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BinDhim NF, Althumiri NA, Al-Luhaidan SM, Alhajji M, A Saad SY, Alyami H, Al-Duraihem RA, Alhabeeb AA. Assessing attitudes toward mental health illnesses in Saudi Arabia: A national cross-sectional study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2024:207640241263247. [PMID: 39049582 DOI: 10.1177/00207640241263247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to assess the national attitudes toward individuals with mental health illnesses in Saudi Arabia, exploring the relationship between these attitudes and various sociodemographic factors. METHODS A cross-sectional design with computer-assisted telephone interviews was employed, covering all 13 administrative regions in Saudi Arabia. A total of 4,533 adults agreed to participate, and their attitudes toward people with mental illnesses (PWMI) were measured using an 11-item scale. The translation of the original English version of the PWMI to Arabic was validated and published previously. The scale used level of agreement on a 5-point Likert scale. The score varies from 11 to 55, where a higher score signifies higher stigma. The associations between total PWMI scores and sociodemographic variables were analyzed using linear regression. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 35.92 ± 12.84, with equal distribution across regions. The linear regression model showed significant associations between total PWMI scores and gender, education level, marital status, living with, or being friends with someone diagnosed with a mental illness, and working in healthcare. No significant associations were found with age, income level, and previous mental health diagnosis. The study suggests that negative stereotypes about mental illness may be more prevalent in Saudi Arabia, while Saudi participants had a more optimistic view regarding the recovery and outcomes of mental illnesses. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the importance of assessing mental health stigma and its associations with sociodemographic factors in Saudi Arabia. The significant associations found point to the need for targeted interventions and public health campaigns to address misconceptions and stereotypes surrounding mental health, ultimately improving the societal acceptance and well-being of individuals with mental health illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser F BinDhim
- Informed Decision-Making Research and Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora A Althumiri
- Informed Decision-Making Research and Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed Alhajji
- Behavioral Insights Unit, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Yahya A Saad
- Neuroscience Department, King Abdullah Medical City, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Alyami
- Internal Medicine Department, Taif University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Miccoli M, Poli A. Randomized trial on the effects of an EMDR intervention on traumatic and obsessive symptoms during the COVID-19 quarantine: a psychometric study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1369216. [PMID: 38988736 PMCID: PMC11233768 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1369216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction It has been suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic was a potentially traumatic occurrence that may have induced generalized anxiety and discomfort, particularly in susceptible populations like individuals with mental illnesses. The therapeutic approach known as eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been shown to be successful in helping patients process traumatic events and restore wellbeing. Nevertheless, little is known about the precise processes through which EMDR fosters symptom recovery. Methods In order to disentangle these issues, we conducted a randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT06110702) with 107 participants who were selected from university hospitals as a sample of investigation. Random assignments were applied to the participants in order to assign them to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group, but not the control group, underwent an 8-week EMDR intervention. Body perception, disgust, and emotions of guilt and shame, as well as mental contamination and posttraumatic and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, were investigated before and after the EMDR intervention. Results The EMDR intervention was able to improve all of the variables investigated. Path analysis showed that body perception was able to predict both disgust and emotions of guilt and shame. Disgust was able to predict both mental contamination and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, while guilt and shame were able to predict post-traumatic symptoms. Conclusions EMDR is an effective therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic and obsessive symptoms that acts through the promotion of improvement of the emotions of guilt/shame and disgust, respectively. Implications for clinical practice are examined. Clinical trial registration https://www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT06110702.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Miccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Poli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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BinDhim NF, Althumiri NA, Ad-Dab’bagh Y, Alqahtani MMJ, Alshayea AK, Al-Luhaidan SM, Al-Duraihem RA, Alhabeeb AA. Exploring Mental Health Literacy and Its Associated Factors: A National Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia, 2023. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2024; 17:355-363. [PMID: 38405268 PMCID: PMC10893785 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s442425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to examine, for the first time, the mental health literacy of the Saudi general population. Additionally, we aim to identify demographic factors associated with elevated mental health literacy scores. Methods A cross-sectional study using a phone interview survey with quota sampling was conducted for equal distribution of sexes, age and administrative regions. Mental health literacy was assessed by the previously validated mental health literacy scale (MHLS). The MHLS ranges from 35 to 160, and a higher score indicates greater level of mental health literacy. Results In this study, 4,547 (70.2%) agreed to complete the interview. The sample was equally distributed across Saudi Arabia's 13 administrative regions with 50.1% female and mean age 35.9 (SD: ±12.8). In terms of education, 55.1% have a bachelor's degree or above. The nationally weighted score on the original MHLS was 110.75. the MHLS Saudi validation score was influenced by various variables including: marital status, healthcare-related job, sex, education level, and proximity to individuals with mental health issues. Conclusion The study offers data for the first time on Saudi Arabian mental health literacy status. The high MHLS score reflects good societal awareness and understanding of mental health related concepts and issues in the Saudi population. The results of this study set the baseline for mental health literacy in Saudi Arabia. Future research may focus on utilizing the validated MHLS and the method used in this study to explore the effect of other social and individual factors on mental health literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser F BinDhim
- Research and Studies Department, Informed Decision-Making Research and Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora A Althumiri
- Research and Studies Department, Informed Decision-Making Research and Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research and Studies Department, Sharik Association for Research and Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Ad-Dab’bagh
- Mental Health Department, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Eastern Region, Saudi Arabia
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BinDhim NF, Althumiri NA, Al-Luhaidan SM, Alhajji M, Saad SYA, Alyami H, Svendrovski A, Al-Duraihem RA, Alhabeeb AA. Cultural adaptation and validation of the mental illness associated stigma scale for Arabic-speaking population in Saudi Arabia. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1265096. [PMID: 38293593 PMCID: PMC10824839 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1265096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This research aimed to culturally adapt and validate the MIAS scale for Arabic-speaking individuals within the Saudi Arabian general population, with an emphasis on cultural, societal, and individual nuances. Methods An initial pilot testing with a small group ensured the scale's clarity. Subsequently, two cross-sectional studies involving 189 participants to assess structural validity of the Arabic MIAS scale, and 38 participants to assess the test-retest reliability. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's α, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were employed for data analysis. Results The Arabic MIAS scale demonstrated good internal consistency and acceptable test-retest reliability (ICC α = 0.631). A three-factor model emerged (CFI = 0.890, TLI = 0.845, RMSEA = 0.094), including "Outcomes," "Negative Stereotypes," and "Recovery," closely mirroring the original study's structure. one item was excluded from the model since it didn't align with any of the three factors. Conclusion The study contributes a culturally adapted, validated, non-condition-specific tool to gauge public attitudes toward mental health stigma in an Arabic context. It highlights the need for culturally sensitive stigma research and interventions and underscores the importance of improving such tools for cross-cultural applicability and comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohammed Alhajji
- Office of Assistant Minister, Behavioral Insights Unit, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Science Department, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Yahya A. Saad
- Department of Neuroscience, King Abdullah Medical City, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Alyami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Althumiri NA, BinDhim NF, Aldabaeab AE, AlMousa N, Aljabbary RA, Alumran A. Comparing Lifestyle and Behavior of Post-Bariatric Surgery and Participants with Obesity: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:31-44. [PMID: 38192495 PMCID: PMC10771717 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s440209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There is a paucity of research dedicated to exploring behavioral change in patients following bariatric surgery. However, there is a need for comparison analysis of individuals with obesity who have received surgical treatment and those who have not opted for any surgical procedures for weight loss. This study is designed to scrutinize the lifestyle choices, behavioral patterns, psychological elements, and eating habits of individuals who have undergone bariatric surgery, in contrast to those with obesity who have not undergone such a procedure. Methods This study is a secondary analysis from Sharik Diet and Health National Survey (SDHNS) dataset, which is a cross-sectional investigation covering the period from 2020 to 2022. The study focused on demographic factors like age, gender, educational attainment, and monthly earnings. Furthermore, other variables such as physical activity, leisure and workplace sitting habits, smoking patterns, strategies for managing weight, and eating and consumption behaviors were also examined. Results Out of the initial 15,980 participants reached, 4,069 satisfied the study's inclusion criteria. Bariatric surgery was reported by 806 participants (19.8%). Upon comparing three obesity status groups - The participants who underwent bariatric surgery with or without obesity, those with obesity who did not opt for any surgical weight loss measure, the analysis found that the three obesity status groups were significantly different in 21 variables from a total of 26. Moreover, a logistic regression analysis revealed that 11 variables influenced persistent obesity in the post-surgery phase, as opposed to those who successfully lost weight. These variables included advanced age, limited education, being female, lower income, waterpipe smoking habits, and the consumption of carbonated drinks. Conclusion This study showed that inability to lose weight after bariatric surgery are linked to poor lifestyle choices and behavior compared to those who were able to lose weight after the surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Althumiri
- Scientific Department, Informed Decision Making (IDM), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Scientific Department, Sharik Association for Research and Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser F BinDhim
- Scientific Department, Informed Decision Making (IDM), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Scientific Department, Sharik Association for Research and Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz E Aldabaeab
- Obesity Department, King Fahad Hospital of the Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah AlMousa
- Scientific Department, Sharik Association for Research and Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Arwa Alumran
- Health Information Management and Technology Department, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Alreshidi SM. Psychometric Properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for Saudi Caregivers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2024; 61:469580231221287. [PMID: 38159245 PMCID: PMC10757792 DOI: 10.1177/00469580231221287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic-language Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) among Saudi caregivers of patients with chronic diseases. Using a cross-sectional design, 94 Saudi caregivers (37 male and 57 female) in the medical city participated in the study. A comparative assessment was conducted on 4 models proposed in the existing PHQ-9 literature to gauge their compatibility through confirmatory factor analyses. This study evaluates convergent validity through a correlation analysis, examining the relationship between the PHQ-9 and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Among the various models we examined, the single-factor structure of the PHQ-9 displayed the best fit with the data we gathered. Notably, the Cronbach alpha coefficient for the PHQ-9 registered at .81, indicating a high level of internal consistency. Factor loadings spanned a range from .39 to .76. The convergent validity of the PHQ-9 and DASS-21 was deemed satisfactory. It is established that the PHQ-9 serves as an effective tool for depression screening among Saudi caregivers in Saudi Arabia. Its strengths lie in its demonstrated validity, dependability, brevity, and convenience of administration, positioning it as a valuable resource for preventative measures and performance assessment within mental health settings.
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Olff M. Crises in the Anthropocene. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2170818. [PMID: 37052094 PMCID: PMC9930782 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2170818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
2022 was a year of crises, not just one but multiple intersecting crises that caused traumatic stress in billions of people worldwide. COVID-19 is still not over. New wars have started, and the climate change impact is bigger than ever. Will the Anthropocene be an era of continued crises? This past year the European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT) has again tried to contribute to how to prevent or treat the consequences of these major crises as well as other events and we will continue to do so the year to come. For instance, we will have special issues or collections addressing these big issues, such as climate change and traumatic stress, or early intervention after trauma or in times of conflict. In this editorial, we also present the past year's excellent journal metrics regarding reach, impact, and quality and the ESTSS EJPT award finalists for best paper of 2022 and look forward to 2023. 2022 was a year of multiple intersecting crises causing traumatic stress to billions of people around the world. European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT) aims to contribute to how to understand, prevent or treat the consequences of these major crises. EJPT's editorial team again achieved excellent journal metrics regarding reach, impact, and quality in 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Olff
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, & Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, Netherlands
- Miranda Olff Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam1105 AZ, Netherlands
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BinDhim NF, Althumiri NA, Ad-Dab'bagh Y, Alqahtani MMJ, Alshayea AK, Al-Luhaidan SM, Svendrovski A, Al-Duraihem RA, Alhabeeb AA. Validation and psychometric testing of the Arabic version of the mental health literacy scale among the Saudi Arabian general population. Int J Ment Health Syst 2023; 17:42. [PMID: 38053169 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-023-00615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to validate the Arabic Version of the Mental Health Literacy Scale (Arabic-MHLS) among the Saudi Arabian general population, assessing its internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and structural validity. METHODS A total of 700 Arabic-speaking Saudi adults were randomly selected to complete the electronic questionnaire in May 2023, which generated 544 participants. Data were coded and stored in the ZdataCloud research data collection system database. Test-retest reliability was assessed using a subsample of 48 participants who completed the questionnaire twice, with a one-week interval. Structural validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). RESULTS The Arabic-MHLS demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.89). EFA revealed a four-factor model closely resembling the model identified in the Slovenian validation of MHLS, with factor loadings ranging from 0.40 to 0.85. The four factors included knowledge of mental health disorders, knowledge of help-seeking, knowledge of self-help strategies, and knowledge of professional help also showed good internal consistency. CONCLUSION The Arabic-MHLS is a valid and reliable tool for assessing mental health literacy in the Saudi Arabian general population. However, further research is needed to refine the measurement tool and understand the complex relationships between mental health literacy and other mental health-related concepts. This will contribute to the development of targeted interventions and policies aimed at improving mental health literacy and promoting mental well-being in the Saudi Arabian population and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser F BinDhim
- Informed Decision-Making IDM, Riyadh, 13323, Saudi Arabia
- Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Yasser Ad-Dab'bagh
- Mental Health Department, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Eastern Region, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmad Kassab Alshayea
- Department of Psychology, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2454, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman M Al-Luhaidan
- Studies and Information, National Committee for Narcotics Control, P.O. Box 50045, 11523, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anton Svendrovski
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Meraya AM, Kashan Syed N, Syed MH, Yasmeen A, Alfaifi MH, Alfaifi AJ, Hurubi KY, Khobrani MA, Alhossan A. Impact of COVID-19 related movement restrictions on the follow-up care visits of adults with chronic conditions: A Saudi arabian survey study. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101846. [PMID: 38033751 PMCID: PMC10682654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Lockdown measures implemented during the initial phase of the pandemic resulted in the delay and disruption of healthcare utilization for individuals with chronic conditions. We aimed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 movement restrictions on the follow-up care visits of individuals with chronic illnesses. We also assessed the possible reasons patients missed their follow-ups and the potential barriers impeding follow-up during the pandemic. Methods A total of 397 adults with pre-existing medical conditions participated in an online cross-sectional survey from October to December 2022. The study sample comprised 57 % females and 43 % males, with a mean age of 43 years. A 36-item online self-report survey was used for data collection.Results: Fifty-five percent of participants reported missing their follow-up during COVID-19 pandemic, and 14 % made emergency department visits due to their missed follow-up appointments. In addition, 24 % experienced complications due to their missed appointments. The mean score on the fear of COVID-19 scale was 17.8 ± 6.5 (SD). For the majority of participants (60 %), pandemic-related restrictions were the predominant barrier to their follow-up visits. Additionally, we found that as individuals' COVID-19 fear scores increased, the likelihood of missing a follow-up care visit also increased (AOR: 1.067; p-value = 0.001). However, participants who did not perceive COVID-19 pandemic-related restrictions as a barrier were less likely to miss their follow-up visits (AOR: 0.581; p-value = 0.031). Furthermore, those who understood the significance of follow-up care were less likely to miss any of their follow-up visits (AOR: 0.224; p-value < 0.001) than those who had limited understanding of its importance. Conclusion The results showed that pandemic-related movement restrictions negatively affected attendance at follow-up visits for people with pre-existing health conditions. Initiatives should therefore be undertaken during global public health emergencies to provide medical and psychological support to vulnerable and high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkarim M. Meraya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabeel Kashan Syed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamoon H. Syed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Yasmeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H. Alfaifi
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aseel J. Alfaifi
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Y. Hurubi
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moteb A. Khobrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alhossan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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Ford JD, Seedat S. On the path to recovery: traumatic stress research during the COVID-19 pandemic 2021-2023. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2281988. [PMID: 38038964 PMCID: PMC10990445 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2281988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue of the European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT) presents 51 articles published between 2021 and 2023 and follows the Special Issue on pandemic-related traumatic stress research published in 2021 (O'Donnell, M. L., & Greene, T. [2021]. Understanding the mental health impacts of COVID-19 through a trauma lens. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1982502). Research on traumatic stress during the pandemic has cast the spotlight on vulnerable populations and groups, notably front-line healthcare workers; people faced with major losses including the deaths of loved ones; those who personally survived debilitating and often life-threatening viral infection; and students who were isolated and experienced profound delays in their education, relationships, and emerging independence. The papers in this collection underscore the associations between COVID-19 related stressors and a plethora of adverse mental health sequelae, including posttraumatic stress reactions, and draw attention to the ubiquity of grief and moral injury and their wide-ranging and detrimental impact. Currently, there is a paucity of evidence on interventions to enhance resources, self-efficacy, and hope for affected groups and individuals through societal, organisational, and healthcare systems; however early research on the prevention of COVID-related traumatic stress disorders provides a basis for both hope and preparedness for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D. Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Zedan HS, Bilal L, Hyder S, Naseem MT, Akkad M, Al-Habeeb A, Al-Subaie AS, Altwaijri Y. Understanding the burden of mental and physical health disorders on families: findings from the Saudi National Mental Health Survey. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072115. [PMID: 37802615 PMCID: PMC10565287 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess prevalence and correlation of factors of family burden associated with mental and physical disorders in the general population of Saudi Arabia. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A secondary analysis of data from the Saudi National Mental Health Survey (SNMHS). OUTCOME MEASURES Mental and physical health disorders of first-degree relatives and objective (time, financial) and subjective (distress, embarrassment) family burden. RESULTS We found significant caregiver burden for family members with mental health disorders. Around one-third of the sample was providing care for a family member with a health issue. Within this group, 40% had a mental health diagnosis. 73% of the study population reported experiencing some form of burden as a result of the care they are obligated to provide for their family members. We found the highest burden on male caregivers, in providing care for family members with serious memory disorders, mental retardation, schizophrenia or psychosis, followed by, alcohol and drug disorders, anxiety, depression or manic depression. CONCLUSION Our findings for family burden were statistically significant, indicating potential negative impact on caregiver coping ability with the demands of caring for family members with health issues. A comprehensive review of national mental health policies is required to integrate aspects of community mental health promotion, scale-up prevention, screening interventions and social support to protect against the difficulties of mental illness and reduce the burden on caregivers, the family, society, health system and the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya S Zedan
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lisa Bilal
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanaa Hyder
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Talal Naseem
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marya Akkad
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhameed Al-Habeeb
- National Center for Mental Health Promotion (NCMH), Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Al-Subaie
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Edrak Medical Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasmin Altwaijri
- King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Poli A, Cappellini F, Sala J, Miccoli M. The integrative process promoted by EMDR in dissociative disorders: neurobiological mechanisms, psychometric tools, and intervention efficacy on the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1164527. [PMID: 37727746 PMCID: PMC10505816 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1164527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissociative disorders (DDs) are characterized by a discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, bodily representation, motor control, and action. The life-threatening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been identified as a potentially traumatic event and may produce a wide range of mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, and DD, stemming from pandemic-related events, such as sickness, isolation, losing loved ones, and fear for one's life. In our conceptual analysis, we introduce the contribution of the structural dissociation of personality (SDP) theory and polyvagal theory to the conceptualization of the COVID-19 pandemic-triggered DD and the importance of assessing perceived safety in DD through neurophysiologically informed psychometric tools. In addition, we analyzed the contribution of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to the treatment of the COVID-19 pandemic-triggered DD and suggest possible neurobiological mechanisms of action of the EMDR. In particular, we propose that, through slow eye movements, the EMDR may promote an initial non-rapid-eye-movement sleep stage 1-like activity, a subsequent access to a slow-wave sleep activity, and an oxytocinergic neurotransmission that, in turn, may foster the functional coupling between paraventricular nucleus and both sympathetic and parasympathetic cardioinhibitory nuclei. Neurophysiologically informed psychometric tools for safety evaluation in DDs are discussed. Furthermore, clinical and public health implications are considered, combining the EMDR, SDP theory, and polyvagal conceptualizations in light of the potential dissociative symptomatology triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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AlDandan FN, Aldandan LH, Sulais AA, Alshaikh ST, Alqahtani AH, Khalil MS. The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2023; 20:358-363. [PMID: 37791090 PMCID: PMC10544233 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20230416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective An intense desire to avoid contamination is one of the most common symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). In March 2020, when the COVID-19 outbreak was classified as a pandemic, authorities announced measures to control its spread, including hand washing, quarantine, social distancing and lockdowns. The disease spreads rapidly and has potentially serious complications, and adherence to the recommendations was strongly encouraged. These measures, both by their direct effect and as a consequence of their impact on care provision may trigger complications in patients with OCD. Method An online survey was completed by 102 patients with a confirmed OCD diagnosis. The survey collected demographic data, medical and psychiatric history, and asked COVID-19 related questions, OCD-related questions, and included the Self-reported Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Checklist (Y-BOCS-II). Results The results reveal that new OCD patterns started during the COVID-19 pandemic, including pathological doubt/checking (2.0%), a need for symmetry, order or precision (2.9%), religious pattern (2.9%), somatic/health pattern (4.9%), and a contamination/washing pattern (5.9%), which was the most reported among all patterns. The results also show an increase in overall severity of OCD (36.3%), and (27.5%) of participants also reported an increase in the overall severity of anxiety. Conclusions The questionnaire completed by patients previously diagnosed with OCD revealed that during the COVID-19 pandemic there was an increase in the severity of symptoms, with the greatest effect being in individuals with contamination/ washing patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah N. AlDandan
- Department of psychiatry, King Fahad Hospital of the University (KFHU), Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University (IAU), Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila H Aldandan
- Department of psychiatry, King Fahad Hospital of the University (KFHU), Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University (IAU), Khobar, Saudi Arabia
- Sowt Specialist Center, Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Sulais
- Mental Health Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah H Alqahtani
- Psychiatry Division, Medicine Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare (JHAH), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S. Khalil
- Department of psychiatry, King Fahad Hospital of the University (KFHU), Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University (IAU), Khobar, Saudi Arabia
- Healthgates Medical, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Havermans DCD, Hoeboer CM, Sobczak S, Primasari I, Coimbra BM, Hovnanyan A, Novakovic IZ, Langevin R, Aakvaag HF, Grace E, Dragan M, Lueger-Schuster B, El-Hage W, Olff M. The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and exposure to other potentially traumatic events up to old age. J Trauma Stress 2023; 36:738-749. [PMID: 37218466 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether the impact of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) on trauma-related symptoms changes across the transitional adult lifespan (i.e., 16-100 years old) and if this association differs for self-reported COVID-19-related PTEs compared to other PTEs. A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 7,034 participants from 88 countries between late April and October 2020. Participants completed the Global Psychotrauma Screen (GPS), a self-report questionnaire assessing trauma-related symptoms. Data were analyzed using linear and logistic regression analyses and general linear models. We found that older age was associated with lower GPS total symptom scores, B = -0.02, p < .001; this association remained significant but was substantially weaker for self-reported COVID-19-related PTEs compared to other PTEs, B = 0.02, p = .009. The results suggest an association between older age and lower ratings of trauma-related symptoms on the GPS, indicating a blunted symptom presentation. This age-related trend was smaller for self-reported COVID-19-related PTEs compared to other PTEs, reflecting the relatively higher impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi C D Havermans
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- TanteLouise, Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands
| | - Chris M Hoeboer
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjacko Sobczak
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Mondriaan Mental Health Center, Heerlen, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Indira Primasari
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Bruno M Coimbra
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ani Hovnanyan
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Irina Zrnic Novakovic
- Lab for Psychotraumatology, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rachel Langevin
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Helene F Aakvaag
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emma Grace
- Department of International Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Brigitte Lueger-Schuster
- Lab for Psychotraumatology, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- UMR 1253, IBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Miranda Olff
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Alhabeeb AA, Al-Duraihem RA, Alasmary S, Alkhamaali Z, Althumiri NA, BinDhim NF. National screening for anxiety and depression in Saudi Arabia 2022. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1213851. [PMID: 37441650 PMCID: PMC10333514 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1213851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mental health disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), represent a significant public health concern in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to provide a recent mental health screening prevalence, including anxiety and depression screening in the general public and to explore the associated risk factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted, employing a phone interview survey with 6,015 participants, using a quota sampling strategy to ensure equal representation of both sexes and administrative regions. The study assessed the prevalence of MDD and GAD risk and examined demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors associated with these mental health disorders. Results The national prevalence of people at risk of MDD and GAD were found to be 12.7 and 12.4%, respectively. Low diagnosis and treatment rates were observed, with only 1.5 and 0.5% of participants currently diagnosed and treated for depression and anxiety, respectively. Risk factors for MDD and GAD included female sex, lower education and income levels, smoking, and waterpipe use. Protective factors included physical activity, participation in volunteering activities and the practice of daily hobbies in the last 30 days. Conclusion The relatively high prevalence of MDD and GAD risk and low diagnosis and treatment rates in Saudi Arabia emphasize the need for increased mental health promotion, early detection, and treatment accessibility. The study highlights the importance of addressing modifiable risk factors and fostering protective factors through targeted interventions. Future research should focus on longitudinal associations, potential mediators and moderators, and the development of culturally appropriate and evidence-based interventions to enhance mental health outcomes in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saeed Alasmary
- National Centre for Mental Health Promotion, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nora A. Althumiri
- Informed Decision-Making for Research and Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser F. BinDhim
- Informed Decision-Making for Research and Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Winkel C, McNally B, Aamir S. Narratives of Crisis: Female Saudi Students and the Covid-19 Pandemic. ILLNESS, CRISES, AND LOSS 2023; 31:4-22. [PMID: 36605775 PMCID: PMC9638505 DOI: 10.1177/10541373211029079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper endeavors to portray the narratives of a group of female undergraduate students, in Saudi Arabia, studying during the Covid-19 pandemic. Data collection occurred in March 2021, at which time students had been in online classes for a year and had experienced several curfews as well as a total lockdown. Students answered open-ended questions and wrote a reflection about how they experienced the pandemic. The majority of the participants reported sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety, and social isolation, identifying their family as the most important source of support during this time. Others tried to cope using their own resources. The study highlighted the need for increased awareness among faculty, education leaders and policy-makers about the psychological effects of lockdown and social isolation. There is a requirement for more support services for those affected by anxiety, depression, and regular follow-up after the pandemic ends to explore the long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Winkel
- Core Curriculum Department, College of Sciences & Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia,Carmen Winkel, Core Curriculum Department, College of Sciences & Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Beverley McNally
- Core Curriculum Department, College of Sciences & Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siddiqua Aamir
- Core Curriculum Department, College of Sciences & Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Jarad JA, Aldohilan FM, Ghulam RZ, Fallatah RZ, Alzahrani AK, El Kheir DYM, Alibrahim NR. Long-Term Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Anxiety and Depression among Physicians in a Tertiary Referral Hospital. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 11:36-43. [PMID: 36909007 PMCID: PMC9997862 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_507_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Since the COVID-19 pandemic peaked, few studies have thereafter assessed the continued effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare workers. Objectives To determine the rate and predictors of self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety among physicians at a public tertiary care teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia about 2 years after COVID-19 was declared a pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2021 to April 2022 and targeted all physicians working at King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and General Anxiety Disorder-7 were used to elicit self-reported data regarding depression and anxiety, respectively. In addition, sociodemographic and job-related data were collected. Results A total of 438 physicians responded, of which 200 (45.7%) reported symptoms of depression and 190 (43.4%) of anxiety. Being aged 25-30 years, female, resident, and reporting reduction in work quality were factors significantly associated with both anxiety and depression. Female gender (AOR = 3.570; 95% CI = 2.283-5.582; P < 0.001), working an average 9-11 hours/day (AOR = 2.130; 95% CI = 1.009-4.495; P < 0.047), and self-perceived reduction in work quality (AOR = 3.139; 95% CI = 2.047-4.813; P < 0.001) were significant independent predictors of anxiety. Female gender (AOR = 2.929; 95% CI = 1.845-4.649; P < 0.001) and self-perceived reduction in work quality (AOR = 3.141; 95% CI = 2.053-4.804; P < 0.001) were significant independent predictors of depression. Conclusions About half of the physicians reported symptoms of anxiety and depression. These findings are suggestive of the need for large-scale studies to determine the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumanah Abdulrahman Jarad
- King Fahd Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Mohammed Aldohilan
- King Fahd Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad Zohier Ghulam
- King Fahd Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania Zaki Fallatah
- King Fahd Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Khamess Alzahrani
- King Fahd Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Yahia M. El Kheir
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Reyadh Alibrahim
- Department of Psychiatry, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Alateeq D, Aljabri A, Aldogiam G, Alajmi H, Alsoqaih H, Alfadhly R, Alshahrani R. Loneliness and Depression Among Female University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2020. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604885. [PMID: 36090826 PMCID: PMC9448866 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Quarantine-related loneliness has impacted university students during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aims to evaluate loneliness among female university students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during the pandemic and to investigate its correlation with depression. Methods: A sample of 753 female students was collected during the first COVID-19 summer vacation outbreak through a cross-sectional survey that consisted of two parts: 1) Sociodemographic characteristics and COVID-19 related questions; 2) The eight-item UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Results: Most participants were between 18 and 22 years old (75.2%) and were studying at humanities college (61.50%). Loneliness and depression were reported among 63.3% and 41.1% of female students, respectively, and the correlation between them was significantly positive (beta = 0.419, p < 0.001). Having a previous history of a psychiatric condition and families with insufficient monthly income were the main associated factors with high levels of loneliness and depression. Conclusion: Female university students experienced loneliness and depression under quarantine during the first COVID-19 summer vacation outbreak. Psychosocial intervention for the vulnerable groups is essential, as are longitudinal studies.
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19
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Demyttenaere J, Martyn O, Delaney R. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on frozen shoulder incidence rates and severity. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2022; 31:1682-1686. [PMID: 35167912 PMCID: PMC8840827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic had profound physiological and psychological effects, there is no research aimed at understanding if the pandemic has had an impact on the incidence or severity of frozen shoulder (FS). The aim of this study was to compare the incidence and severity of idiopathic FS before and during the pandemic. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed to establish the incidence of FS during the pandemic, from March 2020 to January 2021 (pandemic study period), compared to the same time period 1 year earlier, before the pandemic (control group). All patients who were diagnosed with idiopathic FS were included. To assess the severity of the condition, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain score and Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV) on presentation were recorded and the patients were categorized into 5 different treatment groups (0 injections, 1 injection, 2 injections, 3 injections, or capsular release). As the pandemic and public health restrictions could have influenced the availability of appointments, the waiting time between referral and first appointment was calculated as a possible confounding factor. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square and Student t test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. RESULTS There were 847 new patient consultations during the pandemic study period; of these, 232 were for idiopathic FS. One year earlier, there were 898 initial consultations for a new shoulder problem; of these, 176 were for idiopathic FS. This represents a relative increase of 39.8% (P < .001) in the incidence of patients with FS. The mean SSV in the control group was 50% ± 20% vs. 45% ± 18% in the pandemic group-statistically significant (P = .013) but unlikely to be clinically significant. The VAS pain score was similar in both groups: mean 6 ± 2 and 7 ± 2, respectively (P = .06). There was no significant difference between the control and the pandemic group in the distribution of patients per treatment group (P = .94). The mean waiting time from referral to appointment was not significantly different between the control and the pandemic group: 58 ± 30 days vs. 55 ± 27 days (P = .30). CONCLUSION During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant increase in the incidence of patients with FS. No significant difference in severity was observed. Further research is needed to evaluate a causal relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Demyttenaere
- Sint-Maarten Ziekenhuis, Mechelen, Belgium,Reprint requests: Joachim Demyttenaere, MD, Marcel Coppijnlaan 23, 3090 Overijse, Belgium
| | - Oisin Martyn
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Ramadan M, Fallatah AM, Batwa YF, Saifaddin Z, Mirza MS, Aldabbagh M, Alhusseini N. Trends in emergency department visits for mental health disorder diagnoses before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective cohort study 2018-2021. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:378. [PMID: 35659204 PMCID: PMC9164177 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the pandemic started, Saudi Arabia applied extreme measures in responses to the pandemic crises, which have adversely affected individuals' mental health. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe trends in mental health disorder ED visit before and after the pandemic in two medical centers in Saudi Arabia. METHODS A retrospective cohort study using data from electronic health records in the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs' (MNG-HA) in Saudi Arabia. Multiple logistic regression model was used to examine the age and sex differences in mental health disorder ED visits before and during the COVID19 pandemic. RESULTS A total of 1117 ED psychiatric visits, a sharp increase in the number of psychiatric ED visits during the pandemic with an average increase of 25.66% was observed. During the pandemic, psychiatric ED visits were significantly higher in females (adjusted AOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.08, 1.83) than males. During the COVID19 pandemic, generalized anxiety disorder was the most common psychiatric ED disorder with reported increase of visits by 53.34% (p-value 0.005). CONCLUSION ED psychiatric visits have consistently increased before and during the COVID19 pandemic. Interventions for mental health related disorders are urgently needed for preventing mental health problems among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Ramadan
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,C9F6+JRH, King Abdul Aziz Medical City, Jeddah, 22384, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Alaa M. Fallatah
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Collage of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yara F. Batwa
- grid.412149.b0000 0004 0608 0662King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,C9F6+JRH, King Abdul Aziz Medical City, College of Medicine, Jeddah, 22384 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad Saifaddin
- grid.415696.90000 0004 0573 9824Forensic Medicical Center, Ministry of health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Mirza
- grid.412149.b0000 0004 0608 0662King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,C9F6+JRH, King Abdul Aziz Medical City, College of Medicine, Jeddah, 22384 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Aldabbagh
- grid.452607.20000 0004 0580 0891King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.412149.b0000 0004 0608 0662King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ,grid.415254.30000 0004 1790 7311Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, King Abdulaziz Medical City-Jeddah, P.O. Box: 65362, Jeddah, 21556 Saudi Arabia
| | - Noara Alhusseini
- grid.411335.10000 0004 1758 7207College of medicine, Alfaisal University, Takhasusi Road, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Jayakumar S, Ilango S, Kumar K S, Alassaf A, Aljabr A, Paramasivam A, Mickeymaray S, Hawsah YM, Aldawish AS. Contrasting Association Between COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Mental Health Status in India and Saudi Arabia-A Preliminary Evidence Collected During the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:900026. [PMID: 35602514 PMCID: PMC9116149 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccine hesitancy is a global public health threat. Understanding the role of psychological factors in vaccine hesitancy is often neglected and relatively less explored. Aim and Objectives To analyze the relationship between mental health and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy before and after the advent of COVID-19 vaccines (AC19V) in the general population of India and Saudi Arabia (KSA) which vary in severity of the pandemic and vaccine mandates. Materials and Methods A total of 677 adult participants from India and KSA participated in this cross-sectional online web-based survey. Sociodemographic details and current COVID-19 status pertaining to infection and vaccination were collected. Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and perceptive need for mental health support (MHS) were assessed before and after AC19V. A newly constructed and validated COVID19 vaccine hesitancy scale-12 (COVID19-VHS12) scale was used to evaluate the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Results Prevalence and levels of depression and anxiety symptoms decreased significantly in Saudis but not in Indians after AC19V. PTSD symptoms showed a significant reduction in both India and KSA. Anxiety symptoms were higher in KSA than India before AC19V while PTSD was higher in India before and after AC19V. Except for the place of residence and employment status, the subgroups of sociodemographic variables which were at higher risk of negative mental health before AC19V showed improvement in their mental health after AC19V. The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in India and KSA was 50.8% (95% CI 45.73–55.89%) and 55.7% (95% CI 50.16–61.31%), respectively. A bidirectional association between vaccine hesitancy and mental health was observed in KSA but not in India. Higher vaccine hesitancy favored higher levels of depression, anxiety, and perceptive need for MHS and vice versa in KSA. None of the mental health parameters predicted vaccine hesitancy in India, while higher vaccine hesitancy increased the risk of anxiety. Conclusion Vaccine hesitancy has a negative impact on mental health and vice versa over and above the impact of sociodemographic factors and COVID-19 vaccination and infection status which shows variations between India and KSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikarthik Jayakumar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Education, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saraswathi Ilango
- Department of Physiology, Madha Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Senthil Kumar K
- Department of Physiology, Madha Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Abdullah Alassaf
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aljabr
- Department of Medical Education, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anand Paramasivam
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Education, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suresh Mickeymaray
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Alfaifi A, Darraj A, El-Setouhy M. The Psychological Impact of Quarantine During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Quarantined Non-Healthcare Workers, Quarantined Healthcare Workers, and Medical Staff at the Quarantine Facility in Saudi Arabia. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:1259-1270. [PMID: 35607383 PMCID: PMC9124059 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s362712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is a viral infectious disease that spreads quickly through droplets. It is highly contagious and could overwhelm the health system. Because of that, many governments established health quarantines for suspected infected people to minimize the spread of this disease. Objective This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms and to address the associated risk factors among quarantined non-healthcare workers, quarantined healthcare workers, and medical staff in the Ministry of Health quarantine facility. Patients and Methods We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study at the health quarantine in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. The total number of participants was 301 individuals. Furthermore, the study questionnaire was composed of three sections, the first two were the background and clinical characteristics, and the last one was DASS 21 scale. Also, we used SPSS software to analyze the data. Lastly, we implemented logistic regression to assess the predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Results The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among quarantined non-healthcare workers were 51.9%, 60.2%, and 40.6%, respectively. These prevalences were 25.0%, 29.8%, and 16.9% among quarantined healthcare workers and 20.5%, 20.5%, and 27.3% among the medical staff. The predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among the study participants were female gender, perceived COVID-19 stigma, presence of other relatives in quarantine, comorbidities, and abnormal sleep duration. Conclusion and Recommendations Health quarantine is an environment that could negatively affect people’s mental health. The quarantined non-healthcare workers were the most affected study participants inside this environment. Therefore, the availability of mental health services there could minimize their depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Moreover, a home quarantine would be better to reduce these negative symptoms whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Alfaifi
- Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Abdulrahman Alfaifi, Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, PO 96, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 56 887 3773, Email
| | | | - Maged El-Setouhy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Meraya AM, Salami RM, Alqahtani SS, Madkhali OA, Hijri AM, Qassadi FA, Albarrati AM. COVID-19 Vaccines and Restrictions: Concerns and Opinions among Individuals in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:816. [PMID: 35627953 PMCID: PMC9140897 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Recent studies in Saudi Arabia have indicated that a small proportion of the population is hesitant to receive COVID-19 vaccines due to uncertainty about their safety. The objective of this study was therefore to examine concerns about COVID-19 vaccines in Saudi Arabia; (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed Saudi residents aged 14 years and older. The online questionnaire consisted of the following sections: (1) demographics; (2) knowledge about COVID-19 vaccines and sources of information; (3) COVID-19 vaccines worry scale; and (4) opinions about restrictions placed on unvaccinated individuals in Saudi Arabia. An adjusted regression model was computed to examine the relationships between demographic factors and worry about COVID-19 vaccines. All analyses were stratified by age, with those aged 19 years and above considered adults and those aged younger than 19 years considered as adolescents; (3) Results: A total of 1002 respondents completed the survey. Of the study sample, 870 were aged ≥19 years and 132 were aged <19 years. Of the adults in the study sample, 52% either agreed or strongly agreed with the statement, “I am worried about the potential side effects of COVID-19 vaccinations in children”. Among adults, females demonstrated higher levels of worry about COVID-19 vaccines than males (β = 1.142; p = 0.004) in the adjusted analyses. A high percentage of the participants either disagreed or strongly disagreed with allowing unvaccinated individuals to enter malls, schools, universities or to live freely without restrictions; (4) Conclusions: A high proportion of individuals in Saudi Arabia are concerned about possible side effects of COVID-19 vaccines, and many believe that unvaccinated individuals should not be restricted from participating in public life. It is therefore crucial to provide easily accessible information on the safety of COVID-19 vaccines in order to accelerate vaccination and minimize hesitancy regarding any future vaccinations that may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkarim M. Meraya
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia; (R.M.S.); (A.M.H.); (F.A.Q.)
| | - Riyadh M. Salami
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia; (R.M.S.); (A.M.H.); (F.A.Q.)
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia; (R.M.S.); (A.M.H.); (F.A.Q.)
| | - Osama A. Madkhali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulrahman M. Hijri
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia; (R.M.S.); (A.M.H.); (F.A.Q.)
| | - Fouad A. Qassadi
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia; (R.M.S.); (A.M.H.); (F.A.Q.)
| | - Ayman M. Albarrati
- Medicine College, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114-45124, Saudi Arabia;
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Abstract
A recent scandal in the Netherlands painfully underscored that sexual harassment and abuse are unfortunately still happening around the world, even after decades of advocacy on this issue and five years of #MeToo. To make progress in prevention and treatment we argue that we should address sexual violence from a public health perspective. Fruthermore, looking back on the past year, the COVID-19 pandemic was the dominant and potentially traumatic stressor affecting large populations around the world. Another big topic was that of the impact of climate change, we are only beginning to realize its impact on stress across the globe. The European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT), with its increasing global readership and scientific and social impact, is focusing on the traumatic stress aspects of these and many other events. Relatedly, neurobiological aspects are an important and growing focus of the journal in that they help us better understand the mechanisms behind the development of trauma-related disorders and their treatment. In this editorial, we present recent trends, new Open Science developments, journal metrics, the plans and themes for next year and the ESTSS EJPT award winners for best paper of 2021. Highlights Next years' research focus should be on sexual violence from a public health lens, climate change, and neurobiologal aspects of trauma-related disorders. The European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT) calls or papers on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Olff
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience & Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, Netherlands
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Alateeq D, Alsubaie MA, Alsafi FA, Hisham Alsulaiman S, Korayem GB. The use of dietary supplements for mental health among the Saudi population: A cross-sectional survey. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:742-749. [PMID: 35812149 PMCID: PMC9257885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methods Results Conclusion
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Alzahrani F, Alshahrani NZ, Abu Sabah A, Zarbah A, Abu Sabah S, Mamun MA. Prevalence and factors associated with mental health problems in Saudi general population during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psych J 2022; 11:18-29. [PMID: 34986503 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis generates evidence of the prevalence and associated factors of common mental disorders (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) related to the pandemic among the Saudi general population. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was performed in the respective databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science), from 22 July to 17 August 2021, and identified a total of 220 articles. Adhering to the inclusion criteria (i.e., original research concerning the prevalence and/or associated factors of depression and/or anxiety and/or stress disorders among the general Saudi population, published in English peer-reviewed journals), 15 studies were included in this review which consisted of a total of 262,656 participants. The overall prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 30% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22% to 38%, I2 = 99.58%), 20% (95% CI: 16% to 24%, I2 = 99.32%), and 29% (95% CI: 11% to 47%, I2 = 99.76%), respectively. Risk factors of mental health problems were found to be female sex, younger age group, single/divorced marital status, lower education, lower income, non-Saudis, unemployment status, students, being in a small family and living with elderly of the sociodemographic factors. Smokers, less physical activities, lower resilience, reduced immune status, chronic health problems, and psychiatric illness history were associated with a higher degree of mental health problems. In addition, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related risk factors of mental illness included lack of knowledge, fear, worry and concern, family member or friends' infection or death, lockdown restrictions, quarantine, confirmed or suspected of COVID-19 infection, and even pandemic effects. In conclusion, appropriate mental health preventive approaches for the Saudi general people are highly needed, where this review can be worthy of help by providing in detailed information to the respective authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Alzahrani
- Joint Program for Postgraduate Studies in Preventive Medicine, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Public Health, General Directorate of Health Affairs in Aseer Region, Ministry of Health, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najim Z Alshahrani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Abu Sabah
- Joint Program for Postgraduate Studies in Preventive Medicine, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Public Health, General Directorate of Health Affairs in Aseer Region, Ministry of Health, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajid Zarbah
- Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Abu Sabah
- College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Mamun
- CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Li X, Yu H, Yang N. The mediating role of resilience in the effects of physical exercise on college students' negative emotions during the COVID-19 epidemic. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24510. [PMID: 34972833 PMCID: PMC8720086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its suddenness and unpredictability, COVID-19 caused strife and effects on public mental health, resulting in a surge of negative emotions. The study explores the relationship between physical exercise and negative emotions in home-based college students during the COVID-19 epidemic, as well as the mediating role of resilience, thus providing a new basis for understanding the role of physical exercise in improving negative emotions in college students; A total of 1214 college students were investigated with the Physical Exercise Questionnaire, Negative Emotion Scale and Resilience Scale; Both physical exercise and resilience were significantly negatively correlated with negative emotions in college students (r = - 0.25, - 0.33, P < 0.001), and there was a significant positive correlation between physical exercise and resilience (r = 0.47, P < 0.001). Physical exercise had a direct effect on the negative emotions of college students (β = - 0.14, P < 0.001). Resilience had a partial mediating effect between physical exercise and the negative emotions of the college students, with a mediating effect value of 0.14 and a mediating effect contribution rate of 50.00%; The study found that physical exercise not only directly affected the negative emotions of college students but also improved their resilience by slowing down their negative emotions and promoting their mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Li
- CNRS, Brain and Cognition Research Center (CerCo), Université de Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
| | - Huasen Yu
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Institute of Physical Education, Shandong Youth University of Political Science, Jinan, China.
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Bin Shalhoub HA, Hammad MA. The role of Saudi women in crisis management within the family: The COVID-19 pandemic as a model. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2021; 10:465. [PMID: 35233412 PMCID: PMC8827000 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_419_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women play a pivotal role in managing crises and diminishing their serious consequences both in the family and society. In the first place, the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the most severe crises in the world. Accordingly, many precautionary measures have been taken in many countries, including Saudi Arabia, such as border closures, lack of movement, and quarantine procedures, leading to an unprecedented impact on the daily lifestyle, and contributing significantly to increasing pressures on women because of her multiroles in family and work. This study aims at identifying the role of women in managing family crises during COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. An online survey was conducted using self-designed electronic questionnaire consisting knowledge about the role of Saudi women in managing family during COVID-19 crises. The questionnaire was applied to 324 Saudi working women in Riyadh and Najran, with an average age of 33 years. RESULTS The results indicate that the role of Saudi women during the COVID-19 crisis was approximately 82%. Moreover, results showed that the prevalence of the social, psychological, and professional role of Saudi women during crisis was 82.24%, 83.40%, and 78.80%, respectively, which indicates the importance of the role of Saudi women in managing family crises during COVID-19. CONCLUSION Based on these results, the study emphasizes the importance of urging responsible persons to provide a package of rescue and stimulus, including social protection measures. Furthermore, it empowers Saudi women in all sectors of society and provides them with all means of support to help them achieve their mandated role in society generally and in their families particularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Abdulrahman Bin Shalhoub
- Department of Social Planning, Faculty of Social Services, Princess NourahbintAbdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ahmed Hammad
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty and Leadership Development Center, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
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O’Donnell ML, Greene T. Understanding the mental health impacts of COVID-19 through a trauma lens. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:1982502. [PMID: 34745445 PMCID: PMC8567864 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1982502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This special issue of the European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT) presents the first studies published by EJPT on COVID-19. We present 26 qualitative and quantitative studies assessing the prevalence of trauma-related symptoms and psychopathology within specific vulnerable populations such as health-care workers, students, children, and managers, or more broadly at a country level with a diverse set of outcomes including post-traumatic stress, moral injury, grief and post-traumatic growth. Intervention studies focus on whether telehealth delivery of mental health therapy in the pandemic environment was useful and effective. It is clear that the pandemic has brought with it a rise in trauma exposure and consequently impacted on trauma-related mental health. While for many individuals, COVID-19-related events met criteria for a DSM-5 Criterion A event, challenges remain in disentangling trauma exposure from stress, anxiety, and other phenomena. It is important to determine the contexts in which a trauma lens makes a useful contribution to understanding the mental health impacts of COVID-19 and the ways in which this may facilitate recovery. The papers included in this Special Issue provide an important and much-needed evidence-based foundation for developing trauma-informed understanding and responses to the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan L. O’Donnell
- Phoenix Australia: Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Talya Greene
- University of Haifa and Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
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30
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Althumiri NA, Basyouni MH, AlMousa N, AlJuwaysim MF, Alhamdan AA, Al-Qahtani FS, BinDhim NF, Alqahtani SA. Exploring Weight Stigma in Saudi Arabia: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9141. [PMID: 34501731 PMCID: PMC8430631 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight stigma (WS) in the Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia, is widely ignored. People with obesity are blamed for their weight, and there is a common perception that weight stigmatization is justifiable and may motivate individuals to adopt healthier behaviors. The authors of this study aimed to explore WS prevalence and factors associated with WS in a large nationwide study of Saudi Arabian adults. METHODS This study was a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted via phone interviews in June 2020. A proportional quota-sampling technique was adopted to obtain equal distributions of participants by age and sex across the 13 regions of Saudi Arabia. In total, 6239 people were contacted, and 4709 (75.48%) responded and completed the interview. The authors of the study collected data about WS using the Arabic Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire (WSSQ), BMI, smoking, nutritional knowledge, bariatric surgery, risk of depression, and demographic variables. RESULTS Participants had a mean age of 36.4 ± 13.5 (18-90), and 50.1% were female. The prevalence of higher WS was 46.4%. Among other risk factors, there was a significant association between WS and obesity (odds ratio (OR): 3.93; 95% CI: 2.83-5.44; p < 0.001), waterpipe smoking (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.20-2.69; p < 0.001), bariatric surgery (OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.53-2.81; p < 0.001), and risk of depression (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.36-2.09; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This was the first study to explore WS and its associated factors among adults in a community setting in Saudi Arabia. This study revealed some risk factors associated with WS that may help to identify people at risk of WS and to develop interventions to reduce WS, such as improving nutritional knowledge, correcting the ideas about bariatric surgery and obesity in general, and ceasing waterpipe smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A. Althumiri
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.); (N.F.B.)
| | - Mada H. Basyouni
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.); (N.F.B.)
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah AlMousa
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.); (N.F.B.)
- Public Health College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.); (N.F.B.)
- Pharmacy College, King Faisal University, AlAhsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel A. Alhamdan
- Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faisal Saeed Al-Qahtani
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nasser F. BinDhim
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.); (N.F.B.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alqahtani
- Liver Transplant Unit, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Meraya AM, Syed MH, Yasmeen A, Mubaraki AA, Kariry HD, Maabouj W, Moraya D, Makeen HA. COVID-19 related psychological distress and fears among mothers and pregnant women in Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256597. [PMID: 34428225 PMCID: PMC8384198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study objectives were to investigate maternal psychological distress, mothers' fear of their children contracting COVID-19, mothers' perceptions of the information available regarding children and COVID-19, changes in children's behavior during lockdown, and concerns of pregnant women in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This cross-sectional study surveyed women aged 18 years and older who either had children under 10 years of age or were pregnant at the time of the survey. The outcomes included psychological distress, mothers' fear of their children contracting COVID-19, change in children's behaviors during COVID-19 lockdown and pregnant women's concerns. Multivariable ordinary least squares regression models were employed to examine the adjusted associations between sociodemographic factors and psychological distress, as well as fear of COVID-19. RESULTS Of 628 women, 11.8% (n = 74) were pregnant at the time of survey. Most of the pregnant women (89.2%, n = 66) had some degree of concerns about their unborn babies getting infected during delivery in the hospital. Among mothers of children under 10 years of age (n = 564), half (n = 282) reported change in their children's behavior during the lockdown. Most mothers and pregnant women (94.9%, n = 569) had some degree of psychological distress. Mothers and pregnant women with a college degree had significantly lower psychological distress (β = -1.346; p = 0.014) than women with a high school education or less. Similarly, mothers and pregnant women with monthly family income ≥ US$ 1,333 had lower psychological distress than those with < US$ 1,333. Women with pre-existing chronic physical (β = 2.424; p < 0.001) or mental (β = 4.733; p < 0.001) conditions had higher psychological distress than those without these conditions. Having children in the house was a contributory factor for higher psychological distress. For example, mothers with one child (β = 2.602; p = 0.007) had significantly higher psychological distress compared to expectant mothers without children in the house. CONCLUSIONS Most mothers and expectant mothers in our study had moderate to high levels of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Saudi Arabia. Education, family income and chronic mental and physical conditions were associated with high psychological distress in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkarim M. Meraya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamoon H. Syed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Yasmeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A. Mubaraki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi Dhafer Kariry
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa Maabouj
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhaifallah Moraya
- Mohammed bin Nasser Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Almoammar S, Alqarni KA, Alnazeh AA, Alshahrani RM, Sundram F, Alyami M, Alyami H. Depression and suicidal ideation among dental students of Southern Saudi Arabia: A cross sectional study. J Dent Educ 2021; 85:1837-1846. [PMID: 34416011 DOI: 10.1002/jdd.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess depression and suicidal ideation among dental students at King Khalid University College of Dentistry, Abha, Saudi Arabia. METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was carried out among dental students between January and March 2020. The Arabic version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression, while suicidal ideation was assessed using three questions related to suicidal behaviors drawn from the literature. RESULTS A total of 218 participants completed the questionnaires. More than 40% of the participants experienced depression while the prevalence of suicidal ideation was 48.2%; around a third of the sample had suicidal ideation, and half of which made a suicidal attempt in the preceding year (p < 0.05). There was a lack of association between depression severity and suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION A large proportion of dental students experienced depression and suicidal ideation. These findings invite in depth analysis of the causative and contributing factors for such high rates as well as ways for addressing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Almoammar
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, King Khalid University College of Dentistry, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholod Abdurhman Alqarni
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, King Khalid University College of Dentistry, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Alnazeh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, King Khalid University College of Dentistry, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Mohamed Alshahrani
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, King Khalid University College of Dentistry, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Frederick Sundram
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mohsen Alyami
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hussain Alyami
- College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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BinDhim NF, Althumiri NA, Basyouni MH, AlMousa N, AlJuwaysim MF, Alhakbani A, Alrashed N, Almahmoud E, AlAloula R, Alqahtani SA. Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 Response on Population Health in Saudi Arabia: Results from the "Sharik" Health Indicators Surveillance System during 2020. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5291. [PMID: 34065706 PMCID: PMC8156253 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although some studies have explored the effects of responses to COVID-19 on mortality, there are limited data on their effects on more immediate health risk factors and the trends of chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence of some behavioral health risk factors, intermediate risk factors, and chronic diseases at different timepoints during 2020 using the data available from a currently used surveillance system in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This study undertook a secondary analysis of data from the Sharik Health Indicators Surveillance System (SHISS). The SHISS employs short cross-sectional phone interviews, conducted in all 13 administrative regions of Saudi Arabia on a quarterly basis. Each interview lasts approximately 4 min and is conducted by a trained data collector. The SHISS collects demographic data, as well as data on the major behavioral and intermediate chronic disease risk factors and the major chronic diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, stroke, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases. RESULTS Of the 44,782 potential participants contacted in 2020, 30,134 completed the interview, with a response rate of 67.29%. Out of the total participants, 51.2% were female. The mean age was 36.5. The behavioral risk factors in this period exhibited significant changes compared to those in the first quarter (Q1) of 2020, when there were no significant restrictions on daily activities. These significant changes are related to reductions in fruit and vegetable intake (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 0.23) and physical activity (AOR, 0.483), and a significant increase in e-cigarette use (AOR 1.531). In terms of the intermediate risk factors observed in the SHISS, significant increases in hypercholesterolemia (AOR, 1.225) and hypertension (AOR, 1.190) were observed. Finally, heart disease (AOR, 1.279) and diabetes (AOR, 1.138) displayed significant increases compared to Q1. CONCLUSIONS This study shows some evidence of the impact of responses to COVID-19 on the health of the population in Saudi Arabia. Significant reductions in fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity, and significant increases in e-cigarette use, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia may increase the burden of chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia in the near future. Thus, continuous monitoring of the health risk factors within the population, and early interventions, are recommended to prevent future increases in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser F. BinDhim
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (N.F.B.); (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora A. Althumiri
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (N.F.B.); (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Mada H. Basyouni
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (N.F.B.); (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.)
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah AlMousa
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (N.F.B.); (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.)
- College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (N.F.B.); (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.)
- College of Pharmacy, King Faisal University, AlAhsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanoud Alhakbani
- Center for Complex Engineering Systems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (N.A.); (E.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Najat Alrashed
- Center for Complex Engineering Systems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (N.A.); (E.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Elaf Almahmoud
- Center for Complex Engineering Systems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (N.A.); (E.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Rawan AlAloula
- Center for Complex Engineering Systems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (N.A.); (E.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Saleh A. Alqahtani
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Liver Transplant Unit, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Alzahrani H, Alshehri F, Alsufiany M, Allam HH, Almeheyawi R, Eid MM, Sadarangani KP. Impact of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease Pandemic on Health-Related Quality of Life and Psychological Status: The Role of Physical Activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3992. [PMID: 33920147 PMCID: PMC8069215 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and psychological status among Saudi adults, and whether physical activity modifies this association. The participants were 518 adults aged ≥18 years (67.4% men). Using an online survey, data regarding demographic information, the impact of COVID-19 (assessed by the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5), HRQoL (Short Form-8), psychological distress (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale), and physical activity behavior (International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form) were collected. The results demonstrate that adults reporting moderate or high levels of impact of COVID-19 had a lower HRQoL and higher psychological distress than adults reporting a low impact. HRQoL was higher for adults reporting any level impact (low, moderate, or high) of COVID-19 when they participated in recommended levels of physical activity (≥600 metabolic equivalent (MET)-min/week of total physical activity). Psychological distress was lower for adults reporting a high level of impact when they participated in recommended physical activity. Moderate or high levels of impact of COVID-19 were associated with a significantly lower HRQoL and higher psychological distress than the low impact of COVID-19. However, these associations were moderated by the recommended levels of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosam Alzahrani
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (M.A.); (H.H.A.); (R.A.); (M.M.E.)
| | - Fahad Alshehri
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (M.A.); (H.H.A.); (R.A.); (M.M.E.)
| | - Muhsen Alsufiany
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (M.A.); (H.H.A.); (R.A.); (M.M.E.)
| | - Hatem H. Allam
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (M.A.); (H.H.A.); (R.A.); (M.M.E.)
| | - Rania Almeheyawi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (M.A.); (H.H.A.); (R.A.); (M.M.E.)
| | - Marwa M. Eid
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (M.A.); (H.H.A.); (R.A.); (M.M.E.)
- Department of Physical Therapy for Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Kabir P. Sadarangani
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud y Odontología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago 8370057, Chile;
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500912, Chile
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Althumiri NA, Basyouni MH, Duhaim AF, AlMousa N, AlJuwaysim MF, BinDhim NF. Understanding Food Waste, Food Insecurity, and the Gap between the Two: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia. Foods 2021; 10:681. [PMID: 33806838 PMCID: PMC8004869 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food waste and food insecurity may co-exist in various balances in developing and developed countries. This study aimed to explore the levels of food waste and food insecurity, the factors associated with them, and their relationships at the household and individual levels in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This study was a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted via computer-assisted phone interviews in January 2021. Quota sampling was utilized to generate balanced distributions of participants by gender across all the administrative regions of Saudi Arabia. Data collection included household demographics, food waste and disposal, the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), and the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). RESULTS Out of the 2807 potential participants contacted, 2454 (87.4%) completed the interview. The mean age was 31.4 (SD = 11.7; range = 18-99) and 50.1% were female. The weighted prevalence of uncooked food waste in the last four weeks was 63.6% and the cooked food waste was 74.4%. However, the food insecurity weighted prevalence at the individual level (FIES) was 6.8%. In terms of food insecurity at the household level (HFIAS), 13.3% were in the "severely food insecure" category. Moreover, this study found that "moderately food insecure" households were associated with an increased likelihood to waste uncooked food (relative risk (RR) = 1.25), and the "mildly food insecure" (RR = 1.21) and "moderately food insecure" (RR = 1.17) households were associated with an increased likelihood to waste cooked food. However, "food secure" households were associated with a decreased likelihood to waste cooked food (RR = 0.56). Finally, this study identified four household factors associated with food waste and three household factors that were associated with "severe food insecurity." CONCLUSIONS This first national coverage study to explore food waste and food insecurity at the individual level and household level, identified household factors associated with food waste and food insecurity and identified new associations between food waste and food insecurity in Saudi Arabia. The associations found between food waste and food insecurity are potential areas of intervention to reduce both food waste and food insecurity at the same time, toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets related to food waste and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A. Althumiri
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.); (N.F.B.)
| | - Mada H. Basyouni
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.); (N.F.B.)
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali F. Duhaim
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Norah AlMousa
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.); (N.F.B.)
- Public Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F. AlJuwaysim
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.); (N.F.B.)
- Pharmacy College, King Faisal University, AlAhsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser F. BinDhim
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.B.); (N.A.); (M.F.A.); (N.F.B.)
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia;
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
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Althumiri NA, Basyouni MH, AlMousa N, AlJuwaysim MF, Almubark RA, BinDhim NF, Alkhamaali Z, Alqahtani SA. Obesity in Saudi Arabia in 2020: Prevalence, Distribution, and Its Current Association with Various Health Conditions. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:311. [PMID: 33799725 PMCID: PMC7999834 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of obesity is increasing. Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases and health conditions. This study aims to estimate the current prevalence of obesity in Saudi Arabia and described the current national-level status of the association between obesity and various health conditions. This study is a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted over phone-interviews in June 2020. In this study, a proportional quota-sampling technique was used to obtain equal distributions of participants, stratified by age and gender, across the 13 regions of Saudi Arabia. Weight and height were self-reported, and the obesity was determined as BMI ≥ 30. Logistic regression adjusted for age and gender was used for exploring current associations between obesity and health conditions. Of the 6239 participants contacted, 4709 participants responded and completed the interview with a response rate of 75.48%. Of them, 50.1% were female, the mean age was 36.4 ± 13.5 (Range: 18-90), and the median age was 36. The national weighted prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30) was 24.7%, and the prevalence in the sample (unweighted) was 21.7%. Obesity was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes [Odd ratio, (OR) = 1.52], hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.69), hypertension (OR = 1.61), lung diseases (OR = 1.69), rheumatoid arthritis (OR = 1.57), sleep apnea (OR = 1.82), colon diseases (OR = 1.31), and thyroid disorders (OR = 1.8). This study provides an update on the recent prevalence of obesity in Saudi Arabia. It also shows the variation in prevalence rates between different regions, which might be explored further. Although obesity shows a decreasing trend, almost one-quarter of this study sample were obese. Obesity is currently associated with many health conditions that can affect the individuals' quality of life, impose stress on the healthcare system and impose an economic burden on the country. This evidence highlights the need for action to focus more on obesity in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A. Althumiri
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.B.); (R.A.A.); (N.F.B.)
| | - Mada H. Basyouni
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.B.); (R.A.A.); (N.F.B.)
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah AlMousa
- Public Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Rasha A. Almubark
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.B.); (R.A.A.); (N.F.B.)
| | - Nasser F. BinDhim
- Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh 13326, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.B.); (R.A.A.); (N.F.B.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Saleh A. Alqahtani
- Liver Transplant Unit, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Olff M, Primasari I, Qing Y, Coimbra BM, Hovnanyan A, Grace E, Williamson RE, Hoeboer CM. Mental health responses to COVID-19 around the world. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:1929754. [PMID: 34262666 PMCID: PMC8253206 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1929754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mental health impact of the COVID-19 crisis may differ from previously studied stressful events in terms of psychological reactions, specific risk factors, and symptom severity across geographic regions worldwide. Objective: To assess the impact of COVID-19 on a wide range of mental health symptoms, to identify relevant risk factors, to identify the effect of COVID-19 country impact on mental health, and to evaluate regional differences in psychological responses to COVID-19 compared to other stressful events. Method: 7034 respondents (74% female) participated in the worldwide Global Psychotrauma Screen - Cross-Cultural responses to COVID-19 study (GPS-CCC), reporting on mental health symptoms related to COVID-19 (n = 1838) or other stressful events (n = 5196) from April to November 2020. Results: Events related to COVID-19 were associated with more mental health symptoms compared to other stressful events, especially symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and dissociation. Lack of social support, psychiatric history, childhood trauma, additional stressful events in the past month, and low resilience predicted more mental health problems for COVID-19 and other stressful events. Higher COVID-19 country impact was associated with increased mental health impact of both COVID-19 and other stressful events. Analysis of differences across geographic regions revealed that in Latin America more mental health symptoms were reported for COVID-19 related events versus other stressful events, while the opposite pattern was seen in North America. Conclusions: The mental health impact of COVID-19-related stressors covers a wide range of symptoms and is more severe than that of other stressful events. This difference was especially apparent in Latin America. The findings underscore the need for global screening for a wide range of mental health problems as part of a public health approach, allowing for targeted prevention and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Olff
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, The Netherlands
| | - Indira Primasari
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Yulan Qing
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno M Coimbra
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ani Hovnanyan
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padua (Università degli Studi di Padova, UNIPD), Padua, Italy
| | - Emma Grace
- Department of International Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rachel E Williamson
- School of Community Service, St. Lawrence College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris M Hoeboer
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location AMC, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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