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Cho Y. Arabidopsis AGB1 participates in salinity response through bZIP17-mediated unfolded protein response. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:586. [PMID: 38902609 PMCID: PMC11191249 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant heterotrimeric G proteins respond to various environmental stresses, including high salinity. It is known that Gβ subunit AGB1 functions in maintaining local and systemic Na+/K+ homeostasis to accommodate ionic toxicity under salt stress. However, whether AGB1 contributes to regulating gene expression for seedling's survival under high salinity remains unclear. RESULTS We showed that AGB1-Venus localized to nuclei when facing excessive salt, and the induction of a set of bZIP17-dependent salt stress-responsive genes was reduced in the agb1 mutant. We confirmed both genetic and physical interactions of AGB1 and bZIP17 in plant salinity response by comparing salt responses in the single and double mutants of agb1 and bzip17 and by BiFC assay, respectively. In addition, we show that AGB1 depletion decreases nuclei-localization of transgenic mRFP-bZIP17 under salt stress, as shown in s1p s2p double mutant in the Agrobacteria-mediated transient mRFP-bZIP17 expression in young seedlings. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that AGB1 functions in S1P and/or S2P-mediated proteolytic processing of bZIP17 under salt stress to regulate the induction of salinity-responsive gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh Cho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan.
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2
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Baran B, Ölmez F, Çapa B, Dikilitas M. Defense Pathways of Wheat Plants Inoculated with Zymoseptoria tritici under NaCl Stress Conditions: An Overview. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:648. [PMID: 38792668 PMCID: PMC11122936 DOI: 10.3390/life14050648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to being sessile, plants develop a broad range of defense pathways when they face abiotic or biotic stress factors. Although plants are subjected to more than one type of stress at a time in nature, the combined effects of either multiple stresses of one kind (abiotic or biotic) or more kinds (abiotic and biotic) have now been realized in agricultural lands due to increases in global warming and environmental pollution, along with population increases. Soil-borne pathogens, or pathogens infecting aerial parts, can have devastating effects on plants when combined with other stressors. Obtaining yields or crops from sensitive or moderately resistant plants could be impossible, and it could be very difficult from resistant plants. The mechanisms of combined stress in many plants have previously been studied and elucidated. Recent studies proposed new defense pathways and mechanisms through signaling cascades. In light of these mechanisms, it is now time to develop appropriate strategies for crop protection under multiple stress conditions. This may involve using disease-resistant or stress-tolerant plant varieties, implementing proper irrigation and drainage practices, and improving soil quality. However, generation of both stress-tolerant and disease-resistant crop plants is of crucial importance. The establishment of a database and understanding of the defense mechanisms under combined stress conditions would be meaningful for the development of resistant and tolerant plants. It is clear that leaf pathogens show great tolerance to salinity stress and result in pathogenicity in crop plants. We noticed that regulation of the stomata through biochemical applications and some effort with the upregulation of the minor gene expressions indirectly involved with the defense mechanisms could be a great way to increase the defense metabolites without interfering with quality parameters. In this review, we selected wheat as a model plant and Zymoseptoria tritici as a model leaf pathogen to evaluate the defense mechanisms under saline conditions through physiological, biochemical, and molecular pathways and suggested various ways to generate tolerant and resistant cereal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzat Baran
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Sur, Diyarbakır 21110, Türkiye;
| | - Fatih Ölmez
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas 58010, Türkiye;
| | - Beritan Çapa
- Department of Plant Protection Şanliurfa, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63000, Türkiye;
| | - Murat Dikilitas
- Department of Plant Protection Şanliurfa, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63000, Türkiye;
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Paul A, Mondal S, Chakraborty K, Biswas AK. Moving forward to understand the alteration of physiological mechanism by seed priming with different halo-agents under salt stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:24. [PMID: 38457044 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinity hampers the survival and productivity of crops. To minimize salt-associated damages in plant, better salt management practices in agriculture have become a prerequisite. Seed priming with different halo-agents is a technique, which improves the primed plant's endurance to tackle sodium. Salt tolerance is achieved in tolerant plants through fundamental physiological mechanisms- ion-exclusion and tissue tolerance, and salt-tolerant plants may (Na+ accumulators) or may not (Na+ excluders) allow sodium movement to leaves. While Na+ excluders depend on ion exclusion in roots, Na+ accumulators are proficient Na+ managers that can compartmentalize Na+ in leaves and use them beneficially as inexpensive osmoticum. Salt-sensitive plants are Na+ accumulators, but their inherent tissue tolerance ability and ion-exclusion process are insufficient for tolerance. Seed priming with different halo-agents aids in 'rewiring' of the salt tolerance mechanisms of plants. The resetting of the salt tolerance mechanism is not universal for every halo-agent and might vary with halo-agents. Here, we review the physiological mechanisms that different halo-agents target to confer enhanced salt tolerance in primed plants. Calcium and potassium-specific halo-agents trigger Na+ exclusion in roots, thus ensuring a low amount of Na+ in leaves. In contrast, Na+-specific priming agents favour processes for Na+ inclusion in leaves, improve plant tissue tolerance or vacuolar sequestration, and provide the greatest benefit to salt-sensitive and sodium accumulating plants. Overall, this review will help to understand the underlying mechanism behind plant's inherent nature towards salt management and its amelioration with different halo-agents, which helps to optimize crop stress performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alivia Paul
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, CAS, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, CAS, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Subhankar Mondal
- Crop Physiology and Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
- Department of Botany, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India
| | - Koushik Chakraborty
- Crop Physiology and Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Asok K Biswas
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, CAS, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
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Chen Z, Guo Z, Xu N, Cao X, Niu J. Graphene nanoparticles improve alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth through multiple metabolic pathways under salinity-stressed environment. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 289:154092. [PMID: 37716315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, one of the emerging carbon nanomaterials, has many advantages and applications. Salinity stress seriously affects ecology and agroforestry worldwide. The effects of graphene on alfalfa under salinity stress were investigated. The results indicated that graphene promoted alfalfa growth under non-salinity stress but caused some degree of damage to root cells and leaf parameters. Graphene used in salinity stress had a positive effect on growth parameters, chlorophyll, photosynthetic gas parameters, stomatal opening, ion balance, osmotic homeostasis, cell membrane integrity and antioxidant system, while it decreased Na+, lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species levels. Correlation analysis revealed that most of the parameters were significantly correlated; and principal component analysis indicated that the first two dimensions (78.1% and 4.1%) explained 82.2% of the total variability, and the majority of them exceeded the average contribution. Additionally, Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signaling pathway enrichment analysis showed that there were numerous differentially expressed genes and pathways to regulate alfalfa responding to salinity stress. Taken together, the findings reveal that graphene does not enter the plant, but improves the properties and adsorption of soil to enhance salt tolerance and seedling growth of alfalfa through morphological, physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic aspects. Furthermore, this study provides a reference for the application of graphene to improve soil environment and agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhipeng Guo
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Nan Xu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xinlong Cao
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Junpeng Niu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Alsherif EA, Hajjar D, Aldilami M, AbdElgawad H. Physiological and biochemical responses of wheat to synergistic effects of selenium nanoparticles and elevated CO 2 conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1183185. [PMID: 37521939 PMCID: PMC10373590 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1183185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Elevating CO2 (eCO2) levels will change behavior and the effect of soil fertilizers and nutrients. Selenium NPs (SeNPs) have arisen as an alternative to conventional Se fertilizers to enrich crops. However, it remains unclear whether eCO2 will change the biological effects of soil SeNPs on plant growth and metabolism. The current study aimed to shed new light on the interactive impacts of eCO2 and SeNPs on wheat plants. Accordingly, the attempts were to reveal whether the application of SeNPs can modulate the eCO2 effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) physiological and biochemical traits. With this goal, a pot experiment was carried out where the seeds were primed with SeNPs and plants were grown under two levels of CO2 concentrations (ambient CO2 (aCO2, 410 μmol CO2 mol-1; and eCO2 (710 μmol CO2 mol-1)) during six weeks after sowing. Although SeNPs+eCO2 treatment resulted in the highest accumulation of photosynthetic pigment content in leaves (+49-118% higher than control), strong evidence of the positive impacts on Rubisco activity (~+23%), and stomatal conductance (~+37%) was observed only under eCO2, which resulted in an improvement in photosynthesis capacity (+42%). When photosynthesis parameters were stimulated with eCO2, a significant improvement in dry matter production was detected, in particular under SeNPs+eCO2 which was 1.8 times higher than control under aCO2. The highest content of antioxidant enzymes, molecules, and metabolites was also recorded in SeNPs+eCO2, which might be associated with the nearly 50% increase in sodium content in shoots at the same treatment. Taken together, this is the first research documenting the effective synergistic impacts of eCO2 and SeNPs on the mentioned metabolites, antioxidants, and some photosynthetic parameters, an advantageous consequence that was not recorded in the individual application of these treatments, at least not as broadly as with the combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad A. Alsherif
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Hajjar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Aldilami
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Paul A, Mondal S, Pal A, Biswas S, Chakraborty K, Mazumder A, Biswas AK, Kundu R. Seed priming with NaCl helps to improve tissue tolerance, potassium retention ability of plants, and protects the photosynthetic ability in two different legumes, chickpea and lentil, under salt stress. PLANTA 2023; 257:111. [PMID: 37156996 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Seed priming with NaCl mimicked the conditions of natural priming to improve the tissue tolerance nature of sensitive legumes, which helps to maintain survivability and yield in mildly saline areas. Seed priming with NaCl is a seed invigoration technique that helps to improve plant growth by altering Na+ and K+ content under salt stress. Legumes are overall sensitive to salt and salinity hampers their growth and yield. Therefore, a priming (50 mM NaCl) experiment was performed with two different legume members [Cicer arietinum cv. Anuradha and Lens culinaris cv. Ranjan] and different morpho-physiological, biochemical responses at 50 mM, 100 mM, and 150 mM NaCl and molecular responses at 150 mM NaCl were studied in hydroponically grown nonprimed and primed members. Similarly, a pot experiment was performed at 80 mM Na+, to check the yield. Tissue Na+ and K+ content suggested NaCl-priming did not significantly alter the accumulation of Na+ among nonprimed and primed members but retained more K+ in cells, thus maintaining a lower cellular Na+/K+ ratio. Low osmolyte content (e.g., proline) in primed members suggested priming could minimize their overall osmolytic requirement. Altogether, these implied tissue tolerance (TT) nature might have improved in case of NaCl-priming as was also reflected by a better TT score (LC50 value). An improved TT nature enabled the primed plants to maintain a significantly higher photosynthetic rate through better stomatal conductance. Along with this, a higher level of chlorophyll content and competent functioning of the photosynthetic subunits improved photosynthetic performance that ensured yield under stress. Overall, this study explores the potential of NaCl-priming and creates possibilities for considerably sensitive members; those in their nonprimed forms have no prospect in mildly saline agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alivia Paul
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, CAS, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
- Cell Biology Laboratory, CAS, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Subhankar Mondal
- Crop Physiology and Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
- Department of Botany, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India
| | - Asmita Pal
- Cell Biology Laboratory, CAS, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Soumyajit Biswas
- Regional-Cum-Facilitation Centre (Eastern Region), National Medical Plants Board (NMPB), Ministry of Ayush, Govt. of India, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Koushik Chakraborty
- Crop Physiology and Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Asis Mazumder
- Regional-Cum-Facilitation Centre (Eastern Region), National Medical Plants Board (NMPB), Ministry of Ayush, Govt. of India, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Asok K Biswas
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, CAS, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
| | - Rita Kundu
- Cell Biology Laboratory, CAS, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
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Impact of Salinity on the Energy Transfer between Pigment-Protein Complexes in Photosynthetic Apparatus, Functions of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex and Photochemical Activities of Photosystem II and Photosystem I in Two Paulownia Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043108. [PMID: 36834517 PMCID: PMC9967322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study shows the effect of salinity on the functions of thylakoid membranes from two hybrid lines of Paulownia: Paulownia tomentosa x fortunei and Paulownia elongate x elongata, grown in a Hoagland solution with two NaCl concentrations (100 and 150 mM) and different exposure times (10 and 25 days). We observed inhibition of the photochemical activities of photosystem I (DCPIH2 → MV) and photosystem II (H2O → BQ) only after the short treatment (10 days) with the higher NaCl concentration. Data also revealed alterations in the energy transfer between pigment-protein complexes (fluorescence emission ratios F735/F685 and F695/F685), the kinetic parameters of the oxygen-evolving reactions (initial S0-S1 state distribution, misses (α), double hits (β) and blocked centers (SB)). Moreover, the experimental results showed that after prolonged treatment with NaCl Paulownia tomentosa x fortunei adapted to the higher concentration of NaCl (150 mM), while this concentration is lethal for Paulownia elongata x elongata. This study demonstrated the relationship between the salt-induced inhibition of the photochemistry of both photosystems and the salt-induced changes in the energy transfer between the pigment-protein complexes and the alterations in the Mn cluster of the oxygen-evolving complex under salt stress.
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Gupta N, Kanojia A, Katiyar A, Mudgil Y. Molecular Characterization of NDL1-AGB1 Mediated Salt Stress Signaling: Further Exploration of the Role of NDL1 Interacting Partners. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092261. [PMID: 34571915 PMCID: PMC8472134 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is considered to be the most severe abiotic stress. High soil salinity leads to osmotic and ionic toxicity, resulting in reduced plant growth and crop production. The role of G-proteins during salt stresses is well established. AGB1, a G-protein subunit, not only plays an important role during regulation of Na+ fluxes in roots, but is also involved in the translocation of Na+ from roots to shoots. N-Myc Downregulated like 1 (NDL1) is an interacting partner of G protein βγ subunits and C-4 domain of RGS1 in Arabidopsis. Our recent in-planta expression analysis of NDL1 reported changes in patterns during salt stress. Based on these expression profiles, we have carried out functional characterization of the AGB1-NDL1 module during salinity stress. Using various available mutant and overexpression lines of NDL1 and AGB1, we found that NDL1 acts as a negative regulator during salt stress response at the seedling stage, an opposite response to that of AGB1. On the other hand, during the germination phase of the plant, this role is reversed, indicating developmental and tissue specific regulation. To elucidate the mechanism of the AGB1-NDL1 module, we investigated the possible role of the three NDL1 stress specific interactors, namely ANNAT1, SLT1, and IDH-V, using yeast as a model. The present study revealed that NDL1 acts as a modulator of salt stress response, wherein it can have both positive as well as negative functions during salinity stress. Our findings suggest that the NDL1 mediated stress response depends on its developmental stage-specific expression patterns as well as the differential presence and interaction of the stress-specific interactors.
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Karimi SM, Freund M, Wager BM, Knoblauch M, Fromm J, M Mueller H, Ache P, Krischke M, Mueller MJ, Müller T, Dittrich M, Geilfus CM, Alfarhan AH, Hedrich R, Deeken R. Under salt stress guard cells rewire ion transport and abscisic acid signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1040-1055. [PMID: 33774818 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is an increasingly global problem which hampers plant growth and crop yield. Plant productivity depends on optimal water-use efficiency and photosynthetic capacity balanced by stomatal conductance. Whether and how stomatal behavior contributes to salt sensitivity or tolerance is currently unknown. This work identifies guard cell-specific signaling networks exerted by a salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant plant under ionic and osmotic stress conditions accompanied by increasing NaCl loads. We challenged soil-grown Arabidopsis thaliana and Thellungiella salsuginea plants with short- and long-term salinity stress and monitored genome-wide gene expression and signals of guard cells that determine their function. Arabidopsis plants suffered from both salt regimes and showed reduced stomatal conductance while Thellungiella displayed no obvious stress symptoms. The salt-dependent gene expression changes of guard cells supported the ability of the halophyte to maintain high potassium to sodium ratios and to attenuate the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway which the glycophyte kept activated despite fading ABA concentrations. Our study shows that salinity stress and even the different tolerances are manifested on a single cell level. Halophytic guard cells are less sensitive than glycophytic guard cells, providing opportunities to manipulate stomatal behavior and improve plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail M Karimi
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, Wuerzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Matthias Freund
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, Wuerzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Brittney M Wager
- School of Biological Science, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Science, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Jörg Fromm
- Department of Biology, Institute of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91d, Hamburg, 21031, Germany
| | - Heike M Mueller
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, Wuerzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Peter Ache
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, Wuerzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Markus Krischke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, Wuerzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Martin J Mueller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, Wuerzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Controlled Environment Horticulture, Humboldt University of Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Ahmed H Alfarhan
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, Wuerzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Rosalia Deeken
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, Wuerzburg, 97082, Germany
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Lanza MGDB, Reis ARD. Roles of selenium in mineral plant nutrition: ROS scavenging responses against abiotic stresses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 164:27-43. [PMID: 33962229 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Agronomic biofortification of crops with selenium (Se) is an important strategy to minimize hidden hunger and increase nutrient intake in poor populations. Selenium is an element that has several physiological and biochemical characteristics, such as the mitigation of different types of abiotic stress. Selenoproteins act as powerful antioxidants in plant metabolism through the glutathione peroxidase (GSH) pathway, and provide an increased activity for enzymatic (SOD, CAT, and APX) and non-enzymatic (ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and tocopherols) compounds that act in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system and cell detoxification. Selenium helps to inhibit the damage caused by climate changes such as drought, salinity, heavy metals, and extreme temperature. Also, Se regulates antenna complex of photosynthesis, protecting chlorophylls by raising photosynthetic pigments. However, Se concentrations in soils vary widely in the earth's crust. Soil Se availability regulates the uptake, transport, accumulation, and speciation in plants. Foliar Se application at the concentration 50 g ha-1 applied as sodium selenate increases the antioxidant, photosynthetic metabolism, and yield of several crops. Foliar Se application is a strategy to minimize soil adsorption and root accumulation. However, the limit between the beneficial and toxic effects of Se requires research to establish an optimal dose for each plant species under different edaphoclimatic conditions. In this review, we present the compilation of several studies on agronomic biofortification of plants with Se to ensure food production and food security to mitigate hidden hunger and improve the health of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriela Dantas Bereta Lanza
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Postal Code 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - André Rodrigues Dos Reis
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Rua Domingos da Costa Lopes 780, Postal Code 17602-496, Tupã, SP, Brazil.
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Loubser J, Hills P. The Application of a Commercially Available Citrus-Based Extract Mitigates Moderate NaCl-Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9081010. [PMID: 32785013 PMCID: PMC7465524 DOI: 10.3390/plants9081010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to assess the effect of BC204 as a plant biostimulant on Arabidopsis thaliana plants under normal and NaCl-stressed conditions. METHODS For this study, ex vitro and in vitro growth experiments were conducted to assess the effect of both NaCl and BC204 on basic physiological parameters such as biomass, chlorophyll, proline, malondialdehyde, stomatal conductivity, Fv/Fm and the expression of four NaCl-responsive genes. RESULTS This study provides preliminary evidence that BC204 mitigates salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. BC204 treatment increased chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weights, whilst reducing proline, anthocyanin and malondialdehyde content in the presence of 10 dS·m-1 electroconductivity (EC) salt stress. Stomatal conductivity was also reduced by BC204 and NaCl in source leaves. In addition, BC204 had a significant effect on the expression of salinity-related genes, stimulating the expression of salinity-related genes RD29A and SOS1 independently of NaCl-stress. CONCLUSIONS BC204 stimulated plant growth under normal growth conditions by increasing above-ground shoot tissue and root and shoot growth in vitro. BC204 also increased chlorophyll content while reducing stomatal conductivity. BC204 furthermore mitigated moderate to severe salt stress (10-20 dS·m-1) in A. thaliana. Under salt stress conditions, BC204 reduced the levels of proline, anthocyanin and malondialdehyde. The exact mechanism by which this occurs is unknown, but the results in this study suggest that BC204 may act as a priming agent, stimulating the expression of genes such as SOS1 and RD29A.
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Lekklar C, Suriya-Arunroj D, Pongpanich M, Comai L, Kositsup B, Chadchawan S, Buaboocha T. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Rice with Contrasting Photosynthesis and Grain Production under Salt Stress. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10080562. [PMID: 31349693 PMCID: PMC6722916 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfavourable environmental conditions, including soil salinity, lead to decreased rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity, especially at the reproductive stage. In this study, we examined 30 rice varieties, which revealed significant differences in the photosynthetic performance responses under salt stress conditions during the reproductive stage, which ultimately affected yield components after recovery. In rice with a correlation between net photosynthetic rate (PN) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) under salt stress, PN was found to be negatively correlated with filled grain number after recovery. Applying stringent criteria, we identified 130,317 SNPs and 15,396 InDels between two “high-yield rice” varieties and two “low-yield rice” varieties with contrasting photosynthesis and grain yield characteristics. A total of 2089 genes containing high- and moderate-impact SNPs or InDels were evaluated by gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, resulting in over-represented terms in the apoptotic process and kinase activity. Among these genes, 262 were highly expressed in reproductive tissues, and most were annotated as receptor-like protein kinases. These findings highlight the importance of variations in signaling components in the genome and these loci can serve as potential genes in rice breeding to produce a variety with salt avoidance that leads to increased yield in saline soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakkree Lekklar
- Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Environment and Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Suriya-Arunroj
- Nakohn Ratchasima Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, Nakohn Ratchasima 30110, Thailand
| | - Monnat Pongpanich
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Luca Comai
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Boonthida Kositsup
- Center of Excellence in Environment and Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Supachitra Chadchawan
- Center of Excellence in Environment and Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Buaboocha
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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13
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Favreau B, Denis M, Ployet R, Mounet F, Peireira da Silva H, Franceschini L, Laclau JP, Labate C, Carrer H. Distinct leaf transcriptomic response of water deficient Eucalyptus grandis submitted to potassium and sodium fertilization. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218528. [PMID: 31220144 PMCID: PMC6586347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While potassium fertilization increases growth yield in Brazilian eucalyptus plantations, it could also increase water requirements, making trees more vulnerable to drought. Sodium fertilization, which has been shown to promote eucalyptus growth compared to K-deficient trees, could partially mitigate this adverse effect of potassium. However, little is known about the influence of K and Na fertilization on the tree metabolic response to water deficit. The aim of the present study was thus to analyze the transcriptome of leaves sampled from Eucalyptus grandis trees subjected to 37% rainfall reduction, and fertilized with potassium (K), sodium (Na), compared to control trees (C). The multifactorial experiment was set up in a field with a throughfall exclusion system. Transcriptomic analysis was performed on leaves from two-year-old trees, and data analyzed using multifactorial statistical analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Significant sets of genes were seen to respond to rainfall reduction, in interaction with K or Na fertilization, or to fertilization only (regardless of the water supply regime). The genes were involved in stress signaling, primary and secondary metabolism, secondary cell wall formation and photosynthetic activity. Our focus on key genes related to cation transporters and aquaporins highlighted specific regulation of ion homeostasis, and plant adjustment to water deficit. While water availability significantly affects the transcriptomic response of eucalyptus species, this study points out that the transcriptomic response is highly dependent on the fertilization regime. Our study is based on the first large-scale field trial in a tropical region, specifically designed to study the interaction between water availability and nutrition in eucalyptus. To our knowledge, this is the first global transcriptomic analysis to compare the influence of K and Na fertilization on tree adaptive traits in water deficit conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Favreau
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Denis
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Raphael Ployet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Fabien Mounet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Hana Peireira da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Franceschini
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Labate
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helaine Carrer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Wu TY, Urano D. Genetic and Systematic Approaches Toward G Protein-Coupled Abiotic Stress Signaling in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1378. [PMID: 30294337 PMCID: PMC6158310 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G protein, composed of Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits, modulates plant adaptations to environmental stresses such as high salinity, drought, extreme temperatures and high light intensity. Most of these evidence were however derived solely from conventional genetics methods with which stress-associated phenotypes were compared between wild type and various G protein mutant plants. Recent advances in systematic approaches, mainly transcriptome and proteome, have contributed to in-depth understanding of molecular linkages between G proteins and environmental changes. Here, we update our knowledge on the roles of G proteins in abiotic stress responses. Furthermore, we highlight the current whole genome studies and integrated omics approach to better understand the fundamental G protein functions involved in abiotic stress responses. It is our purpose here to bridge the gap between molecular mechanisms in G protein science and stress biology and pave the way toward crop improvement researches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ying Wu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daisuke Urano
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Keisham M, Mukherjee S, Bhatla SC. Mechanisms of Sodium Transport in Plants-Progresses and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E647. [PMID: 29495332 PMCID: PMC5877508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of sodium (Na⁺) influx, effective compartmentalization, and efflux in higher plants is crucial to manipulate Na⁺ accumulation and assure the maintenance of low Na⁺ concentration in the cytosol and, hence, plant tolerance to salt stress. Na⁺ influx across the plasma membrane in the roots occur mainly via nonselective cation channels (NSCCs). Na⁺ is compartmentalized into vacuoles by Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers (NHXs). Na⁺ efflux from the plant roots is mediated by the activity of Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters catalyzed by the salt overly sensitive 1 (SOS1) protein. In animals, ouabain (OU)-sensitive Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase (a P-type ATPase) mediates sodium efflux. The evolution of P-type ATPases in higher plants does not exclude the possibility of sodium efflux mechanisms similar to the Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase-dependent mechanisms characteristic of animal cells. Using novel fluorescence imaging and spectrofluorometric methodologies, an OU-sensitive sodium efflux system has recently been reported to be physiologically active in roots. This review summarizes and analyzes the current knowledge on Na⁺ influx, compartmentalization, and efflux in higher plants in response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Keisham
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, West Bengal 742213, India.
| | - Satish C Bhatla
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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Derevyanchuk M, Kretynin S, Iakovenko O, Litvinovskaya R, Zhabinskii V, Martinec J, Blume Y, Khripach V, Kravets V. Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on Brassica napus alternative respiratory pathway, guard cells movements and phospholipid signaling under salt stress. Steroids 2017; 117:16-24. [PMID: 27913097 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Using Brassica napus roots we observed statistically significant increase in alternative respiratory pathway in response to exogenous 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) under optimal conditions and salinity. Also we observed activation of phospholipid signaling under the same conditions in response to EBL by measuring levels of lipid second messengers - diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PA). We found that brassinosteroids cause closure of stomata in isolated leaf disks while inhibitors of alternative oxidase cancelled these effects. This study demonstrates that BRs activate total respiration rate, alternative respiratory pathway, production of PA and DAG, stimulate stomata closure and growth under optimal conditions and salinity. Also, specific inhibitor of brassinosteroids biosynthesis decreased alternative respiratory pathway and production of lipid messengers in rape plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Derevyanchuk
- Department of the Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Metabolism Regulation, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02660, Murmanska str., 1, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergii Kretynin
- Department of the Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Metabolism Regulation, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02660, Murmanska str., 1, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Iakovenko
- Department of the Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Metabolism Regulation, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02660, Murmanska str., 1, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Raisa Litvinovskaya
- Laboratory of Steroid Chemistry, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220141, Kuprevich str., 5, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir Zhabinskii
- Laboratory of Steroid Chemistry, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220141, Kuprevich str., 5, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Jan Martinec
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Yaroslav Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Osypovskogo 2a, Kyiv 04123, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir Khripach
- Laboratory of Steroid Chemistry, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220141, Kuprevich str., 5, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Volodymyr Kravets
- Department of the Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Metabolism Regulation, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02660, Murmanska str., 1, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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Baetz U, Eisenach C, Tohge T, Martinoia E, De Angeli A. Vacuolar Chloride Fluxes Impact Ion Content and Distribution during Early Salinity Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1167-1181. [PMID: 27503602 PMCID: PMC5047071 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the cytoplasmic environment is a prerequisite for plants to cope with changing environmental conditions. During salt stress, for instance, Na+ and Cl- are sequestered into the vacuole to help maintain cytosolic ion homeostasis and avoid cellular damage. It has been observed that vacuolar ion uptake is tied to fluxes across the plasma membrane. The coordination of both transport processes and relative contribution to plant adaptation, however, is still poorly understood. To investigate the link between vacuolar anion uptake and whole-plant ion distribution during salinity, we used mutants of the only vacuolar Cl- channel described to date: the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ALMT9. After 24-h NaCl treatment, almt9 knock-out mutants had reduced shoot accumulation of both Cl- and Na+ In contrast, almt9 plants complemented with a mutant variant of ALMT9 that exhibits enhanced channel activity showed higher Cl- and Na+ accumulation. The altered shoot ion contents were not based on differences in transpiration, pointing to a vacuolar function in regulating xylem loading during salinity. In line with this finding, GUS staining demonstrated that ALMT9 is highly expressed in the vasculature of shoots and roots. RNA-seq analysis of almt9 mutants under salinity revealed specific expression profiles of transporters involved in long-distance ion translocation. Taken together, our study uncovers that the capacity of vacuolar Cl- loading in vascular cells plays a crucial role in controlling whole-plant ion movement rapidly after onset of salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Baetz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (U.B., C.E., E.M.);Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.T.); and Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, CNRS, 91190 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France (A.D.A.)
| | - Cornelia Eisenach
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (U.B., C.E., E.M.);Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.T.); and Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, CNRS, 91190 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France (A.D.A.)
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (U.B., C.E., E.M.);Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.T.); and Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, CNRS, 91190 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France (A.D.A.)
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (U.B., C.E., E.M.);Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.T.); and Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, CNRS, 91190 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France (A.D.A.)
| | - Alexis De Angeli
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (U.B., C.E., E.M.);Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.T.); and Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, CNRS, 91190 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France (A.D.A.)
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18
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Xu Q, Zhao M, Wu K, Fu X, Liu Q. Emerging insights into heterotrimeric G protein signaling in plants. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:495-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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