1
|
Weissberger GH, Bergman YS, Maytles R, Trachtengot I. Death perceptions, grief, and distress in Ultra-Orthodox Jews who witnessed the 2021 Meron disaster. DEATH STUDIES 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39254636 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2024.2400374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
On April 29, 2021, during an Ultra-Orthodox annual communal event in Meron, a crowd rush resulted in the deaths of 45 individuals. Experiencing such events may intensify death proximity (subjective nearness to death, SNtD) and death anxiety, and increase distress. Furthermore, the experience of grief following the trauma may disrupt defense mechanisms that reduce death-related anxieties. Thus, we examined the mediating role of death anxiety on the association between SNtD and distress, and the possible moderating role of grief experiences on this model. Ultra-Orthodox Israeli Jews who experienced the Meron disaster (N = 168) responded to scales assessing demographics, SNtD, death anxiety, and psychological distress. Death anxiety mediated the SNtD-distress link and grief was a significant moderator. Specifically, for individuals low in grief, the association between high death anxiety and increased distress was nullified. Findings are discussed from the perspective of Terror Management Theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gali H Weissberger
- Department of Social and Health Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yoav S Bergman
- Faculty of Social Work, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Ruth Maytles
- Department of Social Work, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bal Z, Uçar T. The effect of cognitive behavioural therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing techniques on infertile women: a randomized controlled trial. Reprod Biomed Online 2024; 48:103612. [PMID: 38199076 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.103612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What effects do training programmes based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) techniques applied to infertile women affected psychologically and emotionally by infertility have on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychological development? DESIGN This randomized controlled study was conducted between May 2021 and August 2022. The study population included 90 infertile women referred to the IVF unit of a hospital in a province in eastern Turkey: 30 in the CBT group, 30 in the EMDR group and 30 in the control group. Data were collected using a personal information form, the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), the Validity of Cognition (VoC) scale, the Infertility Distress Scale (IDS), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Women in the experimental groups (CBT and EMDR groups) received the intervention in six sessions over 3 weeks. Pre-tests were administered to both experimental groups and the control group, and post-tests were conducted 3 weeks after the intervention. RESULTS The mean scores on the SUDS, IDS and IES-R for women in the experimental groups were significantly lower compared with those for women in the control group following the interventions (P < 0.001). The mean scores on the VoC scale and PTGI for women in the experimental groups were significantly higher compared with those for women in the control group following the interventions (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The use of CBT and EMDR techniques reduced the negative psychological and emotional effects of infertility among infertile women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Bal
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gaziantep Islamic Science and Technology University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Tuba Uçar
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lade S, Easterbrook B, Brown A, Millman H, D’Alessandro-Lowe AM, O’Connor C, McKinnon MC. The mental health toll of service: an examination of self-reported impacts of public safety personnel careers in a treatment-seeking population. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2269696. [PMID: 37965795 PMCID: PMC10653764 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2269696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Public safety personnel (PSP), including firefighters, paramedics, and police officers, are exposed to traumatic events as part of their day-to-day jobs. These traumatic events often result in significant stress and increase the likelihood of negative mental health outcomes, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study sought to develop an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of PSPs as related to the mental health toll of their service. Through a series of targeted focus groups, Canadian PSP were asked to provide their perspectives on the PTSD-related symptoms that resulted as a by-product of their occupational service. The DSM-5-TR PSTD criteria (A-E) provided a thematic lens to map the self-described symptomatic expression of PSP's lived experiences.Methods: The present study employed a phenomenological focus-group approach with a treatment-seeking inpatient population of PSP. Participants included PSP from a variety of occupational backgrounds. Using semi-structured focus groups, fifty-one participants were interviewed. These focus groups were audio recorded, with consent, and transcribed verbatim. Using an interpretive phenomenological approach, emergent themes within the data were inductively developed, examined, and connected across individual cases.Results: Utilizing the primary criteria of PTSD (Criteria A-E) outlined by the DSM-5-TR, we identified qualitative themes that included exposure to a traumatic event, intrusion symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative alterations in mood and cognition, and marked alterations in arousal and reactivity.Conclusion: PSP are exposed to extreme stressors as a daily part of their occupation and are at elevated risk of developing mental health difficulties, including PTSD. In the present study, focus groups were conducted with PSP about the mental health toll of their occupations. Their experiences mapped onto the five primary criteria of PTSD, as outlined by the DSM-5-TR. This study provides crucial descriptive information to guide mental health research aims and treatment goals for PSTD in PSP populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lade
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Bethany Easterbrook
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Canada
- MacDonald Franklin Operational Stress Injury Research Centre, London, Canada
| | - Andrea Brown
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Heather Millman
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | | | - Margaret C. McKinnon
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lindahl JR, Palitsky R, Cooper DJ, Britton WB. The roles and impacts of worldviews in the context of meditation-related challenges. Transcult Psychiatry 2023; 60:637-650. [PMID: 36476189 PMCID: PMC11292974 DOI: 10.1177/13634615221128679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that worldviews can serve as a coping response to periods of difficulty or struggle, and worldviews can also change on account of difficulty. This paper investigates the impacts worldviews have on the nature and trajectory of meditation-related challenges, as well as how worldviews change or are impacted by such challenges. The context of meditation-related challenges provided by data from the Varieties of Contemplative Experience research project offers a unique insight into the dynamics between worldviews and meditation. Buddhist meditation practitioners and meditation experts interviewed for the study report how, for some, worldviews can serve as a risk factor impacting the onset and trajectory of meditation-related challenges, while, for others, worldviews (e.g., being given a worldview, applying a worldview, or changing a worldview) were reported as a remedy for mitigating challenging experiences and/or their associated distress. Buddhist meditation practitioners and teachers in the contemporary West are also situated in a cultural context in which religious and scientific worldviews and explanatory frameworks are dually available. Furthermore, the context of "Buddhist modernism" has also promoted a unique configuration in which the theory and practice of Buddhism is presented as being closely compatible with science. We identify and discuss the various impacts that religious and scientific worldviews have on meditation practitioners and meditation teachers who navigate periods of challenge associated with the practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared R. Lindahl
- Department of Religious Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Roman Palitsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - David J. Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Willoughby B. Britton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bălăeț M, Kurtin DL, Gruia DC, Lerede A, Custovic D, Trender W, Jolly AE, Hellyer PJ, Hampshire A. Mapping the sociodemographic distribution and self-reported justifications for non-compliance with COVID-19 guidelines in the United Kingdom. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1183789. [PMID: 37539003 PMCID: PMC10395087 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1183789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Which population factors have predisposed people to disregard government safety guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic and what justifications do they give for this non-compliance? To address these questions, we analyse fixed-choice and free-text responses to survey questions about compliance and government handling of the pandemic, collected from tens of thousands of members of the UK public at three 6-monthly timepoints. We report that sceptical opinions about the government and mainstream-media narrative, especially as pertaining to justification for guidelines, significantly predict non-compliance. However, free text topic modelling shows that such opinions are diverse, spanning from scepticism about government competence and self-interest to full-blown conspiracy theories, and covary in prevalence with sociodemographic variables. These results indicate that attempts to counter non-compliance through argument should account for this diversity in peoples' underlying opinions, and inform conversations aimed at bridging the gap between the general public and bodies of authority accordingly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bălăeț
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle L. Kurtin
- Neuromodulation Lab, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Dragos C. Gruia
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annalaura Lerede
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UKRI Centre for Doctoral Training in AI for Healthcare, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darije Custovic
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute: Care Research & Technology, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Trender
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council CDT Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E. Jolly
- NMR Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuroinflammation, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Hellyer
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Hampshire
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Haeny AM, Holmes SC, Woerner J, Hicks TA, Ahuja M, Overstreet C, Amstadter A, Sartor CE. The Associations of Racial Discrimination and Neighborhood Disadvantage With World Assumptions Among Black, Latine, and Asian Young Adults. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:6798-6818. [PMID: 36433838 PMCID: PMC10211824 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221137701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The theory of shattered assumptions proposes that experiencing traumatic events can change how people view themselves and the world. Most adults experience a traumatic event during their lifetime, and some subsequently develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the current conceptualization of trauma (i.e., Criterion A PTSD) may be too narrow to adequately capture the range of potentially traumatizing events that People of Color experience, including racial discrimination and neighborhood disadvantage. This study investigated the association of racial discrimination and neighborhood disadvantage with core beliefs about the world being safe and predictable (i.e., world assumptions) among a sample of Black, Latine, and Asian young adults. Multi-step analyses of covariance tested associations between racial discrimination and neighborhood disadvantage with world assumptions and whether these held in the context of other traumatic exposures. Results indicated that racial discrimination negatively impacted world assumptions among Asian young adults only and this effect remained in the context of trauma. In addition, low neighborhood support negatively impacted world assumptions across all racial groups and neighborhood violence negatively impacted world assumptions among Latine young adults only; however, this effect did not remain in the context of trauma. This study indicates it is worthwhile to consider other adverse events in the conceptualization of trauma, such as racial discrimination and neighborhood disadvantage, that may impact world assumptions and contribute to subsequent post-trauma psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Manik Ahuja
- East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Piccirilli AM, Pos AE. Does emotional processing predict 18-month post-therapy outcomes in the experiential treatment of major depression? Psychother Res 2023; 33:198-210. [PMID: 35594384 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2022.2076628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study tested whether emotion-focused therapy's (EFT) emotion processing theory serves as a predictor of 18-month post-therapy outcomes for major depressive disorder (MDD), independent of experiential therapy received. Method: We examined sequences of emotion episodes using the THEME™ sequential analysis of emotional processing in 55 clients who provided 18-month post-therapy Beck Depression Inventory reports after receiving experiential treatment in the York I and II trials, either emotion-focused or client-centered therapy. Archival Classification of Affective Meaning States (CAMS) ratings of emotion episodes of clients' working-phase sessions were analyzed using THEME™ sequential analyses of emotions coded during emotion episodes. Results: According to THEME™, poor outcome clients (Beck Depression Inventory at 18 months ≥ 10) expressed more emotion episode sequences containing secondary, or self-protective emotions, than good outcome clients. Good outcome clients expressed more emotion sequences with needs, hurt/grief, and assertive anger than poor outcome clients. Conclusions: EFT sequential emotional processing theory appears to offer good basic assumptions for experiential long-term therapy outcomes after receiving therapy for MDD. Generalization of the theory for other treatments is desired.
Collapse
|
8
|
Plouffe RA, Easterbrook B, Liu A, McKinnon MC, Richardson JD, Nazarov A. Psychometric Evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale in Two Canadian Armed Forces Samples. Assessment 2023; 30:111-123. [PMID: 34515535 DOI: 10.1177/10731911211044198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Moral injury (MI) is defined as the profound psychological distress experienced in response to perpetrating, failing to prevent, or witnessing acts that transgress personal moral standards or values. Given the elevated risk of adverse mental health outcomes in response to exposure to morally injurious experiences in military members, it is critical to implement valid and reliable measures of MI in military populations. We evaluated the reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity, as well as the factor structure of the commonly used Moral Injury Events Scale (MIES) across two separate active duty and released Canadian Armed Forces samples. In Study 1, convergent and discriminant validity were demonstrated through correlations between MIES scores and depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, anger, adverse childhood experiences, and combat experiences. Across studies, internal consistency reliability was high. However, dimensionality of the MIES remained unclear, and model fit was poor across active and released Canadian Armed Forces samples. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Plouffe
- MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bethany Easterbrook
- MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aihua Liu
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Margaret C McKinnon
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Homewood Health Centre, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,St Joseph's Health Care Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Don Richardson
- MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony Nazarov
- MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fleming WH. Complex Moral Injury: Shattered Moral Assumptions. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2022; 61:1022-1050. [PMID: 35274226 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An infographic model of moral injury (MI) is introduced in this conceptual paper that distinguishes the development of a worldview discrepancy-induced genus of MI, called complex moral injury (C-MI), from a standard expression of moral injury (S-MI), clearly delineated as perpetration-focused and a violation of moral belief in the contemporary view. It builds upon a previous essay that examined the potential of paradoxical circumstance (e.g., clashes of value, competing moral expectations, and moral paradox) to inflict MI among military personnel during wartime (Fleming in J Relig Health 60(5):3012-3033, 2021). Accordingly, it heeds Litz et al.'s recommendation to expand the research of MI beyond the effects of perpetration and investigate the impact of morally injurious events that shake one's core moral beliefs about the world and self (Litz et al. in Clin Psychol Rev 29(8):695-706, 2009). A review of definitional, scale, and qualitative studies shows evidence of a nuanced and complex form of MI that presents as moral disorientation and is a response to a disruption and subsequent failure of foundational moral beliefs to adequately appraise ethical problems and inform moral identity. Interrelations between MI, assumptive world, and meaning theories suggest the mechanism of C-MI and potential therapies. Case studies from a Veterans Administration hospital in the United States and a walk through the diagram will help illustrate the model. Clinical implications of a definition that includes morally injurious events that shatter fundamental moral assumptions are discussed. The role of chaplains in facilitating acceptance and meaning-making processes is recommended for C-MI recovery. Acknowledging the model's need for empirical support, a plausible scale is discussed for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley H Fleming
- Clinical Chaplain, Syracuse VAMC, 800 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Roozitalab S, Rahimzadeh M, Mirmajidi SR, Ataee M, Esmaelzadeh Saeieh S. The Relationship Between Infertility, Stress, and Quality of Life with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Infertile Women. J Reprod Infertil 2022; 22:282-288. [PMID: 34987990 PMCID: PMC8669410 DOI: 10.18502/jri.v22i4.7654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The infertility experience and its treatment are accompanied by the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was determining the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and quality of life and the infertile women’s stress. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 172 infertile women were divided in four groups. Convenience sampling was done and eligible infertile women referred to Qafqaz Infertility Center in Iran were included in the study. The data was collected between January and March 2019 through posttraumatic stress disorder checklist, The Fertility Quality of Life (FertiQoL) questionnaire, and Newton's infertility stress questionnaire. Pearson correlation, linear regression analysis, and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied for data analysis with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The results of two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there was no significant relationship between the type of treatment (p=0.548) and the reception of psychological intervention (p=0.450). In addition, the results of Pearson correlation showed that there was an inverse significant relationship between the total score of posttraumatic stress disorder and quality of life (r=−0.91, p<0.001) and a direct relationship between the total score of posttraumatic stress disorder and level of stress (r=0.56, p<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that 41.3% of the infertile women had the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Due to the relationships of posttraumatic stress disorder with the quality of life and infertility stress, providing regular designed psychological interventions is recommended for infertile individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Roozitalab
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Sciences, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mitra Rahimzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Mina Ataee
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Avicenna Fertility Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Esmaelzadeh Saeieh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reed DE, Cobos B, Nagpal AS, Eckmann M, McGeary DD. The role of identity in chronic pain cognitions and pain-related disability within a clinical chronic pain population. Int J Psychiatry Med 2022; 57:35-52. [PMID: 33487093 DOI: 10.1177/0091217421989141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic pain has a significant impact on functioning and results in the disruption of one's assumed life trajectory, potentially altering their self-perceived identity. The present research is designed to determine whether identity-related issues are associated with common chronic pain cognitions and pain-related disability, which may help inform understanding of clinical chronic pain populations. METHOD Ninety-eight adult chronic pain patients were assessed at a local pain clinic during a regularly scheduled appointment focusing on pain management. Multivariate hierarchal regression was used to determine whether issues related to identity and death anxiety were associated with pain catastrophizing, pain acceptance, and pain-related disability, above and beyond pain severity, fear-avoidance, and age. RESULTS Self-concept clarity was significantly related to pain catastrophizing and pain acceptance, above and beyond death anxiety, pain severity, fear-avoidance, and age. Death anxiety was associated with pain catastrophizing, pain acceptance, and pain-related disability above and beyond pain severity, fear-avoidance, and age. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first examination of self-concept clarity and death anxiety as they relate to pain catastrophizing, pain acceptance, and pain-related disability. These descriptive results support the inclusion of identity and death anxiety within the pain experience and could serve as a foundation for future directions relevant to clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Reed
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas - Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Briana Cobos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas - Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ameet S Nagpal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Max Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Donald D McGeary
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas - Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wayland S, Cook O, Cartwright A, Ryan J, Brondolo E, Bassed R, Bugeja L. The nature and impact of occupational trauma exposure among staff working in a forensic medical and scientific service: a qualitative interview study. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2021.2002409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Wayland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - O. Cook
- Monash Nursing & Midwifery, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - A. Cartwright
- Monash Nursing & Midwifery, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - J. Ryan
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E. Brondolo
- Collaborative Health Integration Research Program (CHIRP), Department of Psychology, St. John’s University Jamaica, Victoria, Australia
| | - R. Bassed
- Academic Programs Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine. Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne Australia
| | - L. Bugeja
- Department of Forensic Medicine. Research Lead - Violence Investigation, Research and Training Unit, Monash University Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Timmermann C, Kettner H, Letheby C, Roseman L, Rosas FE, Carhart-Harris RL. Psychedelics alter metaphysical beliefs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22166. [PMID: 34815421 PMCID: PMC8611059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Can the use of psychedelic drugs induce lasting changes in metaphysical beliefs? While it is popularly believed that they can, this question has never been formally tested. Here we exploited a large sample derived from prospective online surveying to determine whether and how beliefs concerning the nature of reality, consciousness, and free-will, change after psychedelic use. Results revealed significant shifts away from 'physicalist' or 'materialist' views, and towards panpsychism and fatalism, post use. With the exception of fatalism, these changes endured for at least 6 months, and were positively correlated with the extent of past psychedelic-use and improved mental-health outcomes. Path modelling suggested that the belief-shifts were moderated by impressionability at baseline and mediated by perceived emotional synchrony with others during the psychedelic experience. The observed belief-shifts post-psychedelic-use were consolidated by data from an independent controlled clinical trial. Together, these findings imply that psychedelic-use may causally influence metaphysical beliefs-shifting them away from 'hard materialism'. We discuss whether these apparent effects are contextually independent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Timmermann
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Hannes Kettner
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chris Letheby
- Department of Philosophy, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Philosophy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Leor Roseman
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fernando E Rosas
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Complexity Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin L Carhart-Harris
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Psychedelics Division, Neuroscape, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Roads less travelled to self-forgiveness: Can psychological flexibility overcome chronic guilt/shame to achieve genuine self-forgiveness? JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Bai Q, Huang S, Hsueh FH, Zhang T. Cyberbullying victimization and suicide ideation: A crumbled belief in a just world. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Liu J, Mahendran R, Chong SA, Subramaniam M. Elucidating the Impact of Childhood, Adulthood, and Cumulative Lifetime Trauma Exposure on Psychiatric Symptoms in Early Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. J Trauma Stress 2021; 34:137-148. [PMID: 33096583 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative lifetime trauma has a profound impact on the development of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, few studies have determined participants' most distressing (i.e., "worst") life event in childhood or adulthood or examined whether this event contributes to poorer clinical outcomes. The present study aimed to (a) determine the associations between the worst life event and demographic/clinical variables and (b) examine the associations between the worst life event and psychiatric symptoms (i.e., positive, negative, depressive, and anxiety symptoms). Participants (N = 150) were outpatients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who were assessed for lifetime trauma exposure, positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations between demographic and clinical variables and worst life events (none, childhood, or adulthood). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between worst life events and psychiatric symptoms. More participants reported that their worst life event occurred during adulthood (31.1%) than childhood (21.3%). Adulthood trauma was associated with male gender, older age, non-Chinese ethnicity, and psychiatric comorbidities; childhood trauma was associated with a family history of depression/anxiety. Adulthood trauma was significantly associated with more severe positive psychotic symptoms, f2 = 0.19, whereas childhood and adulthood trauma exposure were both significantly associated with more severe depressive and anxiety symptoms, f2 s = 0.19 and 0.25, respectively. Our findings underscore the importance of conducting assessments for worst life events and the associated risk factors to develop meaningful formulations and appropriate trauma-focused treatment plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Liu
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.,Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rathi Mahendran
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Academic Development Department, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Siow Ann Chong
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vazquez C, Valiente C, García FE, Contreras A, Peinado V, Trucharte A, Bentall RP. Post-Traumatic Growth and Stress-Related Responses During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a National Representative Sample: The Role of Positive Core Beliefs About the World and Others. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2021; 22:2915-2935. [PMID: 33456320 PMCID: PMC7798377 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-020-00352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Given the need to understand both the negative and positive psychological consequences of the current global COVID-19 pandemic (Brewin et al. in Perspectives in Public Health 10.1177/1757913920957365 2020), the aim of this study was to test a cognitive model of post-traumatic symptoms (PTS) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) during confinement caused by the SARS-COV-2 epidemic. In line with cognitive models of trauma elaboration (Park in Psychological Bulletin 10.1037/a0018301), we included in our model some beliefs associated to the world (e.g., primal beliefs about a good world), to the self (e.g., death anxiety or orientation toward the future) and to others (e.g., suspiciousness or identification with humanity). To evaluate the explanatory model, a national representative sample of adults between the ages of 18 and 75 (N = 1951) was surveyed between 7th and 13th April, 2020, in the middle of a strict 7-week national confinement. Structural equation modelling yielded a very similar model to the one initially specified. The results highlight the role of both negative and positive core beliefs, which are pertinent to the current pandemic threat, in the appearance of PTS and PTG, respectively. In short, primal beliefs about a good world, openness to the future and identification with humanity were associated with PTG; while suspiciousness, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety about death and also identification with humanity were associated with PTS and consequent impairment. This is an innovative study of different pathways to traumatic responses and growth during a pandemic. Future research is needed to replicate its findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Vazquez
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Valiente
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe E. García
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Comunicaciones, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alba Contreras
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Peinado
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Trucharte
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fischer IC, Shanahan ML, Hirsh AT, Stewart JC, Rand KL. The relationship between meaning in life and post-traumatic stress symptoms in US military personnel: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2020; 277:658-670. [PMID: 32911216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective meaning in life has been theorized to play a critical role in the adjustment to traumatic events. However, its association with post-traumatic stress symptoms has not been quantitatively reviewed. METHODS Informed by Park's integrated meaning-making model and evidenced-based psychological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder, the goals of this meta-analysis were to: (1) to determine the direction and magnitude of the association between meaning in life and post-traumatic stress symptoms; and (2) to examine potential moderators of this association (i.e., age, sex, race, marital status, type of trauma, and meaning in life conceptualization). CINAHL, Embase, PILOT, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science core collection databases were searched. RESULTS A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted on 26 associations (N = 9,751). A significant, moderate, negative relationship was found between meaning in life and post-traumatic stress symptoms (r = -0.41; 95% CI: -0.47 to -0.35, k = 25). No significant moderators were detected. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that meaning in life plays a crucial role in adjustment to traumatic events. Development and testing of randomized controlled trials to determine whether increases in meaning in life result in reductions of post-traumatic stress in US military personnel may facilitate ongoing efforts aimed at recovery from trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Mackenzie L Shanahan
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Adam T Hirsh
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jesse C Stewart
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kevin L Rand
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reed DE, Williamson RE, Wickham RE. Memento mori: Understanding existential anxiety through the existential pathway model. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jts5.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Reed
- Center of Innovation for Veteran‐Centered and Value‐Driven Care VA Puget Sound Health Care Seattle WA USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wong IA, Yang FX. A quarantined lodging stay: The buffering effect of service quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT 2020; 91:102655. [PMID: 32868959 PMCID: PMC7449669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
How do guests feel during their stay at quarantine lodging? This study draws on terror management theory and social exclusion theory to synthesize a model that highlights guests' perceptions about their experience under enforced isolation. The model articulates guests' feeling of anxiety and loneliness, whereas quality of service presents warmth and care that activates an anxiety buffer mechanism that mitigates the effect of anxiety. In turn guests' level of anxiety is further explained by an interaction between their health status and the length of stay. Results point to a conduit for studying the dark side of hospitality, opening up research avenues that could help assess broader social behavioral changes during the global pandemic, while offering operators revelations for lodging management during a crisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- IpKin Anthony Wong
- Institute for Research on Portuguese-Speaking Country, City University of Macau, China
| | - Fiona X Yang
- Faculty of Business Administration, University of Macau, Macau, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bachem R, Scherf J, Levin Y, Schröder-Abé M, Solomon Z. The role of parental negative world assumptions in the intergenerational transmission of war trauma. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2020; 55:745-755. [PMID: 31664475 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Among the most prevalent and adverse sequalae of traumatic experiences are negative world assumptions (WAs), which describe trauma-related negative cognitions regarding the self, the world, and others. Even though a wealth of studies has shown intrapersonal associations between negative WAs and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), there has been little research on how WAs may affect family systems. This study examined the intergenerational associations between parental WAs, paternal PTSS, and maternal secondary traumatic stress (STS) on adult-children's STS in veterans' families. It was hypothesized that negative paternal WAs would mediate the association between parental PTSS/STS and adult-children's STS. METHODS Three domains of WAs (benevolence of the world, meaningfulness of the world, and self-worth) and PTSS were prospectively assessed in 123 father-mother-offspring triads of former Israeli veterans of the 1973 Yom Kippur War, their wives and adult offspring. Data were collected in 2003, 2008, and 2014, and analyzed using triadic path modeling. RESULTS Mothers' STS was associated with children's STS via negative maternal WAs on world benevolence. Fathers' PTSS was related to children's STS via fathers' WAs on world benevolence and self-worth. Moreover, fathers' WAs on world benevolence and self-worth mediated the intergenerational transmission of STS from mothers to offspring. No effects were found for meaningfulness WAs. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that parental WAs related to world benevolence and paternal self-worth contribute to intergenerational trauma transmission. Clinical implications favor cognitive and systemic approaches to therapy that address negative benevolence and self-worth assumptions and involve the entire family system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Bachem
- I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Chaim Levanon 30, 699780, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel-Aviv University, P.O.B. 39040, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Johanna Scherf
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Street 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yafit Levin
- I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Chaim Levanon 30, 699780, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel-Aviv University, P.O.B. 39040, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michela Schröder-Abé
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Street 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zahava Solomon
- I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Chaim Levanon 30, 699780, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel-Aviv University, P.O.B. 39040, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mikulincer M, Lifshin U, Shaver PR. Towards an Anxiety-Buffer Disruption Approach to Depression: Attachment Anxiety and Worldview Threat Heighten Death-Thought Accessibility and Depression-Related Feelings. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2020.39.4.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In two studies, we tested an anxiety-buffer disruption approach to depression, examining the effects of attachment insecurities, worldview threat, and death concerns on depression-related feelings. Method: In both studies, Israeli undergraduates reported on their attachment insecurities (anxiety, avoidance), were exposed to a worldview threat or a no-threat condition, and then rated their current level of depression-related feelings. Results: In Study 1 (N = 124), we also measured death-thought accessibility and found that a worldview threat (versus no-threat) heightened death-thought accessibility and depression feelings only among participants scoring relatively high on attachment anxiety, and that death-thought accessibility mediated the effects of worldview threat and attachment anxiety on feelings of depression. In Study 2 (N = 240), we randomly assigned participants to a mortality salience or a control condition and found that heightened death concerns caused more depression only when a worldview threat was present and participants' attachment anxiety was high. Discussion: The roles that disruption of anxiety buffering systems and death-related concerns play in depression were discussed.
Collapse
|
23
|
Testing a model of fear of cancer recurrence or progression: the central role of intrusions, death anxiety and threat appraisal. J Behav Med 2020; 43:225-236. [PMID: 31907743 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-019-00129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We recently proposed a model of cancer-related anxiety to account for the etiology and maintenance of clinically significant anxiety in the context of cancer. This study tested predictions arising from the model to explain fear of cancer recurrence or progression (FCR). Patients with cancer were recruited from a research registry or outpatient hospital clinics (n = 211). In bivariate analyses, FCR was associated with metacognitive beliefs, intolerance of uncertainty, core belief disruption, less meaning in life, social constraints, death anxiety, intrusions, threat appraisal, and coping. A hierarchical regression explained 65% of the variance in FCR. FCR was predicted by younger age, intrusions, death anxiety, threat appraisal and meta-cognitions. The findings highlight the importance of both cognitive processes and content in FCR, including intrusions, fears about death and dying, beliefs about worry, and threat appraisals.
Collapse
|
24
|
Herr DJ, Buchanan EM. Generativity and other buffers of death awareness in first responders. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2019; 33:193-206. [PMID: 31775534 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2019.1695522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Anxiety buffer disruption theory (ABDT) predicts that posttraumatic stress reactions occur when buffers of awareness of death, such as meaning in life, self-esteem, and social intimacy, fail to suppress overwhelming death-anxiety. In this study, we hypothesized that generativity may also serve as an effective buffer of awareness of death and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Design: The present study investigated the presence of anxiety buffering disruption in first responders with a spectrum of posttraumatic stress via a mediation path model of self-report measures of PTSD symptoms, anxiety buffer variables, and death-thought accessibility.Methods: To investigate the role of anxiety buffering in PTSD, a sample of 986 first responders completed self-report measures of PTSD symptoms and anxiety buffer variables in randomized order, and a death-thought accessibility measure following random assignment to mortality salience (n = 290) or control (n = 302) conditioning.Results and Conclusion: Results of structural equation modeling indicated PTSD symptoms have a small relation to increased awareness of death whereas anxiety buffering variables did not mediate the relation between PTSD symptoms and awareness of death. Nonetheless, generativity and meaning in life, self-esteem, and social support were significant predictors of lower levels of PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Herr
- Psychology Department, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Erin M Buchanan
- Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Analytics, Harrisburg, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Arslantürk G, Baykan N, Durukan P. Mortality salience in professionals witnessing death: The effects of mortality manipulation on doctors' evaluations. DEATH STUDIES 2019; 45:781-787. [PMID: 31760875 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2019.1692969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates whether frequently witnessing death leads to desensitization in terms of death anxiety. A total of 163 individuals, comprising 71 doctors from branches with high death rates and 92 doctors from branches where mortality is rarely seen, participated in this study. An experiment was conducted employing a classical version of mortality salience manipulation, which is often used in terror management research, to test the study's hypothesis. The results supported the hypothesis only with regard to altruism-egoism, providing partial support for the effect of desensitization. This subject needs to be studied further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Arslantürk
- Faculty of Letters, Department of Psychology, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Necmi Baykan
- Emergency Service, Nevşehir State Hospital, Nevşehir, Turkey
| | - Polat Durukan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vail KE, Courtney EP, Goncy EA, Cornelius T, Edmondson D. Anxiety Buffer Disruption: Relationship Threat, Death Anxiety, and Coping Appraisals Among Low and High Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Samples. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2019.38.6.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Prior work suggests that people function effectively in the world, in part, by relying on sociocultural anxiety-buffer systems to protect against death anxiety. However, traumatic experiences may overwhelm and disrupt those systems, and this work tests whether posttraumatic stress symptoms reflect a vulnerability to death anxiety and risk of coping failure. Method: Following posttraumatic stress screening (n = 4129), individuals with low (n = 187) and high (n = 186) posttraumatic stress symptoms engaged in either an anxiety-buffer stressor task (contemplating relationship problems) or control task. Participants subsequently reported death anxiety and made coping appraisals. Results: Results supported four key hypotheses. Among individuals with low posttraumatic stress: (1) death anxiety was low under control conditions but moderately increased after contemplating relationship problems; and (2) perceived coping ability remained high in both conditions. However, among those with high posttraumatic stress: (3) death anxiety was exceptionally high in both the relationship problems prime and the control conditions—indicating anxiety buffer disruption; and (4) perceived coping ability was low in the control condition, and even lower after contemplating relationship problems. Conclusions: These findings support the hypotheses and make novel contributions, in that prior research on the existential implications of PTSD have not considered that anxiety buffer disruption may be associated with failure to cope with new challenges after traumatic experiences. Future research should determine whether therapies can improve the core dimensions of functional worldviews, a sense of meaning and self-esteem, and whether such improvements result in improvements to perceived coping abilities.
Collapse
|
27
|
Appropriated racial oppression: Implications for mental health in Whites and Blacks. Soc Sci Med 2019; 230:295-302. [PMID: 31054520 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Racism has been examined in its many forms. Scholarship regarding how individuals personally experience, cope with, and manage racial oppression is still developing. The term "appropriated racial oppression" reframes the construct "internalized racism" as a process whereby members of a group appropriate a dominant group's ideology, adapt their behavior, and perceive a subordinate status as deserved, natural, and inevitable. The expression of appropriated racial oppression is based on a variety of complicated and interacting processes, such as incentivized societal norms, critical consciousness, and racial socialization. We conceptualize appropriated racial oppression as a mediated process that yields both direct and indirect health outcomes for both non-dominant and dominant groups. The latter is critical because little research examines how racism affects dominant groups and their health. In this commentary, we examine two examples where appropriating racial oppression may confer both negative and adaptive outcomes. Although we highlight examples rooted in White and Black racial experiences, we briefly consider implications for intersectional and multiple marginalized identities as well. Future research recommendations for psychology, public health and interdisciplinary research are discussed.
Collapse
|
28
|
Benight CC, Harwell A, Shoji K. Self-Regulation Shift Theory: A Dynamic Personal Agency Approach to Recovery Capital and Methodological Suggestions. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1738. [PMID: 30298033 PMCID: PMC6160534 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery capital highlights person and environmental resources associated with overcoming significant life challenges. This paper utilizes social cognitive theory as a framework for understanding how recovery capital functions in trauma adaptation. This theory outlines the bidirectional, dynamic interactions among person (e.g., cognitive and affective), behavioral (e.g., problem focused coping), and environmental variables (i.e., triadic reciprocal determinism). The value of this approach to understanding human adaptation to trauma is that it targets the self-regulatory processes that unfold for trauma survivors as they attempt to put their lives back together. Self-regulation shift theory (SRST), as an extension to social cognitive theory, is offered to explain how self-regulation is involved in both positive and negative adjustment. The theory uses a dynamical systems approach and highlights the mechanisms related to non-linear shifts in both positive and negative trauma recovery. According to SRST, trauma recovery may not be linear with threshold shifts (i.e., bifurcations) from one organized state (broken self) to another (empowered self). Coping self-efficacy perceptions are a critical factor influencing these threshold shifts. This paper concludes with a brief review of study designs and analytic procedures that can facilitate the application of non-linear dynamic research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Benight
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States.,Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Aaron Harwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Kotaro Shoji
- Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Neely KC, Dunn JGH, McHugh TLF, Holt NL. Female Athletes' Experiences of Positive Growth Following Deselection in Sport. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 40:173-185. [PMID: 30157704 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2017-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore female athletes' experiences of positive growth following deselection from provincial sport teams. Interviews were conducted with 18 women (Mage = 22.45 years, SD = 1.38) who were deselected from provincial soccer, ice hockey, and volleyball teams as adolescents. Interpretative phenomenological analysis methodology was used. The analysis was guided by Tedeschi and Calhoun's model of posttraumatic growth. Results showed that participants questioned their identity and ability as athletes following deselection. Growth was a gradual process that unfolded over several years, experienced through a greater appreciation of the role of sport in the participants' lives and sport becoming a priority, an enhanced sense of personal strength, developing closer social relationships, and a recognition of new and other opportunities. These findings show that cognitive processes and social relationships are critical components in the process of positive growth.
Collapse
|
30
|
Nazarov A, Fikretoglu D, Liu A, Thompson M, Zamorski MA. Greater prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in deployed Canadian Armed Forces personnel at risk for moral injury. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 137:342-354. [PMID: 29504125 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A link between moral injury (i.e., the psychological distress caused by perceived moral transgressions) and adverse mental health outcomes (AMHO) has been recently proposed. However, the prevalence of exposure to morally injurious events and the associated risk of experiencing AMHO remains understudied. METHOD The impact of exposure to potentially morally injurious experiences (PMIEs) was explored in relation to past-year PTSD and MDD, using the 2013 Canadian Armed Forces Mental Health Survey dataset of Afghanistan mission deployed regular force and reserve personnel. A series of logistic regressions were conducted, controlling for relevant sociodemographic, military, deployment, and trauma-related variables. RESULTS Over half of the deployed personnel endorsed at least one PMIE. Several demographic and military variables were associated with exposure to PMIEs. Those exposed to PMIEs demonstrated a greater likelihood of having past-year PTSD and MDD; feeling responsible for the death of Canadian or ally personnel demonstrated the strongest association with PTSD and MDD. Mental health training was not a moderator for PMIE exposure and AMHO. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to PMIEs during deployments is common and represents an independent risk factor for past-year PTSD and MDD. Improved training that targets moral-ethical dilemmas and treatment interventions that address moral injury expressions is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Nazarov
- Department of National Defence, Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - D Fikretoglu
- Department of National Defence, Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Liu
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Thompson
- Department of National Defence, Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M A Zamorski
- Directorate of Mental Health, Canadian Forces Health Services Group, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Grupp F, Moro MR, Nater UM, Skandrani SM, Mewes R. "It's That Route That Makes Us Sick": Exploring Lay Beliefs About Causes of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Sub-saharan African Asylum Seekers in Germany. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:628. [PMID: 30534091 PMCID: PMC6275318 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many asylum seekers have been confronted with traumatizing events, leading to high prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Within the diagnostic context, clinicians should take into account patients' culturally shaped presentation of symptoms. Therefore, we sought to provide insights into beliefs about causes of PTSD held by Sub-Saharan African asylum seekers living in Germany. To this aim, we used a quantitative and qualitative methodological triangulation strategy based on a vignette describing symptoms of PTSD. In the first part of the study, asylum seekers (n = 119), predominantly from Eritrea (n = 41), Somalia (n = 36), and Cameroon (n = 25), and a German comparison sample without a migration background (n = 120) completed the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R). In the second part, asylum seekers reviewed the results within eight focus group discussions (n = 26), sampled from groups of the three main countries of origin. Descriptive analyses of the first part demonstrated that asylum seekers predominantly attributed PTSD symptoms to psychological and religious causes, and rather disagreed with supernatural causes. In comparison to the German sample without a migration background, asylum seekers attributed symptoms less strongly to terrible experiences, but more strongly to religious and supernatural causes. Within the focus group discussions, six attribution categories of participants' causal beliefs were identified: (a) traumatic life experiences, (b) psychological causes, (c) social causes, (d) post-migration stressors, (e) religious causes, and (f) supernatural causes. Our findings suggest that the current Western understanding of PTSD is as relevant to migrants as to non-migrants in terms of psychological causation, but might differ regarding the religious and supernatural realm. While awareness of culture-specific belief systems of asylum seekers from Sub-Saharan Africa regarding PTSD is important, our findings do underline, at the same time, that cultural differences should not be overstated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freyja Grupp
- Division of Clinical Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Marie Rose Moro
- University of Paris Descartes, Hospital Cochin Paris, Paris, France
| | - Urs M Nater
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara M Skandrani
- University of Paris Nanterre, Hospital Cochin Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ricarda Mewes
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Luo S, Yu D, Han S. 5-HTTLPR moderates the association between interdependence and brain responses to mortality threats. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:6157-6171. [PMID: 28921740 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While behavioral research suggests an association between cultural worldview and decreased anxiety of death, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear. Using functional MRI, we investigated whether and how the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), which has been associated with mental disorders such as anxiety and depression, moderates the associations between a cultural trait (i.e., interdependence) and self-report of death anxiety/depression and between interdependence and brain responses to mortality threats. Long/long and short/short allele carriers of the 5-HTTLPR were scanned using fMRI while they performed a one-back task on death-related, death-unrelated negative, and neutral words. Participants' interdependence and death anxiety/depression were assessed using questionnaires after scanning. We found that participants who assessed themselves with greater interdependence reported lower death anxiety/depression and showed decreased neural response to death-related words in emotion-related brain regions including the anterior cingulate, putamen, and thalamus. However, these results were evident in long/long allele carriers of the 5-HTTLPR but not in short/short allele carriers who even showed positive associations between interdependence and neural activities in the anterior cingulate, putamen and thalamus in response to death-related words. Our findings suggest candidate mechanisms for explaining the complex relationship between genotype, cultural traits, and mental/neural responses to mortality threats. Hum Brain Mapp 38:6157-6171, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Luo
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dian Yu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shihui Han
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nielsen MB, Birkeland MS, Hansen MB, Knardahl S, Heir T. Victimization from workplace bullying after a traumatic event: time-lagged relationships with symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2017; 90:411-421. [PMID: 28161885 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-017-1204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined relationships between victimization from bullying and symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTSS) after exposure to a terror attack at the workplace. It was hypothesized that (1) victims of bullying report higher and more stable levels of PTSS over time compared to their non-bullied colleagues and (2) that PTSS provides an increased risk of subsequent victimization from bullying. METHODS The hypotheses were tested in a two-wave prospective sample comprising 2337 employees from Norwegian governmental ministries who were exposed to the 2011 Oslo terror attack. The two waves of data collection were conducted 10 and 22 months after the terror attack. RESULTS Hypothesis 1 was partially supported: victims of bullying reported significantly higher levels of PTSS than non-bullied employees at both measurement points, but bullying was not related to the stability in PTSS over time. In support of hypothesis 2, PTSS at 10 months was significantly associated with an increased risk of feeling victimized by bullying 1 year later. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that victimization from bullying is associated with elevated levels of PTSS in the aftermath of a workplace terror attack, but that bullying does not have any impact on the long-term development of PTSS. PTSS may be a potential antecedent of bullying. These findings suggest that organizations must give high priority to the psychosocial work environment of traumatized employees to prevent further detrimental health consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Birkeland Nielsen
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Pb 8149 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | - Stein Knardahl
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Pb 8149 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Heir
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ben-Ezra M, Hamama-Raz Y, Mahat-Shamir M, Pitcho-Prelorentzos S, Kaniasty K. Shattering core beliefs: Psychological reactions to mass shooting in Orlando. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 85:56-58. [PMID: 27835740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Krzysztof Kaniasty
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA; Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
George LS, Park CL. Does Spirituality Confer Meaning in Life Among Heart Failure Patients and Cancer Survivors? PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY 2017; 9:131-136. [PMID: 35317284 PMCID: PMC8936578 DOI: 10.1037/rel0000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The provision of a sense of meaning in life, especially during adverse life circumstances, is widely considered to be a central function of spirituality. However, limited empirical evidence exists for this notion. The present study employed cross-lagged panel analyses, in samples of 140 congestive heart failure patients and 161 cancer survivors, to examine whether spirituality can provide meaning in the context of serious illness. Survey data were collected at baseline and six (heart failure patients) or 12 months (cancer survivors) later. In both studies, cross-lagged paths showed that higher baseline spirituality predicted more positive change in meaning over time. These results support the widely held notion that spirituality can provide increased meaning in life among individuals dealing with substantial adversity.
Collapse
|
36
|
George LS, Park CL. Meaning in life and violations of beliefs and goals: reciprocal relations among individuals with congestive heart failure. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2016; 30:282-289. [PMID: 27824491 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2016.1253067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In the context of highly stressful experiences, violations of beliefs and goals and meaning in life may have a reciprocal relationship over time. More violations may lead to lowered meaning, whereas higher meaning may lead to lowered violations. The present study examines this relationship among congestive heart failure (CHF) patients. DESIGN A cross-lagged panel design was used. METHODS CHF patients (N = 142) reported twice, six months apart, on their meaning in life and the extent to which CHF violates their beliefs and goals. RESULTS Overall, results were consistent with a reciprocal relationship, showing that greater goal violations led to negative subsequent changes in meaning, whereas greater meaning led to favorable subsequent changes in violations of beliefs and goals. CONCLUSIONS Meaning in life and violations may contribute to one another, and therefore, in understanding the adjustment process, it is important to consider their interrelationship. The results are also broadly informative regarding the experience of meaning, showing that disruption of beliefs and goals may undermine meaning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Login S George
- a Department of Psychology , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
| | - Crystal L Park
- a Department of Psychology , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Anxiety buffer disruption theory posits that a systemic breakdown of the psychological system that manages anxiety plays an important role in the etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Traumatic life events undermine the capacity of one’s cultural worldview, self-esteem, and close relationships to manage anxiety, rendering people unable to cope with the distress produced by these events and thus leading to the hyperarousal, intrusive thoughts and emotions, negative alterations in cognitions or mood, and avoidance of trauma-related stimuli that are the defining features of PTSD. Evidence linking disrupted anxiety-buffer functioning to this disorder and implications for therapy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Pyszczynski
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs
| | - Jerika Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Steinman CT, Updegraff JA. Delay and death-thought accessibility: a meta-analysis. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2015; 41:1682-96. [PMID: 26443599 DOI: 10.1177/0146167215607843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dual-process component of Terror Management Theory (TMT) proposes that different types of threats lead to increases in death-thought accessibility (DTA) after different delay intervals. Experimental studies of terror management threats' effect on DTA were collected and coded for their use of explicitly death-related (vs. not explicitly death-related) threats, and for their use of delay and task-switching during the delay. Results reveal that studies using death-related threats achieved larger DTA effect-sizes when they included more task-switching or a longer delay between the threat and the DTA measurement. In contrast, studies using threats that were not explicitly death-related achieved smaller DTA effect-sizes when they included more task-switching between the threat and the DTA measurement. These findings provide partial support for the dual-process component's predictions regarding delay and DTA. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent research suggests that self-esteem may be associated with improved parasympathetic nervous system functioning. This study tested whether high self-esteem is associated with decreased ambulatory systolic blood pressure (ASBP) reactivity to anxiety in healthy adults during the waking hours of a normal day. METHODS Each of 858 participants completed a short version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and then wore an ABP monitor that took two blood pressure readings per hour for 24 hours. Immediately after each blood pressure reading, participants completed an electronic diary report that included an anxiety rating on a 100-point visual analog scale. Using multilevel models, we assessed the association of momentary anxiety, high trait self-esteem, and their interaction on momentary ASBP, with adjustment for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and body mass index. Sensitivity analyses were conducted examining psychological factors associated with self-esteem: sense of mastery, optimism, social support, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS On average, a 1-point increase in cube root-transformed anxiety was associated with a 0.80-mm Hg (standard error = 0.09, p < .001) increase in ASBP, and the interaction of high self-esteem and momentary anxiety was significant, such that this effect was 0.48 (standard error = 0.20, p = .015) less in individuals with high self-esteem compared with all others. Results for self-esteem remained significant when adjusting for sex and psychological factors. CONCLUSIONS Momentary increases in anxiety are associated with acute increases in ASBP, and high self-esteem buffers the effect of momentary anxiety on blood pressure. Thus, high self-esteem may confer cardiovascular benefit by reducing the acute effects of anxiety on systolic blood pressure.
Collapse
|
40
|
Taylor TF. The influence of shame on posttrauma disorders: have we failed to see the obvious? Eur J Psychotraumatol 2015; 6:28847. [PMID: 26399959 PMCID: PMC4580708 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v6.28847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While fear is known to be the dominant affect associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the presence and possible influence of other emotions is less well explored. Recent changes to diagnostic criteria have added anger, guilt and shame alongside fear as significant emotional states associated with the disorder. This article suggests that shame is a frequent, often poorly recognised sequel to trauma, occurring as a result of the meaning the individual places on the traumatic experience and on subsequent interpersonal and environmental events. METHODS The article reviews the literature on the socio-interpersonal aspects of the posttraumatic experience with particular emphasis on the emotion of shame as both primary and secondary emotion, in its intrapersonal and interpersonal contexts, and in adaptive and maladaptive forms. RESULTS The review suggests that posttrauma shame, and maladaptive shame regulation strategies, often manifesting as anger, substance abuse, social withdrawal or depression, may play an important role in the maintenance or exacerbation of the symptoms of PTSD and the development of co-morbidities. CONCLUSION The recognition of shame and maladaptive shame regulation strategies in PTSD treatment and management is critical. However, because shame is frequently considered a painful and discomforting emotion, it may fail to be addressed in the therapeutic setting by both client and therapist. Examination of potential shame-related changes in self-concept, close interpersonal relationships and social inclusion are recommended for individuals who have experienced a range of traumas to identify and address any underlying unacknowledged shame.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Taylor
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Berant E, Pizem N. Rescue volunteers' posttraumatic symptoms, distress, and fear of death: attachment insecurity moderates. DEATH STUDIES 2015; 39:121-127. [PMID: 25551333 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2014.913087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses the contribution of attachment orientations of ultra-orthodox volunteer rescuers involved in terror events to their posttraumatic symptoms, distress, and fear of death. The authors compared 53 ultra-orthodox rescuers operating in a terror-stricken area in Israel to 36 ultra-orthodox men unexposed to terror. Rescuers displayed lower distress than controls but were not significantly different in fear of death or posttraumatic symptoms. Attachment anxiety was found to be a risk factor by contributing uniquely to posttraumatic symptoms, distress, and fear of death, and as a debilitating factor among rescuers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ety Berant
- a Department of Psychology , Bar-Ilan University , Elad , Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Edmondson D. An Enduring Somatic Threat Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Due to Acute Life-Threatening Medical Events. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2014; 8:118-134. [PMID: 24920956 PMCID: PMC4048720 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs in 12-25% of survivors of acute life-threatening medical events such as heart attack, stroke, and cancer, and is associated with recurrence of cardiac events and mortality in heart attack survivors. This article reviews the current state of knowledge about PTSD after such events, and proposes an Enduring Somatic Threat (EST) model of PTSD due to acute life-threatening medical events to address underappreciated differences between PTSD due to past, discrete/external traumatic events (such as combat) and PTSD due to acute manifestations of chronic disease that are enduring/internal in nature (such as heart attack and stroke). The differences include the external versus internal/somatic source of the threat, the past versus present/future temporal focus of threatening cognitions, the different types and consequences of avoidance behavior, and the different character and consequences of hyperarousal. Although important differences between the two types of PTSD exist, the EST model proposes that the underlying fear of mortality maintains PTSD symptoms due to both discrete/external and ongoing/somatic events. Finally, this article offers a research agenda for testing the EST model, with a particular focus on areas that may improve cardiovascular prognosis and health behaviors in survivors of heart attack and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Edmondson
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Biruski DC, Ajdukovic D, Stanic AL. When the world collapses: changed worldview and social reconstruction in a traumatized community. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2014; 5:24098. [PMID: 25279101 PMCID: PMC4162982 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v5.24098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic experience can affect the individual's basic beliefs about the world as a predictable and safe place. One of the cornerstones in recovery from trauma is reestablishment of safety, connectedness, and the shattered schema of a worldview. OBJECTIVE This study explored the role of negatively changed worldview in the relationship between war-related traumatization and readiness for social reconstruction of intergroup relations in a post-conflict community measured by three processes: intergroup rapprochement, rebuilding trust, and need for apology. It was hypothesized that more traumatized people are less supportive of social reconstruction and that this relationship is mediated by the changed worldview. METHOD The study included a community random sample of 333 adults in the city of Vukovar, Croatia, that was most devastated during the 1991-1995 war. Six instruments were administered: Stressful Events Scale, Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Changed Worldview Scale, and three scales measuring the post-conflict social reconstruction processes: Intergroup Rapprochement, Intergroup Trust and Need for Apology. RESULTS Mediation analyses showed that the worldview change fully mediated between traumatization and all three aspects of social reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS In a population exposed to war traumatization the worldview change mediates post-conflict social recovery of community relations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinka Corkalo Biruski
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dean Ajdukovic
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ajana Löw Stanic
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Edmondson D, Horowitz CR, Goldfinger JZ, Fei K, Kronish IM. Concerns about medications mediate the association of posttraumatic stress disorder with adherence to medication in stroke survivors. Br J Health Psychol 2013; 18:799-813. [PMID: 23294320 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be a consequence of acute medical events and has been associated with non-adherence to medications. We tested whether increased concerns about medications could explain the association between PTSD and non-adherence to medication in stroke survivors. DESIGN We surveyed 535 participants aged 40 years or older who had at least one stroke or transient ischaemic attack in the previous 5 years. METHODS We assessed PTSD using the PTSD checklist-specific for stroke, medication adherence with the Morisky Medication Adherence Questionnaire, and beliefs about medications with the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire. We used logistic regression to test whether concerns about medications mediated the association between stroke-induced PTSD and non-adherence to medication. Covariates for adjusted analyses included age, sex, race, comorbid medical conditions, stroke-related disability, years since last stroke/TIA, and depression. RESULTS Symptoms of PTSD were correlated with greater concerns about medications (r = 0.45; p < .001), and both were associated with medication non-adherence. Adjustment for concerns about medications attenuated the relationship between PTSD and non-adherence to medication, from an odds ratio [OR] of 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.06; OR, 1.63 per 1 SD) to an OR of 1.02 (95% CI, 1.00-1.05; OR, 1.32 per 1 SD), and increased concerns about medications remained associated with increased odds of non-adherence to medication (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.10-1.25; OR, 1.72 per 1 SD) in this fully adjusted model. A bootstrap mediation test suggested that the indirect effect was statistically significant and explained 38% of the association of PTSD to medication non-adherence, and the direct effect of PTSD symptoms on medication non-adherence was no longer significant. CONCLUSION Increased concerns about medications explain a significant proportion of the association between PTSD symptoms and non-adherence to medication in stroke survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Edmondson
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|