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Bastian GE. Exploring Sociodemographic and Chronic Disease Factors Associated With Chronic, Seasonal, Intramonthly, and Intermittent Presentations of Food Security Instability. J Acad Nutr Diet 2024; 124:686-699. [PMID: 38081383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food insecurity impacts 13.5 million US households yearly. Although food security instability (FS-I) can have many temporal presentations, these are not measured in the current US Household Food Security Survey Module. OBJECTIVE Explore sociodemographic and chronic disease correlates of 4 FS-I types (chronic, seasonal, intramonthly, and intermittent) using a 3-item US Household Food Security Survey Module instability supplement. DESIGN This study was a secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey pilot data collected to validate the US Household Food Security Survey Module instability supplement. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Adults at risk for food insecurity (n = 420) were recruited and answered the survey on their households' behalf from April to June 2021. The participants were recruited from 7 community organizations from 5 states (California, Florida, Maryland, North Carolina, and Washington). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcomes were the odds of having a chronic, seasonal, intramonthly, or intermittent FS-I score ≥1 based on several sociodemographic factors and having ≥1 chronic disease. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Differences among the 4 FS-I types were analyzed using contingency tables and χ2 tests of independence. Then, mixed-effects logistic binary and conditional regressions were run for each FS-I type using clustering by state and odds ratios and 95% CI to interpret results. RESULTS The most common FS-I type experienced by the sample was intramonthly (n = 183 [43%]). Nonchronic food insecurity was most likely to happen during the winter, at the end of the month, or randomly with no certain time frame. FS-I in any form was associated with low income, chronic FS-I was associated with younger age and male sex, seasonal FS-I was associated with having no government-subsidized health insurance and females, intramonthly FS-I was associated with participation in nutrition assistance programs, and intermittent FS-I had lower odds among Hispanic/Latino households. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to explore other FS-I correlates and establish causative relationships; however, these results can be used with clinical judgment for targeted food insecurity screening and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham E Bastian
- School of Health and Consumer Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota.
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Bidopia T, Fertig AR, Burke NL, Loth KA, Trofholz AC, Berge JM. Understanding the relationships between acculturation, food insecurity, and food parenting practices among socioeconomically/racially diverse parents. Appetite 2024; 196:107292. [PMID: 38447643 PMCID: PMC10981913 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Research suggests that acculturation and food insecurity are factors that are separately associated with the use of specific food parenting practices among United States (US) families. Certain food parenting practices, such as coercive control and unstructured food parenting practices, are related to negative health consequences in children, such as disordered eating behaviors. The current study aimed to explore associations between acculturation strategies and food parenting practices in a sample of 577 Latinx, Hmong, Somali/Ethiopian, and Multiracial families. A secondary objective was to understand whether food security status significantly modified the relationships between acculturation strategies and food parenting practices. Results showed that acculturation strategies were significantly related to food parenting practices, and patterns in these relationships differed across race and ethnicity. Further, food security status significantly modified the relationship between acculturation strategies and food parenting practices for Latinx, Hmong, and Somali/Ethiopian families, but not for Multiracial families. These results point to the complex relationships among acculturation strategies, food security status, and food parenting practices in immigrant populations in the US. Longitudinal studies exploring the temporal relationships between acculturation strategies, food security status, and food parenting practices would help tease apart how food parenting practices may evolve upon migrating to the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Bidopia
- Fordham University, Department of Psychology, Dealy Hall, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA.
| | - Angela R Fertig
- University of Minnesota, Humphrey School of Public Affairs, 301 19th Ave S, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Natasha L Burke
- Fordham University, Department of Psychology, Dealy Hall, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA.
| | - Katie A Loth
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, 717 Delaware Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Amanda C Trofholz
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, 717 Delaware Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Jerica M Berge
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, 717 Delaware Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Choi SW, Park S, Duah A, Kim K, Park M. Consequences of the 2019 Public Charge Rule Announcement and Publication on Prenatal WIC Participation Among Immigrant Families: Evidence of Spillover Effects. J Immigr Minor Health 2023; 25:1229-1238. [PMID: 37530903 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-023-01523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of the announcement and publication of the 2019 Public Charge Rule on participation of the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children (WIC) among pregnant immigrants. A difference-in-differences approach was used to analyze the changes in prenatal WIC participation before and after the 2019 Public Charge Rule announcement and publication among immigrants relative to US natives. We identified 17,623,683 live singletons born in a hospital from 2015 to 2019. Compared to US natives, the odds of prenatal WIC participation among immigrants were 11.4% lower after the 2019 Public Charge Rule announcement, and 19% lower after the final rule was published. The results of this study suggest that pregnant immigrants may decide not to participate in the WIC program due to the fear of jeopardizing their immigration status after the announcement and publication of the 2019 Public Charge Rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung W Choi
- School of Public Affairs, Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, 777 West Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA.
| | - Sujeong Park
- School of Public Affairs, Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, 777 West Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA
| | - Abena Duah
- School of Public Affairs, Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, 777 West Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA
| | - Kyungha Kim
- Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland - Baltimore, 220 Arch Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Mingean Park
- School of Public Affairs, Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, 777 West Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA
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Lopez MA, Fuster M, Fleckman JM, George A, Chaparro MP. The association between language use and food insecurity among Hispanic adults residing in the USA depends on nativity. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:1887-1895. [PMID: 37248038 PMCID: PMC10478063 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023000885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between language use - predominantly English, English and Spanish equally and predominantly Spanish - and food insecurity among Hispanic adults residing in the USA, 1999-2018. DESIGN Pooled cross-sectional study design. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS 15 073 Hispanic adults. RESULTS Compared with Hispanic adults who predominantly spoke English and after adjusting for age, sex, family income-to-poverty ratio, education level and employment status, Hispanic adults who spoke English and Spanish equally (OR = 1·28, 95 % CI = 1·05, 1·56) or predominantly Spanish (OR = 1·25, 95 % CI = 1·04, 1·49) had higher odds of food insecurity. After stratifying by country of birth, language use was associated with higher odds of food insecurity only for Hispanic adults born outside of the USA, but not for Hispanic adults born in the USA. Hispanic adults born outside of the USA who spoke English and Spanish equally (OR = 1·27, 95 % CI = 1·04, 1·55) or spoke predominantly Spanish (OR = 1·24, 95 % CI = 1·04, 1·48) had higher odds of food insecurity when compared with those who predominantly spoke English. CONCLUSION Foreign-born Hispanic adults who speak predominantly Spanish, or English and Spanish equally, have higher odds of food insecurity. Food and nutrition assistance programmes that serve Hispanic immigrants should make sure to provide linguistically and culturally appropriate services to this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Lopez
- Department of Social, Behavioral and Population Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Melissa Fuster
- Department of Social, Behavioral and Population Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Julia M Fleckman
- Department of Social, Behavioral and Population Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Amy George
- Department of Spanish and Portuguese, School of Liberal Arts, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - M Pia Chaparro
- Department of Social, Behavioral and Population Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Program, Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 305J Raitt Hall, Box 353410, Seattle, WA98195, USA (current affiliation)
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Hiller MB, Winham DM, Knoblauch ST, Shelley MC. Food Security Characteristics Vary for Undergraduate and Graduate Students at a Midwest University. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5730. [PMID: 34073623 PMCID: PMC8197841 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study objective was to determine prevalence of food insecurity and its associations with socioecological model (SEM) characteristics for undergraduate and graduate students. An online questionnaire was distributed to a convenience sample of students aged 18-34 at a Midwestern university. Of the 938 responses, 675 were complete for analysis. Outcome measures included demographics, food security level, housing, food access barriers, coping strategies, and food assistance program usage. Results found that predictors associated with undergraduate food insecurity included non-White race, receipt of financial aid, lower self-reported health status, living off-campus, employment, and food cost (p < 0.001). Graduate student food insecurity was associated with Asian self-identification, employment, food cost, no time to prepare foods, and lack of foods for dietary needs (p < 0.001). Students with food insecurity were more likely to buy cheap food (p < 0.001). Almost 50% of food-insecure undergraduates asked friends or family to help buy food. Food-insecure students were more likely to want information on meal preparation and budgeting. More graduate students were likely to know of and use food pantries. Overall, food insecurity was higher among undergraduate than graduate students. Universities should consider institutional and policy changes tailored to the separate populations to mitigate the prevalence of campus food insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly B. Hiller
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.B.H.); (S.T.K.)
| | - Donna M. Winham
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.B.H.); (S.T.K.)
| | - Simon T. Knoblauch
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.B.H.); (S.T.K.)
| | - Mack C. Shelley
- Department of Political Science, and Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
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Putting Knowledge into Practice: Low-Income Women Talk about Food Choice Decisions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145092. [PMID: 32679700 PMCID: PMC7400203 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Insights into barriers and facilitators for healthy eating are needed to improve low-income women's diets and to decrease disease risk. The study objectives were to explore women's qualitative perceptions of influences on their food choices such as food security, their knowledge of nutrition-related health risk factors and self-efficacy for diet change, and their dietary intakes in practice. Thirty-six women, aged 19-50, who were eligible to receive income-based assistance were recruited in central Iowa. Focus group discussions on defining healthy foods, influences on food choice, and nutrition information sources were analyzed using a socioecological model framework. Demographics, nutrient intake estimates, food security status, health behaviors, and self-efficacy for nutrition behavior change were collected by survey. Most participants were White (61%), single (69%), food insecure (69%), and living with children (67%). Few women met dietary recommendations. Barriers to healthy eating include cost, convenience/preparation time, family taste preferences, and limitations of federal food assistance programs. Facilitators are high self-efficacy for nutrition change and health knowledge on average. These results challenge the strategy of using nutrition education to improve healthy eating and instead show that intervention messaging should focus on limited, achievable steps to improve dietary choices that fit within cost, convenience, and taste constraints.
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Heer MM, Winham DM. Bean Preferences Vary by Acculturation Level among Latinas and by Ethnicity with Non-Hispanic White Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062100. [PMID: 32235711 PMCID: PMC7142996 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
With high levels of protein, fiber, folate, iron and other micronutrients, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends eating beans for optimal nutrition. Low-income women are at greater risk of nutrition-related health disparities. Use of beans may change among Hispanic women (Latinas) during acculturation, but few studies exist that describe specific preferences of this important traditional food. Preserving or promoting beans in the diets of all low-income women could improve dietary quality. The study objectives were to describe consumption frequency, purchasing patterns, and attitudes toward dry and canned beans, by acculturation level among Latinas and by ethnicity with non-Hispanic White women. Survey data were collected from 356 women (µ 32 y ± 9 y; 81% Latina), who were enrolled in, or eligible for, a federal nutrition assistance, or unemployment, program in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Participants had positive attitudes toward beans overall. Less acculturated and bicultural Latinas bought dry beans more often than their peers. Price was considered important in canned bean selection for Non-Hispanic White women, and less acculturated Latinas had poorer attitudes toward canned. Awareness of these attitudes and preferred traits of low-income women suggests ways to message populations to maintain or increase bean consumption. Negative views of canned beans by Latinas should be investigated further. Inclusion of canned beans in nutrition assistance programs may benefit those unfamiliar with preparing dry beans.
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Murimi MW, Kanyi MG, Mbogori TN, Amin MR, Rana ZH, Nguyen B, Moyeda-Carabaza AF. Voices and perspectives of rural Hispanic households on food insecurity in west Texas: a qualitative study. JOURNAL OF HUNGER & ENVIRONMENTAL NUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19320248.2018.1434105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary W. Murimi
- College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States
| | - Michael G. Kanyi
- Imperial Valley College, Business & Agriculture Department, United States
| | - Teresia N. Mbogori
- Ball State University, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, United States
| | - Md Ruhul Amin
- College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States
| | - Ziaul H. Rana
- College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States
| | - Bong Nguyen
- College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States
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Dry Bean Preferences and Attitudes among Midwest Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Women. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010178. [PMID: 30650616 PMCID: PMC6356900 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intakes in the United States (US) lag behind dietary recommendations despite their positive nutrition profile, health benefits for reducing chronic disease risk, and inclusion in nutrition assistance programs. Low-income groups, including Hispanics, have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and some cancers. Hispanic dietary quality and bean consumption may decline with increasing acculturation. Intakes at recommended levels could improve health in all vulnerable low-income populations. The study objectives were to describe dry and canned bean preferences, consumption frequency, and attitudes among low-income Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women, and to assess if these characteristics differed by ethnicity and acculturation level among the Latinas. A convenience sample of 158 women, aged 18–65 years, completed a written survey in English or Spanish at two healthcare clinics, one Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children office, and five County Extension nutrition education and outreach programs in Iowa. Less acculturated Latinas consumed beans more often, preferred dry to canned, bought in bulk, valued color and shape in dry bean selection, and held less positive attitudes toward canned beans in contrast to bicultural/more acculturated and non-Hispanic white women. Ethnicity and acculturation level have a role in varying purchase patterns and attitudes regarding dry and canned beans. Culturally-held differences should be considered in nutrition programs and leveraged to increase consumption and improve health.
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10
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Philbin MM, Flake M, Hatzenbuehler ML, Hirsch JS. State-level immigration and immigrant-focused policies as drivers of Latino health disparities in the United States. Soc Sci Med 2018; 199:29-38. [PMID: 28410759 PMCID: PMC5632125 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There has been a great deal of state-level legislative activity focused on immigration and immigrants over the past decade in the United States. Some policies aim to improve access to education, transportation, benefits, and additional services while others constrain such access. From a social determinants of health perspective, social and economic policies are intrinsically health policies, but research on the relationship between state-level immigration-related policies and Latino health remains scarce. This paper summarizes the existing evidence about the range of state-level immigration policies that affect Latino health, indicates conceptually plausible but under-explored relationships between policy domains and Latino health, traces the mechanisms through which immigration policies might shape Latino health, and points to key areas for future research. We examined peer-reviewed publications from 1986 to 2016 and assessed 838 based on inclusion criteria; 40 were included for final review. These 40 articles identified four pathways through which state-level immigration policies may influence Latino health: through stress related to structural racism; by affecting access to beneficial social institutions, particularly education; by affecting access to healthcare and related services; and through constraining access to material conditions such as food, wages, working conditions, and housing. Our review demonstrates that the field of immigration policy and health is currently dominated by a "one-policy, one-level, one-outcome" approach. We argue that pursuing multi-sectoral, multi-level, and multi-outcome research will strengthen and advance the existing evidence base on immigration policy and Latino health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Philbin
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Morgan Flake
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mark L Hatzenbuehler
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer S Hirsch
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Villar-Loubet O, Weiss SM, Marks G, O’Daniels C, Jones D, Metsch LR, McLellan-Lemal E. Social and psychological correlates of unprotected anal intercourse among Hispanic-American women: implications for STI/HIV prevention. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2016; 18:1221-1237. [PMID: 27268227 PMCID: PMC5030148 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2016.1182217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Heterosexual anal intercourse is associated with increased risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Research on the social and psychological risk factors associated with heterosexual unprotected anal intercourse among Hispanic women in the USA is limited. We examined demographic, mental health, relationship power, sexual self-efficacy, self-esteem, acculturation and HIV knowledge as correlates of unprotected anal intercourse among 514 HIV-negative Hispanic women, 18 to 59 years of age, residing in one urban county in southern Florida. In both unadjusted and adjusted results, the likelihood of engaging in unprotected anal intercourse was associated with food insecurity in the past 30 days (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03, 2.40) and more interpersonal power attributed to the male partner (AOR = 1.63, 95%CI 1.08, 2.45). Not significant, yet of possible importance, were ever having engaged in exchange sex (AOR = 1.96, 95%CI = 0.97, 3.98) and lower HIV knowledge (AOR = 0.80, 95%CI = 0.63, 1.01). Interventions aimed at reducing heterosexual unprotected anal intercourse risk for HIV infection among Hispanic women may benefit by addressing socioeconomic and interpersonal issues, and assessing HIV knowledge and comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Villar-Loubet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Stephen M. Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Gary Marks
- National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Christine O’Daniels
- National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
- Carter Consulting, Inc., Atlanta, USA
| | - Deborah Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Lisa R. Metsch
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Eleanor McLellan-Lemal
- National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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