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Xu Y, Chen J, Li Y, Sun D, Li H, Chen L. Non-alkaloid components with inhibitory activity against LPS induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 229:114288. [PMID: 39304013 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Sophora flavescens Aiton is a plant in the Leguminosae family. As a traditional Chinese medicine, it is used to treat eczema, bloody stool, skin pruritus, and so on. By studying non-alkaloid components in the roots of S. flavescens, we obtained a total of 49 compounds (1-49), including three undescribed flavonoids (13, 15 and 18), five undescribed isopentenyl flavonoids (32, 34, 38, 39 and 48), two known coumarins (1-2), three phenolic acids (3-5), one known isopentenyl flavonoids (19-31, 33, 35-37, 40-47 and 49). On the basis of chemical evidences and spectral data analysis (UV, ECD, Optical rotation data, 1D/2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS), the structures of undescribed compounds were elucidated. The inhibitory effect of compounds 1-49 on LPS induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells was detected. Compounds 11, 19, 21-24, and 28-30 showed significant inhibitory effects, and the IC50 values of compounds 11 and 22 even reached 4.58 ± 0.66 and 4.53 ± 0.66 μM. This study suggests that flavonoids may be the main component that exerts anti-inflammatory effects in the non-alkaloid extraction layer of the extract from the roots of S. flavescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jinxia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuxia Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, Fujian Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Fan F, Chen L, Chen C, Ang S, Gutkowski J, Seeram NP, Ma H, Li D. Prenylated flavonoids from Sophora flavescens inhibit mushroom tyrosinase activity and modulate melanogenesis in murine melanoma cells and zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1422310. [PMID: 39050754 PMCID: PMC11266098 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1422310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Sophora flavescens, a traditional Chinese medicine for treating conditions associated with abnormal skin pigmentation, contains flavonoids with inhibitory effects on tyrosinase. However, their mechanisms of action and their modulatory effects on melanogenesis remain unclear. Methods: Herein, a group of prenylated flavonoids was identified from S. flavescens extracts and their inhibitory activities on mushroom tyrosinase were evaluated. The anti-melanogenesis effects of these prenylated flavonoids were investigated in cellular (with murine melanoma cells) and animal (with zebrafish) models. Results: Prenylated flavonoids including isoanhydroicaritin (IAI), kurarinone (KR), and sophoraflavanone G (SG) were the major active constituents in S. flavescens extracts with anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50 = 0.7, 7.1, and 6.7 μM, respectively). Enzyme kinetic assays showed that IAI, KR, and SG had a mixed type of tyrosinase inhibition, supported by data from computational docking. Notably, KR at concentrations of 5 and 10 μM enhanced intracellular tyrosinase activity and stimulated melanin production in B16F10 cells, whereas SG and IAI did not exhibit significant activity. Further studies with the zebrafish model showed that IAI (80 and 160 μM) inhibited melanin biosynthesis by about 30.0% while KR (20 μM) stimulated melanogenesis by 36.9%. Furthermore, a zebrafish depigmentation model supported the anti-melanogenesis effect of IAI (80 and 160 μM) by 33.0% and 34.4%, respectively. Conclusion: In summary, IAI was identified as a tyrosinase inhibitor with an anti-melanogenic effect and KR was an enhancer for melanin production in B16F10 cells and zebrafish. Findings from the current study suggest that IAI and KR from S. flavescens may exert contrasting effects in the modulation of melanin production, providing important insights into the development of S. flavescens as a cosmeceutical or medicinal ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenling Fan
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lanqing Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Caihong Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Ang
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Justin Gutkowski
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Navindra P. Seeram
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Hang Ma
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
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Doğan A, Akocak S. Natural products as tyrosinase inhibitors. Enzymes 2024; 56:85-109. [PMID: 39304292 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a crucial copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin. Melasma, age spots, and freckles are examples of hyperpigmentation diseases caused by excess production of melanin. Inhibiting tyrosinase activity is a crucial method for treating these disorders along with various applications such as cosmetics, food technology, and medicine. Natural products have proven a rich source of tyrosinase inhibitors, with several molecules from plant, marine, and microbial sources showing potential inhibitory action. This chapter provides a complete overview of natural compounds that have been found as tyrosinase inhibitors, with emphasis on their structures, modes of action, and prospective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslınur Doğan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Türkiye
| | - Suleyman Akocak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Türkiye.
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4
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Nishi K, Imamura I, Hoashi K, Kiyama R, Mitsuiki S. Estrogenic Prenylated Flavonoids in Sophora flavescens. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:204. [PMID: 38397194 PMCID: PMC10887985 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sophora flavescens is a medicinal herb distributed widely in Japan and it has been used to treat various diseases and symptoms. To explore its pharmacological use, we examined the estrogenic activity of four prenylated flavonoids, namely kurarinone, kushenols A and I, and sophoraflavanone G, which are characterized by the lavandulyl group at position 8 of ring A, but have variations in the hydroxyl group at positions 3 (ring C), 5 (ring A) and 4' (ring B). These prenylated flavonoids were examined via cell proliferation assays using sulforhodamine B, Western blotting, and RT-PCR, corresponding to cell, protein, and transcription assays, respectively, based on estrogen action mechanisms. All the assays employed here found weak but clear estrogenic activities for the prenylated flavonoids examined. Furthermore, the activities were inhibited by an estrogen receptor antagonist, suggesting that the activities were likely being mediated by the estrogen receptors. However, there were differences in the activity, attributable to the hydroxyl group at position 4', which is absent in kushenol A. While the estrogenic activity of kurarinone and sophoraflavanone G has been reported before, to the best of our knowledge, there are no such reports on kushenols A and I. Therefore, this study represents the first report of their estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shinji Mitsuiki
- Faculty of Life Science, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka 813-8503, Japan; (K.N.); (I.I.); (K.H.); (R.K.)
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Zhang X, Lu KZ, Yang YN, Feng ZM, Yuan X, Jiang JS, Zhang PC. Six undescribed lavandulylated flavonoids with PTP1B inhibition from the roots of Sophora flavescens. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 216:113889. [PMID: 37813134 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Six undescribed lavandulylated flavonoids (1-6) were isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens. Remarkably, compounds 1 and 2, which were composed of a flavane unit and a phloroglucinol unit, were the first reported dimers. Compounds 3 and 4 were the first reported neoflavonoids with lavandulyl units. Compounds 5 and 6 were chalcone with oxidized lavandulyl units. Their structures were fully characterized by cumulative analyses of UV, IR, HRESIMS, NMR and ECD spectroscopic data, along with computational calculations through density functional theory. Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 2.669 and 3.596 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Zhou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Ming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Shuang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pei-Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Han NR, Park HJ, Ko SG, Moon PD. The Mixture of Natural Products SH003 Exerts Anti-Melanoma Effects through the Modulation of PD-L1 in B16F10 Cells. Nutrients 2023; 15:2790. [PMID: 37375695 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most invasive and lethal skin cancer. Recently, PD-1/PD-L1 pathway modulation has been applied to cancer therapy due to its remarkable clinical efficacy. SH003, a mixture of natural products derived from Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica gigas, and Trichosanthes kirilowii, and formononetin (FMN), an active constituent of SH003, exhibit anti-cancer and anti-oxidant properties. However, few studies have reported on the anti-melanoma activities of SH003 and FMN. This work aimed to elucidate the anti-melanoma effects of SH003 and FMN through the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, using B16F10 cells and CTLL-2 cells. Results showed that SH003 and FMN reduced melanin content and tyrosinase activity induced by α-MSH. Moreover, SH003 and FMN suppressed B16F10 growth and arrested cells at the G2/M phase. SH003 and FMN also led to cell apoptosis with increases in PARP and caspase-3 activation. The pro-apoptotic effects were further enhanced when combined with cisplatin. In addition, SH003 and FMN reversed the increased PD-L1 and STAT1 phosphorylation levels induced by cisplatin in the presence of IFN-γ. SH003 and FMN also enhanced the cytotoxicity of CTLL-2 cells against B16F10 cells. Therefore, the mixture of natural products SH003 demonstrates therapeutic potential in cancer treatment by exerting anti-melanoma effects through the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ra Han
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Department of Anatomy & Information Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil-Dong Moon
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Saleem H, Yaqub A, Rafique R, Ali Chohan T, Malik DES, Tousif MI, Khurshid U, Ahemad N, Ramasubburayan R, Rengasamy KR. Nutritional and medicinal plants as potential sources of enzyme inhibitors toward the bioactive functional foods: an updated review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:9805-9828. [PMID: 37255100 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2217264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are biologically active complex protein molecules that catalyze most chemical reactions in living organisms, and their inhibitors accelerate biological processes. This review emphasizes medicinal food plants and their isolated chemicals inhibiting clinically important enzymes in common diseases. A mechanistic overview was investigated to explain the mechanism of these food bases enzyme inhibitors. The enzyme inhibition potential of medicinal food plants and their isolated substances was searched in Ovid, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Cholinesterase, amylase, glucosidase, xanthine oxidase, tyrosinase, urease, lipoxygenase, and others were inhibited by crude extracts, solvent fractions, or isolated pure chemicals from medicinal food plants. Several natural compounds have shown tyrosinase inhibition potential, including quercetin, glabridin, phloretin-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, lupinalbin, and others. Some of these compounds' inhibitory kinetics and molecular mechanisms are also discussed. Phenolics and flavonoids inhibit enzyme activity best among the secondary metabolites investigated. Several studies showed flavonoids' significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, highlighting their medicinal potential. Overall, many medicinal food plants, their crude extracts/fractions, and isolated compounds have been studied, and some promising compounds depending on the enzyme have been found. Still, more studies are recommended to derive potential pharmacologically active functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Saleem
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anam Yaqub
- Fatima Memorial Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Tahir Ali Chohan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Durr-E-Shahwar Malik
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences, NawabShah, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Tousif
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umair Khurshid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Ramasamy Ramasubburayan
- Marine Biomedical Research Lab & Environmental Toxicology Unit, Department of Prosthodotics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Kannan Rr Rengasamy
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry (LNPMC), Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
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8
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Mohammadsadeghi N, Mahdavi A, Saadati F, Mohammadi F. In silico and in vitro studies of novel derivatives of tyrosol and raspberry ketone as the mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors. Food Chem 2023; 424:136413. [PMID: 37236080 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is the key enzyme for melanin biosynthesis. Overproduction and deposition of this pigment cause different problems in various industries including agriculture and food. Finding safe tyrosinase inhibitors thus attracts great research interest. The goal of this study is evaluation of inhibitory potencies of some novel synthetic derivatives of tyrosol and raspberry ketone on diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase. The ligands inhibited enzyme activity and compound 4-(2-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)ethyl)phenol (1d) exhibited the most inhibitory potency (77% inhibition, IC50 = 0.32 µmol L-1) via the mixed inhibition mode. This compound was also safe according to the results of in vitro analyses. The enzyme-ligands interactions were theoretically and experimentally investigated using molecular docking and fluorescence quenching approaches, respectively. Modes of quenching and related parameters were also determined and molecular docking data showed that the ligands bind to important sites of the enzyme. These compounds, especially 1d, can be suggested as efficient candidates for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Mohammadsadeghi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Mahdavi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran.
| | - Fariba Saadati
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, P. O. Box 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Fakhrossadat Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran.
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Kim HD, Choi H, Abekura F, Park JY, Yang WS, Yang SH, Kim CH. Naturally-Occurring Tyrosinase Inhibitors Classified by Enzyme Kinetics and Copper Chelation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098226. [PMID: 37175965 PMCID: PMC10178891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are three major assaying methods used to validate in vitro whitening activity from natural products: methods using mushroom tyrosinase, human tyrosinase, and dopachrome tautomerase (or tyrosinase-related protein-2, TRP-2). Whitening agent development consists of two ways, melanin synthesis inhibition in melanocytes and downregulation of melanocyte stimulation. For melanin levels, the melanocyte cell line has been used to examine melanin synthesis with the expression levels of TRP-1 and TRP-2. The proliferation of epidermal surfaced cells and melanocytes is stimulated by cellular signaling receptors, factors, or mediators including endothelin-1, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, nitric oxide, histamine, paired box 3, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, pyrimidine dimer, ceramide, stem cell factors, melanocortin-1 receptor, and cAMP. In addition, the promoter region of melanin synthetic genes including tyrosinase is upregulated by melanocyte-specific transcription factors. Thus, the inhibition of growth and melanin synthesis in gene expression levels represents a whitening research method that serves as an alternative to tyrosinase inhibition. Many researchers have recently presented the bioactivity-guided fractionation, discovery, purification, and identification of whitening agents. Melanogenesis inhibition can be obtained using three different methods: tyrosinase inhibition, copper chelation, and melanin-related protein downregulation. There are currently four different types of inhibitors characterized based on their enzyme inhibition mechanisms: competitive, uncompetitive, competitive/uncompetitive mixed-type, and noncompetitive inhibitors. Reversible inhibitor types act as suicide substrates, where traditional inhibitors are classified as inactivators and reversible inhibitors based on the molecule-recognizing properties of the enzyme. In a minor role, transcription factors can also be downregulated by inhibitors. Currently, the active site copper iron-binding inhibitors such as kojic acid and chalcone exhibit tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Because the tyrosinase catalysis site structure is important for the mechanism determination of tyrosinase inhibitors, understanding the enzyme recognition and inhibitory mechanism of inhibitors is essential for the new development of tyrosinase inhibitors. The present review intends to classify current natural products identified by means of enzyme kinetics and copper chelation to exhibit tyrosinase enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Do Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Choi
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Suk Yang
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), POSTECH, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang-si 37676, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Li J, Li C, Peng X, Li S, Liu B, Chu C. Recent discovery of tyrosinase inhibitors in traditional Chinese medicines and screening methods. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:115951. [PMID: 36410577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tyrosinase, the key rate-limiting enzyme for melanogenesis, is one of the main targets for skin senescence and some pigmented skin diseases, such as albinism and melanoma. Tyrosinase inhibitors are capable of reducing melanin generation and deposition in the skin through blocking the reaction chain of formation. Thus, it has been used for anti-melanoma and showed the potential to be developed into novel skin whitening and spot removing products. With the trend of back-to-nature, natural tyrosinase inhibitors are receiving more and more attention. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) as the promising source of novel chemotypes and pharmacophores, are huge treasures for the discovery of natural tyrosinase inhibitors characterized with green, safe, and highly efficient. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This review aims to provide a systematic overview of natural tyrosinase inhibitors and a detailed summary of the types of TCMs from which they originate. In addition, this paper also highlights the screening methods developed for exploring tyrosinase inhibitors in recent years, compares the advantages and disadvantages of various methods under the guidance of different screening principles, and predicts their applications in the future. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant literature have been obtained using the keywords "tyrosinase inhibitors", "traditional Chinese medicines", "whitening", and "screening" in scientific databases, such as "PubMed", "SciFinder", "Web of Science", "Elsevier", "China Knowledge Resource Integrated databases". Information was also collected from Chinese pharmacopoeia, Chinese herbal classics books, "Google Scholar", "Baidu Scholar", and other literature sources, etc. RESULTS: An overview about the tyrosinase inhibitors derived from TCMs since 2002 has been compiled via the above-mentioned sources. Up to now, 186 components, mainly belonging to flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids, Diels-Alder adducts, simple phenylpropanoids and stilbenes, from 61 kinds of TCMs have been reported to possess tyrosinase inhibitory activity, among which flavonoids are mainly focused on. Furthermore, on the basis of bioactive detection strategies, the screening methods for tyrosinase inhibitors have been classified into bioaffinity-based, intrinsic enzymatic-based, and computer-aided drug design (CADD). Precisely because screening approaches are essential for rapid identification of tyrosinase inhibitors from TCMs, the principles, advantages and disadvantages, and specific applications of each method are presented along with a comparison of applicability. CONCLUSIONS The summary of TCMs-derived inhibitors gives a clue on the discovery of candidates with the property to whiten the skin. Meanwhile, the outlook of developed screening methods provides technical references for the efficient exploration of safer and more effective tyrosinase inhibitors from TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chenyue Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Ningbo Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Shaoping Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, China
| | - Bingrui Liu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China.
| | - Chu Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar R, Suryanegara L, Fatriasari W, Tangke Arung E, Wijaya Kusuma I, Setiati Achmadi S, Izyan Wan Azelee N, Ain Abdul Hamid Z. The Role of Selected Flavonoids from Bajakah Tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) Stem on Cosmetic Properties: A Review. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:382-400. [PMID: 37026052 PMCID: PMC10071331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cosmetics made from natural ingredients are increasingly popular because they contain bioactive compounds which can provide many health benefits, more environmentally friendly and sustainable. The health benefits obtained from natural-based ingredients include anti-aging, photoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. This article reviewed the potential of selected flavonoids from bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) as the native plant in Indonesia. We present in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research data on the use of selected flavonoids that have been reported in other extracts.
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Shen G, Luo Y, Yao Y, Meng G, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xu C, Liu X, Zhang C, Ding G, Pang Y, Zhang H, Guo B. The discovery of a key prenyltransferase gene assisted by a chromosome-level Epimedium pubescens genome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1034943. [PMID: 36452098 PMCID: PMC9702526 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Epimedium pubescens is a species of the family Berberidaceae in the basal eudicot lineage, and a main plant source for the traditional Chinese medicine "Herba Epimedii". The current study achieved a chromosome-level genome assembly of E. pubescens with the genome size of 3.34 Gb, and the genome guided discovery of a key prenyltransferase (PT) in E. pubescens. Our comparative genomic analyses confirmed the absence of Whole Genome Triplication (WGT-γ) event shared in core eudicots and further revealed the occurrence of an ancient Whole Genome Duplication (WGD) event approximately between 66 and 81 Million Years Ago (MYA). In addition, whole genome search approach was successfully applied to identify 19 potential flavonoid PT genes and an important flavonoid PT (EpPT8) was proven to be an enzyme for the biosynthesis of medicinal compounds, icaritin and its derivatives in E. pubescens. Therefore, our results not only provide a good reference genome to conduct further molecular biological studies in Epimedium genus, but also give important clues for synthetic biology and industrial production of related prenylated flavonoids in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Institute of Animal Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoqun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhen Pang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Mittas D, Spitaler U, Bertagnoll M, Oettl S, Gille E, Schwaiger S, Stuppner H. Identification and structural elucidation of bioactive compounds from Scirpoides holoschoenus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 200:113241. [PMID: 35597313 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigations of dichloromethane and methanol extracts of roots and rhizomes of Scirpoides holoschoenus afforded 21 stilbenes, six flavonoids, six ferulic acid derivatives and four diterpenes. Among these constituents, six stilbenes, one flavonoid, one diterpene and two ferulic acid derivatives, represent previously unreported natural products. Structure elucidation was performed by HRESI-MS, NMR, GC-MS, and ECD data evaluation. The monoprenylated flavonoid (sophoraflavanone B) and all isolated stilbene oligomers (trans-scirpusin B, scirpusin A, cassigarol E, cyperusphenol B, cyperusphenol D, passiflorinol A, cyperusphenol A and mesocyperusphenol A) showed strong inhibitory activities on spore germination of two Botrytis cinerea strains isolated from field-infected grape berries and apple fruits compared to the reference controls resveratrol, piceid, and fenhexamid at a test concentration of 2.0 mM. For sophoraflavanone B and cyperusphenol A, the EC50 values were determined by concentration response curves and resulted in values of 0.35 mM and 0.53 mM, respectively. The data suggest that stilbene oligomers but also prenylated flavonoids should be examined further to gain more information on their antimicrobial activity and might be a suitable addition to chemical fungicides on the market to combat gray mold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenic Mittas
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Urban Spitaler
- Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Center, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040, Italy
| | - Michaela Bertagnoll
- Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Center, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040, Italy
| | - Sabine Oettl
- Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Center, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040, Italy
| | - Elvira Gille
- National Institute for Research and Development of Biological Sciences-Bucharest, CCB Stejarul Piatra Neamt, Alexandru cel Bun no. 6, Piatra Neamt, 610004, Romania
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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Liu T, Gong J, Lai G, Yang Y, Wu X, Wu X. Flavonoid extract Kushenol a exhibits anti-proliferative activity in breast cancer cells via suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Cancer Med 2022; 12:1643-1654. [PMID: 35789211 PMCID: PMC9883544 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kushenol A is natural flavonoid extract discovered in recent years, with potential anti-tumor activity. Its role in breast cancer is poorly understood. METHODS To investigate biological function of Kushenol A in breast cancer (BC), Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, qPCR analysis, and xenograft mouse model were performed. RESULTS We found that Kushenol A treatment reduced proliferative capability and induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of BC cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Besides, Kushenol A treatment contributed to the upregulation of apoptosis-related and cell cycle-associated genes. In nude mice, Kushenol A administration repressed BC xenograft tumor growth. Mechanistically, phosphorylation levels of AKT and mTOR were markedly attenuated in Kushenol A-treated BC cells; however, there were no significant differences in total AKT and mTOR expressions. Moreover, PI3K inhibitor combined with Kushenol A exhibited synergistic inhibitory activity on cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings suggested that Kushenol A suppressed BC cell proliferation by modulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Kushenol A may be a promising therapeutic drug for treating BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Oncology DepartmentZhangzhou Zhengxing HospitalZhangzhouChina
| | - Jinhua Gong
- Xiamen Institute of Union Respiratory HealthXiamenChina
| | - Guobin Lai
- Oncology DepartmentZhangzhou Zhengxing HospitalZhangzhouChina
| | - Yichao Yang
- Oncology DepartmentZhangzhou Zhengxing HospitalZhangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoan Wu
- Oncology DepartmentZhangzhou Zhengxing HospitalZhangzhouChina
| | - Xiuping Wu
- Department of Breast SurgeryZhangzhou Zhengxing HospitalZhangzhouChina
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Sun P, Zhao W, Wang Q, Chen L, Sun K, Zhan Z, Wang J. Chemical diversity, biological activities and Traditional uses of and important Chinese herb Sophora. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 100:154054. [PMID: 35358931 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sophora flavescens Aiton (SF), also known as Kushen (Chinese:), has been an important species in Chinese medicine since the Qin and Han dynasties. It is also recognized as a plant resource suitable for the globalization of Chinese medicine. Traditionally, it has been used in various ethnic medical systems in East Asia, especially in China, to kill insects and dispel dampness. Sophora flavescens is commonly used for clearing heat-clearing, killing worms, and diuretic. Nowdays, accumulating studies demonstrated its anticancer and cardioprotection. OBJECTIVE OF THE REVIEW This paper aims to systematically review information on the genus, pharmacological and toxicological significance, chemical composition and biological activity of Sophora flavescens. To promoting its development and application. To summarize recent findings regarding to the metabolism, pharmacological/toxicological effects of Sophora flavescens. MATERIAL AND METHODS Online academic databases (including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) were searched using search terms of "Sophora flavescens Aiton", "Ku shen", "Pharmacology", "Active ingredient", "Toxicology" and combinations to include published studies of Sophora flavescens Aiton primarily from 1970-2021. Several critical previous studies beyond this period were also included and other related terms. CONCLUSION Sophora flavescens has a broad spectrum of biological activities associated with Sophora flavescens has been considered a valuable resource in both traditional and modern medicine. However, there is a lack of in-depth studies on the medicinal uses of Sophora flavescens. Moreover, further studies on single chemical components should be conducted based on the diversity of chemical structures, significant biological activities and clinical applications. The discovery of its bioactive molecules and multi-component interactions would be of great importance for the clinical application of Sophora flavescens spp. Detailed pharmacological and toxicological studies on the classic prescriptions of Sophora flavescens are also needed. It is more beneficial to the wide application of SF plant and facilitates the worldwide promotion of modern Chinese medicine. However, an increasing number of reports indicate that the administration of Sophora flavescens has serious adverse effects. Its main toxic effects are neurotoxicity and acute toxicity, which have caused widespread concern worldwide. In addition, the alkaloids of Sophora flavescens are distributed in the heart, liver, stomach and large intestine. They are excreted from the body through gluconeogenesis, which is the mode of action of certain therapeutic mechanisms of action such as anticancer. The detailed metabolic study of alkaloids and other components of Sophora flavescens in vivo needs to be further investigated. It is important to improve the pharmacological effects and reduce the toxicity of Sophora flavescens. For this purpose, structural modification of active components of Sophora flavescens or combination with other drugs is very essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan,250355, China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan,250355, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Lele Chen
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan,250355, China
| | - Kunkun Sun
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan,250355, China
| | - Zhaoshuang Zhan
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan,250355, China;.
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan,250355, China;.
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16
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Wang B, Ding Y, Zhao P, Li W, Li M, Zhu J, Ye S. Systems pharmacology-based drug discovery and active mechanism of natural products for coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19): An example using flavonoids. Comput Biol Med 2022; 143:105241. [PMID: 35114443 PMCID: PMC8789666 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the value of natural products has been extensively considered because these resources can potentially be applied to prevent and treat coronavirus pneumonia 2019 (COVID-19). However, the discovery of nature drugs is problematic because of their complex composition and active mechanisms. METHODS This comprehensive study was performed on flavonoids, which are compounds with anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects, to show drug discovery and active mechanism from natural products in the treatment of COVID-19 via a systems pharmacological model. First, a chemical library of 255 potential flavonoids was constructed. Second, the pharmacodynamic basis and mechanism of action between flavonoids and COVID-19 were explored by constructing a compound-target and target-disease network, targets protein-protein interaction (PPI), MCODE analysis, gene ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. RESULTS In total, 105 active flavonoid components were identified, of which 6 were major candidate compounds (quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), luteolin, fisetin, wogonin, and licochalcone A). 152 associated targets were yielded based on network construction, and 7 family proteins (PTGS, GSK3β, ABC, NOS, EGFR, and IL) were included as central hub targets. Moreover, 528 GO items and 178 KEGG pathways were selected through enrichment of target functions. Lastly, molecular docking demonstrated good stability of the combination of selected flavonoids with 3CL Pro and ACEⅡ. CONCLUSION Natural flavonoids could enable resistance against COVID-19 by regulating inflammatory, antiviral, and immune responses, and repairing tissue injury. This study has scientific significance for the selective utilization of natural products, medicinal value enhancement of flavonoids, and drug screening for the treatment of COVID-19 induced by SARS-COV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China
| | - Yan Ding
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China.
| | - Penghui Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China
| | - Wei Li
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Ming Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Jingbo Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China; Institute of Chemistry and Applications of Plant Resources, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China
| | - Shuhong Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China.
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The Potent Phytoestrogen 8-Prenylnaringenin: A Friend or a Foe? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063168. [PMID: 35328588 PMCID: PMC8953904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) is a prenylated flavonoid, occurring, in particular, in hop, but also in other plants. It has proven to be one of the most potent phytoestrogens in vitro known to date, and in the past 20 years, research has unveiled new effects triggered by it in biological systems. These findings have aroused the hopes, expectations, and enthusiasm of a “wonder-drug” for a host of human diseases. However, the majority of 8-PN effects require such high concentrations that they cannot be reached by normal dietary exposure, only pharmacologically; thus, adverse impacts may also emerge. Here, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review on this fascinating compound, with special reference to the range of beneficial and untoward health consequences that may ensue from exposure to it.
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Insights on the Inhibitory Power of Flavonoids on Tyrosinase Activity: A Survey from 2016 to 2021. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247546. [PMID: 34946631 PMCID: PMC8705159 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multifunctional copper-containing oxidase enzyme that initiates melanin synthesis in humans. Excessive accumulation of melanin pigments or the overexpression of tyrosinase may result in skin-related disorders such as aging spots, wrinkles, melasma, freckles, lentigo, ephelides, nevus, browning and melanoma. Nature expresses itself through the plants as a source of phytochemicals with diverse biological properties. Among these bioactive compounds, flavonoids represent a huge natural class with different categories such as flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, flavan-3-ols, flavanones and chalcones that display antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities with a diversity of mechanistic approaches. In this review, we explore the role of novel or known flavonoids isolated from different plant species and their participation as tyrosinase inhibitors reported in the last five years from 2016 to 2021. We also discuss the mechanistic approaches through the different studies carried out on these compounds, including in vitro, in vivo and in silico computational research. Information was obtained from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. We hope that the updated comprehensive data presented in this review will help researchers to develop new safe, efficacious, and effective drug or skin care products for the prevention of and/or protection against skin-aging disorders.
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Verma D, Mitra D, Paul M, Chaudhary P, Kamboj A, Thatoi H, Janmeda P, Jain D, Panneerselvam P, Shrivastav R, Pant K, Das Mohapatra PK. Potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19) proteases PL pro and M pro/ 3CL pro: molecular docking and simulation studies of three pertinent medicinal plant natural components. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100038. [PMID: 34870149 PMCID: PMC8178537 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) - coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised a severe global public health issue and creates a pandemic situation. The present work aims to study the molecular -docking and dynamic of three pertinent medicinal plants i.e. Eurycoma harmandiana, Sophora flavescens and Andrographis paniculata phyto-compounds against SARS-COV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) and main protease (Mpro)/3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro). The interaction of protein targets and ligands was performed through AutoDock-Vina visualized using PyMOL and BIOVIA-Discovery Studio 2020. Molecular docking with canthin-6-one 9-O-beta-glucopyranoside showed highest binding affinity and less binding energy with both PLpro and Mpro/3CLpro proteases and was subjected to molecular dynamic (MD) simulations for a period of 100ns. Stability of the protein-ligand complexes was evaluated by different analyses. The binding free energy calculated using MM-PBSA and the results showed that the molecule must have stable interactions with the protein binding site. ADMET analysis of the compounds suggested that it is having drug-like properties like high gastrointestinal (GI) absorption, no blood-brain barrier permeability and high lipophilicity. The outcome revealed that canthin-6-one 9-O-beta-glucopyranoside can be used as a potential natural drug against COVID-19 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devvret Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248 002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Debasis Mitra
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, 733 134, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Manish Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, 757003, Odisha, India
| | - Priya Chaudhary
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Vanasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anshul Kamboj
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248 002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hrudayanath Thatoi
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, 757003, Odisha, India
| | - Pracheta Janmeda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Vanasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Divya Jain
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Vanasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Periyasamy Panneerselvam
- Microbiology, Crop Production Division, ICAR- National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753 006, Odisha, India
| | - Rakesh Shrivastav
- Department of Applied Sciences, NGF College of Engineering and Technology, Palwal, Haryana, India
| | - Kumud Pant
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248 002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pradeep K Das Mohapatra
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, 733 134, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India.,PAKB Environment Conservation Centre, Raiganj University, Raiganj, 733 134, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India
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Wang P, Li C, Li X, Huang W, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Yang X, Yan X, Wang Y, Zhou Z. Complete biosynthesis of the potential medicine icaritin by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1906-1916. [PMID: 36654400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Icaritin is a prenylflavonoid present in the Chinese herbal medicinal plant Epimedium spp. and is under investigation in a phase III clinical trial for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we report the biosynthesis of icaritin from glucose by engineered microbial strains. We initially designed an artificial icaritin biosynthetic pathway by identifying a novel prenyltransferase from the Berberidaceae-family species Epimedium sagittatum (EsPT2) that catalyzes the C8 prenylation of kaempferol to yield 8-prenlykaempferol and a novel methyltransferase GmOMT2 from soybean to transfer a methyl to C4'-OH of 8-prenlykaempferol to produce icaritin. We next introduced 11 heterologous genes and modified 12 native yeast genes to construct a yeast strain capable of producing 8-prenylkaempferol with high efficiency. GmOMT2 was sensitive to low pH and lost its activity when expressed in the yeast cytoplasm. By relocating GmOMT2 into mitochondria (higher pH than cytoplasm) of the 8-prenylkaempferol-producing yeast strain or co-culturing the 8-prenylkaempferol-producing yeast with an Escherichia coli strain expressing GmOMT2, we obtained icaritin yields of 7.2 and 19.7 mg/L, respectively. Beyond the characterizing two previously unknown plant enzymes and conducting the first biosynthesis of icaritin from glucose, we describe two strategies of overcoming the widespread issue of incompatible pH conditions encountered in basic and applied bioproduction research. Our findings will facilitate industrial-scale production of icaritin and other prenylflavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chaojing Li
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoman Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Center of Economic Botany/Core Botanical Gardens, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xing Yan
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Center of Economic Botany/Core Botanical Gardens, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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21
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Obaid RJ, Mughal EU, Naeem N, Sadiq A, Alsantali RI, Jassas RS, Moussa Z, Ahmed SA. Natural and synthetic flavonoid derivatives as new potential tyrosinase inhibitors: a systematic review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22159-22198. [PMID: 35480807 PMCID: PMC9034236 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multifunctional glycosylated and copper-containing oxidase that is highly prevalent in plants and animals and plays a pivotal role in catalyzing the two key steps of melanogenesis: tyrosine's hydroxylation to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), and oxidation of the latter species to dopaquinone. Melanin guards against the destructive effects of ultraviolet radiation which is known to produce considerable pathological disorders such as skin cancer, among others. Moreover, the overproduction of melanin can create aesthetic problems along with serious disorders linked to hyperpigmented spots or patches on skin. Several skin-whitening products which reduce melanogenesis activity and alleviate hyperpigmentation are commercially available. A few of them, particularly those obtained from natural sources and that incorporate a phenolic scaffold, have been exploited in the cosmetic industry. In this context, synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors (TIs) with elevated efficacy and fewer side effects are direly needed in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries owing to their protective effect against pigmentation and dermatological disorders. Furthermore, the biological significance of the chromone skeleton and its associated medicinal and bioactive properties has drawn immense interest and inspired many researchers to design and develop novel anti-tyrosinase agents based on the flavonoid core (2-arylchromone). This review article is oriented to provide an insight and a deeper understanding of the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of an array of natural and bioinspired phenolic compounds with special emphasis on flavonoids to demonstrate how the position of ring substituents and their interaction with tyrosinase could be correlated with their effectiveness or lack thereof against inhibiting the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami J Obaid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat Gujrat-50700 Pakistan
| | - Amina Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University Sialkot-51300 Pakistan
| | - Reem I Alsantali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacy College, Taif University 888-Taif Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabab S Jassas
- Department of Chemistry, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University P. O. Box 15551, Al Ain Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Saleh A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University 71516 Assiut Egypt
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22
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Cho BO, Kim JH, Che DN, Kang HJ, Shin JY, Hao S, Park JH, Wang F, Lee YJ, Jang SI. Kushenol C Prevents Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide and Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061635. [PMID: 33804228 PMCID: PMC8001553 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sophora flavescens, also known as Kushen, has traditionally been used as a herbal medicine. In the present study we evaluated the ameliorative effects of kushenol C (KC) from S. flavescens against tBHP (tert-Butyl hydroperoxide)-induced oxidative stress in hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG2) cells and acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. KC pretreatment protected the HEPG2 cells against oxidative stress by reducing cell death, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. KC pretreatment also upregulated pro-caspase 3 and GSH (glutathione) as well as expression of 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase (OGG1) in the HEPG2 cells. The mechanism of action was partly related by KC's activation of Akt (Protein kinase B (PKB)) and Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) in the HepG2 cells. In in vivo investigations, coadministration of mice with KC and APAP significantly attenuated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and liver damage, as the serum enzymatic activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, as well as liver lipid peroxidation and cleaved caspase 3 expression, were reduced in APAP-treated mice. Coadministration with KC also up-regulated antioxidant enzyme expression and prevented the production of proinflammatory mediators in APAP-treated mice. Taken together, these results showed that KC treatment has potential as a therapeutic agent against liver injury through the suppression of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Ok Cho
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co., LTD, Jeonju-si 55069, Korea; (H.J.K.); (J.Y.S.)
- Institute of Health Science, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si 55069, Korea;
- Correspondence: (B.O.C.); (S.I.J.); Tel.: +82-63-221-8005 (B.O.C.); +82-63-220-3124 (S.I.J.); Fax: +82-63-221-8035 (B.O.C.); +82-63-220-2054 (S.I.J.)
| | - Jang Hoon Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumsung 27709, Korea; (J.H.K.); (Y.J.L.)
| | - Denis Nchang Che
- Institute of Health Science, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si 55069, Korea;
| | - Hyun Ju Kang
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co., LTD, Jeonju-si 55069, Korea; (H.J.K.); (J.Y.S.)
| | - Jae Young Shin
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co., LTD, Jeonju-si 55069, Korea; (H.J.K.); (J.Y.S.)
| | - Suping Hao
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si 55069, Korea; (S.H.); (J.H.P.); (F.W.)
| | - Ji Hyeon Park
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si 55069, Korea; (S.H.); (J.H.P.); (F.W.)
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si 55069, Korea; (S.H.); (J.H.P.); (F.W.)
| | - Yun Ji Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumsung 27709, Korea; (J.H.K.); (Y.J.L.)
| | - Seon Il Jang
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co., LTD, Jeonju-si 55069, Korea; (H.J.K.); (J.Y.S.)
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si 55069, Korea; (S.H.); (J.H.P.); (F.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.O.C.); (S.I.J.); Tel.: +82-63-221-8005 (B.O.C.); +82-63-220-3124 (S.I.J.); Fax: +82-63-221-8035 (B.O.C.); +82-63-220-2054 (S.I.J.)
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23
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Cho BO, Che DN, Kim JS, Kim JH, Shin JY, Kang HJ, Jang SI. In vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Stress Activities of Kushenol C Isolated from the Roots of Sophora flavescens. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081768. [PMID: 32290603 PMCID: PMC7221590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Kushenol C (KC) is a prenylated flavonoid isolated from the roots of Sophoraflavescens aiton. Little is known about its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress activities. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects of KC in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT cells. The results demonstrated that KC dose-dependently suppressed the production of inflammatory mediators, including NO, PGE2, IL-6, IL1β, MCP-1, and IFN-β in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The study demonstrated that the inhibition of STAT1, STAT6, and NF-κB activations by KC might have been responsible for the inhibition of NO, PGE2, IL-6, IL1β, MCP-1, and IFN-β in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. KC also upregulated the expression of HO-1 and its activities in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The upregulation of Nrf2 transcription activities by KC in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages was demonstrated to be responsible for the upregulation of HO-1 expression and its activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. In HaCaT cells, KC prevented DNA damage and cell death by upregulating the endogenous antioxidant defense system involving glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, which prevented reactive oxygen species production from tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT cells. The upregulated activation of Nrf2 and Akt in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway by KC was demonstrated to be responsible for the anti-oxidative stress activity of KC in HaCaT cells. Collectively, the study suggests that KC can be further investigated as a potential anti-inflammatory candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Ok Cho
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co., LTD, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54840, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (H.J.K.)
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 55069, Korea; (D.N.C.); (J.-S.K.)
- Correspondence: (B.O.C.); (S.I.J.); Tel.: +82-63-221-8005 (B.O.C.); +82-63-220-3124 (S.I.J.); Fax: +82-63-221-8035 (B.O.C.); +82-63-220-2054 (S.I.J.)
| | - Denis Nchang Che
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 55069, Korea; (D.N.C.); (J.-S.K.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 55069, Korea; (D.N.C.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Jang Hoon Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Korea;
| | - Jae Young Shin
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co., LTD, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54840, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Hyun Ju Kang
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co., LTD, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54840, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Seon Il Jang
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co., LTD, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54840, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (H.J.K.)
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 55069, Korea; (D.N.C.); (J.-S.K.)
- Correspondence: (B.O.C.); (S.I.J.); Tel.: +82-63-221-8005 (B.O.C.); +82-63-220-3124 (S.I.J.); Fax: +82-63-221-8035 (B.O.C.); +82-63-220-2054 (S.I.J.)
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24
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Zolghadri S, Bahrami A, Hassan Khan MT, Munoz-Munoz J, Garcia-Molina F, Garcia-Canovas F, Saboury AA. A comprehensive review on tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:279-309. [PMID: 30734608 PMCID: PMC6327992 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1545767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multi-copper enzyme which is widely distributed in different organisms and plays an important role in the melanogenesis and enzymatic browning. Therefore, its inhibitors can be attractive in cosmetics and medicinal industries as depigmentation agents and also in food and agriculture industries as antibrowning compounds. For this purpose, many natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic inhibitors have been developed by different screening methods to date. This review has focused on the tyrosinase inhibitors discovered from all sources and biochemically characterised in the last four decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Asieh Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - J. Munoz-Munoz
- Group of Microbiology, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - F. Garcia-Molina
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - F. Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Aly SH, Elissawy AM, Eldahshan OA, Elshanawany MA, Efferth T, Singab ANB. The pharmacology of the genus Sophora (Fabaceae): An updated review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 64:153070. [PMID: 31514082 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Sophora (Fabaceae) represents one of the important medicinal plant genera regarding its chemical constituents and outstanding pharmacological activities. PURPOSE In this review, we surveyed the latest findings on the bioactivities of different Sophora extracts and isolated phytochemicals during the past 8 years (2011-2019) updating the latest review article in 2011. The aim of this review is to focus on the molecular pharmacology of Sophora species to provide the rationale basis for the development of novel drugs. RESULTS Sophora and its bioactive compounds possess outstanding pharmacological properties, especially as anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs, in addition to its antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties. CONCLUSION Based on their use in traditional medicine, Sophora species exert a plethora of cellular and molecular activities, which render them as attractive candidates for rationale drug development. Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials are required for further integration of Sophora-based phototherapies into conventional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaza H Aly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Elissawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt; Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt; Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Abdel Nasser B Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt; Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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26
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Kwon M, Ko SK, Jang M, Kim GH, Ryoo IJ, Son S, Ryu HW, Oh SR, Lee WK, Kim BY, Jang JH, Ahn JS. Inhibitory effects of flavonoids isolated from Sophora flavescens on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1481-1488. [PMID: 31423846 PMCID: PMC6713164 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1640218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a tryptophan catabolising enzyme, is known as a tumour cell survival factor that causes immune escape in several types of cancer. Flavonoids of Sophora flavescens have a variety of biological benefits for humans; however, cancer immunotherapy effect has not been fully investigated. The flavonoids (1-6) isolated from S. flavescens showed IDO1 inhibitory activities (IC50 4.3-31.4 µM). The representative flavonoids (4-6) of S. flavescens were determined to be non-competitive inhibitors of IDO1 by kinetic analyses. Their binding affinity to IDO1 was confirmed using thermal stability and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays. The molecular docking analysis and mutagenesis assay revealed the structural details of the interactions between the flavonoids (1-6) and IDO1. These results suggest that the flavonoids (1-6) of S. flavescens, especially kushenol E (6), as IDO1 inhibitors might be useful in the development of immunotherapeutic agents against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincheol Kwon
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Sung-Kyun Ko
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Mina Jang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Gun-Hee Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - In-Ja Ryoo
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Sangkeun Son
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Won-Kyu Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Jang
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea.,Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea
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27
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Tay KC, Tan LTH, Chan CK, Hong SL, Chan KG, Yap WH, Pusparajah P, Lee LH, Goh BH. Formononetin: A Review of Its Anticancer Potentials and Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:820. [PMID: 31402861 PMCID: PMC6676344 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a complex yet common disease, is caused by uncontrolled cell division and abnormal cell growth due to a variety of gene mutations. Seeking effective treatments for cancer is a major research focus, as the incidence of cancer is on the rise and drug resistance to existing anti-cancer drugs is major concern. Natural products have the potential to yield unique molecules and combinations of substances that may be effective against cancer with relatively low toxicity/better side effect profile compared to standard anticancer therapy. Drug discovery work with natural products has demonstrated that natural compounds display a wide range of biological activities correlating to anticancer effects. In this review, we discuss formononetin (C16H12O4), which originates mainly from red clovers and the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus. The compound comes from a class of 7-hydroisoflavones with a substitution of methoxy group at position 4. Formononetin elicits antitumorigenic properties in vitro and in vivo by modulating numerous signaling pathways to induce cell apoptosis (by intrinsic pathway involving Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 proteins) and cell cycle arrest (by regulating mediators like cyclin A, cyclin B1, and cyclin D1), suppress cell proliferation [by signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B (PI3K/AKT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway], and inhibit cell invasion [by regulating growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 proteins]. Co-treatment with other chemotherapy drugs such as bortezomib, LY2940002, U0126, sunitinib, epirubicin, doxorubicin, temozolomide, and metformin enhances the anticancer potential of both formononetin and the respective drugs through synergistic effect. Compiling the evidence thus far highlights the potential of formononetin to be a promising candidate for chemoprevention and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ching Tay
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Loh Teng-Hern Tan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery (NBDD) Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Sok Lai Hong
- Centre for Research Services, Institute of Research Management and Services, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Hsum Yap
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Medical Health and Translational Research Group (MHTR), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery (NBDD) Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan
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28
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Yang L, Yang YL, Dong WH, Li W, Wang P, Cao X, Yuan JZ, Chen HQ, Mei WL, Dai HF. Sesquiterpenoids and 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones respectively acting as α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitors from agarwood of an Aquilaria plant. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:853-862. [PMID: 31010356 PMCID: PMC6495113 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1576657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ethyl ether extract of agarwood from an Aquilaria plant afforded six new sesquiterpenoids, Agarozizanol A − F (1−6), together with four known sesquiterpenoids and six known 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. Their structures were elucidated via detailed spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction, and comparisons with the published data. All the isolates were evaluated for the α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities in vitro. Compounds 5, 7, 8, and 10 showed significant inhibition of α-glucosidase with IC50 values ranging between 112.3 ± 4.5 and 524.5 ± 2.7 µM (acarbose, 743. 4 ± 3.3 µM). Compounds 13 and 14 exhibited tyrosinase inhibitory effect with IC50 values of 89.0 ± 1.7 and 51.5 ± 0.6 µM, respectively (kojic acid, 46.1 ± 1.3). In the kinetic studies, compounds 5 and 14 were found to be uncompetitive inhibitors for α-glucosidase and mixed type inhibitors for tyrosinase, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking simulations revealed the binding sites and interactions of the most active compounds with α-glucosidase and tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,b Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine , Haikou , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ling Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,b Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine , Haikou , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hua Dong
- a Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,b Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,c Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood , Haikou , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- a Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,b Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,c Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood , Haikou , People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,b Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,c Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood , Haikou , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Cao
- a Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,b Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine , Haikou , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Zhe Yuan
- a Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,b Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,c Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood , Haikou , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Qin Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,b Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,c Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood , Haikou , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Li Mei
- a Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,b Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,c Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood , Haikou , People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- a Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,b Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine , Haikou , People's Republic of China.,c Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood , Haikou , People's Republic of China
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29
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Chen Y, Cheong LZ, Zhao J, Panpipat W, Wang Z, Li Y, Lu C, Zhou J, Su X. Lipase-catalyzed selective enrichment of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in acylglycerols of cod liver and linseed oils: Modeling the binding affinity of lipases and fatty acids. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 123:261-268. [PMID: 30423396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Present study employed molecular modeling method to elucidate the binding affinity of lipases with fatty acids of different chain lengths; and investigated the effects of lipases positional and fatty acids specificity on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) enrichment in cod liver and linseed oils. Among the lipases studied, molecular modeling showed the active sites of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) had a low C-Docker interactive energy for saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids which predicted CRL to have highest preferences to selectively hydrolyze resulting in efficient enrichment of ω-3 PUFAs. Verification experiments showed the SFA and MUFA in the acylglycerol fraction includes monoacylglcyerols (MAG), diacyglycerols (DAG), and triacylglycerols (TAG) of CRL-hydrolyzed cod liver oil decreased from the initial 25.21 to 16.88% and 45.25 to 32.17%, respectively. In addition, CRL-hydrolyzed cod liver oil demonstrated 88.36% of ω-3 PUFAs enrichment. The regio-distribution of fatty acids in CRL-hydrolyzed cod liver oil were not significantly different than that of cod liver oil indicating the ω-3 PUFAs enrichment was due to fatty acids selectivity and not positional selectivity of CRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jiahe Zhao
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Worawan Panpipat
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, Department of Agro-Industry, School of Agricultural Technology, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Zhipan Wang
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiurong Su
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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