1
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King J, Pohlmann A, Bange A, Horn E, Hälterlein B, Breithaupt A, Globig A, Günther A, Kelm A, Wiedemann C, Grund C, Haecker K, Garthe S, Harder T, Beer M, Schwemmer P. Red knots in Europe: a dead end host species or a new niche for highly pathogenic avian influenza? J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38975739 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2020/2021 epidemic in Europe of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5 surpassed all previously recorded European outbreaks in size, genotype constellations and reassortment frequency and continued into 2022 and 2023. The causative 2.3.4.4b viral lineage proved to be highly proficient with respect to reassortment with cocirculating low pathogenic avian influenza viruses and seems to establish an endemic status in northern Europe. A specific HPAIV reassortant of the subtype H5N3 was detected almost exclusively in red knots (Calidris canutus islandica) in December 2020. It caused systemic and rapidly fatal disease leading to a singular and self-limiting mass mortality affecting about 3500 birds in the German Wadden Sea, roughly 1 % of the entire flyway population of islandica red knots. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the H5N3 reassortant very likely had formed in red knots and remained confined to this species. While mechanisms of virus circulation in potential reservoir species, dynamics of spill-over and reassortment events and the roles of environmental virus sources remain to be identified, the year-round infection pressure poses severe threats to endangered avian species and prompts adaptation of habitat and species conservation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andreas Bange
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ), University of Kiel, Hafentörn 1, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Horn
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ), University of Kiel, Hafentörn 1, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Bernd Hälterlein
- National Park Authority Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea, Schlossgarten 1, 25832 Tönning, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anja Globig
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Günther
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angie Kelm
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Wiedemann
- National Park Authority Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea, Schlossgarten 1, 25832 Tönning, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Karena Haecker
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ), University of Kiel, Hafentörn 1, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Stefan Garthe
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ), University of Kiel, Hafentörn 1, 25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Philipp Schwemmer
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ), University of Kiel, Hafentörn 1, 25761 Büsum, Germany
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2
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Graziosi G, Lupini C, Catelli E, Carnaccini S. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1372. [PMID: 38731377 PMCID: PMC11083745 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly contagious respiratory viruses of birds, leading to significant morbidity and mortality globally and causing substantial economic losses to the poultry industry and agriculture. Since their first isolation in 2013-2014, the Asian-origin H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) of clade 2.3.4.4b have undergone unprecedented evolution and reassortment of internal gene segments. In just a few years, it supplanted other AIV clades, and now it is widespread in the wild migratory waterfowl, spreading to Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Wild waterfowl, the natural reservoir of LPAIVs and generally more resistant to the disease, also manifested high morbidity and mortality with HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b. This clade also caused overt clinical signs and mass mortality in a variety of avian and mammalian species never reported before, such as raptors, seabirds, sealions, foxes, and others. Most notably, the recent outbreaks in dairy cattle were associated with the emergence of a few critical mutations related to mammalian adaptation, raising concerns about the possibility of jumping species and acquisition of sustained human-to-human transmission. The main clinical signs and anatomopathological findings associated with clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in birds and non-human mammals are hereby summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Graziosi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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3
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Landmann M, Scheibner D, Gischke M, Abdelwhab EM, Ulrich R. Automated quantification of avian influenza virus antigen in different organs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8766. [PMID: 38627481 PMCID: PMC11021523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
As immunohistochemistry is valuable for determining tissue and cell tropism of avian influenza viruses (AIV), but time-consuming, an artificial intelligence-based workflow was developed to automate the AIV antigen quantification. Organ samples from experimental AIV infections including brain, heart, lung and spleen on one slide, and liver and kidney on another slide were stained for influenza A-matrixprotein and analyzed with QuPath: Random trees algorithms were trained to identify the organs on each slide, followed by threshold-based quantification of the immunoreactive area. The algorithms were trained and tested on two different slide sets, then retrained on both and validated on a third set. Except for the kidney, the best algorithms for organ selection correctly identified the largest proportion of the organ area. For most organs, the immunoreactive area assessed following organ selection was significantly and positively correlated to a manually assessed semiquantitative score. In the validation set, intravenously infected chickens showed a generally higher percentage of immunoreactive area than chickens infected oculonasally. Variability between the slide sets and a similar tissue texture of some organs limited the ability of the algorithms to select certain organs. Generally, suitable correlations of the immunoreactivity data results were achieved, facilitating high-throughput analysis of AIV tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Landmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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4
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Youk S, Torchetti MK, Lantz K, Lenoch JB, Killian ML, Leyson C, Bevins SN, Dilione K, Ip HS, Stallknecht DE, Poulson RL, Suarez DL, Swayne DE, Pantin-Jackwood MJ. H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b in wild and domestic birds: Introductions into the United States and reassortments, December 2021-April 2022. Virology 2023; 587:109860. [PMID: 37572517 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage H5 clade 2.3.4.4b continue to have a devastating effect on domestic and wild birds. Full genome sequence analyses using 1369 H5N1 HPAIVs detected in the United States (U.S.) in wild birds, commercial poultry, and backyard flocks from December 2021 to April 2022, showed three phylogenetically distinct H5N1 virus introductions in the U.S. by wild birds. Unreassorted Eurasian genotypes A1 and A2 entered the Northeast Atlantic states, whereas a genetically distinct A3 genotype was detected in Alaska. The A1 genotype spread westward via wild bird migration and reassorted with North American wild bird avian influenza viruses. Reassortments of up to five internal genes generated a total of 21 distinct clusters; of these, six genotypes represented 92% of the HPAIVs examined. By phylodynamic analyses, most detections in domestic birds were shown to be point-source transmissions from wild birds, with limited farm-to-farm spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsu Youk
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA; Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Julianna B Lenoch
- Wildlife Services National Wildlife Disease Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspections Service, USDA, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mary Lea Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Christina Leyson
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sarah N Bevins
- Wildlife Services National Wildlife Disease Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspections Service, USDA, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Krista Dilione
- Wildlife Services National Wildlife Disease Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspections Service, USDA, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Hon S Ip
- United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Laboratory Services Branch, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David L Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA.
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5
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Cana A, Zecchin B, Merovci X, Fusaro A, Giussani E, Heta S, Krstevski K, Mehmetukaj D, Goga I, Hulaj B, Murati B, Terregino C, Dodovski A. Emergence and Persistent Circulation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N8) in Kosovo, May 2021-May 2022. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2226. [PMID: 37764070 PMCID: PMC10534373 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4b in Kosovo on 19 May 2021. The outbreak consisted of three phases: May-June 2021, September-November 2021, and January-May 2022. In total, 32 backyards and 10 commercial holdings tested positive for the virus. Interestingly, the third and last phase of the outbreak coincided with the massive H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b epidemic in Europe. Phylogenetic analyses of 28 viral strains from Kosovo revealed that they were closely related to the H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4.b viruses that had been circulating in Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, and Russia in early 2021. Whole genome sequencing of the 25 and partial sequencing of three H5N8 viruses from Kosovo showed high nucleotide identity, forming a distinctive cluster and suggesting a single introduction. The results of the network analysis were in accordance with the three epidemic waves and suggested that the viral diffusion could have been caused by secondary spreads among farms and/or different introductions of the same virus from wild birds. The persistent circulation of the same virus over a one-year period highlights the potential risk of the virus becoming endemic, especially in settings with non-adequate biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armend Cana
- Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency, Industrial Zone, 10 000 Prishtina, Kosovo
- UBT—Higher Education Institution, Lagjja Kalabria, 10 000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Xhavit Merovci
- Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency, Industrial Zone, 10 000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Edoardo Giussani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Sadik Heta
- Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency, Industrial Zone, 10 000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Kiril Krstevski
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, MK-1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Dafina Mehmetukaj
- Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency, Industrial Zone, 10 000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Izedin Goga
- Agricultural and Veterinary Faculty, University of Prishtina, Bulevardi Bill Clinton, 10 000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Beqe Hulaj
- Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency, Industrial Zone, 10 000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Bafti Murati
- Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency, Industrial Zone, 10 000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Aleksandar Dodovski
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, MK-1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
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Tarasiuk K, Kycko A, Świętoń E, Bocian Ł, Wyrostek K, Śmietanka K. Homo- and Heterosubtypic Immunity to Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Mitigates the Clinical Outcome of Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4.b in Captive Mallards ( Anas platyrhynchos). Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020217. [PMID: 36839489 PMCID: PMC9964785 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the clinical response, viral shedding, transmissibility, pathologic lesions, and tropism of HPAIV Gs/Gd H5N8 subtype (clade 2.3.4.4b), following experimental infection of three groups of captive mallards (Anas platyrhynchos): (i) fully susceptible, (ii) pre-exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H5N1 subtype, and (iii) pre-exposed to LPAIV H3N8 subtype. Infection of naïve mallards with HPAIV H5N8 resulted in ~60% mortality, neurological signs, abundant shedding, and transmission to contact ducks, who also became sick and died. High amounts of viral RNA were found in all collected organs, with the highest RNA load recorded in the brain. The IHC examinations performed on tissues collected at 4 and 14 days post-infection (dpi) revealed tropism to nervous tissue, myocardium, respiratory epithelium, and hepatic and pancreatic cells. The mallards pre-exposed to LPAIV H5N1 and challenged with HPAIV H5N8 were asymptomatic and showed a significant reduction of viral RNA shedding, yet still sufficient to cause infection (but no disease) in the contact ducks. The AIV antigen was not detected in organs at 4 and 14 dpi, and microscopic lesions were mild and scarce. Similarly, mallards previously inoculated with LPAIV H3N8 remained healthy after challenge with HPAIV H5N8, but viral RNA was detected in large quantities in swabs and organs, particularly in the early phase of infection. However, in contrast to mallards from group I, the IHC staining yielded negative results at the selected timepoints. The virus was transmitted to contact birds, which remained symptomless but demonstrated low levels of viral RNA shedding and mild- to moderate tissue damage despite negative IHC staining. The results indicate that naïve mallards are highly susceptible to HPAIV H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b and that homo- and heterosubtypic immunity to LPAIV can mitigate the clinical outcomes of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Tarasiuk
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Poultry Diseases, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Kycko
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pathology, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Edyta Świętoń
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Poultry Diseases, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bocian
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wyrostek
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Poultry Diseases, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Śmietanka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Poultry Diseases, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
- Correspondence:
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7
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Dreyer S, Globig A, Bachmann L, Schütz AK, Schaufler K, Homeier-Bachmann T. Longitudinal Study on Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase- E. coli in Sentinel Mallard Ducks in an Important Baltic Stop-Over Site for Migratory Ducks in Germany. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1968. [PMID: 36296245 PMCID: PMC9612239 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious global health threat with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales as the most critical ones. Studies on AMR in wild birds imply a possible dissemination function and indicate their potential role as sentinel animals. This study aimed to gain a deeper insight into the AMR burden of wild waterfowl by sampling semi-wild mallard ducks used as sentinels and to identify if AMR bacteria could be recommended to be added to the pathogens of public health risks to be screened for. In total, 376 cloacal and pooled fecal samples were collected from the sentinel plant over a period of two years. Samples were screened for ESBL-carrying E. coli and isolates found further analyzed using antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. Over the sampling period, 4.26% (16/376) of the samples were positive for ESBL-producing E. coli. BlaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-32 were the most abundant CTX-M types. Although none of the top global sequence types (ST) could be detected, poultry-derived ST115 and non-poultry-related STs were found and could be followed over time. The current study revealed low cases of ESBL-producing E. coli in semi-wild mallard ducks, which proves the suitability of sentinel surveillance for AMR detection in water-associated wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Dreyer
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anja Globig
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lisa Bachmann
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Applied Science Neubrandenburg, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Anne K. Schütz
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Schaufler
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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8
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Long-Term Protective Effect of Serial Infections with H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Ducks. J Virol 2022; 96:e0123322. [PMID: 36098512 PMCID: PMC9517725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01233-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the Goose/Guangdong (Gs/Gd) lineage are an emerging threat to wild birds. In the 2016–2017 H5N8 outbreak, unexplained variability was observed in susceptible species, with some reports of infected birds dying in high numbers and other reports of apparently subclinical infections. This experimental study was devised to test the hypothesis that previous infection with a less-virulent HPAIV (i.e., 2014 H5N8) provides long-term immunity against subsequent infection with a more-virulent HPAIV (i.e., 2016 H5N8). Therefore, two species of wild ducks—the more-susceptible tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) and the more-resistant mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)—were serially inoculated, first with 2014 H5N8 and after 9 months with 2016 H5N8. For both species, a control group of birds was first sham inoculated and after 9 months inoculated with 2016 H5N8. Subsequent infection with the more-virulent 2016 H5N8 caused no clinical signs in tufted ducks that had previously been infected with 2014 H5N8 (n = 6) but caused one death in tufted ducks that had been sham inoculated (n = 7). In mallards, 2016 H5N8 infection caused significant body weight loss in previously sham-inoculated birds (n = 8) but not in previously infected birds (n = 7). IMPORTANCE This study showed that ducks infected with a less-virulent HPAIV developed immunity that was protective against a subsequent infection with a more-virulent HPAIV 9 months later. Following 2014 H5N8 infection, the proportion of birds with detectable influenza nucleoprotein antibody declined from 100% (8/8) in tufted ducks and 78% (7/9) in mallards after 1 month to 33% (2/6) in tufted ducks and 29% (2/7) in mallards after 9 months. This finding helps predict the expected impact that an HPAIV outbreak may have on wild bird populations, depending on whether they are immunologically naive or have survived previous infection with HPAIV.
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9
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Jiang W, Liu S, Yin X, Li Z, Lan Z, Xire L, Wang Z, Xie Y, Peng C, Li J, Hou G, Yu X, Sun R, Liu H. Comparative Antigenicity and Pathogenicity of Two Distinct Genotypes of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (H5N8) From Wild Birds in China, 2020-2021. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:893253. [PMID: 35602012 PMCID: PMC9122345 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.893253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there have been three epidemic waves of H5N8 avian influenza worldwide. The current third epidemic wave began in October 2020 and has expanded to at least 46 countries. Active and passive surveillance were conducted to monitor H5N8 viruses from wild birds in China. Genetic analysis of 10 H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds identified two different genotypes. Animal challenge experiments indicated that the H5N8 isolates are highly pathogenic in chickens, mildly pathogenic in ducks, while pathogenicity varied in BALB/c mice. Moreover, there were significant differences in antigenicity as compared to Re-11 vaccine strain and vaccinated chickens were not completely protected against challenge with the high dose of H5N8 virus. With the use of the new matched vaccine and increased poultry immune density, surveillance should be intensified to monitor the emergence of mutant strains and potential worldwide spread via wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Jiang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Yin
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zouran Lan
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan, China
| | - Luosong Xire
- Tibet Autonomous Region Veterinary Biological Pharmaceuticals Factory, Lhasa, China
| | - Zhongbing Wang
- Shanxi Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yinqian Xie
- Shaanxi Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinping Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Rongzhao Sun
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Hualei Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
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10
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Soda K, Tomioka Y, Hidaka C, Matsushita M, Usui T, Yamaguchi T. Susceptibility of common family Anatidae bird species to clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus: an experimental infection study. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:127. [PMID: 35366864 PMCID: PMC8976319 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
There were large outbreaks of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) caused by clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 viruses in the winter of 2016–2017 in Japan, which caused large numbers of deaths among several endangered bird species including cranes, raptors, and birds in Family Anatidae. In this study, susceptibility of common Anatidae to a clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAI virus was assessed to evaluate their potential to be a source of infection for other birds. Eurasian wigeons (Mareca penelope), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and Northern pintails (Anas acuta) were intranasally inoculated with 106, 104, or 102 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of clade 2.3.4.4e A/teal/Tottori/1/2016 (H5N6).
Results
All birds survived for 10 days without showing any clinical signs of infection. Most ducks inoculated with ≥ 104 EID50 of virus seroconverted within 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). Virus was mainly shed via the oral route for a maximum of 10 days, followed by cloacal route in late phase of infection. Virus remained in the pancreas of some ducks at 10 dpi. Viremia was observed in some ducks euthanized at 3 dpi, and ≤ 106.3 EID50 of virus was recovered from systemic tissues and swab samples including eyeballs and conjunctival swabs.
Conclusions
These results indicate that the subject duck species have a potential to be a source of infection of clade 2.3.4.4e HPAI virus to the environment and other birds sharing their habitats. Captive ducks should be reared under isolated or separated circumstances during the HPAI epidemic season to prevent infection and further viral dissemination.
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11
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Multiple Gene Segments Are Associated with Enhanced Virulence of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mallards. J Virol 2021; 95:e0095521. [PMID: 34232725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00955-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses from the H5Nx Goose/Guangdong/96 lineage continue to cause outbreaks in domestic and wild bird populations. Two distinct genetic groups of H5N8 HPAI viruses, hemagglutinin (HA) clades 2.3.4.4A and 2.3.4.4B, caused intercontinental outbreaks in 2014 to 2015 and 2016 to 2017, respectively. Experimental infections using viruses from these outbreaks demonstrated a marked difference in virulence in mallards, with the H5N8 virus from 2014 causing mild clinical disease and the 2016 H5N8 virus causing high mortality. To assess which gene segments are associated with enhanced virulence of H5N8 HPAI viruses in mallards, we generated reassortant viruses with 2014 and 2016 viruses. For single-segment reassortants in the genetic backbone of the 2016 virus, pathogenesis experiments in mallards revealed that morbidity and mortality were reduced for all eight single-segment reassortants compared to the parental 2016 virus, with significant reductions in mortality observed with the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2), nucleoprotein (NP), and matrix (M) reassortants. No differences in morbidity and mortality were observed with reassortants that either have the polymerase complex segments or the HA and neuraminidase (NA) segments of the 2016 virus in the genetic backbone of the 2014 virus. In vitro assays showed that the NP and polymerase acidic (PA) segments of the 2014 virus lowered polymerase activity when combined with the polymerase complex segments of the 2016 virus. Furthermore, the M segment of the 2016 H5N8 virus was linked to filamentous virion morphology. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that gene segments related to the more virulent 2016 H5N8 virus have persisted in the contemporary H5Nx HPAI gene pool until 2020. IMPORTANCE Outbreaks of H5Nx HPAI viruses from the goose/Guangdong/96 lineage continue to occur in many countries and have resulted in substantial impact on wild birds and poultry. Epidemiological evidence has shown that wild waterfowl play a major role in the spread of these viruses. While HPAI virus infection in gallinaceous species causes high mortality, a wide range of disease outcomes has been observed in waterfowl species. In this study, we examined which gene segments contribute to severe disease in mallards infected with H5N8 HPAI viruses. No virus gene was solely responsible for attenuating the high virulence of a 2016 H5N8 virus, but the PB2, NP, and M segments significantly reduced mortality. The findings herein advance our knowledge on the pathobiology of avian influenza viruses in waterfowl and have potential implications on the ecology and epidemiology of H5Nx HPAI in wild bird populations.
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12
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Beerens N, Germeraad EA, Venema S, Verheij E, Pritz-Verschuren SBE, Gonzales JL. Comparative pathogenicity and environmental transmission of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:97-108. [PMID: 33350337 PMCID: PMC7832006 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1868274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to control spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses by wild birds appear limited, hence timely characterization of novel viruses is important to mitigate the risk for the poultry sector and human health. In this study we characterize three recent H5-clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, the H5N8-2014 group A virus and the H5N8-2016 and H5N6-2017 group B viruses. The pathogenicity of the three viruses for chickens, Pekin ducks and Eurasian wigeons was compared. The three viruses were highly pathogenic for chickens, but the two H5N8 viruses caused no to mild clinical symptoms in both duck species. The highest pathogenicity for duck species was observed for the most recent H5N6-2017 virus. For both duck species, virus shedding from the cloaca was higher after infection with group B viruses compared to the H5N8-2014 group A virus. Higher cloacal virus shedding of wild ducks may increase transmission between wild birds and poultry. Environmental transmission of H5N8-2016 virus to chickens was studied, which showed that chickens are efficiently infected by (fecal) contaminated water. These results suggest that pathogenicity of HPAI H5 viruses and virus shedding for ducks is evolving, which may have implications for the risk of introduction of these viruses into the poultry sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen University and Research - Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien A Germeraad
- Wageningen University and Research - Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Venema
- Wageningen University and Research - Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Verheij
- Wageningen University and Research - Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jose L Gonzales
- Wageningen University and Research - Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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13
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Landmann M, Scheibner D, Graaf A, Gischke M, Koethe S, Fatola OI, Raddatz B, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Grund C, Harder T, Abdelwhab EM, Ulrich R. A Semiquantitative Scoring System for Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Assessment of Lesions and Tissue Tropism in Avian Influenza. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050868. [PMID: 34065126 PMCID: PMC8151536 DOI: 10.3390/v13050868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The main findings of the post-mortem examination of poultry infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) include necrotizing inflammation and viral antigen in multiple organs. The lesion profile displays marked variability, depending on viral subtype, strain, and host species. Therefore, in this study, a semiquantitative scoring system was developed to compare histopathological findings across a wide range of study conditions. Briefly, the severity of necrotizing lesions in brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, and/or lymphocytic depletion in the spleen is scored on an ordinal four-step scale (0 = unchanged, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe), and the distribution of the viral antigen in parenchymal and endothelial cells is evaluated on a four-step scale (0 = none, 1 = focal, 2 = multifocal, 3 = diffuse). These scores are used for a meta-analysis of experimental infections with H7N7 and H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4b) HPAIV in chickens, turkeys, and ducks. The meta-analysis highlights the rather unique endotheliotropism of these HPAIV in chickens and a more severe necrotizing encephalitis in H7N7-HPAIV-infected turkeys. In conclusion, the proposed scoring system can be used to condensate HPAIV-typical pathohistological findings into semiquantitative data, thus enabling systematic phenotyping of virus strains and their tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Landmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (B.R.)
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Susanne Koethe
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Olanrewaju I. Fatola
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Barbara Raddatz
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (B.R.)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (B.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-973-8270
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14
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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild-Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020212. [PMID: 33573231 PMCID: PMC7912471 DOI: 10.3390/v13020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996—have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.
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15
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Lam SS, Tjørnløv RS, Therkildsen OR, Christensen TK, Madsen J, Daugaard-Petersen T, Ortiz JMC, Peng W, Charbonneaux M, Rivas EI, Garbus SE, Lyngs P, Siebert U, Dietz R, Maier-Sam K, Lierz M, Tombre IM, Andersen-Ranberg EU, Sonne C. Seroprevalence of avian influenza in Baltic common eiders (Somateria mollissima) and pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105873. [PMID: 32585505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Blood plasma was collected during 2016-2018 from healthy incubating eiders (Somateria molissima, n = 183) in three Danish colonies, and healthy migrating pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus, n = 427) at their spring roost in Central Norway (Svalbard breeding population) and their novel flyway through the Finnish Baltic Sea (Russian breeding population). These species and flyways altogether represent terrestrial, brackish and marine ecosystems spanning from the Western to the Eastern and Northern part of the Baltic Sea. Plasma of these species was analysed for seroprevalence of specific avian influenza A (AI) antibodies to obtain information on circulating AI serotypes and exposure. Overall, antibody prevalence was 55% for the eiders and 47% for the pink-footed geese. Of AI-antibody seropositive birds, 12% (22/183) of the eiders and 3% (12/427) of the pink-footed geese had been exposed to AI of the potentially zoonotic serotypes H5 and/or H7 virus. AI seropositive samples selected at random (n = 33) showed a low frequency of serotypes H1, H6 and H9. Future projects should aim at sampling and isolating AI virus to characterize dominant serotypes and virus strains (PCR). This will increase our understanding of how AI exposure may affect health, breeding and population viability of Baltic common eiders and pink-footed geese as well as the potential spill-over to humans (zoonotic potential).
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (Akuatrop), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Rune Skjold Tjørnløv
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Jesper Madsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Tobias Daugaard-Petersen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Maël Charbonneaux
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Esteban Iglesias Rivas
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Svend-Erik Garbus
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Lyngs
- Christiansø Scientific Field Station, Christiansø 97, DK-3760 Gudhjem, Denmark
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, GE-25761 Büsum, Germany.
| | - Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Kristina Maier-Sam
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 91-93, GE-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Lierz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 91-93, GE-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ingunn M Tombre
- Department of Arctic Ecology, The Fram Centre, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, N-9296 Tromso, Norway.
| | - Emilie U Andersen-Ranberg
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Dyrlægevej 16, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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16
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Hassan MM, El Zowalaty ME, Islam A, Rahman MM, Chowdhury MNU, Nine HSMZ, Rahman MK, Järhult JD, Hoque MA. Serological Evidence of Avian Influenza in Captive Wild Birds in a Zoo and Two Safari Parks in Bangladesh. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030122. [PMID: 32882787 PMCID: PMC7558454 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is endemic and frequently causes seasonal outbreaks in winter in Bangladesh due to high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2. Among avian influenza A viruses (AIV), H5, H7, and H9 subtypes have the most zoonotic potential. Captive birds in zoos and safari parks are used for educational, recreational, breeding, and conservational purposes in Bangladesh. To screen for AIV in captive birds to assess potential public health threats, we conducted a cross-sectional study in two safari parks and one zoo in Bangladesh for four months, from November to December 2013 and from January to February 2014. We collected blood samples, oropharyngeal, and cloacal swabs from 228 birds. We tested serum samples for AIV antibodies using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and AIV sero-subtype H5, H7, and H9 using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Swab samples were tested for the presence of avian influenza viral RNA using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Across all the samples, AIV antibody prevalence was 9.7% (95% CI: 6.1-14.2, n = 228) and AIV HA subtype H5, H7 and H9 sero-prevalence was 0% (95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228), 0% (95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228) and 6.6% (95% CI: 3.72-10.6, n = 228), respectively. No AI viral RNA (M-gene) was detected in any swab sample (0%, 95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228). Birds in the Safari park at Cox's Bazar had a higher prevalence in both AIV antibody prevalence (13.5%) and AIV H9 sero-prevalence (9.6%) than any of the other sites, although the difference was not statistically significant. Among eight species of birds, Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) had the highest sero-positivity for both AIV antibody prevalence (26.1%) and AIV H9 prevalence (17.4%) followed by Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) with AIV antibody prevalence of 18.2% and AIV H9 prevalence of 11.4%. Our results highlight the presence of AI antibodies indicating low pathogenic AIV mingling in captive birds in zoos and safari parks in Bangladesh. Continuous programmed surveillance is therefore recommended to help better understand the diversity of AIVs and provide a clear picture of AI in captive wild birds, enabling interventions to reduce the risk of AIV transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M. Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (M.E.E.Z.)
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, SE-75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (M.E.E.Z.)
| | - Ariful Islam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Geelong VIC 3216, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA
| | - Md. M. Rahman
- Bhanghabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Cox’s Bazar 4740, Bangladesh;
| | | | | | - Md. K. Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Md. A. Hoque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
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