tests has their strengths and limits. Abnormal results obtained using these tasks in non-human animals indicate malfunctions in memory which may be due to several physiological and psychological diseases of nervous system. Further studies by using the discussed tests can be very beneficial for achieving a therapeutic answer to these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghafarimoghadam
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Mashayekh
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Gholami
- School of medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Fereydani
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Niyoosha Kandezi
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA
| | - Erfan Sabouri
- Clinical Research Development Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Kamaleddin MA. Degeneracy in the nervous system: from neuronal excitability to neural coding. Bioessays 2021; 44:e2100148. [PMID: 34791666 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Degeneracy is ubiquitous across biological systems where structurally different elements can yield a similar outcome. Degeneracy is of particular interest in neuroscience too. On the one hand, degeneracy confers robustness to the nervous system and facilitates evolvability: Different elements provide a backup plan for the system in response to any perturbation or disturbance. On the other, a difficulty in the treatment of some neurological disorders such as chronic pain is explained in light of different elements all of which contribute to the pathological behavior of the system. Under these circumstances, targeting a specific element is ineffective because other elements can compensate for this modulation. Understanding degeneracy in the physiological context explains its beneficial role in the robustness of neural circuits. Likewise, understanding degeneracy in the pathological context opens new avenues of discovery to find more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Kamaleddin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Garland MM, Vaidya JG, Tranel D, Watson D, Feinstein JS. Who Are You? The Study of Personality in Patients With Anterograde Amnesia. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:1649-1661. [PMID: 34520287 DOI: 10.1177/09567976211007463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the role of declarative memory in the ongoing perception of one's personality. Seven individuals who developed a rare and severe type of anterograde amnesia following damage to their medial temporal lobes were identified from our neurological patient registry. We examined the stability of their personality ratings on the Big Five Inventory over five retest periods and assessed the accuracy of their ratings via analyses of self-caregiver agreement. The patients portrayed a stable sense of self over the course of 1 year. However, their self-ratings differed from those provided by the caregivers. Intriguingly, these discrepancies diminished when caregivers retrospectively rated the patients' personalities prior to their brain injury, suggesting that patients' perceptions of themselves were stuck in the past. We interpret our findings to indicate that the ability to form new declarative memories is not required for maintaining a stable sense of self but may be important for updating one's sense of self over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenna M Garland
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma.,Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa
| | | | - Daniel Tranel
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa
| | - David Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame
| | - Justin S Feinstein
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma.,Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa.,Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa
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11
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Turnbull OH, Salas CE. The Neuropsychology of Emotion and Emotion Regulation: The Role of Laterality and Hierarchy. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081075. [PMID: 34439696 PMCID: PMC8392558 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, work in affective neuroscience has increasingly investigated the neural basis of emotion. A central debate in the field, when studying individuals with brain damage, has been whether emotional processes are lateralized or not. This review aims to expand this debate, by considering the need to include a hierarchical dimension to the problem. The historical journey of the diverse literature is presented, particularly focusing on the need to develop a research program that explores the neural basis of a wide range of emotional processes (perception, expression, experience, regulation, decision making, etc.), and also its relation to lateralized cortical and deep-subcortical brain structures. Of especial interest is the study of the interaction between emotional components; for example, between emotion generation and emotion regulation. Finally, emerging evidence from lesion studies is presented regarding the neural basis of emotion-regulation strategies, for which the issue of laterality seems most relevant. It is proposed that, because emotion-regulation strategies are complex higher-order cognitive processes, the question appears to be not the lateralization of the entire emotional process, but the lateralization of the specific cognitive tools we use to manage our feelings, in a range of different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hugh Turnbull
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, Wales, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Christian Eduardo Salas
- Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago 8370076, Chile;
- Centre for Human Neuroscience and Neuropsychology (CEHNN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago 8370076, Chile
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12
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Hilverman C, Duff MC. Evidence of impaired naming in patients with hippocampal amnesia. Hippocampus 2021; 31:612-626. [PMID: 33822428 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Object naming involves accessing meaning and retrieving the associated word form from remote semantic memory. Historically, previously acquired semantic knowledge (i.e., remote semantic memory) was thought to be independent of the hippocampus via neocortical consolidation. This view is based on evidence demonstrating a dissociation in behavior in patients with hippocampal amnesia: amnesic patients are impaired in acquiring new vocabulary yet can name and define previously acquired words. More recently, the view that remote semantic memory is hippocampus-independent has been challenged by the documentation of disruptions in aspects of remote semantic memory in patients with hippocampal amnesia, particularly in language use and depth of semantic knowledge. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that the hippocampus plays a long-term role in remote semantic memory. We tested amnesic patients and demographically matched healthy comparison participants in an extensive naming task using photographic images of objects normalized for familiarity, object agreement, and visual complexity. Amnesic patients were less likely to correctly name objects than healthy comparison participants. Further, amnesic patients' performance worsened for words that were less familiar, more visually complex, and had less object agreement. These findings suggest that the hippocampus may play a long-term role in semantic memory processes, rather than a time-limited role in the initial acquisition of semantic information, and that hippocampal damage can disrupt object naming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa C Duff
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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13
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Morales I, Berridge KC. 'Liking' and 'wanting' in eating and food reward: Brain mechanisms and clinical implications. Physiol Behav 2020; 227:113152. [PMID: 32846152 PMCID: PMC7655589 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming clearer how neurobiological mechanisms generate 'liking' and 'wanting' components of food reward. Mesocorticolimbic mechanisms that enhance 'liking' include brain hedonic hotspots, which are specialized subregions that are uniquely able to causally amplify the hedonic impact of palatable tastes. Hedonic hotspots are found in nucleus accumbens medial shell, ventral pallidum, orbitofrontal cortex, insula cortex, and brainstem. In turn, a much larger mesocorticolimbic circuitry generates 'wanting' or incentive motivation to obtain and consume food rewards. Hedonic and motivational circuitry interact together and with hypothalamic homeostatic circuitry, allowing relevant physiological hunger and satiety states to modulate 'liking' and 'wanting' for food rewards. In some conditions such as drug addiction, 'wanting' is known to dramatically detach from 'liking' for the same reward, and this may also occur in over-eating disorders. Via incentive sensitization, 'wanting' selectively becomes higher, especially when triggered by reward cues when encountered in vulnerable states of stress, etc. Emerging evidence suggests that some cases of obesity and binge eating disorders may reflect an incentive-sensitization brain signature of cue hyper-reactivity, causing excessive 'wanting' to eat. Future findings on the neurobiological bases of 'liking' and 'wanting' can continue to improve understanding of both normal food reward and causes of clinical eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Morales
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1043, United States.
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1043, United States
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14
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Kuroda KO, Shiraishi Y, Shinozuka K. Evolutionary-adaptive and nonadaptive causes of infant attack/desertion in mammals: Toward a systematic classification of child maltreatment. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:516-526. [PMID: 32592505 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Behaviors comparable to human child maltreatment are observed widely among mammals, in which parental care is mandatory for offspring survival. This article first reviews the recent findings on the neurobiological mechanisms for nurturing (infant caregiving) behaviors in mammals. Then the major causes of attack/desertion toward infants (conspecific young) in nonhuman mammals are classified into five categories. Three of the categories are 'adaptive' in terms of reproductive fitness: (i) attack/desertion toward non-offspring; (ii) attack/desertion toward biological offspring with low reproductive value; and (iii) attack/desertion toward biological offspring under unfavorable environments. The other two are nonadaptive failures of nurturing motivation, induced by: (iv) caregivers' inexperience; or (v) dysfunction in caregivers' brain mechanisms required for nurturing behavior. The proposed framework covering both adaptive and nonadaptive factors comprehensively classifies the varieties of mammalian infant maltreatment cases and will support the future development of tailored preventive measures for each human case. Also included are remarks that are relevant to interpretation of available animal data to humans: (1) any kind of child abuse/neglect is not justified in modern human societies, even if it is widely observed and regarded as adaptive in nonhuman animals from the viewpoint of evolutionary biology; (2) group-level characteristics cannot be generalized to individuals; and (3) risk factors are neither deterministic nor irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi O Kuroda
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Yuko Shiraishi
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shinozuka
- Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
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15
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Mirifar A, Cross-Villasana F, Beckmann J, Ehrlenspiel F. Effects of the unilateral dynamic handgrip on resting cortical activity levels: A replication and extension. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 156:40-48. [PMID: 32702385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have linked unilateral hand contractions to subsequent changes in hemispheric asymmetric activity, as reflected in the electroencephalographic alpha (8-12 Hz) range in each hemisphere. However, debate continues regarding the state of asymmetry induced by unilateral contractions. We have previously found a bilateral enhancement of alpha amplitude that occurs after contractions, reflecting cortical downregulation instead of changes in asymmetric activity. To corroborate our observations, we examined the effects of 45 s of unilateral dynamic handgrip contractions on subsequent resting alpha activity. Twenty-two right-handed participants were recruited (M = 25 years, 17 female). The study used a within-subjects design consisting of a pre- and post-test (2 min resting; eyes open) for the intervention (dynamic handgrip; at a self-determined pace of approximately twice a second for 45 s for each hand). Following the handgrip task, an increase in alpha amplitude above the baseline was observed over the entire cortex, which was greater after left-hand squeezing. This observation confirms our previous findings and we have extended them by adding more electrodes to gain further insights into the handgrip exercise as an external brain stimulator. Moreover, we grouped electrodes according to scalp regions to facilitate the visualization of the effects on the frequency spectrum. Our findings can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at modifying behavioral outcomes affected by alpha activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mirifar
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Chair of Sport Psychology, Technische Universität München, Germany.
| | - Fernando Cross-Villasana
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Chair of Sport Psychology, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Jürgen Beckmann
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Felix Ehrlenspiel
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Chair of Sport Psychology, Technische Universität München, Germany
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16
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Key B, Brown D. Designing Brains for Pain: Human to Mollusc. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1027. [PMID: 30127750 PMCID: PMC6088194 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that the "what it feels like" subjective experience of sensory stimuli arises in the cerebral cortex in both humans as well as mammalian experimental animal models. Humans are alone in their ability to verbally communicate their experience of the external environment. In other species, sensory awareness is extrapolated on the basis of behavioral indicators. For instance, cephalopods have been claimed to be sentient on the basis of their complex behavior and anecdotal reports of human-like intelligence. We have interrogated the findings of avoidance learning behavioral paradigms and classical brain lesion studies and conclude that there is no evidence for cephalopods feeling pain. This analysis highlighted the questionable nature of anthropometric assumptions about sensory experience with increased phylogenetic distance from humans. We contend that understanding whether invertebrates such as molluscs are sentient should first begin with defining the computational processes and neural circuitries underpinning subjective awareness. Using fundamental design principles, we advance the notion that subjective awareness is dependent on observer neural networks (networks that in some sense introspect the neural processing generating neural representations of sensory stimuli). This introspective process allows the observer network to create an internal model that predicts the neural processing taking place in the network being surveyed. Predictions arising from the internal model form the basis of a rudimentary form of awareness. We develop an algorithm built on parallel observer networks that generates multiple levels of sensory awareness. A network of cortical regions in the human brain has the appropriate functional properties and neural interconnectivity that is consistent with the predicted circuitry of the algorithm generating pain awareness. By contrast, the cephalopod brain lacks the necessary neural circuitry to implement such an algorithm. In conclusion, we find no compelling behavioral, functional, or neuroanatomical evidence to indicate that cephalopods feel pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Key
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Deborah Brown
- School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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17
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Urgolites ZJ, Levy DA, Hopkins RO, Squire LR. Spared perception of object geometry and object components after hippocampal damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:330-334. [PMID: 29907641 PMCID: PMC6004065 DOI: 10.1101/lm.047464.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We tested the proposal that medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures support not just memory but also high-level object perception. In one task, participants decided whether a line drawing could represent an object in three-dimensional space and, in another task, they saw the components of an object and decided what object could be formed if the components were assembled. Patients with hippocampal lesions were intact, indicating that the hippocampus is not needed for perceiving the structural coherence of objects or appreciating the relations among object parts. Patients with large MTL lesions were moderately impaired, likely due to damage outside the MTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisen J Urgolites
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Daniel A Levy
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | - Ramona O Hopkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84143, USA.,Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah 84143, USA
| | - Larry R Squire
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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18
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Hilverman C, Cook SW, Duff MC. Hand gestures support word learning in patients with hippocampal amnesia. Hippocampus 2018; 28:406-415. [PMID: 29506316 PMCID: PMC6693862 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Co-speech hand gesture facilitates learning and memory, yet the cognitive and neural mechanisms supporting this remain unclear. One possibility is that motor information in gesture may engage procedural memory representations. Alternatively, iconic information from gesture may contribute to declarative memory representations mediated by the hippocampus. To investigate these alternatives, we examined gesture's effects on word learning in patients with hippocampal damage and declarative memory impairment, with intact procedural memory, and in healthy and in brain-damaged comparison groups. Participants learned novel label-object pairings while producing gesture, observing gesture, or observing without gesture. After a delay, recall and object identification were assessed. Unsurprisingly, amnesic patients were unable to recall the labels at test. However, they correctly identified objects at above chance levels, but only if they produced a gesture at encoding. Comparison groups performed well above chance at both recall and object identification regardless of gesture. These findings suggest that gesture production may support word learning by engaging nondeclarative (procedural) memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Hilverman
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Susan Wagner Cook
- DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Melissa C. Duff
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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19
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Covington NV, Brown-Schmidt S, Duff MC. The Necessity of the Hippocampus for Statistical Learning. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:680-697. [PMID: 29308986 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence points to a role for the hippocampus in statistical learning, but open questions about its necessity remain. Evidence for necessity comes from Schapiro and colleagues who report that a single patient with damage to hippocampus and broader medial temporal lobe cortex was unable to discriminate new from old sequences in several statistical learning tasks. The aim of the current study was to replicate these methods in a larger group of patients who have either damage localized to hippocampus or broader medial temporal lobe damage, to ascertain the necessity of the hippocampus in statistical learning. Patients with hippocampal damage consistently showed less learning overall compared with healthy comparison participants, consistent with an emerging consensus for hippocampal contributions to statistical learning. Interestingly, lesion size did not reliably predict performance. However, patients with hippocampal damage were not uniformly at chance and demonstrated above-chance performance in some task variants. These results suggest that hippocampus is necessary for statistical learning levels achieved by most healthy comparison participants but significant hippocampal pathology alone does not abolish such learning.
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20
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Barrett LF. The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:1-23. [PMID: 27798257 PMCID: PMC5390700 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The science of emotion has been using folk psychology categories derived from philosophy to search for the brain basis of emotion. The last two decades of neuroscience research have brought us to the brink of a paradigm shift in understanding the workings of the brain, however, setting the stage to revolutionize our understanding of what emotions are and how they work. In this article, we begin with the structure and function of the brain, and from there deduce what the biological basis of emotions might be. The answer is a brain-based, computational account called the theory of constructed emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula, A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging.,Psychiatric Neuroimaging Division, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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21
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Castro DC, Berridge KC. Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9125-E9134. [PMID: 29073109 PMCID: PMC5664503 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705753114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedonic hotspots are brain sites where particular neurochemical stimulations causally amplify the hedonic impact of sensory rewards, such as "liking" for sweetness. Here, we report the mapping of two hedonic hotspots in cortex, where mu opioid or orexin stimulations enhance the hedonic impact of sucrose taste. One hedonic hotspot was found in anterior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and another was found in posterior insula. A suppressive hedonic coldspot was also found in the form of an intervening strip stretching from the posterior OFC through the anterior and middle insula, bracketed by the two cortical hotspots. Opioid/orexin stimulations in either cortical hotspot activated Fos throughout a distributed "hedonic circuit" involving cortical and subcortical structures. Conversely, cortical coldspot stimulation activated circuitry for "hedonic suppression." Finally, food intake was increased by stimulations at several prefrontal cortical sites, indicating that the anatomical substrates in cortex for enhancing the motivation to eat are discriminable from those for hedonic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Castro
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108;
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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22
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Sutterer MJ, Tranel D. Neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience in the fMRI era: A recapitulation of localizationist and connectionist views. Neuropsychology 2017; 31:972-980. [PMID: 28933871 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We highlight the past 25 years of cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology, focusing on the impact to the field of the introduction in 1992 of functional MRI (fMRI). METHOD We reviewed the past 25 years of literature in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology, focusing on the relation and interplay of fMRI studies and studies utilizing the "lesion method" in human participants with focal brain damage. RESULTS Our review highlights the state of localist/connectionist research debates in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology circa 1992, and details how the introduction of fMRI into the field at that time catalyzed a new wave of efforts to map complex human behavior to specific brain regions. This, in turn, eventually evolved into many studies that focused on networks and connections between brain areas, culminating in recent years with large-scale investigations such as the Human Connectome Project. CONCLUSIONS We argue that throughout the past 25 years, neuropsychology-and more precisely, the "lesion method" in humans-has continued to play a critical role in arbitrating conclusions and theories derived from inferred patterns of local brain activity or wide-spread connectivity from functional imaging approaches. We conclude by highlighting the future for neuropsychology in the context of an increasingly complex methodological armamentarium. (PsycINFO Database Record
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23
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Haut MW, Hogg JP, Marshalek PJ, Suter BC, Miller LE. Amnesia Associated with Bilateral Hippocampal and Bilateral Basal Ganglia Lesions in Anoxia with Stimulant Use. Front Neurol 2017; 8:27. [PMID: 28228745 PMCID: PMC5296355 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a 55-year-old man with ischemic lesions of the bilateral hippocampus and bilateral basal ganglia following a myocardial infarction during an episode of multiple drug use with subsequent anoxia requiring resuscitation. He presented for a neuropsychological evaluation with an anterograde amnesia for both explicit and procedural memory. There are two main points to this case, the unique aspects of the bilateral multifocal lesions and the functional, cognitive impact of these lesions. We hypothesize that his rare focal bilateral lesions of both the hippocampus and basal ganglia are a result of anoxia acting in synergy with his stimulant drug use (cocaine and/or 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine). Second, his unique lesions produced an explicit and implicit/procedural anterograde amnesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc W Haut
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neurology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Radiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jeffery P Hogg
- Department of Neurology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Radiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Patrick J Marshalek
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, WV , USA
| | - Blair C Suter
- West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, WV , USA
| | - Liv E Miller
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine , Morgantown, WV , USA
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24
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EEG Spectral Dynamics of Video Commercials: Impact of the Narrative on the Branding Product Preference. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36487. [PMID: 27819348 PMCID: PMC5098233 DOI: 10.1038/srep36487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromarketing has become popular and received a lot of attention. The quality of video commercials and the product information they convey to consumers is a hotly debated topic among advertising agencies and product advertisers. This study explored the impact of advertising narrative and the frequency of branding product exposures on the preference for the commercial and the branding product. We performed electroencephalography (EEG) experiments on 30 subjects while they watched video commercials. The behavioral data indicated that commercials with a structured narrative and containing multiple exposures of the branding products had a positive impact on the preference for the commercial and the branding product. The EEG spectral dynamics showed that the narratives of video commercials resulted in higher theta power of the left frontal, bilateral occipital region, and higher gamma power of the limbic system. The narratives also induced significant cognitive integration-related beta and gamma power of the bilateral temporal regions and the parietal region. It is worth noting that the video commercials with a single exposure of the branding products would be indicators of attention. These new findings suggest that the presence of a narrative structure in video commercials has a critical impact on the preference for branding products.
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25
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Marquine MJ, Grilli MD, Rapcsak SZ, Kaszniak AW, Ryan L, Walther K, Glisky EL. Impaired personal trait knowledge, but spared other-person trait knowledge, in an individual with bilateral damage to the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 2016; 89:245-253. [PMID: 27342256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging has revealed that in healthy adults retrieval of personal trait knowledge is associated with increased activation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Separately, neuropsychology has shown that the self-referential nature of memory can be disrupted in individuals with mPFC lesions. However, it remains unclear whether damage to the mPFC impairs retrieval of personal trait knowledge. Therefore, in this neuropsychological case study we investigated the integrity of personal trait knowledge in J.S., an individual who sustained bilateral damage to the mPFC as a result of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. We measured both accuracy and consistency of J.S.'s personal trait knowledge as well as his trait knowledge of another, frequently seen person, and compared his performance to a group of healthy adults. Findings revealed that J.S. had severely impaired accuracy and consistency of his personal trait knowledge relative to control participants. In contrast, J.S.'s accuracy and consistency of other-person trait knowledge was intact in comparison to control participants. Moreover, J.S. showed a normal positivity bias in his trait ratings. These results, albeit based on a single case, implicate the mPFC as critical for retrieval of personal trait knowledge. Findings also cast doubt on the likelihood that the mPFC, in particular the ventral mPFC, is necessary for storage and retrieval of trait knowledge of other people. Therefore, this case study adds to a growing body of evidence that mPFC damage can disrupt the link between self and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D Grilli
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Steven Z Rapcsak
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alfred W Kaszniak
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lee Ryan
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Katrin Walther
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Scotland-Coogan D, Davis E. Relaxation Techniques for Trauma. JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE-INFORMED SOCIAL WORK 2016; 13:434-41. [PMID: 27119722 DOI: 10.1080/23761407.2016.1166845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Physiological symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) manifest as increased arousal and reactivity seen as anger outburst, irritability, reckless behavior with no concern for consequences, hypervigilance, sleep disturbance, and problems with focus (American Psychiatric Association, 2013 ). In seeking the most beneficial treatment for PTSD, consideration must be given to the anxiety response. Relaxation techniques are shown to help address the physiological manifestations of prolonged stress. The techniques addressed by the authors in this article include mindfulness, deep breathing, yoga, and meditation. By utilizing these techniques traditional therapies can be complemented. In addition, those who are averse to the traditional evidence-based practices or for those who have tried traditional therapies without success; these alternative interventions may assist in lessening physiological manifestations of PTSD. Future research studies assessing the benefits of these treatment modalities are warranted to provide empirical evidence to support the efficacy of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Davis
- b Behavioral Health, KP Partners for Patriots , Spring Hill, Florida , USA
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27
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Melzer N, Budde T, Stork O, Meuth SG. Limbic Encephalitis: Potential Impact of Adaptive Autoimmune Inflammation on Neuronal Circuits of the Amygdala. Front Neurol 2015; 6:171. [PMID: 26284026 PMCID: PMC4522870 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbic encephalitis is characterized by adaptive autoimmune inflammation of the gray matter structures of the limbic system. It has recently been identified as a major cause of temporal lobe epilepsy accompanied by progressive declarative – mainly episodic – memory disturbance as well as a variety of rather poorly defined emotional and behavioral changes. While autoimmune inflammation of the hippocampus is likely to be responsible for declarative memory disturbance, consequences of autoimmune inflammation of the amygdala are largely unknown. The amygdala is central for the generation of adequate homoeostatic behavioral responses to emotionally significant external stimuli following processing in a variety of parallel neuronal circuits. Here, we hypothesize that adaptive cellular and humoral autoimmunity may target and modulate distinct inhibitory or excitatory neuronal networks within the amygdala, and thereby strongly impact processing of emotional stimuli and corresponding behavioral responses. This may explain some of the rather poorly understood neuropsychiatric symptoms in limbic encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Oliver Stork
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster , Münster , Germany ; Department of Neuropathophysiology, Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
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28
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Salas Riquelme CE, Radovic D, Castro O, Turnbull OH. Internally and externally generated emotions in people with acquired brain injury: preservation of emotional experience after right hemisphere lesions. Front Psychol 2015; 6:101. [PMID: 25762951 PMCID: PMC4329804 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of emotional changes after brain injury has contributed enormously to the understanding of the neural basis of emotion. However, little attention has been placed on the methods used to elicit emotional responses in people with brain damage. Of particular interest are subjects with right hemisphere [RH] cortical lesions, who have been described as presenting impairment in emotional processing. In this article, an internal and external mood induction procedure [MIP] was used to trigger positive and negative emotions, in a sample of 10 participants with RH damage, and 15 healthy controls. Emotional experience was registered by using a self-report questionnaire. As observed in previous studies, internal and external MIPs were equally effective in eliciting the target emotion, but the internal procedure generated higher levels of intensity. Remarkably, participants with RH lesions were equally able to experience both positive and negative affect. The results are discussed in relation to the role of the RH in the capacity to experience negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Salas Riquelme
- Head Forward Rehabilitation Centre Manchester, UK ; School of Psychology, College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Bangor University Bangor, UK
| | - Darinka Radovic
- Manchester Institute of Education, Manchester University Manchester, UK
| | - Osvaldo Castro
- Escuela de Terapia Ocupacional, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Oliver H Turnbull
- School of Psychology, College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Bangor University Bangor, UK
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29
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Social information processing following resection of the insular cortex. Neuropsychologia 2015; 71:1-10. [PMID: 25770480 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The insula has been implicated in social cognition and empathy in several neuroimaging paradigms. Impairments in social information processing, including specific deficits in disgust recognition, have been described following isolated insular damage, although the evidence remains limited to a few case studies. The present study examines social cognition and empathy in a group of fifteen patients for whom the insula was removed as part of their epilepsy surgery. These patients were compared to a lesion-control group of 15 epileptic patients who had a surgery in the anterior temporal lobe that spared the insula, and to 20 healthy volunteers matched on age, sex, and education. Participants were assessed on an Emotion Recognition Task (ERT), the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test, and a self-administered empathy questionnaire. Patients who underwent insular resection showed poorer ability to recognize facial expressions of emotions and had lower scores of perspective taking on the empathy questionnaire than healthy controls. Using results from healthy controls as normative data, emotion recognition deficits were more frequent in insular patients than in both other groups. Specific emotion analyses revealed impairments in fear recognition in both groups of patients, whereas happiness and surprise recognition was only impaired in patients with insular resection. There was no evidence for a deficit in disgust recognition. The findings suggest that unilateral damage to the operculo-insular region may be associated with subtle impairments in emotion recognition, and provide further clinical evidence of a role of the insula in empathic processes. However, the description of 15 consecutive cases of insula-damaged patients with no specific deficit in disgust recognition seriously challenges the assumptions, based on previous case reports, that the insula is specifically involved in disgust processing.
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30
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Feinstein JS, Khalsa SS, Salomons TV, Prkachin KM, Frey-Law LA, Lee JE, Tranel D, Rudrauf D. Preserved emotional awareness of pain in a patient with extensive bilateral damage to the insula, anterior cingulate, and amygdala. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1499-511. [PMID: 25577137 PMCID: PMC4734900 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging investigations of pain have discovered a reliable pattern of activation within limbic regions of a putative "pain matrix" that has been theorized to reflect the affective dimension of pain. To test this theory, we evaluated the experience of pain in a rare neurological patient with extensive bilateral lesions encompassing core limbic structures of the pain matrix, including the insula, anterior cingulate, and amygdala. Despite widespread damage to these regions, the patient's expression and experience of pain was intact, and at times excessive in nature. This finding was consistent across multiple pain measures including self-report, facial expression, vocalization, withdrawal reaction, and autonomic response. These results challenge the notion of a "pain matrix" and provide direct evidence that the insula, anterior cingulate, and amygdala are not necessary for feeling the suffering inherent to pain. The patient's heightened degree of pain affect further suggests that these regions may be more important for the regulation of pain rather than providing the decisive substrate for pain's conscious experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Feinstein
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Psychology and School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA. .,Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK, 74136-3326, USA.
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK, 74136-3326, USA.,Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tim V Salomons
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK
| | - Kenneth M Prkachin
- Department of Psychology, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Laura A Frey-Law
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jennifer E Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - David Rudrauf
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Laboratory of Functional Imaging, INSERM U678s/UPMC, 75013, Paris, France
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Warren DE, Duff MC, Cohen NJ, Tranel D. Hippocampus contributes to the maintenance but not the quality of visual information over time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 22:6-10. [PMID: 25512572 PMCID: PMC4274332 DOI: 10.1101/lm.037127.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus has recently been implicated in the brief representation of visual information, but its specific role is not well understood. We investigated this role using a paradigm that distinguishes quantity and quality of visual memory as described in a previous study. We found that amnesic patients with bilateral hippocampal damage (N = 5) were less likely to remember test stimuli than comparison participants despite a brief maintenance interval (900 msec). However, estimates of memory quality were similar for all groups. Our findings suggest that the hippocampus contributes to brief maintenance of visual information but does not contribute to the quality of that information.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Warren
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Melissa C Duff
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA Department of Communications Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Neal J Cohen
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign Illinois 61801, USA Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign Illinois 61801, USA Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Structure-Function Relationships behind the Phenomenon of Cognitive Resilience in Neurology: Insights for Neuroscience and Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/462765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of cognitive resilience, that is, the dynamical preservation of normal functions despite neurological disorders, demonstrates that cognition can be highly robust to devastating brain injury. Here, cognitive resilience is considered across a range of neurological conditions. Simple computational models of structure-function relationships are used to discuss hypotheses about the neural mechanisms of resilience. Resilience expresses functional redundancies in brain networks and suggests a process of dynamic rerouting of brain signals. This process is underlined by a global renormalization of effective connectivity, capable of restoring information transfer between spared brain structures via alternate pathways. Local mechanisms of synaptic plasticity mediate the renormalization at the lowest level of implementation, but it is also driven by top-down cognition, with a key role of self-awareness in fostering resilience. The presence of abstraction layers in brain computation and networking is hypothesized to account for the renormalization process. Future research directions and challenges are discussed regarding the understanding and control of resilience based on multimodal neuroimaging and computational neuroscience. The study of resilience will illuminate ways by which the brain can overcome adversity and help inform prevention and treatment strategies. It is relevant to combating the negative neuropsychological impact of aging and fostering cognitive enhancement.
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Warren DE, Duff MC. Not so fast: hippocampal amnesia slows word learning despite successful fast mapping. Hippocampus 2014; 24:920-33. [PMID: 24719218 PMCID: PMC4301585 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The human hippocampus is widely believed to be necessary for the rapid acquisition of new declarative relational memories. However, processes supporting on-line inferential word use ("fast mapping") may also exercise a dissociable learning mechanism and permit rapid word learning without the hippocampus (Sharon et al. (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:1146-1151). We investigated fast mapping in severely amnesic patients with hippocampal damage (N = 4), mildly amnesic patients (N = 6), and healthy comparison participants (N = 10) using on-line measures (eye movements) that reflected ongoing processing. All participants studied unique word-picture associations in two encoding conditions. In the explicit-encoding condition, uncommon items were paired with their names (e.g., "This is a numbat."). In the fast mapping study condition, participants heard an instruction using a novel word (e.g., "Click on the numbat.") while two items were presented (an uncommon target such as a numbat, and a common distracter such as a dog). All groups performed fast mapping well at study, and on-line eye movement measures did not reveal group differences. However, while comparison participants showed robust word learning irrespective of encoding condition, severely amnesic patients showed no evidence of learning after fast mapping or explicit encoding on any behavioral or eye-movement measure. Mildly amnesic patients showed some learning, but performance was unaffected by encoding condition. The findings are consistent with the following propositions: the hippocampus is not essential for on-line fast mapping of novel words; but is necessary for the rapid learning of arbitrary relational information irrespective of encoding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Warren
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Melissa C. Duff
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Hannula DE, Tranel D, Allen JS, Kirchhoff BA, Nickel AE, Cohen NJ. Memory for items and relationships among items embedded in realistic scenes: disproportionate relational memory impairments in amnesia. Neuropsychology 2014; 29:126-38. [PMID: 25068665 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the dependence of item memory and relational memory on medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. Patients with amnesia, who either had extensive MTL damage or damage that was relatively restricted to the hippocampus, were tested, as was a matched comparison group. Disproportionate relational memory impairments were predicted for both patient groups, and those with extensive MTL damage were also expected to have impaired item memory. METHOD Participants studied scenes, and were tested with interleaved 2-alternative forced-choice probe trials. Probe trials were either presented immediately after the corresponding study trial (Lag 1), 5 trials later (Lag 5), or 9 trials later (Lag 9) and consisted of the studied scene along with a manipulated version of that scene in which 1 item was replaced with a different exemplar (item memory test) or was moved to a new location (relational memory test). Participants were to identify the exact match of the studied scene. RESULTS As predicted, patients were disproportionately impaired on the test of relational memory. Item memory performance was marginally poorer among patients with extensive MTL damage, but both groups were impaired relative to matched comparison participants. Impaired performance was evident at all lags, including the shortest possible lag (Lag 1). CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the proposed role of the hippocampus in relational memory binding and representation, even at short delays, and suggest that the hippocampus may also contribute to successful item memory when items are embedded in complex scenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John S Allen
- Dornsife Cognitive Neuroscience Imaging Center and Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California
| | | | | | - Neal J Cohen
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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Christen M, Müller S. Effects of brain lesions on moral agency: ethical dilemmas in investigating moral behavior. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 19:159-88. [PMID: 25120025 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the "brain produces behavior" is a guiding idea in neuroscience. It is thus of no surprise that establishing an interrelation between brain pathology and antisocial behavior has a long history in brain research. However, interrelating the brain with moral agency--the ability to act in reference to right and wrong--is tricky with respect to therapy and rehabilitation of patients affected by brain lesions. In this contribution, we outline the complexity of the relationship between the brain and moral behavior, and we discuss ethical issues of the neuroscience of ethics and of its clinical consequences. First, we introduce a theory of moral agency and apply it to the issue of behavioral changes caused by brain lesions. Second, we present a typology of brain lesions both with respect to their cause, their temporal development, and the potential for neural plasticity allowing for rehabilitation. We exemplify this scheme with case studies and outline major knowledge gaps that are relevant for clinical practice. Third, we analyze ethical pitfalls when trying to understand the brain-morality relation. In this way, our contribution addresses both researchers in neuroscience of ethics and clinicians who treat patients affected by brain lesions to better understand the complex ethical questions, which are raised by research and therapy of brain lesion patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Christen
- University of Zurich, University Research Priority Program Ethics, Zollikerstrasse 117, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland,
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36
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Vakalopoulos C. A cholinergic hypothesis of the unconscious in affective disorders. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:220. [PMID: 24319409 PMCID: PMC3837351 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between distinct pharmacological systems are proposed as a key dynamic in the formation of unconscious memories underlying rumination and mood disorder, but also reflect the plastic capacity of neural networks that can aid recovery. An inverse and reciprocal relationship is postulated between cholinergic and monoaminergic receptor subtypes. M1-type muscarinic receptor transduction facilitates encoding of unconscious, prepotent behavioral repertoires at the core of affective disorders and ADHD. Behavioral adaptation to new contingencies is mediated by the classic prototype receptor: 5-HT1A (Gi/o) and its modulation of M1-plasticity. Reversal of learning is dependent on increased phasic activation of midbrain monoaminergic nuclei and is a function of hippocampal theta. Acquired hippocampal dysfunction due to abnormal activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis predicts deficits in hippocampal-dependent memory and executive function and further impairments to cognitive inhibition. Encoding of explicit memories is mediated by Gq/11 and Gs signaling of monoamines only. A role is proposed for the phasic activation of the basal forebrain cholinergic nucleus by cortical projections from the complex consisting of the insula and claustrum. Although controversial, recent studies suggest a common ontogenetic origin of the two structures and a functional coupling. Lesions of the region result in loss of motivational behavior and familiarity based judgements. A major hypothesis of the paper is that these lost faculties result indirectly, from reduced cholinergic tone.
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Simmons WK, Rapuano KM, Kallman SJ, Ingeholm JE, Miller B, Gotts SJ, Avery JA, Hall KD, Martin A. Category-specific integration of homeostatic signals in caudal but not rostral human insula. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1551-2. [PMID: 24077565 PMCID: PMC3835665 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prevailing theories hold that the insula is functionally organized along its caudal-to-rostral axis, with posterior regions coding lower-level sensory information, and anterior regions coding higher-level stimulus significance relative to the body’s homeostatic needs. Contrary to predictions of this model, the response of the taste-sensitive region of the caudal, but not rostral, insula to food images was directly related to the body’s homeostatic state as indexed by levels of peripheral glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kyle Simmons
- 1] Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA. [2] Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA. [3] Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health (NIHM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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38
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Feinstein JS. Lesion studies of human emotion and feeling. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:304-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Damasio A, Damasio H, Tranel D. Persistence of feelings and sentience after bilateral damage of the insula. Cereb Cortex 2013; 23:833-46. [PMID: 22473895 PMCID: PMC3657385 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been convincingly established, over the past decade, that the human insular cortices are involved in processing both body feelings (such as pain) and feelings of emotion. Recently, however, an interpretation of this finding has emerged suggesting that the insular cortices are the necessary and sufficient platform for human feelings, in effect, the sole neural source of feeling experiences. In this study, we investigate this proposal in a patient whose insular cortices were destroyed bilaterally as a result of Herpes simplex encephalitis. The fact that all aspects of feeling were intact indicates that the proposal is problematic. The signals used to assemble the neural substrates of feelings hail from different sectors of the body and are conveyed by neural and humoral pathways to complex and topographically organized nuclei of the brain stem, prior to being conveyed again to cerebral cortices in the somatosensory, insular, and cingulate regions. We suggest that the neural substrate of feeling states is to be found first subcortically and then secondarily repeated at cortical level. The subcortical level would ensure basic feeling states while the cortical level would largely relate feeling states to cognitive processes such as decision-making and imagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Damasio
- Brain and Creativity Institute and Dornsife Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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40
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Philippi CL, Feinstein JS, Khalsa SS, Damasio A, Tranel D, Landini G, Williford K, Rudrauf D. Preserved self-awareness following extensive bilateral brain damage to the insula, anterior cingulate, and medial prefrontal cortices. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38413. [PMID: 22927899 PMCID: PMC3425501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that self-awareness (SA), a multifaceted phenomenon central to human consciousness, depends critically on specific brain regions, namely the insular cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Such a proposal predicts that damage to these regions should disrupt or even abolish SA. We tested this prediction in a rare neurological patient with extensive bilateral brain damage encompassing the insula, ACC, mPFC, and the medial temporal lobes. In spite of severe amnesia, which partially affected his “autobiographical self”, the patient's SA remained fundamentally intact. His Core SA, including basic self-recognition and sense of self-agency, was preserved. His Extended SA and Introspective SA were also largely intact, as he has a stable self-concept and intact higher-order metacognitive abilities. The results suggest that the insular cortex, ACC and mPFC are not required for most aspects of SA. Our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that SA is likely to emerge from more distributed interactions among brain networks including those in the brainstem, thalamus, and posteromedial cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa L. Philippi
- Division of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Justin S. Feinstein
- Division of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DR); (JSF)
| | - Sahib S. Khalsa
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Antonio Damasio
- Brain and Creativity Institute and Dornsife Cognitive Neuroscience Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Division of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gregory Landini
- Department of Philosophy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Williford
- Department of Philosophy, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - David Rudrauf
- Division of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DR); (JSF)
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Warren DE, Duff MC, Jensen U, Tranel D, Cohen NJ. Hiding in plain view: lesions of the medial temporal lobe impair online representation. Hippocampus 2012; 22:1577-88. [PMID: 22180166 PMCID: PMC3319639 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.21000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is necessary for the normal formation of enduring declarative memories, but its role in cognitive processes spanning short intervals is less well understood. Within the last decade, several reports have described modest behavioral deficits in medial temporal lobe (MTL)-lesion patients when they perform tasks that do not seem likely to rely on enduring memory. An intriguing but sparsely-tested implication of such results is that the MTL is involved in the online representation of information, possibly of an associative/relational nature, irrespective of delay. We administered several tests that simultaneously presented all information necessary for accurate responses to a group of MTL-lesion patients with severe declarative memory deficits but otherwise normal cognition, and to matched brain-damaged and healthy comparison participants. MTL-lesion patients performed less well than either comparison group in the Hooper Visual Organization Test, and several patients performed outside the normal range on the Overlapping Figures Test. A novel follow-up borrowing characteristics of the Overlapping Figures Test revealed impaired identification of novel items by MTL-lesion patients when target items were obscured by distracters, and two additional novel tests of fragmented object identification further implicated the hippocampus/MTL in the integration of information across very brief intervals. These findings suggest that MTL structures including the hippocampus contribute similarly to cognition irrespective of timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Warren
- Division of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Paradiso S, Rudrauf D. Struggle for life, struggle for love and recognition: the neglected self in social cognitive neuroscience. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22577306 PMCID: PMC3341651 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2012.14.1/sparadiso] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the following article we present a view that social cognition and social neuroscience, as shaped by the current research paradigms, are not sufficient to improve our understanding of psychopathological phenomena. We hold that the self, self-awareness, and inter-subjectivity are integral to social perception and actions. In addition, we emphasize that the self and self-awareness are, by their very nature and function, involved over the entire lifespan with the way the individual is perceived in the social environment. Likewise, the modes of operation and identification of the self and self-awareness receive strong developmental contributions from social interactions with parental figures, siblings, peers, and significant others. These contributions are framed by a competitive and cooperative struggle for love and recognition. We suggest that in humans social cognitive neuroscience should be informed by a thoughtful appreciation of the equal significance of the struggle for "life" and that for love and recognition. In order to be better positioned to improve the research agenda and practice of clinical psychiatry, we propose that cognitive and social neurosciences explicitly incorporate in their models phenomena relative to the self, self-awareness, and inter-subjectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Paradiso
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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43
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Warren DE, Duff MC, Magnotta V, Capizzano AA, Cassell MD, Tranel D. Long-term neuropsychological, neuroanatomical, and life outcome in hippocampal amnesia. Clin Neuropsychol 2012; 26:335-69. [PMID: 22401298 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2012.655781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Focal bilateral hippocampal damage typically causes severe and selective amnesia for new declarative information (facts and events), a cognitive deficit that greatly impacts the ability to live a normal, fully independent life. We describe the case of 1846, a 48-year-old woman with profound hippocampal amnesia following status epilepticus and an associated anoxic episode at age 30. Patient 1846 has undergone extensive neuropsychological testing on many occasions over the 18 years since her injury, and we present data indicating that her memory impairment has remained severe and stable during that time. New, high-resolution, structural MRI studies of 1846's brain reveal substantial bilateral hippocampal atrophy resembling that of other well-known amnesic patients. In spite of severe amnesia 1846 lives a full and mostly independent adult life, facilitated by an extensive social support network of family and friends. Her case provides an example of a rare and unlikely positive outcome in the face of severe memory problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Warren
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Tranel D, Welsh-Bohmer KA. Pervasive olfactory impairment after bilateral limbic system destruction. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2012; 34:117-25. [PMID: 22220560 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2011.633897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
What pattern of brain damage could completely obliterate the sense of olfaction in humans? We had an opportunity to address this intriguing question in Patient B., who has extensive bilateral damage to most of the limbic system, including the medial and lateral temporal lobes, orbital frontal cortex, insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and basal forebrain, caused by herpes simplex encephalitis. The patient demonstrated profound impairments in odor identification and recognition. Moreover, he could not discriminate between olfactory stimuli, and he had severe impairments in odor detection. Reliable stimulus detection was obtained only for solutions of the organic solvent acetone and highly concentrated solutions of ethanol. In contrast to the more circumscribed olfactory deficits demonstrated in patients with damage confined to either the temporal lobes or orbitofrontal cortex (which tend to involve odor identification but not odor detection), Patient B. demonstrated a strikingly severe and complete anosmia. This contrast in olfactory abilities and deficits as a result of different anatomical pathology affords new insights into the neural substrates of olfactory processing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tranel
- Department of Neurology, Division of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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45
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Warren DE, Duff MC, Tranel D, Cohen NJ. Observing degradation of visual representations over short intervals when medial temporal lobe is damaged. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23:3862-73. [PMID: 21736458 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Medial temporal lobe (MTL) contributions to the brief maintenance of visual representations were evaluated by studying a group of patients with MTL damage. Eye movements of patients and healthy comparison subjects were tracked while performing a visual search for a target among complex stimuli of varying similarity to that target. Despite the task having no imposed delays, patients were impaired behaviorally, and eye movement measures showed abnormally rapid degradation of target representations in the patients. Eye movement data showed a modulation of the duration of fixations as a function of the similarity of fixated array lures to the target, but the effect was attenuated in patients during long fixation paths away from the sample target. This effect manifested despite patients' shorter searches and more frequent fixations of the sample target. Novel techniques provided unique insight into visual representation without healthy MTL, which may support maintenance of information through hippocampal-dependent relational binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Warren
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, 2192 RCP, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Warren DE, Duff MC, Tranel D, Cohen NJ. Medial temporal lobe damage impairs representation of simple stimuli. Front Hum Neurosci 2010; 4:35. [PMID: 20508745 PMCID: PMC2876870 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Medial temporal lobe (MTL) damage in humans is typically thought to produce a circumscribed impairment in the acquisition of new enduring memories, but recent reports have documented deficits even in short-term maintenance. We examined possible maintenance deficits in a population of MTL amnesics, with the goal of characterizing their impairments as either representational drift or outright loss of representation over time. Patients and healthy comparisons performed a visual search task in which the similarity of various lures to a target was varied parametrically. Stimuli were simple shapes varying along one of several visual dimensions. The task was performed in two conditions, one presenting a sample target simultaneously with the search array and the other imposing a delay between sample and array. Eye-movement data collected during search revealed that the duration of fixations to items varied with lure-target similarity for all participants, i.e., fixations were longer for items more similar to the target. In the simultaneous condition, patients and comparisons exhibited an equivalent effect of similarity on fixation durations. However, imposing a delay modulated the effect differently for the two groups: in comparisons, fixation duration to similar items was exaggerated; in patients, the original effect was diminished. These findings indicate that MTL lesions subtly impair short-term maintenance of even simple stimuli, with performance reflecting not the complete loss of the maintained representation but rather a degradation or progressive drift of the representation over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Warren
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
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Khalsa SS, Rudrauf D, Feinstein JS, Tranel D. The pathways of interoceptive awareness. Nat Neurosci 2009; 12:1494-6. [PMID: 19881506 PMCID: PMC2787640 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A network of cortical brain regions including the insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been proposed as the critical and sole substrate for interoceptive awareness. Combining lesion and pharmacological approaches in humans, we found the insula and ACC are not critical for awareness of heartbeat sensations. Rather, both somatosensory afferents from the skin and a network including the insula and ACC mediate it. Together these pathways enable the core human experience of the cardiovascular state of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahib S Khalsa
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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