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Castro-Calvo J, Giménez-García C, García-Barba M, Gil-Llario MD, Ballester-Arnal R. Atypical Sexual Interests in Compulsive Sexual Behavior: Results From a Phallometric Study. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2023; 35:164-187. [PMID: 35482997 DOI: 10.1177/10790632221098358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The link between Compulsive Sexual Behavior (CSB) and atypical sexual interests is elusive. This study aimed to provide preliminary insights into the relationship between both aspects. The study sample comprised 61 self-identified straight men. CSB was measured through a composite self-report index assessing symptoms of CSB, whereas sexual interests -atypical and normophilic- were assessed objectively through penile plethysmography. The CSB index had small, non-significant correlation with greater sexual response to different sexual stimuli (rgeneral sexual responsiveness=.127 [95% CI: -.137, .384]). In terms of overall sexual interest, increased scores on the CSB index had small, non-significant correlation with a higher preference for younger sexual stimuli (r = -.098 [95% CI: -.499, .215]) and persuasive sex (r = .10 [95% CI: -.168, .316]). Finally, CSB had a moderate correlation with sexual response when presented with stimuli depicting "female toddler coercive" (r = .27 [95% CI: -.083, .544]). We conclude that our findings do not support the hypotheses that CSB is significantly related to an increased arousability across sexual stimuli. The study findings also suggest that CSB may be, to a small degree, predisposed to experience sexual attraction toward children. Given the preliminary nature of the study, these conclusions warrant further research. Alternative explanations for the study findings related to the particular components of CSB that may be related to typical and atypical sexual interests are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Castro-Calvo
- Dpto. Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, 16781Universitat de València, Estudi General, Spain
| | - Cristina Giménez-García
- Dpto. Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, 16748Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Marta García-Barba
- Dpto. Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, 16748Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - María Dolores Gil-Llario
- Dpto. Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, 16781Universitat de València. Estudi General, Spain
| | - Rafael Ballester-Arnal
- Dpto. Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, 16748Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
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Rahm-Knigge RL, Miner MH, Coleman E. Exploring Coping Strategies and Social Support among Individuals with Compulsive Sexual Behavior Concerns: Results from a Clinical Sample. SEXUAL HEALTH & COMPULSIVITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26929953.2022.2148796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Rahm-Knigge
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Michael H. Miner
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Eli Coleman
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA
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Peters JR, Pullman LE, Kingston DA, Lalumière ML. Orgasm Frequency (Total Sexual Outlet) in a National American Sample. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1447-1460. [PMID: 35165803 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There has been renewed interest in the conceptualization and diagnosis of conditions marked by excessive sexuality. Researchers and clinicians have often utilized orgasm frequency (e.g., total sexual outlet) as an indicator of hypersexuality. Indeed, some have proposed seven or more (7+) orgasms by any means in a typical week as indicating hypersexuality. Most studies utilizing this criterion, however, have examined clinical or judicial samples of men, as opposed to general population samples. The purpose of the current study was to provide representative population data of total sexual outlet (TSO) for people varying in age, relationship status, and sex, while also examining the impact of the phrasing of the questions (i.e., time frame). A total of 1029 participants were recruited online via a Qualtrics panel, consisting of 442 males and 587 females, from diverse regions across the USA. Results indicated that between 10.3 and 16.7% of the sample met the 7+ criterion for hypersexuality, with considerable variation by age, relationship status, sex, and less variation by wording of the question. Results are discussed in terms of the applicability of the 7+ cut-off for identifying elevated TSO. Results from this survey could be useful to researchers and clinicians looking for comparison data for their research and clinical assessment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Peters
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lesleigh E Pullman
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Drew A Kingston
- HOPE Program, San Diego, CA, USA
- Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin L Lalumière
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Rao TSS, Banerjee D, Tandon A, Sawant NS, Jha A, Manohar S, Rao SS. Psychosexual Health and Sexual Medicine in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry. Indian J Psychiatry 2022; 64:S429-S448. [PMID: 35602370 PMCID: PMC9122165 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_13_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T S Sathyanarayana Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Abhinav Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, United Institute of Medical Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neena S Sawant
- Department of Psychiatry, Seth GSMC and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Shivanand Manohar
- Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Suman S Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India E-mail:
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Räuchle J, Briken P, Schröder J, Ivanova O. Sexual and Reproductive Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from a Cross-Sectional Online Survey in Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031428. [PMID: 35162449 PMCID: PMC8834909 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The accumulated evidence maps the COVID-19 pandemic's diverse impacts on sexual and reproductive health (SRH); however, the precise changes in sexual behaviours and the underlying causes producing these changes are rarely considered. This study is aimed at assessing the changes in sexual behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, using quantitative methods, and it is also aimed at identifying the underlying reasons, using qualitative methods. It is a part of the broader I-SHARE project, which administered a cross-sectional online survey in 33 countries to describe the effects of the COVID-19 restrictions on different aspects of SRH. In the current study, a total of 611 adults from Germany are included. The findings demonstrate a decline in sexual satisfaction, as well as increases in sexual problems and partnership conflicts. Furthermore, the findings indicate an increase in pornography consumption and masturbation. Psychological stress, due to the pandemic, seemed to be the main reason for the changes in the participants' sexual behaviours, followed by a decrease in social contacts, and an increase in time resources. Thus, it is important to provide accessible clinical and psychosocial (online) interventions and services in order to maintain good sexual health in times of pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jule Räuchle
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.R.); (P.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.R.); (P.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Johanna Schröder
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.R.); (P.B.); (J.S.)
- Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olena Ivanova
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Gleason N, Finotelli I, Miner MH, Herbenick D, Coleman E. Estimated Prevalence and Demographic Correlates of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Among Gay Men in the United States. J Sex Med 2021; 18:1545-1554. [PMID: 37057439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) is a clinical syndrome that causes significant distress and impairment for many individuals in the United States. Gay men are thought to have a higher prevalence of CSB, and it is associated with many relevant health outcomes including HIV risk behavior. AIM To estimate the prevalence and examine demographic correlates of CSB among gay men in the United States. METHODS A U.S. national probability sample of 227 gay-identified men were collected as part of the 2015 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB). OUTCOMES Participants completed the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory (CSBI-13) and demographic measures. RESULTS Eighteen participants (7.93%) scored above the CSBI-13 clinical cut point, indicating they would likely meet criteria for clinically significant compulsive sexual behavior. To assess demographic correlates of CSB, demographic variables were entered into a logistic regression. Results of the logistic regression indicated that participant age, education, and religious affiliation were significant predictors of CSB status. Individuals scoring above the cut point were younger on average (M = 39.17; SD = 14.84) than those scoring below the cut point (M = 47.52; SD = 14.62; P = .02). Odds of scoring above the cut point were about six times greater for religiously affiliated participants compared to non-religiously affiliated participants (P = .005), and four times greater for those who had attended college compared to those who had not (P = .03). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS These results indicate the prevalence of CSB in gay men is more modest than previously estimated, and is similar to the general population prevalence estimated in a previous study. The strongest predictor of CSB in this sample was religious affiliation, which underscores the importance of evaluating the role of religiosity in the etiology and/or identification of this clinical syndrome. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS These findings are strengthened by the national probability sampling methodology and the use of the empirically validated CSBI-13 cut point. However, this sample was also older and had higher income and educational attainment than the larger population of gay men in the U.S. CONCLUSION These results indicate gay men may have a CSB prevalence rate similar to the general population, which contradicts previous research suggesting they are at greater risk for CSB. Gleason N, Finotelli I, Miner MH, et al. Estimated Prevalence and Demographic Correlates of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Among Gay Men in the United States. J Sex Med 2021;18:1545-1554.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Gleason
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Itor Finotelli
- Program in Human Sexuality, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael H Miner
- Program in Human Sexuality, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Debra Herbenick
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Eli Coleman
- Program in Human Sexuality, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Jia Y, Shao X, Shen C, Wang W. Development of a structure-validated hypersexuality scale in Chinese university students. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:352. [PMID: 34261462 PMCID: PMC8278725 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypersexuality is associated with many psychiatric disorders and creates enormous burden for the affected individual, family and society. There are numerous inventories measuring behavioral, emotional or stressful features of hypersexuality, we still need a structure-validated questionnaire to measure hypersexuality in a comprehensive way. METHODS Based on previous inventories and related clinical descriptions of hypersexuality, we designed a matrix of 72 items related to hypersexual experience, and we invited 282 heterosexual university students who experienced hypersexuality at least once life-long to answer the matrix. RESULTS Through exploratory factor analyses and exploratory structural equation modeling, we constructed a Hypersexuality Scale, with a satisfactory model structure of five factors (or scales, 4 items for each scale) of hypersexuality, and named them as the Negative Impact, Emotional Coping, Uncontrolled Behavior, Post-sex Regret, and Increased Interest. Most inter-correlations of these factors were significant but in low or medium levels in all participants. Male students scored significantly higher on Negative Impact and Increased Interest than females did. CONCLUSIONS The five scales described in this study might help to understand hypersexuality, and the Hypersexuality Scale might be applied to the clinical conditions related to hypersexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Jia
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/ School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Shao
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/ School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chanchan Shen
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/ School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/ School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Köksal F, Kumru G, Anarat C, Domjan M, Yeniçeri N. Compulsive Conditioned Sexual Responding of Male Japanese Quail in Extinction. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:1207-1216. [PMID: 33398697 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous experiments showed that following acquisition of an association between a terry-cloth object conditioned stimulus (CS) and a live female unconditioned stimulus (US), male quail increased the frequency of their copulations with the inanimate CS during subsequent CS-alone (extinction) trials. The present experiment was conducted to identify the potential factors responsible for this unexpected increase in conditioned sexual behavior during extinction. A total of 57 naïve male quail were given pairings of a terry-cloth CS with a live female during acquisition. A total of 36 of these quail (the approach responders) showed only conditioned approach response to the CS object, whereas the remaining 21 quail (the consummatory responders) also displayed copulatory or consummatory responses to the CS. In the extinction phase, these two sets of quail were divided into two subgroups: one subgroup received a female in their home cages while the other did not. Consummatory responders that were not exposed to a female quail in the home cage showed a significant increase in conditioned consummatory responding as the extinction trials progressed (i.e., compulsive conditioned sexual responding), whereas the other subgroup showed no change. However, both subgroups showed resistance to extinction in both conditioned approach and consummatory behavior. These findings indicate that the increase in copulation with the terry-cloth CS during extinction is possibly caused by US deprivation. The findings also suggest that conditioned copulation with the terry-cloth CS may lead to partial drive satisfaction, which may contribute to persistence of the behavior. Implications of these findings for paraphilias and compulsive sexual behavior are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falih Köksal
- Psychology Department, İzmir University of Economics, Fevzi Çakmak, Sakarya Cd. No:156, 35330, Balçova, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Gülsen Kumru
- Department of Psychology, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Anarat
- Department of Psychology, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Michael Domjan
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nur Yeniçeri
- Department of Psychology, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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9
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Bored stiff: The relationship between meaninglessness, sexual sensation seeking, and promiscuous attitudes via boredom susceptibility. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Moynihan AB, Igou ER, van Tilburg WAP. Existential escape of the bored: A review of meaning-regulation processes under boredom. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1829347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Moynihan
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland V94 T9PX
| | - Eric R. Igou
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland V94 T9PX
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Slavin MN, Blycker GR, Potenza MN, Bőthe B, Demetrovics Z, Kraus SW. Gender-Related Differences in Associations Between Sexual Abuse and Hypersexuality. J Sex Med 2020; 17:2029-2038. [PMID: 32792283 PMCID: PMC7875089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with histories of sexual abuse may be more likely to experience sexual-related problems including hypersexuality, but gender-related differences remain unclear. AIM This online study examined sexual abuse history and hypersexuality by gender among 16,823 Hungarian adults, adjusting for age, sexual orientation, relationship status, education, employment status, and residence. METHODS An online questionnaire on one of the largest Hungarian news portals advertised this study examining sexual activities in January 2017. 3 categorizations of age-related sexual abuse were examined: child sexual abuse (CSA) occurring at age 13 and earlier (compared to no abuse), adolescent/adult sexual abuse (AASA; compared to no abuse), and CSA and AASA (CSA/AASA; compared to one age-related category of abuse or the other). OUTCOMES The outcome variable, hypersexuality, was examined as a continuous variable due to the low prevalence of clinical hypersexuality in this sample. 3 multivariate linear regression analyses adjusting for covariates aimed to predict hypersexuality from each category of abuse, along with gender and its interaction with each category. RESULTS In all models, younger age, non-heterosexual sexual orientation, male gender, single relationship status, less than full-time work, and living in a capital city were associated with hypersexuality, and education was not a significant predictor. CSA, AASA, and CSA/AASA predicted hypersexuality in both men and women. There was a significant interaction between CSA/AASA and gender, such that the relationship between CSA/AASA and hypersexuality was stronger in men than in women. CLINICAL TRANSLATION Sexual abuse at each developmental time-point may influence hypersexuality among men and women, although the cumulative impact of CSA and AASA on hypersexuality may be particularly relevant among men. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS This is one of the largest studies to examine gender-related differences in the relationship between sexual abuse and hypersexuality. Nevertheless, our study is cross-sectional, and longitudinal work is needed to determine how sexual abuse affects children, adolescents, and adults throughout their lives. CONCLUSION Developmental impacts of sexual abuse may be considered in a gender-informed fashion in order to develop and optimize effective prevention and treatment strategies for hypersexuality. Slavin MN, Blycker GR, Potenza MN, et al. Gender-Related Differences in Associations Between Sexual Abuse and Hypersexuality. J Sex Med 2020;17:2029-2038.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gretchen R Blycker
- College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; HäIsosam Therapy, Jamestown, RI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University Department of Neuroscience and Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shane W Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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12
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Sassover E, Weinstein A. Should compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) be considered as a behavioral addiction? A debate paper presenting the opposing view. J Behav Addict 2020; 11. [PMID: 32997646 PMCID: PMC9295215 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) has been a long debated issue. While formerly the discussion was about whether to regard CSBD as a distinctive disorder, the current debate is dealing with the classification of this phenomenon. One of the prominent voices in this field considers CSBD as a behavioral addiction and proposes CSBD to be called and diagnosed as sexual addiction (SA). This present debate paper will review the existing evidence supporting this view and it will argue against it. RESULTS We have found that a great deal of the current literature is anecdotal while empirical evidence is insufficient. First, the reports about the prevalence of CSBD are contradictory. Additionally, the field mainly suffers from inconsistent defining criteria of CSBD and a consensus which symptoms should be included. As a result, the empirical evidence that does exist is mostly about some symptoms individually and not on the disorder as a whole construct. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that currently, there is not enough data supporting CSBD as a behavioral addiction. Further research has to be done, examining CSBD phenomenology as a whole construct and based on a homogeneous criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Sassover
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, Israel
- Department of Behavioral Science and Integrative Brain and Cognition Center, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Aviv Weinstein
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, Israel
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13
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Psychiatric comorbidity in compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD). Addict Behav 2020; 107:106384. [PMID: 32244085 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) is characterized by a persistent failure to control intense and recurrent sexual impulses, urges, and/or thoughts, resulting in repetitive sexual behavior that causes a marked impairment in important areas of functioning. Data collected from clinical populations suggest that CSBD frequently co-occurs with other Axis I and II psychiatric disorders; however, studies conducted so far suffer from methodological shortcomings that prevent the determination of accurate psychiatric comorbidity rates (e.g., small sample sizes, reliance on non-reliable assessment methods in the estimation of comorbidity or the non-inclusion of healthy individuals to compare prevalence rates). The purpose of this study was to explore psychiatric comorbidity in a sample of individuals with and without CSBD. The study sample comprised 383 participants distributed into two groups through a cluster analyses: 315 participants without CSBD (non-CSBD) and 68 qualifying as sexually compulsives (CSBD). Participants were assessed for co-occurring Axis I and II clinical conditions using structured clinical interviews for the DSM-IV (SCID-I and II). The majority of CSBD participants (91.2%) met the criteria for at least one Axis I disorder, compared to 66% in non-CSBD participants. CSBD participants were more likely to report an increased prevalence of alcohol dependence (16.2%), alcohol abuse (44%), major depressive disorder (39.7%), bulimia nervosa (5.9%), adjustment disorders (20.6%), and other substances -mainly cannabis and cocaine- abuse or dependence (22.1%). Concerning Axis II, prevalence of borderline personality disorder was significantly higher in CSBD participants (5.9%). As expected, prevalence of different psychiatric conditions was significantly increased among sexually compulsive participants, revealing comorbidity patterns with important implications in the conceptualization, assessment, and treatment of patients with CSBD.
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14
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Carr MM, Saules KK, Ellis JD, Staples A, Ledgerwood DM, Loverich TM. Development and Validation of the Recognizing Addictive Disorders Scale: A Transdiagnostic Measure of Substance-Related and Other Addictive Disorders. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:2194-2204. [PMID: 32727284 PMCID: PMC7513270 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1797806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Substance use disorders and behavioral addictions commonly co-occur. However, few available self-report measures reliably and validly assess the full range of addictive conditions. The development and initial validation of a new measure-Recognizing Addictive Disorders (RADs) scale addresses a significant gap in the literature. Method: After items were generated and evaluated in Study 1, Study 2 (N = 300), applied exploratory factor analysis to the item pool using an online-based community sample. In Study 3 (N = 427), the factor structure was validated using an independent online-based community sample and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: The scale demonstrated good internal consistency (a = .92) and construct validity, including replication of the factor structure (χ2 (553) = 760.83, p < .001, CFI = .997, TLI = .997, RMSEA = .030) and correlation with a related transdiagnostic measure of addiction (r = .72). Discussion: Overall, results support the preliminary validity of a brief transdiagnostic measure of addiction that considers a diverse range of behaviors. For patients presenting to substance abuse treatment, this tool may be useful in identifying symptoms of other types of non-substance problems, which could ultimately aid in treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan M Carr
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Psychology Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
| | - Karen K Saules
- Psychology Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer D Ellis
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Angela Staples
- Psychology Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
| | - David M Ledgerwood
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tamara M Loverich
- Psychology Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
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Castro-Calvo J, Gil-Llario MD, Giménez-García C, Gil-Juliá B, Ballester-Arnal R. Occurrence and clinical characteristics of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD): A cluster analysis in two independent community samples. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:446-468. [PMID: 32554840 PMCID: PMC8939411 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) is characterized by a persistent failure to control intense and recurrent sexual impulses, urges, and/or thoughts, resulting in repetitive sexual behavior that causes a marked impairment in important areas of functioning. Despite its recent inclusion in the forthcoming ICD-11, concerns regarding its assessment, diagnosis, prevalence or clinical characteristics remain. The purpose of this study was to identify participants displaying CSBD through a novel data-driven approach in two independent samples and outline their sociodemographic, sexual, and clinical profile. METHODS Sample 1 included 1,581 university students (females = 56.9%; Mage = 20.58) whereas sample 2 comprised 1,318 community members (females = 43.6%; Mage = 32.37). First, we developed a new composite index to assess the whole range of CSBD symptoms based on three previously validated scales. Based on this new composite index, we subsequently identified individuals with CSBD through a cluster analytic approach. RESULTS The estimated occurrence of CSBD was 10.12% in sample 1 and 7.81% in sample 2. Participants with CSBD were mostly heterosexual males, younger than respondents without CSBD, reported higher levels of sexual sensation seeking and erotophilia, an increased offline and especially online sexual activity, more depressive and anxious symptoms, and poorer self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS This research provides further evidence on the occurrence of CSBD based on an alternative data-driven approach, as well as a detailed and nuanced description of the sociodemographic, sexual, and clinical profile of adults with this condition. Clinical implications derived from these findings are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Castro-Calvo
- Dpto. Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Universitat de València, Estudi General, Valencia, Spain,Correspondence author. Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, Valencia, 46010, Spain. Tel.: +34 963 983395; fax: +34 963 864669. E-mail:
| | - M. D. Gil-Llario
- Dpto. Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Universitat de València, Estudi General, Valencia, Spain
| | - C. Giménez-García
- Dpto. Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
| | - B. Gil-Juliá
- Dpto. Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Universitat de València, Estudi General, Valencia, Spain
| | - R. Ballester-Arnal
- Dpto. Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
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16
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Jiao T, Chen J, Niu Y. Masturbation is associated with psychopathological and reproduction health conditions: an online survey among campus male students. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2019.1677883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timei Jiao
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juelei Chen
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yubai Niu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Werner M, Štulhofer A, Waldorp L, Jurin T. A Network Approach to Hypersexuality: Insights and Clinical Implications. J Sex Med 2019; 15:373-386. [PMID: 29502983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of a growing interest in research on hypersexuality, consensus about its etiology and best treatment strategy has not been achieved. AIM To further the empirical and clinical understanding of hypersexuality by exploring the structure of its symptoms using a network analytic approach. METHODS In 2014, an online survey advertised as focusing on Internet pornography, sexual health, and relationships was carried out among Croatian men and women aged 18-60 years (Mage = 31.1 years, SD = 9.67). In a sample of 3,028 participants, we applied a network analytic approach to explore the structure of hypersexuality symptoms. In the network, nodes represented hypersexuality symptoms and associated sexual behaviors, while their connections were operationalized as partial correlations. 4 Research questions were addressed: (1) does the hypersexuality network differ between genders; (2) which symptoms are centrally positioned; (3) what is the topological location of pornography use; and (4) are there distinct clusters ("communities") of symptoms in the network? OUTCOMES We estimated and plotted hypersexuality networks by gender using items from the Hypersexual Disorder Screening Inventory and the Hypersexual Behavioral Consequences Scale, as well as indicators of sexual desire, pornography use, sexual intercourse, and masturbation frequency. RESULTS The structure of the hypersexuality network was surprisingly similar in women and men, both in terms of symptom centrality and the clustering of symptoms. Psychological distress and negative emotions triggered by sexual fantasies and/or behaviors, together with a loss of control over sexual feelings, occupied central positions in the networks. Pornography use was located peripherally in both the men's and women's hypersexuality networks. CLINICAL TRANSLATION Psychological distress and negative emotions triggered by sexual fantasies and/or behaviors constituted the core of the hypersexuality network, which makes them potential prime targets for clinical intervention and calls for normalization of (presumably self-stigmatized) sexual expression through affirmative therapy and interventions that enhance self-care, self-compassion, and adaptive coping mechanisms. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS This is the first network analytic approach to hypersexuality. Apart from its novel insights about the structure of hypersexuality, the study employed several methods to assure reliability and robustness of findings. Considering that networks were estimated in a convenience-based community sample, the findings might not generalize to clinically distressed individuals. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the usefulness of network analytics to hypersexuality in a non-clinical sample and we encourage future clinical and longitudinal explorations of hypersexuality using this novel approach. Werner M, Štulhofer A, Waldorp L, et al. A Network Approach to Hypersexuality: Insights and Clinical Implications. J Sex Med 2018;15:373-386.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Werner
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Aleksandar Štulhofer
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lourens Waldorp
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Program Group: Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Jurin
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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Winder B, Fedoroff JP, Grubin D, Klapilová K, Kamenskov M, Tucker D, Basinskaya IA, Vvedensky GE. The pharmacologic treatment of problematic sexual interests, paraphilic disorders, and sexual preoccupation in adult men who have committed a sexual offence. Int Rev Psychiatry 2019; 31:159-168. [PMID: 31184226 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2019.1577223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides an international perspective on the use of medications to treat problematic sexual interests, paraphilic disorders, and sexual preoccupation in men who have committed a sexual offence. Experts from Canada, the Czech Republic (CR), Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States met in Prague, CR in May 2017 to review and compare their treatment approaches. This report is a summary of their discussions, including empirical data from CR and Russia which have not previously been published in the English language. All participants agreed that continuing international collaboration would be very useful for the development of ethical international prescribing guidelines, as well as pooling data from studies on the efficacy and utility of pharmacological and other biological treatments for people who have committed sexual offences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Winder
- a Sexual Offences, Crime and Misconduct Research Unit , Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham , UK
| | - J Paul Fedoroff
- b Sexual Behaviours Clinic , The Royal and University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Don Grubin
- c Emeritus Professor of Forensic Psychiatry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Kateřina Klapilová
- d Head of Laboratory of Evolutionary Sexology and Psychopathology , National Institute of Mental Health , Klecany , Czech Republic.,e Faculty of Humanities , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Maxim Kamenskov
- f V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology , Moscow , Russia
| | - Douglas Tucker
- g Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco School of Medicine, Program in Psychiatry and the Law , University of California , Moraga , CA , USA
| | - Irina A Basinskaya
- h FSI "Oryol Mental Health Facility with Intensive Care" , Ministry of Public Health , Oryol , Russia
| | - Georgy E Vvedensky
- f V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology , Moscow , Russia
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19
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Kingston DA, Walters GD, Olver ME, Levaque E, Sawatsky M, Lalumière ML. Understanding the Latent Structure of Hypersexuality: A Taxometric Investigation. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:2207-2221. [PMID: 30229520 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We examined the latent structure and taxonicity of hypersexuality in large university and community samples of male and female respondents. Participants completed the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) and Sexual Compulsivity Scale (SCS), each as part of larger anonymous online surveys of sexual behavior. Exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were performed in part to prepare the data for taxometric analysis and also to identify the putative dimensions underpinning each measure. Three latent dimensions were identified from each of the Sexual Compulsivity Scale (dyscontrol, consequences, and preoccupation) and Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (coping, dyscontrol, and consequences). Taxometric analyses of the generated factors using mean above minus below a cut (MAMBAC), maximum covariance (MAXCOV), and latent mode factor analysis (L-Mode) broadly supported a dimensional latent structure for hypersexuality, particularly in female participants. Implications pertaining to the assessment of hypersexuality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew A Kingston
- HOPE Program, 208-995 Gateway Center Way, San Diego, CA, 92102, USA.
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Glenn D Walters
- Department of Criminal Justice, Kutztown University, Kutztown, PA, USA
| | - Mark E Olver
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Enya Levaque
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Megan Sawatsky
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Martin L Lalumière
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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20
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Bőthe B, Bartók R, Tóth-Király I, Reid RC, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z, Orosz G. Hypersexuality, Gender, and Sexual Orientation: A Large-Scale Psychometric Survey Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:2265-2276. [PMID: 29926261 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Criteria for hypersexual disorder (HD) were proposed for consideration in the DSM-5 but ultimately excluded for a variety of reasons. Regardless, research continues to investigate hypersexual behavior (HB). The Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) is one of the most robust scales assessing HB, but further examination is needed to explore its psychometric properties among different groups. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the generalizability of the HBI in a large, diverse, non-clinical sample (N = 18,034 participants; females = 6132; 34.0%; Mage = 33.6 years, SDage = 11.1) across both gender and sexual orientation. Measurement invariance testing was carried out to ensure gender- and sexual orientation-based comparisons were meaningful. Results demonstrated when both gender and sexual orientation were considered (i.e., heterosexual males vs. LGBTQ males vs. heterosexual females vs. LGBTQ females), LGBTQ males had significantly higher latent means on the HBI factors. Results also demonstrated LGBTQ males had the highest scores on other possible indicators of hypersexuality (e.g., frequency of masturbation, number of sexual partners, or frequency of pornography viewing). These findings suggest LGBTQ males may be a group most at risk of engaging in hypersexual behavior, and LGBTQ females are at a higher risk of engaging in hypersexual activities due to coping problems. Given the large-scale nature of the study, the findings contribute to the currently growing body of the literature on hypersexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Bőthe
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46., Budapest, 1064, Hungary.
| | - Réka Bartók
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46., Budapest, 1064, Hungary
| | - István Tóth-Király
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46., Budapest, 1064, Hungary
| | - Rory C Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46., Budapest, 1064, Hungary
| | - Gábor Orosz
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46., Budapest, 1064, Hungary
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Drawing out the shame: A comparative study on the effectiveness of art therapy with hypersexual adults. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Slavin MN, Kraus SW, Ecker A, Sartor C, Blycker GR, Potenza MN, Dukes K, Foster DW. Marijuana Use, Marijuana Expectancies, and Hypersexuality among College Students. SEXUAL ADDICTION & COMPULSIVITY 2017; 24:248-256. [PMID: 30174385 PMCID: PMC6115197 DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2017.1388203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Research supports links between marijuana effect expectancies and risky sexual behaviors among marijuana users, but associations between marijuana expectancies and hypersexuality have yet to be investigated. The current study examined links between marijuana lifetime use and hypersexuality among university students. A hierarchical regression adjusting for gender and alcohol use was used to determine the degree to which marijuana use and expectancies accounted for variance in hypersexuality. Marijuana lifetime use and hypersexuality were significantly and positive related. After adjusting for covariates, perceptual and cognitive enhancement expectancies positively correlated with hypersexuality, while tension reduction and relaxation expectancies negatively correlated with hypersexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane W. Kraus
- VISN 1 New England MIRECC, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA
| | - Anthony Ecker
- VA South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Houston, TX
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Carolyn Sartor
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Marc N. Potenza
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, New Haven, CT
- Yale School of Medicine, Child Study Center, New Haven, CT
- Yale School of Medicine, National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, New Haven, CT
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Kristin Dukes
- Simmons College, Department of Psychology, Boston, MA
| | - Dawn W. Foster
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT
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23
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Walton MT, Cantor JM, Bhullar N, Lykins AD. Hypersexuality: A Critical Review and Introduction to the "Sexhavior Cycle". ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:2231-2251. [PMID: 28687897 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-0991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An empirical review of hypersexuality is timely as "compulsive sexual behavior" is being considered as an impulse control disorder for inclusion in the forthcoming International Classification of Diseases, 11th ed. Specifically, hypersexuality has been conceptualized in the literature as the inability to regulate one's sexual behavior that is a source of significant personal distress. Various theoretical models have been posited in an attempt to understand the occurrence of hypersexuality, although disagreement about these divergent conceptualizations of the condition has made assessment and treatment of hypersexual clients more challenging. Theories of sexual compulsivity, sexual impulsivity, dual control (sexual inhibition/excitation), and sex addiction are critically examined, as are the diagnostic criteria for clinically assessing hypersexuality as a sexual disorder. Our discussion of hypersexuality covers a diversity of research and clinical perspectives. We also address various challenges associated with reliably defining, psychometrically measuring, and diagnosing hypersexuality. Furthermore, literature is reviewed that expresses concerns regarding whether hypersexuality (conceptualized as a disorder) exists, whether it is simply normophilic behavior at the extreme end of sexual functioning, or alternatively is a presenting problem that requires treatment rather than a clinical diagnosis. Following our literature review, we developed the "sexhavior cycle of hypersexuality" to potentially explain the neuropsychology and maintenance cycle of hypersexuality. The sexhavior cycle suggests that, for some hypersexual persons, high sexual arousal may temporarily and adversely impact cognitive processing (cognitive abeyance) and explain a repeated pattern of psychological distress when interpreting one's sexual behavior (sexual incongruence). We also suggest that further research is required to validate whether hypersexuality is a behavioral disorder (such as gambling), although some presentations of the condition appear to be symptomatic of a heterogeneous psychological problem that requires treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Walton
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - James M Cantor
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Navjot Bhullar
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Amy D Lykins
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
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24
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Bouchard KN, Dawson SJ, Lalumière ML. The effects of sex drive and paraphilic interests on paraphilic behaviours in a nonclinical sample of men and women. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3138/cjhs.262-a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Beutel ME, Giralt S, Wölfling K, Stöbel-Richter Y, Subic-Wrana C, Reiner I, Tibubos AN, Brähler E. Prevalence and determinants of online-sex use in the German population. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28628620 PMCID: PMC5476251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The unlimited access to sexual features in the World Wide Web has raised concerns about excessive and problematic online-sex use. However, little is known about antecedents of internet-sex use of different intensity. Based on a representative German sample of 2,522 participants between the ages of 14 and 97 years, the aims of the present study were (1) to determine the prevalence rates of online-sex users with the short version (ISSTGSV) of the Internet Sex Screening Test and (2) to associate online-sex use with anxious vs. avoidant partner attachment patterns and “Big Five” personality traits as potential antecedents. Results The ISST is a brief, one-dimensional and reliable measure of online-sex activities (rtt = .69). Overall, 14.7% of respondents reported occasional and 4.2% intensive online-sex use. In multivariate analysis, online-sex use was significantly positively associated with male sex, younger age, unemployment and an anxious partner attachment pattern and negatively with conscientiousness and agreeableness. Conclusions Arousal and satisfaction by virtual enactment of sexual phantasies may be attractive for anxiously attached persons who find it difficult to commit to a real life relationship due to fear of rejection or low self-esteem. More knowledge about the individual antecedents of intensive online-sex use may also be helpful for the development of consultation and treatment strategies for excessive and addictive online-sex use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred E. Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Giralt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Wölfling
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yve Stöbel-Richter
- Faculty of Managerial and Cultural Studies, University of Applied Sciences Zittau/ Goerlitz, Goerlitz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia Subic-Wrana
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Iris Reiner
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ana Nanette Tibubos
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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26
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Brem MJ, Shorey RC, Anderson S, Stuart GL. Depression, anxiety, and compulsive sexual behaviour among men in residential treatment for substance use disorders: The role of experiential avoidance. Clin Psychol Psychother 2017; 24:1246-1253. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meagan J. Brem
- Psychology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | | | - Scott Anderson
- Clinical Director; Cornerstone of Recovery; Louisville Tennessee USA
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27
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Walton MT, Cantor JM, Lykins AD. An Online Assessment of Personality, Psychological, and Sexuality Trait Variables Associated with Self-Reported Hypersexual Behavior. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:721-733. [PMID: 26502283 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
"Hypersexual" behavior represents a perceived inability to control one's sexual behavior. To investigate hypersexual behavior, an international sample of 510 self-identified heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual men and women completed an anonymous online self-report questionnaire battery. In addition to age and sex (male), hypersexual behavior was related to higher scores on measures of sexual excitation, sexual inhibition due to the threat of performance failure, trait impulsivity, and both depressed mood and anxiety. In contrast, hypersexual behavior was related to lower scores on sexual inhibition due to the threat of performance consequences. Higher neuroticism and extraversion, as well as lower agreeableness and conscientiousness, also predicted hypersexual behavior. Interestingly, interactions among the variables assessed did not significantly predict hypersexual behavior, suggesting the possible existence of multiple and predominantly independent taxa for various persons reporting hypersexual behavior. Core personality features may also be present in persons with hypersexual behavior. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Walton
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Behavioral, Cognitive, and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - James M Cantor
- Law and Mental Health Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amy D Lykins
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Behavioral, Cognitive, and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
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28
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Štulhofer A, Jurin T, Briken P. Is High Sexual Desire a Facet of Male Hypersexuality? Results from an Online Study. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2016; 42:665-680. [PMID: 26569650 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2015.1113585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing number of studies, hypersexuality remains controversial and empirically elusive. Using a group comparison approach, this study revisited the claim that hypersexuality cannot be reliably distinguished from high sexual desire. An online survey, advertised as focusing on pornography use and sexual health, was carried out in 2014 among 1,998 Croatian men aged 18 to 60 years (Mage = 34.7, SD = 9.83). Membership in the hypersexuality group (HYP; n = 57) was determined using the Hypersexual Disorder Screening Inventory and the Hypersexual Behavior Consequences Scale. The highest values on two indicators of sexual desire/interest set membership in the high sexual desire group (HSD; n = 70). The overlap between the groups was negligible (n = 4). Compared to the rest of the sample, men in the HYP group had significantly higher odds of being single, not exclusively heterosexual, religious, depressed, prone to sexual boredom, experiencing substance abuse consequences, holding negative attitudes toward pornography use, and evaluating one's sexual morality more negatively. In contrast, the HSD group differed from controls only in reporting more positive attitudes toward pornography use. The study findings point to a distinct phenomenology of HSD and HYP in men. Clinical implications of the findings are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Štulhofer
- a Department of Sociology , Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Tanja Jurin
- b Department of Psychology , Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Peer Briken
- c Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
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29
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Griffin BJ, Worthington EL, Leach JD, Hook JN, Grubbs J, Exline JJ, Davis DE. Sexual Congruence Moderates the Associations of Hypersexual Behavior with Spiritual Struggle and Sexual Self-Concept. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2016.1150924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Rettenberger M, Klein V, Briken P. The Relationship Between Hypersexual Behavior, Sexual Excitation, Sexual Inhibition, and Personality Traits. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:219-33. [PMID: 25559323 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0399-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The term hypersexuality was introduced to describe excessive sexual behavior associated with a person's inability to control his or her sexual behavior. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of different personality traits on the degree of hypersexual behavior as measured by the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI). A further aim was to evaluate the association between sexual inhibition and excitation [as described in the Dual Control Model (DCM)] and hypersexual behavior. A sample of 1,749 participants completed an internet-based survey comprised the HBI, the short form of the Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scales (SIS/SES-SF) as well as more general personality measures: the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System-scales (BIS/BAS-scales) and a short version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI-10). Using the recommended HBI cut-off, 6.0 % (n = 105) of the present sample could be categorized as hypersexual, which is comparable to the results of previous studies about the prevalence of hypersexual behavior in the general population. The results provided strong support for the components of the DCM-sexual excitation and inhibition-to explain hypersexual behavior, irrespective of gender and sexual orientation. Some of the general personality traits also showed significant relationships with hypersexual behavior. Taken together, the results of the present study provide further support for the relevance of research about the relationships between sexual problems and disorders, the DCM, and personality variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rettenberger
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz (JGU), Binger Straße 14-16, 55122, Mainz, Germany.
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Verena Klein
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Kingston DA. Hypersexuality Disorders and Sexual Offending. SEXUAL OFFENDING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2416-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
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Deneke E, Knepper C, Green BA, Carnes PJ. Comparative Study of Three Levels of Care in a Substance Use Disorder Inpatient Facility on Risk for Sexual Addiction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2014.979382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Examining the psychometric properties of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale in a sample of compulsive pornography users. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 59:117-22. [PMID: 25732412 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study evaluated several psychometric properties of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) (Goodman et al., 1989) adapted for compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) in a sample of 103 men seeking treatment at a private and a public university clinic in the United States. METHOD Measures of mental health functioning were collected from patients on two separate appointments: the initial screening and the follow-up appointment. RESULTS All patients reported using pornography compulsively, and approximately half of the sample also reported a history of having frequent anonymous sex with strangers. Results found that the adapted Y-BOCS had good internal consistency reliability, moderate mean inter-item correlations, and good test-retest reliability. Results from a multiple regression analysis also found that affect dysregulation (depression and anxiety), particularly among single, impaired men, was significantly associated with more severe sexual obsessive and compulsive features. Approximately 94% of the sample met criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder, and 57% of men met criteria for two or more psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS Findings from the current study suggest the CSB-Y-BOCS is a reliable measure of obsessive and compulsive symptoms associated with CSB, and clinicians and researchers could use this scale to aid in the assessment and treatment of problematic sexual behaviors.
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Hook JN, Farrell JE, Davis DE, Van Tongeren DR, Griffin BJ, Grubbs J, Penberthy JK, Bedics JD. Self-Forgiveness and Hypersexual Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2014.1001542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Grubbs JB, Volk F, Exline JJ, Pargament KI. Internet pornography use: perceived addiction, psychological distress, and the validation of a brief measure. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2015; 41:83-106. [PMID: 24341869 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2013.842192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The authors aimed to validate a brief measure of perceived addiction to Internet pornography refined from the 32-item Cyber Pornography Use Inventory, report its psychometric properties, and examine how the notion of perceived addiction to Internet pornography might be related to other domains of psychological functioning. To accomplish this, 3 studies were conducted using a sample of undergraduate psychology students, a web-based adult sample, and a sample of college students seeking counseling at a university's counseling center. The authors developed and refined a short 9-item measure of perceived addiction to Internet pornography, confirmed its structure in multiple samples, examined its relatedness to hypersexuality more broadly, and demonstrated that the notion of perceived addiction to Internet pornography is very robustly related to various measures of psychological distress. Furthermore, the relation between psychological distress and the new measure persisted, even when other potential contributors (e.g., neuroticism, self-control, amount of time spent viewing pornography) were controlled for statistically, indicating the clinical relevance of assessing perceived addiction to Internet pornography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Grubbs
- a Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
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Giordano AL, Cecil AL. Religious Coping, Spirituality, and Hypersexual Behavior Among College Students. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2014.936542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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McKeague EL. Differentiating the Female Sex Addict: A Literature Review Focused on Themes of Gender Difference Used to Inform Recommendations for Treating Women With Sex Addiction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2014.931266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sutton KS, Stratton N, Pytyck J, Kolla NJ, Cantor JM. Patient Characteristics by Type of Hypersexuality Referral: A Quantitative Chart Review of 115 Consecutive Male Cases. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2014; 41:563-580. [PMID: 25032736 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2014.935539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypersexuality remains an increasingly common but poorly understood patient complaint. Despite diversity in clinical presentations of patients referred for hypersexuality, the literature has maintained treatment approaches that are assumed to apply to the entire phenomenon. This approach has proven ineffective, despite its application over several decades. The present study used quantitative methods to examine demographic, mental health, and sexological correlates of common clinical subtypes of hypersexuality referrals. Findings support the existence of subtypes, each with distinct clusters of features. Paraphilic hypersexuals reported greater numbers of sexual partners, more substance abuse, initiation to sexual activity at an earlier age, and novelty as a driving force behind their sexual behavior. Avoidant masturbators reported greater levels of anxiety, delayed ejaculation, and use of sex as an avoidance strategy. Chronic adulterers reported premature ejaculation and later onset of puberty. Designated patients were less likely to report substance abuse, employment, or finance problems. Although quantitative, this article nonetheless presents a descriptive study in which the underlying typology emerged from features most salient in routine sexological assessment. Future studies might apply purely empirical statistical techniques, such as cluster analyses, to ascertain to what extent similar typologies emerge when examined prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Sutton
- a Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Sexual Behaviours Clinic , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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Carvalho J, Guerra L, Neves S, Nobre PJ. Psychopathological predictors characterizing sexual compulsivity in a nonclinical sample of women. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2014; 41:467-480. [PMID: 24836276 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2014.920755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sexual compulsivity in women has been understudied. Furthermore, studies on this topic usually consider clinical samples of individuals assigned to the label of sexual addicts and presenting strong psychiatric comorbidities. Consequently, there is missing evidence on the relation between psychological factors and sexual compulsivity in the absence of significant psychiatric disturbance. Such disturbance may mask the psychological dimensions underpinning sexual compulsivity. Against this background, this study used a nonpathological frame to explore this relation because it may add relevant information on the topic of female sexual compulsivity. Two-hundred thirty-five female college students were eligible for the study. Participants completed self-report questionnaires on the following topics: trait affect, impulsiveness, psychological symptoms, alexithymia, sexual response in states of anxiety versus depressive mood, and coping skills. Findings revealed that motor/planning impulsiveness and psychoticism significantly predicted sexual compulsivity in women. Data have suggested that when sexual compulsivity is measured as a continuous construct in a community sample of women, only some factors seem common to those found in severe forms of hypersexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Carvalho
- a Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Abstract
A number of studies have linked maladaptive shame to higher levels of hypersexual behavior and tendencies to ruminate. However, little research has examined factors that may attenuate the negative impact that shame and rumination may have on hypersexuality. Drawing on data collected from male patients (N=172) assessed for hypersexual disorder in a DSM-5 field trial, path analysis was used to explore relationships among shame, rumination, self-compassion, and hypersexual behavior. The findings from this study showed that self-compassion partially mediated the relationship between shame and rumination and hypersexual behavior. The implications of these results are discussed and directions for future research are offered.
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Klein V, Rettenberger M, Briken P. Self-reported indicators of hypersexuality and its correlates in a female online sample. J Sex Med 2014; 11:1974-81. [PMID: 24909396 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypersexual behavior has been a controversial and much disputed issue in the field of sexual medicine. However, only little attention has been paid to hypersexual behavior in women. Therefore, to date there is limited knowledge on the behavioral patterns of hypersexuality in women. AIMS The purpose of the present study was to examine which sexual behavioral patterns are associated with self-reported indicators of hypersexuality in a female online sample. The second aim was to evaluate the association between hypersexuality and sexual risk behavior in women. METHODS In total, 988 women participated in an online survey. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between sexual behavioral patterns and hypersexuality. Furthermore, correlation analyses were calculated in order to identify the relationship between sexual risk behavior and hypersexuality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Indicators of hypersexual behavior were measured by the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI). In addition, current and present impersonal sexual activities were investigated. Sexual risk behavior was assessed using the Sexual Sensation Seeking Scale (SSSS). RESULTS High masturbation frequency, number of sexual partners, and pornography use were associated with a higher degree of hypersexual behavior in women. Furthermore, the HBI total score was positively correlated to sexual risk behavior. CONCLUSION The results of the current study do not support the idea of previous research that hypersexual women are typically engaged in more passive forms of sexual behavior. Rather female hypersexuality seems to be more characterized by impersonal sexual activity. An association between hypersexual behavior and sexual risk behavior was identified. The implications of these findings for potential prevention strategies and therapeutic interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Klein
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Schultz K, Hook JN, Davis DE, Penberthy JK, Reid RC. Nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior and depressive symptoms: a meta-analytic review of the literature. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2014; 40:477-87. [PMID: 24168778 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2013.772551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Research on nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior and its associated characteristics has increased in recent years. In the present article, the authors review the literature on the relation between nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior and depressive symptoms. There was a moderate, positive relation between nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior and depressive symptoms (r =.34). This relation was similar across gender, sexual orientation, and age. The authors discuss the implications for researchers and clinicians working with hypersexual individuals. Future research should work to elucidate the causal direction of the relation between nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior and depressive symptoms. The authors encourage clinicians who work with hypersexual patients to assess them for depressive symptoms and consider treatment options that address concurrent depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Schultz
- a Department of Psychology , University of North Texas , Denton , Texas , USA
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Yeagley E, Hickok A, Bauermeister JA. Hypersexual behavior and HIV sex risk among young gay and bisexual men. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2014; 51:882-92. [PMID: 24112113 PMCID: PMC3983182 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2013.818615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypersexual behavior has been identified as a sexual risk correlate among gay and bisexual men (GBM). The Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) has been shown to be a reliable and valid measure of hypersexual behavior in clinical populations, yet it has not been used to assess hypersexual behavior in nonclinical samples. We examined the psychometric properties of the HBI with survey data recorded between December 2009 and March 2010 in a sample of young men (N = 366, M = 21.46 years old, SD = 1.95) who self-identified as gay (89%) or bisexual (11%) and assessed its association with unprotected receptive anal intercourse (URAI) partners and occasions. Using cross-sectional data of single, sexually active young GBM (YGBM), we used confirmatory factor analyses to test the HBI's three-factor structure. Using negative binomial regressions, we then tested the association between the HBI subscales and sexual risk. After accounting for covariates, we found that sexual control was a risk factor for URAI partners and occasions, and coping was found to be a protective factor for URAI occasions. In light of our findings, we discuss the importance of reexamining the theoretical assumptions of hypersexual behavior and propose HIV prevention strategies that may reduce young GBM's vulnerability to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Yeagley
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
| | - Andrew Hickok
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
| | - José A. Bauermeister
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
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Spenhoff M, Kruger TH, Hartmann U, Kobs J. Hypersexual Behavior in an Online Sample of Males: Associations with Personal Distress and Functional Impairment. J Sex Med 2013; 10:2996-3005. [DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nair D, Pawar A, Kalra G, Shah N. An Indian Study of Hypersexual Disorder in Patients with Anxiety and Mood Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2013.814094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pinto J, Carvalho J, Nobre PJ. The Relationship Between the FFM Personality Traits, State Psychopathology, and Sexual Compulsivity in a Sample of Male College Students. J Sex Med 2013; 10:1773-82. [DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Reid RC, Davtian M, Lenartowicz A, Torrevillas RM, Fong TW. Perspectives on the assessment and treatment of adult ADHD in hypersexual men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/npy.13.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Compulsive sexual behavior consists of sexual obsessions and compulsions that are recurrent, distressing, and interfere with daily functioning. It has been called hypersexual disorder in the upcoming diagnostic and statistical manual 5(th) edition. Though hypersexuality is commonly seen in mania, it can also be seen in depression and anxiety disorders. This case report describes a case that presented with depression and had underlying compulsive sexual behavior in the form of frottage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurvinder Kalra
- Department of Psychiatry, M. G. M. Medical College and Hospital, M. G. M. University of Health Sciences, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract
This study investigated the role of perfectionism in a treatment-seeking sample (N = 136) of adult men and women using the Perfectionism Inventory (PI) and the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI). Several facets of perfectionism were positively correlated with hypersexuality, with the concern over mistakes scale from the PI accounting for most of the predictive variance in patterns of hypersexual behavior measured by the HBI. Items associated with concern over mistakes closely parallel the construct of shame noted in other studies of hypersexual patients. To a lesser degree, the PI scale planfulness also showed a negative relationship with hypersexuality, suggesting tendencies of impulsivity in the current patients. These data reinforce the findings in other studies that patterns of harsh self-criticism and impulsivity seem to strongly influence hypersexual behavior.
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