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Parsons ML, Richlen ML, Smith TB, Anderson DM, Abram AL, Erdner DL, Robertson A. CiguaMOD I: A conceptual model of ciguatoxin loading in the Greater Caribbean Region. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 131:102561. [PMID: 38212086 PMCID: PMC10784636 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is the most common form of phycotoxin-borne seafood poisoning globally, affecting thousands of people on an annual basis. It most commonly occurs in residential fish of coral reefs, which consume toxin-laden algae, detritus, and reef animals. The class of toxins that cause CP, ciguatoxins (CTXs), originate in benthic, epiphytic dinoflagellates of the genera, Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa, which are consumed by herbivores and detritivores that facilitate food web transfer. A number of factors have hindered adequate environmental monitoring and seafood surveillance for ciguatera including the low concentrations in which the toxins are found in seafood causing illness (sub-ppb), a lack of knowledge on the toxicity equivalence of other CTXs and contribution of other benthic algal toxins to the disease, and the limited availability of quantified toxin standards and reference materials. While progress has been made on the identification of the dinoflagellate taxa and toxins responsible for CP, more effort is needed to better understand the dynamics of toxin transfer into reef food webs in order to implement a practical monitoring program for CP. Here, we present a conceptual model that utilizes empirical field data (temperature, Gambierdiscus cell densities, macrophyte cover) in concert with other published studies (grazing rates and preference) to produce modeling outputs that suggest approaches that may be beneficial to developing monitoring programs: 1) targeting specific macrophytes for Gambierdiscus and toxin measurements to monitor toxin levels at the base of the food web (i.e., toxin loading); and 2) adjusting these targets across sites and over seasons. Coupling this approach with other methodologies being incorporated into monitoring programs (artificial substrates; FISH probes; toxin screening) may provide an "early warning" system to develop strategic responses to potential CP flare ups in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Parsons
- The Water School, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA.
| | - Mindy L Richlen
- Biology Department, MS #32, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Tyler B Smith
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands 00802, USA
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, MS #32, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Ashley L Abram
- The Water School, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA
| | - Deana L Erdner
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Alison Robertson
- School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
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Argyle PA, Rhodes LL, Smith KF, Harwood DT, Halafihi T, Marsden ID. Diversity and distribution of benthic dinoflagellates in Tonga include the potentially harmful genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 130:102524. [PMID: 38061817 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Benthic dinoflagellates that can cause illness, such as ciguatera poisoning (CP), are prevalent around the Pacific but are poorly described in many locations. This study represents the first ecological assessment of benthic harmful algae species in the Kingdom of Tonga, a country where CP occurs regularly. Surveys were conducted in June 2016 in the Tongatapu island group, and in June 2017 across three island groups: Ha'apai, Vava'u, and Tongatapu. Shallow subtidal coastal habitats were investigated by measuring water quality parameters and conducting quadrat surveys. Microalgae samples were collected using either macrophyte collection or the artificial substrate method. Benthic dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus and/or Fukuyoa, Ostreopsis, and Prorocentrum) were counted using light microscopy, followed by molecular analyses (real-time PCR in 2016 and high throughput sequencing (metabarcoding) in 2017) to identify Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa to species level. Six species were detected from the Tongatapu island group in 2016 (G. australes, G. carpenteri, G. honu, G. pacificus, F. paulensis, and F. ruetzleri) using real-time PCR. Using the metabarcoding approach in 2017, a total of eight species (G. australes, G. carpenteri, G. honu, G. pacificus, G. cheloniae, G. lewisii, G. polynesiensis, and F. yasumotoi) were detected. Species were detected in mixed assemblages of up to six species, with G. pacificus and G. carpenteri being the most frequently observed. Ha'apai had the highest diversity with eight species detected, which identifies this area as a Gambierdiscus diversity 'hotspot'. Vava'u and Tongatapu had three and six species found respectively. Gambierdiscus polynesiensis, a described ciguatoxin producer and proposed causative agent of CP was found only in Ha'apai and Vava'u in 2017, but not in Tongatapu in either year. Ostreopsis spp. and Prorocentrum spp. were also frequently observed, with Prorocentrum most abundant at the majority of sites. In 2016, the highest number of Gambierdiscus and/or Fukuyoa cells were observed on seagrass (Halodule uninervis) from Sopu, Tongatapu. In 2017, the highest numbers of Gambierdiscus and/or Fukuyoa from artificial substrate samples were recorded in the Halimeda dominant habitat at Neiafu Tahi, Vava'u, a low energy site. This raised the question of the effect of wave motion or currents on abundance measurements from artificial substrates. Differences in detection were noticed between macrophytes and artificial substrates, with higher numbers of species found on artificial substrates. This study provides a baseline of benthic dinoflagellate distributions and diversity for Tonga that may be used for future studies and the development of monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe A Argyle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand; Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; Ministry of Marine Resources, PO Box 85, Moss Rd, Avarua, Rarotonga, Cook Islands.
| | - Lesley L Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | | | - Islay D Marsden
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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Mudge EM, Miles CO, Ivanova L, Uhlig S, James KS, Erdner DL, Fæste CK, McCarron P, Robertson A. Algal ciguatoxin identified as source of ciguatera poisoning in the Caribbean. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138659. [PMID: 37044143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a severe seafood-borne disease, caused by the consumption of reef fish contaminated with Caribbean ciguatoxins (C-CTXs) in the Caribbean and tropical Atlantic. However, C-CTXs have not been identified from their presumed algal source, so the relationship to the CTXs in fish causing illness remains unknown. This has hindered the development of detection methods, diagnostics, monitoring programs, and limited fundamental knowledge on the environmental factors that regulate C-CTX production. In this study, in vitro and chemical techniques were applied to unambiguously identify a novel C-CTX analogue, C-CTX5, from Gambierdiscus silvae and Gambierdiscus caribaeus strains from the Caribbean. Metabolism in vitro by fish liver microsomes converted algal C-CTX5 into C-CTX1/2, the dominant CTX in ciguatoxic fish from the Caribbean. Furthermore, C-CTX5 from G. silvae was confirmed to have voltage-gated sodium-channel-specific activity. This finding is crucial for risk assessment, understanding the fate of C-CTXs in food webs, and is a prerequisite for development of effective analytical methods and monitoring programs. The identification of an algal precursor produced by two Gambierdiscus species is a major breakthrough for ciguatera research that will foster major advances in this important seafood safety issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Mudge
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Lada Ivanova
- Chemistry and Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Chemistry and Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Keiana S James
- School of Marine & Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 600 Clinic Drive, AL, 36688, USA; Marine Ecotoxicology Group, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA
| | - Deana L Erdner
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Dr, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Christiane K Fæste
- Chemistry and Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Alison Robertson
- School of Marine & Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 600 Clinic Drive, AL, 36688, USA; Marine Ecotoxicology Group, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA.
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Darius HT, Revel T, Viallon J, Sibat M, Cruchet P, Longo S, Hardison DR, Holland WC, Tester PA, Litaker RW, McCall JR, Hess P, Chinain M. Comparative Study on the Performance of Three Detection Methods for the Quantification of Pacific Ciguatoxins in French Polynesian Strains of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060348. [PMID: 35736151 PMCID: PMC9229625 DOI: 10.3390/md20060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa dinoflagellates produce a suite of secondary metabolites, including ciguatoxins (CTXs), which bioaccumulate and are further biotransformed in fish and marine invertebrates, causing ciguatera poisoning when consumed by humans. This study is the first to compare the performance of the fluorescent receptor binding assay (fRBA), neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a), and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantitative estimation of CTX contents in 30 samples, obtained from four French Polynesian strains of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. fRBA was applied to Gambierdiscus matrix for the first time, and several parameters of the fRBA protocol were refined. Following liquid/liquid partitioning to separate CTXs from other algal compounds, the variability of CTX contents was estimated using these three methods in three independent experiments. All three assays were significantly correlated with each other, with the highest correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.841) found between fRBA and LC-MS/MS. The CBA-N2a was more sensitive than LC-MS/MS and fRBA, with all assays showing good repeatability. The combined use of fRBA and/or CBA-N2a for screening purposes and LC-MS/MS for confirmation purposes allows for efficient CTX evaluation in Gambierdiscus. These findings, which support future collaborative studies for the inter-laboratory validation of CTX detection methods, will help improve ciguatera risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-484
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- IFREMER, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Sébastien Longo
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Donnie Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (D.R.H.); (W.C.H.)
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (D.R.H.); (W.C.H.)
| | | | - R. Wayne Litaker
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;
| | - Jennifer R. McCall
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA;
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
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5
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Darius HT, Paillon C, Mou-Tham G, Ung A, Cruchet P, Revel T, Viallon J, Vigliola L, Ponton D, Chinain M. Evaluating Age and Growth Relationship to Ciguatoxicity in Five Coral Reef Fish Species from French Polynesia. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040251. [PMID: 35447924 PMCID: PMC9027493 DOI: 10.3390/md20040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) results from the consumption of coral reef fish or marine invertebrates contaminated with potent marine polyether compounds, namely ciguatoxins. In French Polynesia, 220 fish specimens belonging to parrotfish (Chlorurus microrhinos, Scarus forsteni, and Scarus ghobban), surgeonfish (Naso lituratus), and groupers (Epinephelus polyphekadion) were collected from two sites with contrasted risk of CP, i.e., Kaukura Atoll versus Mangareva Island. Fish age and growth were assessed from otoliths’ yearly increments and their ciguatoxic status (negative, suspect, or positive) was evaluated by neuroblastoma cell-based assay. Using permutational multivariate analyses of variance, no significant differences in size and weight were found between negative and suspect specimens while positive specimens showed significantly greater size and weight particularly for E. polyphekadion and S. ghobban. However, eating small or low-weight specimens remains risky due to the high variability in size and weight of positive fish. Overall, no relationship could be evidenced between fish ciguatoxicity and age and growth characteristics. In conclusion, size, weight, age, and growth are not reliable determinants of fish ciguatoxicity which appears to be rather species and/or site-specific, although larger fish pose an increased risk of poisoning. Such findings have important implications in current CP risk management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-484
| | - Christelle Paillon
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - Gérard Mou-Tham
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - Dominique Ponton
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, c/o Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines (IH.SM), Université de Toliara, Rue Dr. Rabesandratana, P.O. Box 141, Toliara 601, Madagascar;
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
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Tudó À, Rambla-Alegre M, Flores C, Sagristà N, Aguayo P, Reverté L, Campàs M, Gouveia N, Santos C, Andree KB, Marques A, Caixach J, Diogène J. Identification of New CTX Analogues in Fish from the Madeira and Selvagens Archipelagos by Neuro-2a CBA and LC-HRMS. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040236. [PMID: 35447910 PMCID: PMC9031360 DOI: 10.3390/md20040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is caused by consumption of fish or invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Presently CP is a public concern in some temperate regions, such as Macaronesia (North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean). Toxicity analysis was performed to characterize the fish species that can accumulate CTXs and improve understanding of the ciguatera risk in this area. For that, seventeen fish specimens comprising nine species were captured from coastal waters inMadeira and Selvagens Archipelagos. Toxicity was analysed by screening CTX-like toxicity with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). Afterwards, the four most toxic samples were analysed with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Thirteen fish specimens presented CTX-like toxicity in their liver, but only four of these in their muscle. The liver of one specimen of Muraena augusti presented the highest CTX-like toxicity (0.270 ± 0.121 µg of CTX1B equiv·kg−1). Moreover, CTX analogues were detected with LC-HRMS, for M. augusti and Gymnothorax unicolor. The presence of three CTX analogues was identified: C-CTX1, which had been previously described in the area; dihydro-CTX2, which is reported in the area for the first time; a putative new CTX m/z 1127.6023 ([M+NH4]+) named as putative C-CTX-1109, and gambieric acid A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Tudó
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Maria Rambla-Alegre
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-977-74-54-27 (ext. 1824)
| | - Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (C.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Núria Sagristà
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Paloma Aguayo
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Laia Reverté
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Mònica Campàs
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Neide Gouveia
- Regional Fisheries Management-Madeira Government, Direção de Serviços de Investigação das Pescas (DSI-DRP), Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Carolina Santos
- Instituto das Florestas e Conservação da Natureza, IP-RAM, Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e Recursos Naturais, Regional Government of Madeira, IFCN IP-RAM, 9050-027 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Karl B. Andree
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Antonio Marques
- Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Division of Aquaculture, Seafood Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Josep Caixach
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (C.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
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Gaiani G, Cucchi F, Toldrà A, Andree KB, Rey M, Tsumuraya T, O'Sullivan CK, Diogène J, Campàs M. Electrochemical biosensor for the dual detection of Gambierdiscus australes and Gambierdiscus excentricus in field samples. First report of G. excentricus in the Balearic Islands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150915. [PMID: 34653452 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several genera of marine dinoflagellates are known to produce bioactive compounds that affect human health. Among them, Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa stand out for their ability to produce several toxins, including the potent neurotoxic ciguatoxins (CTXs), which accumulate through the food web. Once fishes contaminated with CTXs are ingested by humans, it can result in an intoxication named ciguatera. Within the two genera, only some species are able to produce toxins, and G. australes and G. excentricus have been highlighted to be the most abundant and toxic. Although the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa are endemic to tropical areas, their presence in subtropical and temperate regions has been recently recorded. In this work, the combined use of species-specific PCR primers for G. australes and G. excentricus modified with short oligonucleotide tails allowed the development of a multiplex detection system for these two toxin-producing species. Simultaneous detection was achieved using capture probes specific for G. australes and G. excentricus immobilized on maleimide-coated magnetic beads (MBs), separately placed on the working electrodes of a dual electrode array. Additionally, a rapid DNA extraction technique based on a portable bead beater system and MBs was developed, significantly reducing the extraction time (from several hours to 30 min). The developed technique was able to detect as low as 10 cells of both Gambierdiscus species and allowed the first detection of G. excentricus in the Balearic Islands in 8 out of the 12 samples analyzed. Finally, field samples were screened for CTXs with an immunosensor, successfully reporting 13.35 ± 0.5 pg CTX1B equiv. cell-1 in one sample and traces of toxins in 3 out of the 9 samples analyzed. These developments provide rapid and cost-effective strategies for ciguatera risk assessment, with the aim of guaranteeing seafood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Gaiani
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Francesca Cucchi
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita,UNITS, Via Giorgieri, 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Toldrà
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - María Rey
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Ciara K O'Sullivan
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, URV, Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
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8
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Asynchrony of Gambierdiscus spp. Abundance and Toxicity in the U.S. Virgin Islands: Implications for Monitoring and Management of Ciguatera. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060413. [PMID: 34200870 PMCID: PMC8230442 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) poses a significant threat to ecosystem services and fishery resources in coastal communities. The CP-causative ciguatoxins (CTXs) are produced by benthic dinoflagellates including Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa spp., and enter reef food webs via grazing on macroalgal substrates. In this study, we report on a 3-year monthly time series in St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands where Gambierdiscus spp. abundance and Caribbean-CTX toxicity in benthic samples were compared to key environmental factors, including temperature, salinity, nutrients, benthic cover, and physical data. We found that peak Gambierdiscus abundance occurred in summer while CTX-specific toxicity peaked in cooler months (February-May) when the mean water temperatures were approximately 26-28 °C. These trends were most evident at deeper offshore sites where macroalgal cover was highest year-round. Other environmental parameters were not correlated with the CTX variability observed over time. The asynchrony between Gambierdiscus spp. abundance and toxicity reflects potential differences in toxin cell quotas among Gambierdiscus species with concomitant variability in their abundances throughout the year. These results have significant implications for monitoring and management of benthic harmful algal blooms and highlights potential seasonal and highly-localized pulses in reef toxin loads that may be transferred to higher trophic levels.
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Loeffler CR, Tartaglione L, Friedemann M, Spielmeyer A, Kappenstein O, Bodi D. Ciguatera Mini Review: 21st Century Environmental Challenges and the Interdisciplinary Research Efforts Rising to Meet Them. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3027. [PMID: 33804281 PMCID: PMC7999458 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the livelihoods of over a billion people are affected by changes to marine ecosystems, both structurally and systematically. Resources and ecosystem services, provided by the marine environment, contribute nutrition, income, and health benefits for communities. One threat to these securities is ciguatera poisoning; worldwide, the most commonly reported non-bacterial seafood-related illness. Ciguatera is caused by the consumption of (primarily) finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins, potent neurotoxins produced by benthic single-cell microalgae. When consumed, ciguatoxins are biotransformed and can bioaccumulate throughout the food-web via complex pathways. Ciguatera-derived food insecurity is particularly extreme for small island-nations, where fear of intoxication can lead to fishing restrictions by region, species, or size. Exacerbating these complexities are anthropogenic or natural changes occurring in global marine habitats, e.g., climate change, greenhouse-gas induced physical oceanic changes, overfishing, invasive species, and even the international seafood trade. Here we provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century regarding the many facets of ciguatera, including the complex nature of this illness, the biological/environmental factors affecting the causative organisms, their toxins, vectors, detection methods, human-health oriented responses, and ultimately an outlook towards the future. Ciguatera research efforts face many social and environmental challenges this century. However, several future-oriented goals are within reach, including digital solutions for seafood supply chains, identifying novel compounds and methods with the potential for advanced diagnostics, treatments, and prediction capabilities. The advances described herein provide confidence that the tools are now available to answer many of the remaining questions surrounding ciguatera and therefore protection measures can become more accurate and routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Loeffler
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
- CoNISMa—National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Friedemann
- Department Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Astrid Spielmeyer
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Dorina Bodi
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
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10
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Loeffler CR, Bodi D, Tartaglione L, Dell'Aversano C, Preiss-Weigert A. Improving in vitro ciguatoxin and brevetoxin detection: selecting neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cells with lower sensitivity to ouabain and veratridine (OV-LS). HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:101994. [PMID: 33980434 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine biotoxins accumulating in seafood products pose a risk to human health. These toxins are often potent in minute amounts and contained within complex matrices; requiring sensitive, reliable, and robust methods for their detection. The mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cytotoxicity assay (N2a-assay) is a sensitive, high-throughput, in vitro method effective for detecting sodium channel-specific marine biotoxins. The N2a-assay can be conducted to distinguish between specific effects on voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels, caused by toxins that activate (e.g., ciguatoxins (CTXs), brevetoxins (PbTxs)) or block (e.g., tetrodotoxins, saxitoxins) the target NaV. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay to compounds activating the NaV are achieved through the addition of the pharmaceuticals ouabain (O) and veratridine (V). However, these compounds can be toxic to Neuro-2a cells and their application at insufficient or excessive concentrations can reduce the effectiveness of this assay for marine toxin detection. Therefore, during growth incubation, Neuro-2a cells were exposed to O and V, and surviving cells exhibiting a lower sensitivity to O and V (OV-LS) were propagated. OV-LS Neuro-2a cells were selected for 60-80% survival when exposed to 0.22/0.022 mM O/V during the cytotoxicity assay. At these conditions, OV-LS N2a cells demonstrated a 3.5-fold higher survival rate 71% ± 7.9 SD (n = 232), and lower sensitivity to O/V, compared to the original Neuro-2a cells 20% ± 9.0 SD (n = 16). Additionally, OV-LS N2a cells were 1.3-2.6-fold more sensitive for detecting CTX3C 1.35 pg/ml, CTX1B 2.06 pg/ml, and PbTx-3 3.04 ng/ml compared to Neuro-2a cells using 0.1/0.01 mM O/V. Detection of CTX3C in a complex fish matrix using OV-LS cells was 0.0048 pg CTX3C/mg fish tissue equivalent. This work shows the potential for a significant improvement in sensitivity for CTX3C, CTX1B, and PbTx-3 using the OV-LS N2a-assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Loeffler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany - www.bfr.bund.de; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Dorina Bodi
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany - www.bfr.bund.de
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CoNISMa - Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CoNISMa - Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelika Preiss-Weigert
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany - www.bfr.bund.de
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11
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Chinain M, Gatti CMI, Darius HT, Quod JP, Tester PA. Ciguatera poisonings: A global review of occurrences and trends. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101873. [PMID: 33875186 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is the most prevalent, phycotoxin related seafood poisoning across the globe, affecting between 10,000 and 50,000 people annually. This illness results from the consumption of seafood contaminated with lipid soluble toxins known as ciguatoxins (CTXs) that are produced by benthic dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The present work reviews the global occurrence of CP events and outbreaks, based on both scientific and gray literature. Ciguatera prevalence is significantly underestimated due to a lack of recognition of ciguatera symptoms, limited collection of epidemiological data on a global level, and reticence to report ciguatera in CP-endemic regions. Analysis of the time-series data available for a limited number of countries indicates the highest incidence rates are consistently reported from two historical CP-endemic areas i.e., the Pacific and Caribbean regions, a situation due in part to the strong reliance of local communities on marine resources. Ciguatera-related fatalities are rare (<0.1% of reported cases). The vast majority of outbreaks involve carnivorous fish including snappers, groupers, wrasses, and barracudas. Since 2000, an expansion of the geographical range of CP has been observed in several areas like Macaronesia and east and southeast Asia. In some of these locales, random surveys confirmed the presence of CTXs in locally sourced fish, consistent with the concurrent report of novel CP incidents (e.g., Canary Islands, Madeira, Selvagens Islands, New South Wales). One characteristic of outbreaks occurring in Asia is that they often present as large disease clusters due to group consumption of a single contaminated fish. Similar observations are reported from the Indian Ocean in the form of shark poisoning outbreaks which often lead to singular types of CP characterized by a high fatality rate. Other atypical forms of CP linked to the consumption of marine invertebrates also have been documented recently. Owing to the significant health, socioeconomic and socio-cultural impacts of ciguatera, there is an urgent need for increased, standardized, coordinated efforts in ciguatera education, monitoring and research programs. Several regional and international initiatives have emerged recently, that may help improve patients' care, data collection at a global scale, and risk monitoring and management capabilities in countries most vulnerable to CP's toxic threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chinain
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé - UMR 241 EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - C M I Gatti
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé - UMR 241 EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - H T Darius
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé - UMR 241 EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - J-P Quod
- ARVAM-Pareto, Technopole de la Réunion, 14 rue Henri Cornu, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - P A Tester
- Ocean Tester, LLC, 295 Dills Point Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
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12
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Echeverri-Jaramillo G, Jaramillo-Colorado B, Sabater-Marco C, Castillo-López MÁ. Cytotoxic and estrogenic activity of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Study of marine yeasts as potential toxicity indicators. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:104-117. [PMID: 33249537 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CP) is one of the organophosphate insecticides most used worldwide today. Although the main target organ for CP is the nervous system triggering predominantly neurotoxic effects, it has suggested other mechanisms of action as cytotoxicity and endocrine disruption. The risk posed by the pesticide metabolites on non-target organisms is increasingly recognized by regulatory agencies and natural resource managers. In the present study, cytotoxicity and estrogenic activity of CP, and its principal metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) have been evaluated by in vitro assays, using two mammalian cell lines (HEK293 and N2a), and a recombinant yeast. Results indicate that TCP is more toxic than CP for the two cell lines assayed, being N2a cells more sensitive to both compounds. Both compounds show a similar estrogenic activity being between 2500 and 3000 times less estrogenic than 17β-estradiol. In order to find new toxicity measurement models, yeasts isolated from marine sediments containing CP residues have been tested against CP and TCP by cell viability assay. Of the 12 yeast strains tested, 6 of them showed certain sensitivity, and a concentration-dependent response to the tested compounds, so they could be considered as future models for toxicity tests, although further investigations and proves are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Echeverri-Jaramillo
- Grupo de Investigación Microbiología y Ambiente, GIMA. Programa de Bacteriología, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Cartagena, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigaciones Agroquímicas, GIA. Programa de Química, Universidad de Cartagena, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Jaramillo-Colorado
- Grupo de Investigaciones Agroquímicas, GIA. Programa de Química, Universidad de Cartagena, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia.
| | - Consuelo Sabater-Marco
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022, Valencia, España
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Longo S, Sibat M, Darius HT, Hess P, Chinain M. Effects of pH and Nutrients (Nitrogen) on Growth and Toxin Profile of the Ciguatera-Causing Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E767. [PMID: 33291542 PMCID: PMC7761829 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Ciguatera outbreaks are expected to increase worldwide with global change, in particular as a function of its main drivers, including changes in sea surface temperature, acidification, and coastal eutrophication. In French Polynesia, G. polynesiensis is regarded as the dominant source of CTXs entering the food web. The effects of pH (8.4, 8.2, and 7.9), Nitrogen:Phosphorus ratios (24N:1P vs. 48N:1P), and nitrogen source (nitrates vs. urea) on growth rate, biomass, CTX levels, and profiles were examined in four clones of G. polynesiensis at different culture age (D10, D21, and D30). Results highlight a decrease in growth rate and cellular biomass at low pH when urea is used as a N source. No significant effect of pH, N:P ratio, and N source on the overall CTX content was observed. Up to ten distinct analogs of Pacific ciguatoxins (P-CTXs) could be detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in clone NHA4 grown in urea, at D21. Amounts of more oxidized P-CTX analogs also increased under the lowest pH condition. These data provide interesting leads for the custom production of CTX standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Longo
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé-UMR241 EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, Rue de I’lle d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé-UMR241 EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, Rue de I’lle d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé-UMR241 EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
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14
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Chinain M, Gatti CMI, Ung A, Cruchet P, Revel T, Viallon J, Sibat M, Varney P, Laurent V, Hess P, Darius HT. Evidence for the Range Expansion of Ciguatera in French Polynesia: A Revisit of the 2009 Mass-Poisoning Outbreak in Rapa Island (Australes Archipelago). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E759. [PMID: 33271904 PMCID: PMC7759781 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) results from the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). This disease is highly prevalent in French Polynesia with several well-identified hotspots. Rapa Island, the southernmost inhabited island in the country, was reportedly free of CP until 2007. This study describes the integrated approach used to investigate the etiology of a fatal mass-poisoning outbreak that occurred in Rapa in 2009. Symptoms reported in patients were evocative of ciguatera. Several Gambierdiscus field samples collected from benthic assemblages tested positive by the receptor binding assay (RBA). Additionally, the toxicity screening of ≈250 fish by RBA indicated ≈78% of fish could contain CTXs. The presence of CTXs in fish was confirmed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The potential link between climate change and this range expansion of ciguatera to a subtropical locale of French Polynesia was also examined based on the analysis of temperature time-series data. Results are indicative of a global warming trend in Rapa area. A five-fold reduction in incidence rates was observed between 2009 and 2012, which was due in part to self-regulating behavior among individuals (avoidance of particular fish species and areas). Such observations underscore the prominent role played by community outreach in ciguatera risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins—UMR EIO (IFREMER-ILM-IRD-UPF), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (C.M.i.G.); (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (H.T.D.)
| | - Clémence Mahana iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins—UMR EIO (IFREMER-ILM-IRD-UPF), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (C.M.i.G.); (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (H.T.D.)
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins—UMR EIO (IFREMER-ILM-IRD-UPF), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (C.M.i.G.); (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (H.T.D.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins—UMR EIO (IFREMER-ILM-IRD-UPF), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (C.M.i.G.); (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (H.T.D.)
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins—UMR EIO (IFREMER-ILM-IRD-UPF), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (C.M.i.G.); (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (H.T.D.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins—UMR EIO (IFREMER-ILM-IRD-UPF), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (C.M.i.G.); (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (H.T.D.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Institut Français de Recherche Pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Patrick Varney
- Météo France, Direction Inter-Régionale en Polynésie Française, P.O. Box 6005, 98702 Faa’a, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (P.V.); (V.L.)
| | - Victoire Laurent
- Météo France, Direction Inter-Régionale en Polynésie Française, P.O. Box 6005, 98702 Faa’a, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (P.V.); (V.L.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Institut Français de Recherche Pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins—UMR EIO (IFREMER-ILM-IRD-UPF), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (C.M.i.G.); (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (H.T.D.)
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15
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Gaiani G, Leonardo S, Tudó À, Toldrà A, Rey M, Andree KB, Tsumuraya T, Hirama M, Diogène J, O'Sullivan CK, Alcaraz C, Campàs M. Rapid detection of ciguatoxins in Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa with immunosensing tools. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 204:111004. [PMID: 32768745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) leads to a foodborne disease known as ciguatera. Primary producers of CTXs are epibenthic dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. In this study, thirteen Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa strains were cultured, harvested at exponential phase, and CTXs were extracted with an implemented rapid protocol. Microalgal extracts were obtained from pellets with a low cell abundance (20,000 cell/mL) and were then analyzed with magnetic bead (MB)-based immunosensing tools (colorimetric immunoassay and electrochemical immunosensor). It is the first time that these approaches are used to screen Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa strains, providing not only a global indication of the presence of CTXs, but also the ability to discriminate between two series of congeners (CTX1B and CTX3C). Analysis of the microalgal extracts revealed the presence of CTXs in 11 out of 13 strains and provided new information about Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa toxin profiles. The use of immunosensing tools in the analysis of microalgal extracts facilitates the elucidation of further knowledge regarding these dinoflagellate genera and can contribute to improved ciguatera risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gaiani
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - S Leonardo
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - À Tudó
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - A Toldrà
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - M Rey
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - K B Andree
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - T Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - M Hirama
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - J Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - C K O'Sullivan
- Departament D'Enginyeria Química, URV, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Alcaraz
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - M Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain.
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L’Herondelle K, Talagas M, Mignen O, Misery L, Le Garrec R. Neurological Disturbances of Ciguatera Poisoning: Clinical Features and Pathophysiological Basis. Cells 2020; 9:E2291. [PMID: 33066435 PMCID: PMC7602189 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), the most prevalent seafood poisoning worldwide, is caused by the consumption of tropical and subtropical fish contaminated with potent neurotoxins called ciguatoxins (CTXs). Ciguatera is a complex clinical syndrome in which peripheral neurological signs predominate in the acute phase of the intoxication but also persist or reoccur long afterward. Their recognition is of particular importance in establishing the diagnosis, which is clinically-based and can be a challenge for physicians unfamiliar with CFP. To date, no specific treatment exists. Physiopathologically, the primary targets of CTXs are well identified, as are the secondary events that may contribute to CFP symptomatology. This review describes the clinical features, focusing on the sensory disturbances, and then reports on the neuronal targets and effects of CTXs, as well as the neurophysiological and histological studies that have contributed to existing knowledge of CFP neuropathophysiology at the molecular, neurocellular and nerve levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian L’Herondelle
- University of Brest, School of Medicine, Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (Univ Brest, LIEN), F-29200 Brest, France; (K.L.); (M.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Matthieu Talagas
- University of Brest, School of Medicine, Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (Univ Brest, LIEN), F-29200 Brest, France; (K.L.); (M.T.); (L.M.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Olivier Mignen
- University of Brest, School of Medicine, INSERM U1227, Lymphocytes B et auto-immunité, F-29200 Brest, France;
| | - Laurent Misery
- University of Brest, School of Medicine, Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (Univ Brest, LIEN), F-29200 Brest, France; (K.L.); (M.T.); (L.M.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Raphaele Le Garrec
- University of Brest, School of Medicine, Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (Univ Brest, LIEN), F-29200 Brest, France; (K.L.); (M.T.); (L.M.)
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17
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Chomérat N, Bilien G, Viallon J, Hervé F, Réveillon D, Henry K, Zubia M, Vieira C, Ung A, Gatti CMI, Roué M, Derrien A, Amzil Z, Darius HT, Chinain M. Taxonomy and toxicity of a bloom-forming Ostreopsis species (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) in Tahiti island (South Pacific Ocean): one step further towards resolving the identity of O. siamensis. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 98:101888. [PMID: 33129466 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Among dinoflagellates responsible for benthic harmful algal blooms, the genus Ostreopsis primarily described from tropical areas has been increasingly reported from subtropical and temperate areas worldwide. Several species of this toxigenic genus produce analogs of palytoxin, thus representing a major threat to human and environmental health. The taxonomy of several species needs to be clarified as it was based mostly on morphological descriptions leading in some cases to ambiguous interpretations and misidentifications. The present study aims at reporting a benthic bloom that occurred in April 2019 in Tahiti island, French Polynesia. A complete taxonomic investigation of the blooming Ostreopsis species was realized using light, epifluorescence and field emission electron microscopy and phylogenetic analyses inferred from LSU rDNA and ITS-5.8S rDNA regions. Toxicity of a natural sample and strains isolated from the bloom was assessed using both neuroblastoma cell-based assay and LC-MS/MS analyses. Morphological observations showed that cells were round to oval, large, 58.0-82.5 µm deep (dorso-ventral length) and 45.7-61.2 µm wide. The cingulum was conspicuously undulated, forming a 'V' in ventral view. Thecal plates possessed large pores in depressions, with a collar rim. Detailed observation also revealed the presence of small thecal pores invisible in LM. Phylogenetic analyses were congruent and all sequences clustered within the genotype Ostreopsis sp. 6, in a subclade closely related to sequences from the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia. No toxicity was found on the field sample but all the strains isolated from the bloom were found to be cytotoxic and produced ostreocin D, a lower amount of ostreocins A and B and putatively other compounds. Phylogenetic data demonstrate the presence of this species in the Gulf of Thailand, at the type locality of O. siamensis, and morphological data are congruent with the original description and support this identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chomérat
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900 Concarneau, France.
| | - Gwenael Bilien
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900 Concarneau, France
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Kévin Henry
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Mayalen Zubia
- Université de Polynésie Française, UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 6570, 98702 Faa'a, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Christophe Vieira
- Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 241-EIO, PO box 529, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Amélie Derrien
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900 Concarneau, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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18
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Castro D, Manger R, Vilariño O, Gago-Martínez A. Evaluation of Matrix Issues in the Applicability of the Neuro-2a Cell Based Assay on the Detection of CTX in Fish Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050308. [PMID: 32397386 PMCID: PMC7290336 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are a group of neurotoxins responsible for the syndrome ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) as a result of the consumption of contaminated fish. The presence of these toxins has been detected around the Pacific, Caribbean and Indian coasts. Recent reports indicate the emergence of CFP in other geographic areas, in particular in European coasts, of the Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal). A neuroblastoma cell line of murine origin (N2a) has been applied to assay different groups of neurotoxins, acting on voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) of excitable cells, N2a-MTT. The great potential of N2a-MTT as a sensitive tool for the CTXs screening is clearly recognized, notably because it allows the detection of these toxins at levels below recommended as security levels. However, the complexity of the matrix is a critical point on the application of N2a-MTT, which needs to be evaluated. The aim of this work is to provide recommendations for an implemented N2a-MTT method for CTXs determination in fish that avoids matrix effects, particularly those related to high lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Castro
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (O.V.)
| | - Ronald Manger
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (retired), Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Oscar Vilariño
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (O.V.)
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (O.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-647-343-417
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19
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Viallon J, Chinain M, Darius HT. Revisiting the Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay (CBA-N2a) for the Improved Detection of Marine Toxins Active on Voltage Gated Sodium Channels (VGSCs). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E281. [PMID: 32349302 PMCID: PMC7290318 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) is widely used for the detection of marine biotoxins in seafood products, yet a consensus protocol is still lacking. In this study, six key parameters of CBA-N2a were revisited: cell seeding densities, cell layer viability after 26 h growth, MTT incubation time, Ouabain and Veratridine treatment and solvent and matrix effects. A step-by-step protocol was defined identifying five viability controls for the validation of CBA-N2a results. Specific detection of two voltage gated sodium channel activators, pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX3C) and brevetoxin (PbTx3) and two inhibitors, saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dc-STX) was achieved, with EC50 values of 1.7 ± 0.35 pg/mL, 5.8 ± 0.9 ng/mL, 3 ± 0.5 ng/mL and 15.8 ± 3 ng/mL, respectively. When applied to the detection of ciguatoxin (CTX)-like toxicity in fish samples, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.031 ± 0.008 and 0.064 ± 0.016 ng P-CTX3C eq/g of flesh, respectively. Intra and inter-assays comparisons of viability controls, LOD, LOQ and toxicity in fish samples gave coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 3% to 29%. This improved test adaptable to either high throughput screening or composite toxicity estimation is a useful starting point for a standardization of the CBA-N2a in the field of marine toxin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins-UMR 241-EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (M.C.)
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20
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Rossignoli AE, Tudó A, Bravo I, Díaz PA, Diogène J, Riobó P. Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020134. [PMID: 32098095 PMCID: PMC7076799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, several outbreaks of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) have been reported in the Canary Islands (central northeast Atlantic Ocean), confirming ciguatera as an emerging alimentary risk in this region. Five Gambierdiscus species, G. australes, G. excentricus, G. silvae, G. carolinianus and G. caribaeus, have been detected in macrophytes from this area and are known to produce the ciguatoxins (CTXs) that cause CFP. A characterization of the toxicity of these species is the first step in identifying locations in the Canary Islands at risk of CFP. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of 63 strains of these five Gambierdiscus species were analysed using the erythrocyte lysis assay to evaluate their maitotoxin (MTX) content. In addition, 20 of the strains were also analysed in a neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2a) cytotoxicity assay to determine their CTX-like toxicity. The results allowed the different species to be grouped according to their ratios of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity. MTX-like toxicity was especially high in G. excentricus and G. australes but much lower in the other species and lowest in G. silvae. CTX-like toxicity was highest in G. excentricus, which produced the toxin in amounts ranging between 128.2 ± 25.68 and 510.6 ± 134.2 fg CTX1B equivalents (eq) cell−1 (mean ± SD). In the other species, CTX concentrations were as follows: G. carolinianus (100.84 ± 18.05 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. australes (31.1 ± 0.56 to 107.16 ± 21.88 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. silvae (12.19 ± 0.62 to 76.79 ± 4.97 fg CTX1B eq cell−1) and G. caribaeus (<LOD to 90.37 ± 15.89 fg CTX1B eq cell−1). Unlike the similar CTX-like toxicity of G. australes and G. silvae strains from different locations, G. excentricus and G. caribaeus differed considerably according to the origin of the strain. These differences emphasise the importance of species identification to assess the regional risk of CFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli E. Rossignoli
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986492111; Fax: +34-986498626
| | - Angels Tudó
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; (A.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Patricio A. Díaz
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile;
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; (A.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Department of Photobiology and Toxinology of Phytoplankton, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;
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21
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Chinain M, Gatti CM, Roué M, Darius HT. Ciguatera poisoning in French Polynesia: insights into the novel trends of an ancient disease. New Microbes New Infect 2019; 31:100565. [PMID: 31312457 PMCID: PMC6610707 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera is a non-bacterial seafood poisoning highly prevalent in French Polynesia where it constitutes a major health issue and a major threat to food sustainability and food security for local populations. Ciguatera results from the bioaccumulation in marine food webs of toxins known as ciguatoxins, originating from benthic dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Ciguatera is characterized by a complex array of gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular symptoms. The effective management of patients is significantly hampered by the occurrence of atypical forms and/or chronic sequelae in some patients, and the lack of both a confirmatory diagnosis test and a specific antidote. In addition, recent findings have outlined the implication of novel species of the causative organisms as well as new vectors, namely marine invertebrates, in ciguatera outbreaks. Another novel trend relates to the geographical expansion of this disease to previously unaffected areas, not only in certain island groups of French Polynesia but also in temperate regions worldwide, as a likely consequence of the effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins-UMR 241-EIO, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - C M Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins-UMR 241-EIO, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - M Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-UMR 241-EIO, Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - H T Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins-UMR 241-EIO, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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22
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Chomérat N, Bilien G, Derrien A, Henry K, Ung A, Viallon J, Darius HT, Mahana Iti Gatti C, Roué M, Hervé F, Réveillon D, Amzil Z, Chinain M. Ostreopsis lenticularis Y. Fukuyo (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) from French Polynesia (South Pacific Ocean): A revisit of its morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxicity. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 84:95-111. [PMID: 31128817 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To date, the genus Ostreopsis comprises eleven described species, of which seven are toxigenic and produce various compounds presenting a major threat to human and environmental health. The taxonomy of several of these species however remains controversial, as it was based mostly on morphological descriptions leading, in some cases, to ambiguous interpretations and even possible misidentifications. The species Ostreopsis lenticularis was first described by Y. Fukuyo from French Polynesia using light microscopy observations, but without genetic information associated. The present study aims at revisiting the morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxicity of O. lenticularis based on the analysis of 47 strains isolated from 4 distinct locales of French Polynesia, namely the Society, Australes, Marquesas and Gambier archipelagos. Observations in light, epifluorescence and field emission scanning electron microscopy of several of these strains analyzed revealed morphological features in perfect agreement with the original description of O. lenticularis. Cells were oval, not undulated, 60.5-94.4 μm in dorso-ventral length, 56.1-78.2 μm in width, and possessed a typical plate pattern with thecal plates showing two sizes of pores. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from the LSU rDNA and ITS-5.8S sequences revealed that the 47 strains correspond to a single genotype, clustering with a strong support with sequences previously ascribed to Ostreopsis sp. 5. Clonal cultures of O. lenticularis were also established and further tested for their toxicity using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay and LCMS/MS analyses. None of the 19 strains tested showed toxic activity on neuroblastoma cells, while LCMS/MS analyses performed on the strains from Tahiti Island (i.e. type locality) confirmed that palytoxin and related structural analogs were below the detection limit. These findings allow to clarify unambiguously the genetic identity of O. lenticularis while confirming previous results from the Western Pacific which indicate that this species shows no toxicity, thus stressing the need to reconsider its current classification within the group of toxic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chomérat
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900, Concarneau, France.
| | - Gwenael Bilien
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900, Concarneau, France
| | - Amélie Derrien
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Place de la Croix, F-29900, Concarneau, France
| | - Kévin Henry
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 241-EIO, PO box 529, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé, Laboratoire des Micro-algues toxiques, UMR 241-EIO, PO box 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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23
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Roué M, Darius HT, Ung A, Viallon J, Sibat M, Hess P, Amzil Z, Chinain M. Tissue Distribution and Elimination of Ciguatoxins in Tridacna maxima ( Tridacnidae, Bivalvia) Fed Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E189. [PMID: 29747460 PMCID: PMC5983245 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Ciguatera-like poisoning events involving giant clams (Tridacna maxima) are reported occasionally from Pacific islands communities. The present study aimed at providing insights into CTXs tissue distribution and detoxification rate in giant clams exposed to toxic cells of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis, in the framework of seafood safety assessment. In a first experiment, three groups of tissue (viscera, flesh and mantle) were dissected from exposed individuals, and analyzed for their toxicity using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. The viscera, flesh, and mantle were shown to retain 65%, 25%, and 10% of the total toxin burden, respectively. All tissues reached levels above the safety limit recommended for human consumption, suggesting that evisceration alone, a practice widely used among local populations, is not enough to ensure seafood safety. In a second experiment, the toxin content in contaminated giant clams was followed at different time points (0, 2, 4, and 6 days post-exposure). Observations suggest that no toxin elimination is visible in T. maxima throughout 6 days of detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-UMR 241 EIO, PO box 53267, 98716 Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Manoella Sibat
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes CEDEX, France.
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes CEDEX, France.
| | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes CEDEX, France.
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
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Darius HT, Roué M, Sibat M, Viallon J, Gatti CMII, Vandersea MW, Tester PA, Litaker RW, Amzil Z, Hess P, Chinain M. Toxicological Investigations on the Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Toxopneustidae, Echinoid) from Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva, French Polynesia): Evidence for the Presence of Pacific Ciguatoxins. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E122. [PMID: 29642418 PMCID: PMC5923409 DOI: 10.3390/md16040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Toxopneustidae, Echinoids) is a source of protein for many islanders in the Indo-West Pacific. It was previously reported to occasionally cause ciguatera-like poisoning; however, the exact nature of the causative agent was not confirmed. In April and July 2015, ciguatera poisonings were reported following the consumption of T.gratilla in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, Marquesas archipelago, French Polynesia). Patient symptomatology was recorded and sea urchin samples were collected from Anaho Bay in July 2015 and November 2016. Toxicity analysis using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) detected the presence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in T.gratilla samples. Gambierdiscus species were predominant in the benthic assemblages of Anaho Bay, and G.polynesiensis was highly prevalent in in vitro cultures according to qPCR results. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses revealed that P-CTX-3B was the major ciguatoxin congener in toxic sea urchin samples, followed by 51-OH-P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-4A, and P-CTX-4B. Between July 2015 and November 2016, the toxin content in T.gratilla decreased, but was consistently above the safety limit allowed for human consumption. This study provides evidence of CTX bioaccumulation in T.gratilla as a cause of ciguatera-like poisoning associated with a documented symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 53267, 98716 Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Manoella Sibat
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Clémence Mahana Iti Iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Mark W Vandersea
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | | | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
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Gatti CMI, Lonati D, Darius HT, Zancan A, Roué M, Schicchi A, Locatelli CA, Chinain M. Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) as a Novel Vector of Ciguatera Poisoning: Clinical Characterization and Follow-Up of a Mass Poisoning Event in Nuku Hiva Island (French Polynesia). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E102. [PMID: 29495579 PMCID: PMC5869390 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is the most prevalent non-bacterial food-borne form of poisoning in French Polynesia, which results from the consumption of coral reef fish naturally contaminated with ciguatoxins produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. Since the early 2000s, this French territory has also witnessed the emergence of atypical forms of ciguatera, known as ciguatera shellfish poisoning (CSP), associated with the consumption of marine invertebrates. In June 2014, nine tourists simultaneously developed a major and persistent poisoning syndrome following the consumption of the gastropod Tectus niloticus collected in Anaho, a secluded bay of Nuku Hiva Island (Marquesas Archipelago, French Polynesia). The unusual nature and severity of this event prompted a multidisciplinary investigation in order to characterize the etiology and document the short/long-term health consequences of this mass-poisoning event. This paper presents the results of clinical investigations based on hospital medical records, medical follow-up conducted six and 20 months post-poisoning, including a case description. This study is the first to describe the medical signature of T. niloticus poisoning in French Polynesia and contributed to alerting local authorities about the potential health hazards associated with the consumption of this gastropod, which is highly prized by local communities in Pacific island countries and territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Mahana Iti Gatti
- Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)-UMR 241-EIO, P.O. box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Davide Lonati
- Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre-Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS Maugeri Hospital and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)-UMR 241-EIO, P.O. box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Arturo Zancan
- Subacute Care Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS Maugeri Hospital, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-UMR 241-EIO, P.O. box 529, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Azzurra Schicchi
- Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre-Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS Maugeri Hospital and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Carlo Alessandro Locatelli
- Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre-Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS Maugeri Hospital and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae, Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)-UMR 241-EIO, P.O. box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
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Larsson ME, Laczka OF, Harwood DT, Lewis RJ, Himaya SWA, Murray SA, Doblin MA. Toxicology of Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae) from Tropical and Temperate Australian Waters. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010007. [PMID: 29301247 PMCID: PMC5793055 DOI: 10.3390/md16010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is a human illness caused by the consumption of marine fish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTX) and possibly maitotoxins (MTX), produced by species from the benthic dinoflagellate genus Gambierdiscus. Here, we describe the identity and toxicology of Gambierdiscus spp. isolated from the tropical and temperate waters of eastern Australia. Based on newly cultured strains, we found that four Gambierdiscus species were present at the tropical location, including G. carpenteri, G. lapillus and two others which were not genetically identical to other currently described species within the genus, and may represent new species. Only G. carpenteri was identified from the temperate location. Using LC-MS/MS analysis we did not find any characterized microalgal CTXs (P-CTX-3B, P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-4A and P-CTX-4B) or MTX-1; however, putative maitotoxin-3 (MTX-3) was detected in all species except for the temperate population of G. carpenteri. Using the Ca2+ influx SH-SY5Y cell Fluorescent Imaging Plate Reader (FLIPR) bioassay we found CTX-like activity in extracts of the unidentified Gambierdiscus strains and trace level activity in strains of G. lapillus. While no detectable CTX-like activity was observed in tropical or temperate strains of G. carpenteri, all species showed strong maitotoxin-like activity. This study, which represents the most comprehensive analyses of the toxicology of Gambierdiscus strains isolated from Australia to date, suggests that CFP in this region may be caused by currently undescribed ciguatoxins and maitotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela E Larsson
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Olivier F Laczka
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Richard J Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - S W A Himaya
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Shauna A Murray
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Martina A Doblin
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Roué M, Darius HT, Viallon J, Ung A, Gatti C, Harwood DT, Chinain M. Application of solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) devices for the field detection of Gambierdiscus toxins. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 71:40-49. [PMID: 29306395 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a food-borne illness caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the Gambierdiscus genus. Since most surveillance programs currently rely on the survey of Gambierdiscus cell densities and species composition, supplementary toxin-based methods allowing the time- and spatially integrated sampling of toxins in ciguateric environments are needed for a more reliable assessment and management of the risks associated with Gambierdiscus proliferation. Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) filters use porous synthetic resins capable of adsorbing toxins directly from the water column. To assess the ability of these passive monitoring devices to retain Gambierdiscus toxins, SPATT bags filled with 10g of HP20 resin were deployed for 48h in two French Polynesian locations at high (Nuku Hiva Island) vs. low to moderate (Kaukura Atoll) risk of ciguatera. CTXs could be detected in SPATT bags extracts from Nuku Hiva Island, as assessed by the mouse neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) and liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. Results of in vitro experiments suggest that the saturation limit of CTXs on HP20 resin, for a deployment time of 48h, is ≃ 55ng P-CTX-3C equiv. g-1 resin. Despite the non detection of maitotoxin (MTX), LC-MS/MS analyses showed that two other compounds also produced by Gambierdiscus species were retained on SPATT bags, i.e. iso-P-CTX-3B/C and a putative MTX analogue, known as MTX-3. This study, the first to demonstrate the suitability of SPATT technology for the in situ monitoring of Gambierdiscus toxins, highlights the potential application of this tool for routine ciguatera risk assessment and management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 5 29, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Clémence Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241 EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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Darius HT, Roué M, Sibat M, Viallon J, Gatti CMI, Vandersea MW, Tester PA, Litaker RW, Amzil Z, Hess P, Chinain M. Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) as a Novel Vector of Ciguatera Poisoning: Detection of Pacific Ciguatoxins in Toxic Samples from Nuku Hiva Island (French Polynesia). Toxins (Basel) 2017; 10:E2. [PMID: 29267222 PMCID: PMC5793089 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood (fish and marine invertebrates) contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. The report of a CFP-like mass-poisoning outbreak following the consumption of Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) from Anaho Bay on Nuku Hiva Island (Marquesas archipelago, French Polynesia) prompted field investigations to assess the presence of CTXs in T. niloticus. Samples were collected from Anaho Bay, 1, 6 and 28 months after this poisoning outbreak, as well as in Taiohae and Taipivai bays. Toxicity analysis using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) detected the presence of CTXs only in Anaho Bay T. niloticus samples. This is consistent with qPCR results on window screen samples indicating the presence of Gambierdiscus communities dominated by the species G. polynesiensis in Anaho Bay. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses revealed that P-CTX-3B was the major congener, followed by P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-4A and P-CTX-4B in toxic samples. Between July 2014 and November 2016, toxin content in T. niloticus progressively decreased, but was consistently above the safety limit recommended for human consumption. This study confirms for the first time T. niloticus as a novel vector of CFP in French Polynesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 529, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia;
| | - Manoella Sibat
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (Z.A.); (P.H.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Clémence Mahana iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Mark W. Vandersea
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (M.W.V.); (R.W.L.)
| | | | - R. Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (M.W.V.); (R.W.L.)
| | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (Z.A.); (P.H.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (Z.A.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
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Litaker RW, Holland WC, Hardison DR, Pisapia F, Hess P, Kibler SR, Tester PA. Ciguatoxicity of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa species from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185776. [PMID: 29045489 PMCID: PMC5646788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellate species belonging to the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa produce ciguatoxins (CTXs), potent neurotoxins that concentrate in fish causing ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans. While the structures and toxicities of ciguatoxins isolated from fish in the Pacific and Caribbean are known, there are few data on the variation in toxicity between and among species of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Quantifying the differences in species-specific toxicity is especially important to developing an effective cell-based risk assessment strategy for CFP. This study analyzed the ciguatoxicity of 33 strains representing seven Gambierdiscus and one Fukuyoa species using a cell based Neuro-2a cytotoxicity assay. All strains were isolated from either the Caribbean or Gulf of Mexico. The average toxicity of each species was inversely proportional to growth rate, suggesting an evolutionary trade-off between an investment in growth versus the production of defensive compounds. While there is 2- to 27-fold variation in toxicity within species, there was a 1740-fold difference between the least and most toxic species. Consequently, production of CTX or CTX-like compounds is more dependent on the species present than on the random occurrence of high or low toxicity strains. Seven of the eight species tested (G. belizeanus, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. carpenteri, Gambierdiscus ribotype 2, G. silvae and F. ruetzleri) exhibited low toxicities, ranging from 0 to 24.5 fg CTX3C equivalents cell-1, relative to G. excentricus, which had a toxicity of 469 fg CTX3C eq. cell-1. Isolates of G. excentricus from other regions have shown similarly high toxicities. If the hypothesis that G. excentricus is the primary source of ciguatoxins in the Atlantic is confirmed, it should be possible to identify areas where CFP risk is greatest by monitoring only G. excentricus abundance using species-specific molecular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Wayne Litaker
- National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William C. Holland
- National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - D. Ransom Hardison
- National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Francesco Pisapia
- L'Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- L'Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Nantes, France
| | - Steven R. Kibler
- National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
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Shmukler YB, Nikishin DA. Ladder-Shaped Ion Channel Ligands: Current State of Knowledge. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E232. [PMID: 28726749 PMCID: PMC5532674 DOI: 10.3390/md15070232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTX) and brevetoxins (BTX) are polycyclic ethereal compounds biosynthesized by the worldwide distributed planktonic and epibenthic dinoflagellates of Gambierdiscus and Karenia genera, correspondingly. Ciguatera, evoked by CTXs, is a type of ichthyosarcotoxism, which involves a variety of gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms, while BTXs cause so-called neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Both types of toxins are reviewed together because of similar mechanisms of their action. These are the only molecules known to activate voltage-sensitive Na⁺-channels in mammals through a specific interaction with site 5 of its α-subunit and may compete for it, which results in an increase in neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter release and impairment of synaptic vesicle recycling. Most marine ciguatoxins potentiate Nav channels, but a considerable number of them, such as gambierol and maitotoxin, have been shown to affect another ion channel. Although the extrinsic function of these toxins is probably associated with the function of a feeding deterrent, it was suggested that their intrinsic function is coupled with the regulation of photosynthesis via light-harvesting complex II and thioredoxin. Antagonistic effects of BTXs and brevenal may provide evidence of their participation as positive and negative regulators of this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri B Shmukler
- Group of Embryophysiology, N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26, Vavilov st, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Denis A Nikishin
- Group of Embryophysiology, N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26, Vavilov st, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
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Lyu Y, Richlen ML, Sehein TR, Chinain M, Adachi M, Nishimura T, Xu Y, Parsons ML, Smith TB, Zheng T, Anderson DM. LSU rDNA based RFLP assays for the routine identification of Gambierdiscus species. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 66:20-28. [PMID: 28602250 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Gambierdiscus genus is a group of benthic dinoflagellates commonly associated with ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), which is generally found in tropical or sub-tropical regions around the world. Morphologically similar species within the genus can vary in toxicity; however, species identifications are difficult or sometimes impossible using light microscopy. DNA sequencing of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) is thus often used to identify and describe Gambierdiscus species and ribotypes, but the expense and time can be prohibitive for routine culture screening and/or large-scale monitoring programs. This study describes a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing method based on analysis of the large subunit rDNA that can successfully identify at least nine of the described Gambierdiscus species and two Fukuyoa species. The software programs DNAMAN 6.0 and Restriction Enzyme Picker were used to identify a set of restriction enzymes (SpeI, HpyCH4IV, and TaqαI) capable of distinguishing most of the known Gambierdiscus species for which DNA sequences were available. This assay was tested using in silico analysis and cultured isolates, and species identifications of isolates assigned by RFLP typing were confirmed by DNA sequencing. To verify the assay and assess intra-specific heterogeneity in RFLP patterns, identifications of 63 Gambierdiscus isolates comprising ten Gambierdiscus species, one ribotype, and two Fukuyoa species were confirmed using RFLP typing, and this method was subsequently employed in the routine identification of isolates collected from the Caribbean Sea. The RFLP assay presented here reduces the time and cost associated with morphological identification via scanning electron microscopy and/or DNA sequencing, and provides a phylogenetically sensitive method for routine Gambierdiscus species assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Lyu
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; South China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Mindy L Richlen
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Taylor R Sehein
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratoire des Microalgues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241-EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Masao Adachi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Otsu-200, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishimura
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Otsu-200, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Yixiao Xu
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Michael L Parsons
- Coastal Watershed Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA
| | - Tyler B Smith
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 00802, USA
| | - Tianling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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Coccini T, Caloni F, De Simone U. Human neuronal cell based assay: A new in vitro model for toxicity evaluation of ciguatoxin. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 52:200-213. [PMID: 28437641 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are emerging marine neurotoxins representing the main cause of ciguatera fish poisoning, an intoxication syndrome which configures a health emergency and constitutes an evolving issue constantly changing due to new vectors and derivatives of CTXs, as well as their presence in new non-endemic areas. The study applied the neuroblastoma cell model of human origin (SH-SY5Y) to evaluate species-specific mechanistic information on CTX toxicity. Metabolic functionality, cell morphology, cytosolic Ca2+i responses, neuronal cell growth and proliferation were assessed after short- (4-24h) and long-term exposure (10days) to P-CTX-3C. In SH-SY5Y, P-CTX-3C displayed a powerful cytotoxicity requiring the presence of both Veratridine and Ouabain. SH-SY5Y were very sensitive to Ouabain: 10 and 0.25nM appeared the optimal concentrations, for short- and long-term toxicity studies, respectively, to be used in co-incubation with Veratridine (25μM), simulating the physiological and pathological endogenous Ouabain levels in humans. P-CTX-3C cytotoxic effect, on human neurons co-incubated with OV (Ouabain+Veratridine) mix, was expressed starting from 100pM after short- and 25pM after long-term exposure. Notably, P-CTX-3C alone at 25nM induced cytotoxicity after 24h and prolonged exposure. This human brain-derived cell line appears a suitable cell-based-model to evaluate cytotoxicity of CTX present in marine food contaminated at low toxic levels and to characterize the toxicological profile of other/new congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, Poison Control Centre, Toxicology Unit, Maugeri Clinical Scientific Institutes S.p.A.-BS, IRCCS Pavia, Pavia Italy.
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Uliana De Simone
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, Poison Control Centre, Toxicology Unit, Maugeri Clinical Scientific Institutes S.p.A.-BS, IRCCS Pavia, Pavia Italy
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Pisapia F, Holland WC, Hardison DR, Litaker RW, Fraga S, Nishimura T, Adachi M, Nguyen-Ngoc L, Séchet V, Amzil Z, Herrenknecht C, Hess P. Toxicity screening of 13 Gambierdiscus strains using neuro-2a and erythrocyte lysis bioassays. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 63:173-183. [PMID: 28366392 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Species in the epi-benthic dinoflagellate genus Gambierdiscus produce ciguatoxins (CTXs) and maitotoxins (MTXs), which are among the most potent marine toxins known. Consumption of fish contaminated with sufficient quantities of CTXs causes Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP), the largest cause of non-bacterial food poisoning worldwide. Maitotoxins, which can be found in the digestive system of fish, could also contribute to CFP if such tissues are consumed. Recently, an increasing number of Gambierdiscus species have been identified; yet, little is known about the variation in toxicity among Gambierdiscus strains or species. This study is the first assessment of relative CTX- and MTX-toxicity of Gambierdiscus species from areas as widespread as the North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. A total of 13 strains were screened: (i) seven Pacific strains of G. australes, G. balechii, G. caribaeus, G. carpenteri, G. pacificus, G. scabrosus and one strain of an undetermined species (Gambierdiscus sp. Viet Nam), (ii) five strains from the North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean (two G. australes, a single G. excentricus and two G. silvae strains), and (iii) one G. carolinianus strain from the Mediterranean Sea. Cell pellets of Gambierdiscus were extracted with methanol and the crude extracts partitioned into a CTX-containing dichloromethane fraction and a MTX-containing aqueous methanol fraction. CTX-toxicity was estimated using the neuro-2a cytoxicity assay, and MTX-toxicity via a human erythrocyte lysis assay. Different species were grouped into different ratios of CTX- and MTX-toxicity, however, the ratio was not related to the geographical origin of species (Atlantic, Mediterranean, Pacific). All strains showed MTX-toxicity, ranging from 1.5 to 86pg MTX equivalents (eq) cell-1. All but one of the strains showed relatively low CTX-toxicity ranging from 0.6 to 50 fg CTX3C eq cell-1. The exception was the highly toxic G. excentricus strain from the Canary Islands, which produced 1426 fg CTX3C eq cell-1. As was true for CTX, the highest MTX-toxicity was also found in G. excentricus. Thus, the present study confirmed that at least one species from the Atlantic Ocean demonstrates similar toxicity as the most toxic strains from the Pacific, even if the metabolites in fish have so far been shown to be more toxic in the Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pisapia
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - William C Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research (CCFHR),101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - D Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research (CCFHR),101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research (CCFHR),101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Tomohiro Nishimura
- LAQUES (Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science), Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Masao Adachi
- LAQUES (Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science), Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Lam Nguyen-Ngoc
- Institute of Oceanography, VAST, Cauda 01, Vinh Nguyen, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Christine Herrenknecht
- LUNAM, University of Nantes, MMS EA2160, Pharmacy Faculty, 9 rue Bias, F-44035 Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France
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Harwood DT, Murray S, Boundy MJ. Sample Preparation Prior to Marine Toxin Analysis. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ANALYSIS OF MARINE TOXINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Roué M, Darius HT, Picot S, Ung A, Viallon J, Gaertner-Mazouni N, Sibat M, Amzil Z, Chinain M. Evidence of the bioaccumulation of ciguatoxins in giant clams (Tridacna maxima) exposed to Gambierdiscus spp. cells. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 57:78-87. [PMID: 30170724 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is a foodborne disease classically related to the consumption of tropical coral reef fishes contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs), neurotoxins produced by dinoflagellates of the Gambierdiscus genus. Severe atypical ciguatera-like incidents involving giant clams, a marine resource highly consumed in the South Pacific, are also frequently reported in many Pacific Islands Countries and Territories. The present study was designed to assess the ability of giant clams to accumulate CTXs in their tissues and highlight the potential health risks associated with their consumption. Since giant clams are likely to be exposed to both free-swimming Gambierdiscus cells and dissolved CTXs in natural environment, ex situ contamination experiments were conducted as follows: giant clams were exposed to live or lyzed cells of TB92, a highly toxic strain of G. polynesiensis containing 5.83±0.85pg P-CTX-3C equiv.cell-1vs. HIT0, a weakly toxic strain of G. toxicus containing only (2.05±1.16)×10-3pg P-CTX-3C equiv.cell-1, administered over a 48h period at a concentration of 150cellsmL-1. The presence of CTXs in giant clams tissues was further assessed using the mouse neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a). Results showed that giant clams exposed to either lyzed or live cells of TB92 were able to bioaccumulate CTXs at concentrations well above the safety limit recommended for human consumption, i.e. 3.28±1.37 and 2.92±1.03ng P-CTX-3C equiv.g-1 flesh (wet weight), respectively, which represented approximately 3% of the total toxin load administered to the animals. In contrast, giant clams exposed to live or lyzed cells of HIT0 were found to be free of toxins, suggesting that in the nature, the risk of contamination of these bivalves is established only in the presence of highly toxic blooms of Gambierdiscus. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses confirmed CBA-N2a results and also revealed that P-CTX-3B was the major CTX congener retained in the tissues of giant clams fed with TB92 cells. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to provide evidence of the bioaccumulation of Gambierdiscus CTXs in giant clams and confirms that these bivalve molluscs can actually constitute another pathway in ciguatera poisonings. While most monitoring programs currently focus on fish toxicity, these findings stress the importance of a concomitant surveillance of these marine invertebrates in applicable locations for an accurate assessment of ciguatera risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) - UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 529, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Sandy Picot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) - UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 529, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Nabila Gaertner-Mazouni
- Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF) - UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 6570, 98702 Faa'a, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Manoella Sibat
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Phycotoxins Laboratory, PO Box 21105, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Phycotoxins Laboratory, PO Box 21105, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae - UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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Hardison DR, Holland WC, McCall JR, Bourdelais AJ, Baden DG, Darius HT, Chinain M, Tester PA, Shea D, Flores Quintana HA, Morris JA, Litaker RW. Fluorescent Receptor Binding Assay for Detecting Ciguatoxins in Fish. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153348. [PMID: 27073998 PMCID: PMC4830512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is an illness suffered by > 50,000 people yearly after consumption of fish containing ciguatoxins (CTXs). One of the current methodologies to detect ciguatoxins in fish is a radiolabeled receptor binding assay (RBA(R)). However, the license requirements and regulations pertaining to radioisotope utilization can limit the applicability of the RBA(R) in certain labs. A fluorescence based receptor binding assay (RBA(F)) was developed to provide an alternative method of screening fish samples for CTXs in facilities not certified to use radioisotopes. The new assay is based on competition binding between CTXs and fluorescently labeled brevetoxin-2 (BODIPY®- PbTx-2) for voltage-gated sodium channel receptors at site 5 instead of a radiolabeled brevetoxin. Responses were linear in fish tissues spiked from 0.1 to 1.0 ppb with Pacific ciguatoxin-3C (P-CTX-3C) with a detection limit of 0.075 ppb. Carribean ciguatoxins were confirmed in Caribbean fish by LC-MS/MS analysis of the regional biomarker (C-CTX-1). Fish (N = 61) of six different species were screened using the RBA(F). Results for corresponding samples analyzed using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) correlated well (R2 = 0.71) with those of the RBA(F), given the low levels of CTX present in positive fish. Data analyses also showed the resulting toxicity levels of P-CTX-3C equivalents determined by CBA-N2a were consistently lower than the RBA(F) affinities expressed as % binding equivalents, indicating that a given amount of toxin bound to the site 5 receptors translates into corresponding lower cytotoxicity. Consequently, the RBA(F), which takes approximately two hours to perform, provides a generous estimate relative to the widely used CBA-N2a which requires 2.5 days to complete. Other RBA(F) advantages include the long-term (> 5 years) stability of the BODIPY®- PbTx-2 and having similar results as the commonly used RBA(R). The RBA(F) is cost-effective, allows high sample throughput, and is well-suited for routine CTX monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. McCall
- University of North Carolina at Wilmington, MARBIONC at CREST Research Park, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
- SeaTox Research Inc, UNCW CREST Research Park, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrea J. Bourdelais
- University of North Carolina at Wilmington, MARBIONC at CREST Research Park, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Baden
- University of North Carolina at Wilmington, MARBIONC at CREST Research Park, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - H. Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)–UMR 241 EIO, Laboratory of Toxic-Microalgae, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)–UMR 241 EIO, Laboratory of Toxic-Microalgae, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Patricia A. Tester
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- JHT, Inc., Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Damian Shea
- North Carolina State University, Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Harold A. Flores Quintana
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, United States of America
| | - James A. Morris
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - R. Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
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Soliño L, Widgy S, Pautonnier A, Turquet J, Loeffler CR, Flores Quintana HA, Diogène J. Prevalence of ciguatoxins in lionfish (Pterois spp.) from Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, and Saint Barthélmy Islands (Caribbean). Toxicon 2015; 102:62-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Reverté L, Soliño L, Carnicer O, Diogène J, Campàs M. Alternative methods for the detection of emerging marine toxins: biosensors, biochemical assays and cell-based assays. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5719-63. [PMID: 25431968 PMCID: PMC4278199 DOI: 10.3390/md12125719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of marine toxins in water and seafood may have a considerable impact on public health. Although the tendency in Europe is to consolidate, when possible, official reference methods based on instrumental analysis, the development of alternative or complementary methods providing functional or toxicological information may provide advantages in terms of risk identification, but also low cost, simplicity, ease of use and high-throughput analysis. This article gives an overview of the immunoassays, cell-based assays, receptor-binding assays and biosensors that have been developed for the screening and quantification of emerging marine toxins: palytoxins, ciguatoxins, cyclic imines and tetrodotoxins. Their advantages and limitations are discussed, as well as their possible integration in research and monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Reverté
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Lucía Soliño
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Olga Carnicer
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
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Gaboriau M, Ponton D, Darius HT, Chinain M. Ciguatera fish toxicity in French Polynesia: size does not always matter. Toxicon 2014; 84:41-50. [PMID: 24699216 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in tropical reef fish tissues during their life is responsible of the most prevalent human seafood intoxication in the South Pacific called Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP). It has been assumed for a long time that CTXs are transferred and accumulated along the trophic food chain, and consequently that smaller individuals within a given fish species are safer to eat than larger ones. However, the relationship between toxicity and fish size has been studied for a limited number of species only and the conclusions are often contradictory. The toxicity of 856 fishes from 59 different species sampled in six islands in French Polynesia between 2003 and 2011 was assessed by Receptor Binding Assay. Among them, 45 species × island and 32 families × island for which the number of individuals was ≥6 allowed testing the relationship between toxicity and size. Except for six specimens of Lutjanus bohar caught in Fakarava (P < 0.01; R(2) = 0.854), the 44 remaining species × island showed no significant increase of CTXs concentration with fish total length (TL). Moreover, the proportion of toxic individuals decreased significantly for Epinephelus polyphekadion from Fakarava (n = 24; P < 0.05) and Kyphosus cinerascens from Raivavae (n = 29; P < 0.05), while no significant variation was detected for the other 43 species × island. At the family level, only three positive and three negative relationships between size and CTXs concentration were observed among the 32 family × island analyzed. No relationship between the proportion of toxic fish within a family and the relative total length of individuals were observed. The lack of relationship between toxicity and size observed for most of the species and families from the six islands suggests that fish size cannot be used as an efficient predictor of fish toxicity in French Polynesia. These results highlight the need for improving our knowledge about metabolic processes which may play a role in CTXs bio-accumulation and depuration among the different trophic levels of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gaboriau
- IRD, UR 227, Laboratoire d'excellence «CORAIL», Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Av. de Fontaulé, BP44, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Dominique Ponton
- IRD, UR 227, Laboratoire d'excellence «CORAIL», Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Av. de Fontaulé, BP44, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France; IRD, UR 227, Laboratoire d'excellence «CORAIL», Parc Technologique Universitaire, 2 rue Joseph Wetzell, CS 41095, 97495 Ste Clotilde cedex, La Réunion, France.
| | - H Taiana Darius
- UMR 241, EIO, Laboratoire de recherche sur les Microalgues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Mireille Chinain
- UMR 241, EIO, Laboratoire de recherche sur les Microalgues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
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Darius HT, Drescher O, Ponton D, Pawlowiez R, Laurent D, Dewailly E, Chinain M. Use of folk tests to detect ciguateric fish: a scientific evaluation of their effectiveness in Raivavae Island (Australes, French Polynesia). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:550-66. [PMID: 23289800 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.752581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a seafood intoxication commonly afflicting island communities in the Pacific. These populations, which are strongly dependent on fish resources, have developed over centuries various strategies to decrease the risk of intoxication, including the use of folk tests to detect ciguateric fish. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of two folk tests commonly used in Raivavae Island (Australes, French Polynesia): the rigor mortis test (RMT) and the bleeding test (BT). A total of 107 fish were collected in Raivavae Lagoon, among which 80 were tested by five testers using the RMT versus 107 tested by four testers using BT. First, the performance between testers was compared. Second, the efficiency of these tests was compared with toxicity data obtained via the receptor binding assay (RBA) by assessing various parameter's values such as sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). Comparisons of outcomes between folk tests and RBA analyses were considered: tests used separately or in a parallel versus the series approach by each tester. The overall efficiency of the RMT and BT tests was also evaluated when the judgments of all testers were "pooled". The results demonstrate that efficiencies varied between testers with one showing the best scores in detecting toxic fish: 55% with RMT and 69.2% with BT. BT gave the best results in detecting toxic fish as compared with RMT, giving also better agreement between testers. If high NPV and Se values were to be privileged, the data also suggest that the best way to limit cases of intoxication would be to use RMT and BT tests in a parallel approach. The use of traditional knowledge and a good knowledge of risky versus healthy fishing areas may help reduce the risk of intoxication among communities where ciguatera fish poisoning is highly prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Darius
- Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, UMR 241, Laboratoire de recherche sur les Microalgues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, Tahiti.
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