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Fernández NB, Toranzo A, Farias L, Canteros CE. Mycological diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis in a hospital from a nonendemic area: classical and molecular methods. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:132-143. [PMID: 37721907 PMCID: PMC10569774 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America. Climate change and host migration emphasize the need to optimize this infection diagnosis. Objective To evaluate the implementation of Paracoccidioides spp. DNA detection in the mycological diagnosis of patients with suspected paracoccidioidomycosis. Materials and methods It is a retrospective study with laboratory data from patients with clinical suspicion of paracoccidioidomycosis, who consulted a university hospital from a non-endemic area. Results We analyzed the laboratory results of samples from 19 patients with suspected paracoccidioidomycosis. Seventeen out of 19 patients were born in or had visited an endemic area in Latin America. Fourteen adult male patients were confirmed to have paracoccidioidomycosis by conventional diagnosis: the direct examination was positive in 12 samples while fungal growth was found only in 4. Anti-Paracoccidioides spp. antibodies were detected in 10 patients, 8 of them with proven paracoccidioidomycosis. Nested PCR for Paracoccidioides spp. detection was performed on clinical samples from 14 patients, and positive results were obtained for 9 out of 10 patients with the conventional diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. Conclusions The incorporation of molecular techniques to detect Paracoccidioides spp. DNA complements the conventional diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. This tool allows the prescription of antifungal treatment in those cases where the fungus is not observed in the clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma B Fernández
- Laboratorio de Micología, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Adriana Toranzo
- Servicio Micosis Profundas, Departamento de Micología, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Luciana Farias
- Laboratorio de Micología, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cristina E Canteros
- Departamento de Micología, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ariza Y, Cubides CL, Cubillos DA, Roa CL, Álvarez JC, Cuervo-Maldonado SI. Make the diagnosis - Second part. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:312-322. [PMID: 37721895 PMCID: PMC10586880 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.7219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yenny Ariza
- Grupo de Medicina Interna e Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - Cristian Leonardo Cubides
- Grupo de Medicina Interna e Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas en Cáncer y Alteraciones Hematológicas, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - Daniel Alejandro Cubillos
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas en Cáncer y Alteraciones Hematológicas, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - Carmen Lucía Roa
- Grupo de Medicina Interna e Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - José Camilo Álvarez
- Grupo de Medicina Interna e Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas en Cáncer y Alteraciones Hematológicas, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - Sonia Isabel Cuervo-Maldonado
- Grupo de Medicina Interna e Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas en Cáncer y Alteraciones Hematológicas, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
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Santos SS, Rampazo E, Taborda CP, Nosanchuk JD, Boscardin SB, Almeida SR. Targeting the P10 Peptide in Maturing Dendritic Cells via the DEC205 Receptor In Vivo: A New Therapeutic Strategy against Paracoccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050548. [PMID: 37233259 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a thermally dimorphic fungus, which is the most frequent endemic systemic mycosis in many Latin American countries, where ~10 million people are believed to be infected. In Brazil, it is ranked as the tenth most common cause of death among chronic infectious diseases. Hence, vaccines are in development to combat this insidious pathogen. It is likely that effective vaccines will need to elicit strong T cell-mediated immune responses composed of IFNγ secreting CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes. To induce such responses, it would be valuable to harness the dendritic cell (DC) system of antigen-presenting cells. To assess the potential of targeting P10, which is a peptide derived from gp43 secreted by the fungus, directly to DCs, we cloned the P10 sequence in fusion with a monoclonal antibody to the DEC205 receptor, an endocytic receptor that is abundant on DCs in lymphoid tissues. We verified that a single injection of the αDEC/P10 antibody caused DCs to produce a large amount of IFNγ. Administration of the chimeric antibody to mice resulted in a significant increase in the levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 in lung tissue relative to control animals. In therapeutic assays, mice pretreated with αDEC/P10 had significantly lower fungal burdens compared to control infected mice, and the architecture of the pulmonary tissues of αDEC/P10 chimera-treated mice was largely normal. Altogether, the results obtained so far indicate that targeting P10 through a αDEC/P10 chimeric antibody in the presence of polyriboinosinic: polyribocytidylic acid is a promising strategy in vaccination and therapeutic protocols to combat PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen S Santos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Eline Rampazo
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Taborda
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Silvia B Boscardin
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandro R Almeida
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
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Giusiano G, Tracogna F, Santiso G, Rojas F, Messina F, Sosa V, Chacón Y, Sosa MDLÁ, Mussin J, Cattana ME, Vazquez A, Formosa P, Fernández N, Piedrabuena M, Valdez R, Davalos F, Fernández M, Acuña A, Aguilera A, Guelfand L, Afeltra J, Garcia Effron G, Posse G, Amigot S, Serrano J, Sellares O, Álvarez C, Pineda G, Carnovale S, Zalazar L, Canteros C. Clinical and Demographic Features of Paracoccidioidomycosis in Argentina: A Multicenter Study Analysis of 466 Cases. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040482. [PMID: 37108936 PMCID: PMC10145406 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Information on paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) in Argentina is fragmented and has historically been based on estimates, supported only by a series of a few reported cases. Considering the lack of global information, a national multicentric study in order to carry out a more comprehensive analysis was warranted. We present a data analysis including demographic and clinical aspects of a historical series of 466 cases recorded over 10 years (2012-2021). Patients were aged from 1 to 89 years. The general male: female (M:F) ratio was 9.5:1 with significant variation according to the age group. Interestingly, the age range 21-30 shows an M:F ratio of 2:1. Most of the cases (86%) were registered in northeast Argentina (NEA), showing hyperendemic areas in Chaco province with more than 2 cases per 10,000 inhabitants. The chronic clinical form occurred in 85.6% of cases and the acute/subacute form occurred in 14.4% of cases, but most of these juvenile type cases occurred in northwestern Argentina (NWA). In NEA, the incidence of the chronic form was 90.6%; in NWA, the acute/subacute form exceeded 37%. Diagnosis by microscopy showed 96% positivity but antibody detection displays 17% of false negatives. Tuberculosis was the most frequent comorbidity, but a diverse spectrum of bacterial, fungal, viral, parasitic, and other non-infectious comorbidities was recorded. This national multicenter registry was launched in order to better understand the current status of PCM in Argentina and shows the two endemic zones with a highly diverse epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Giusiano
- Departamento Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste, CONICET, Resistencia 3500, Argentina
- Hospital Pediátrico Juan Pablo II, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriela Santiso
- Unidad de Micología, Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz, Uspallata, Buenos Aires 2272, Argentina
| | - Florencia Rojas
- Departamento Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste, CONICET, Resistencia 3500, Argentina
| | - Fernando Messina
- Unidad de Micología, Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz, Uspallata, Buenos Aires 2272, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Sosa
- Servicio de Micología, Hospital Dr. Ramon Madariaga, Av. Marconi 3736, Posadas N3300, Argentina
| | - Yone Chacón
- Hospital Señor del Milagro, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Maria de Los Ángeles Sosa
- Laboratorio Central de Redes y Programas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Placido Martínez, Corrientes 1044, Argentina
| | - Javier Mussin
- Departamento Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste, CONICET, Resistencia 3500, Argentina
| | | | - Andrea Vazquez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital 4 de Junio Ramón Carrillo, Roque Sáenz Peña, Av. Malvinas Argentinas 1350, Sáenz Peña H3700, Argentina
| | - Patricia Formosa
- Hospital de Alta Complejidad Pte. J. D. Perón, Av. Pantaleón Gómez & Av. Dr. Nestor Kirchner, Formosa 3600, Argentina
| | - Norma Fernández
- Laboratorio de Micología, Hospital de Clínicas, José de San Martin, Buenos Aires 2351, Argentina
| | - Milagros Piedrabuena
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Hospital San Martín, Pres. Juan Domingo Perón 450, Paraná 3100, Argentina
| | - Ruth Valdez
- Hospital Señor del Milagro, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Florencia Davalos
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital San Bernardo, Av. José Tobias 69, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Liliana Guelfand
- Sección Microbiología, Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Juan A. Fernández, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Javier Afeltra
- Unidad de Parasitología y Micología, Hospital General de Agudos José María Ramos Mejía, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1221, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Garcia Effron
- Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Santa Fe 2750, Argentina
| | - Gladys Posse
- Hospital Nacional Prof. Dr. A. Posadas, Buenos Aires 1684, Argentina
| | - Susana Amigot
- CEMAR Microbiología, Dir. Bioquímica, Secretaría de Salud Pública, Rosario 2020, Argentina
| | - Julian Serrano
- Sección Micología, Hospital Independencia, Av. Belgrano Nte. 660, Santiago del Estero 4200, Argentina
| | | | - Christian Álvarez
- División Micología-Laboratorio de Salud Pública de Tucumán, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
| | - Gloria Pineda
- Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires 1500, Argentina
| | - Susana Carnovale
- Hospital de Pediatría S.A.M.I.C. Prof. Juan P. Garraham, Pichincha 1890, Buenos Aires 1245, Argentina
| | - Laura Zalazar
- Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Las Heras 727, Resistencia H3500COI, Argentina
| | - Cristina Canteros
- Departamento de Micología, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires 1281, Argentina
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Mantilla Flórez YF, Uribe YAJ. Letter from Colombia. Respirology 2023; 28:80-81. [PMID: 36375485 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
See Special Series: LEADING WOMEN IN RESPIRATORY MEDICINE
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesid Fabián Mantilla Flórez
- Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Internal Medicine Department, Clínica de Marly S.A., Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yei Alberto Jaimes Uribe
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Emergency Department, Clínica de Marly S.A, Bogotá, Colombia
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Hahn RC, Hagen F, Mendes RP, Burger E, Nery AF, Siqueira NP, Guevara A, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Current Status and Future Trends. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0023321. [PMID: 36074014 PMCID: PMC9769695 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00233-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), initially reported in 1908 in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, by Adolpho Lutz, is primarily a systemic and neglected tropical mycosis that may affect individuals with certain risk factors around Latin America, especially Brazil. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis sensu stricto, a classical thermodimorphic fungus associated with PCM, was long considered to represent a monotypic taxon. However, advances in molecular taxonomy revealed several cryptic species, including Paracoccidioides americana, P. restrepiensis, P. venezuelensis, and P. lutzii, that show a preference for skin and mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and respiratory organs but can also affect many other organs. The classical diagnosis of PCM benefits from direct microscopy culture-based, biochemical, and immunological assays in a general microbiology laboratory practice providing a generic identification of the agents. However, molecular assays should be employed to identify Paracoccidioides isolates to the species level, data that would be complemented by epidemiological investigations. From a clinical perspective, all probable and confirmed cases should be treated. The choice of treatment and its duration must be considered, along with the affected organs, process severity, history of previous treatment failure, possibility of administering oral medication, associated diseases, pregnancy, and patient compliance with the proposed treatment regimen. Nevertheless, even after appropriate treatment, there may be relapses, which generally occur 5 years after the apparent cure following treatment, and also, the mycosis may be confused with other diseases. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the immunopathology, laboratory diagnosis, clinical aspects, and current treatment of PCM, highlighting current issues in the identification, treatment, and patient follow-up in light of recent Paracoccidioides species taxonomic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane Christine Hahn
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rinaldo Poncio Mendes
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Alfenasgrid.411180.d (UNIFAL), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreia Ferreira Nery
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Nathan Pereira Siqueira
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Armando Guevara
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Clinical and Eco-Epidemiological Aspects of a Novel Hyperendemic Area of Paracoccidioidomycosis in the Tocantins-Araguaia Basin (Northern Brazil), Caused by Paracoccidioides sp. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050502. [PMID: 35628757 PMCID: PMC9145993 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Brazil. The disease is caused by dimorphic fungi nested within the Paracoccidioides genus. We described 106 PCM cases (47.1 cases/year) at the Tropical Diseases Public Hospital of Tocantins State. PCM was prevalent in males and rural workers over 50 years; the chronic pulmonary form predominated in 67% of cases. The male-to-female ratio was 2.65:1, with more women affected than other endemic regions of Brazil. Urban or indoor activities were reported in women and are ascribed to disease urbanization. qPCR-based assays confirmed the identification of Paracoccidioides DNA in 37 biological specimens. Paracoccidioides sp. DNA was found in 53% of the environmental samples, suggesting autochthonous infections. Therefore, the Tocantins-Araguaia basin must be considered a novel hyperendemic area of PCM in Brazil, reinforcing the importance of including PCM as a notifiable disease, requiring specific diagnosis and health measures.
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Andrade-Silva J, Andrade-Silva LE, Paes HC, Alves L, Rosa A, Tenório BG, Ferreira MS, Felipe MSS, Teixeira MDM, Silva-Vergara ML. Molecular epidemiology of Paracoccidiodes spp. recovered from patients with paracoccidioidomycosis in a teaching hospital from Minas Gerais State of Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009956. [PMID: 34843484 PMCID: PMC8659327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is caused by several species of the Paracoccidioides genus which can be differentiated by interspecific genetic variations, morphology and geographic distribution. Intraspecific variability correlation with clinical and epidemiological aspects of these species still remains unclear. This study aimed to sequence the loci GP43, exon 2 and ARF of 23 clinical isolates of Paracoccidioides spp. from patients in the Southeast Region of Brazil. Methodology and main findings GenBank was used to compare the present (23) with previous described sequences (151) that included ARF and GP43. It was identified a high polymorphism rate among the 23 isolates in comparison to the other 151. Among the isolates, 22 (95.66%) were S1/P. brasiliensis and 1 (4.34%) was identified as PS2/P. americana. A total of 45 haplotypes were found as follows: 19 from S1/P. brasiliensis (13 from the present study), 15 from P. lutzii, 6 from PS2/P. americana (1 from the present study), 3 from PS3/P. restrepiensis and 2 from PS4/P. venezuelensis. Moreover, exclusive haplotypes according to clinical origin and geographical area were found. S1/P. brasiliensis (HD = 0.655 and K = 4.613) and P. lutzii (HD = 0.649 and K = 2.906) presented the highest rate of polymorphism among all species, from which 12 isolates of the present study were clustered within S1b/P. brasiliensis. The GP43 locus showed a higher variability and was found to be the main reason for the species differentiation. Conclusions The results herein decribed show a high intraspecific genetic variability among S1/P. brasiliensis isolates and confirm the predominance of this species in the Southeast region of Brazil. The finding of exclusive haplotypes according to clinical origin and geographical area would suggest correlation between the molecular profile with the clinical form and geographic origin of patients with PCM. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is one of the most important systemic mycosis of Latin America. This disease can be caused by Paracoccidioides lutzii and four different phylogenetic species: S1/Paracoccidioides brasiliensis sensu stricto that harboring S1a and S1b, PS2/Paracoccidioides americana, PS3/Paracoccidioides restrepiensis and PS4/Paracoccidioides venezuelensis. Some of these species show differences in their main geographic region of predominance such as PS2/P. americana that can be found in Venezuela and Southern Brazil; PS3/P. restrepiensis and PS4/P. venezuelensis which are distributed in Colombia and Venezuela. However, and due to their wide geographical distribution, the species S1/P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii overlapping ecological niches and can be found in different regions of Brazil and other Latin American countries. Regarding eco-epidemiological aspects, the habitat is believed to be the soil due to the predominance of the disease among rural workers who become infected by inhaling infectious propagules during their farm activities. According to other authors, these species could have relation with the different PCM clinical presentation. This study aimed to describe the molecular epidemiology associated with clinical and epidemiological data of Paracoccidiodes spp. in the Minas Gerais State, located in the Southeast region, Brazil. Among the 23 isolates herein evaluated, 22 were S1/P. brasiliensis and 1 was identified as PS2/P. americana. A total of 45 haplotypes were found when these isolates were compared with other 151 deposited in the Genbank. The preliminar finding of exclusive haplotypes according to clinical origin and geographical area would suggest correlation between the molecular profile with the clinical form and geographic origin of patients with PCM. The GP43 locus showed a higher variability and was found to be the main promotor of species differentiation. The results herein described pointed out a high intraspecific genetic variability among S1/P. brasiliensis isolates and confirm the predominance of this species in the Southeast region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Andrade-Silva
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Triangulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo Costa Paes
- Faculty of Medicina, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Lucas Alves
- Faculty of Medicina, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Adair Rosa
- Faculty of Medicina, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Simão Ferreira
- Infectious diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mario León Silva-Vergara
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Triangulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Coser LDO, Genaro LM, Justo-Junior AS, Trabasso P, Pereira RM, Ruas LP, Blotta MH. Evaluation of CD8 + T cell subpopulations in paracoccidioidomycosis. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:977-985. [PMID: 34402655 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to verify the frequency of CD8+ T cell subsets in patients with acute form and chronic form of paracoccidioidomycosis. Material & Methods: Mononuclear cells from paracoccidioidomycosis patients and healthy donors were isolated and phenotyped by flow cytometry. Dendritic cells were pulsed with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast and co-cultures with lymphocytes. Cytokine production was measured by ELISA. Results: Acute form patients present a higher frequency of Tc1 and Tc10 cells, while chronic form patients have more Tc1 and Tc21 cells, compared with healthy controls. In vitro assays showed that P. brasiliensis induced polarization to the Tc17/Tc22 subsets. Conclusion: Our results suggest that CD8+ T cells can respond in a similar way to P. brasiliensis infection, regardless of the clinical presentation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian de O Coser
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia M Genaro
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amauri S Justo-Junior
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Plínio Trabasso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M Pereira
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Ruas
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Hsl Blotta
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Souza Suguiura IM, Macagnan R, Omori AM, Buck EL, Scarpassa JA, Pretto-Giordano LG, Vilas-Boas LA, de Camargo ZP, Itano EN, Ono MA. First report of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in fish. Med Mycol 2021; 58:737-743. [PMID: 31773156 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermodimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a deep mycosis endemic in Latin American countries that affects mainly male rural workers. Infection by P. brasiliensis has also been reported in several species of terrestrial animals; however, the capacity of the fungus to infect aquatic organisms is poorly known. The aim of this study was to detect P. brasiliensis in a fish species, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), the most farmed and widely distributed fish in endemic areas for human PCM in Brazil. As a first step, the humoral immune response against the fungus was evaluated in an experimental group of three fish immunized with inactivated P. brasiliensis yeast cells. For the seroepidemiological study, serum samples of Nile tilapia raised in cages (n = 109) and in ponds (n = 105), collected from a fish slaughterhouse, were analyzed for P. brasiliensis antibodies by ELISA using gp43 as antigen. All the inoculated fish produced antibodies against the fungus. The seropositivity observed in fish raised in cages and ponds was 17.4 and 5.7%, respectively. Due to the higher seropositivity observed in caged fish, 100 tissue samples (encephalon, liver, and kidney), from another group of tilapia raised in cages, were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR; Pb-ITSR and Pb-ITSE). Three tissue samples (liver n = 1, kidney n = 1, and enchepahlon n = 1) from three different fish resulted positive to PCR. This is the first report to show serological and molecular evidence of P. brasiliensis infection in a fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Massahiro de Souza Suguiura
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Macagnan
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Aline Myuki Omori
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elder Luis Buck
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Josiane Aniele Scarpassa
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucienne Garcia Pretto-Giordano
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Laurival Antônio Vilas-Boas
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Eiko Nakagawa Itano
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mario Augusto Ono
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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11
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Mattoon ER, Casadevall A, Cordero RJB. Beat the heat: correlates, compounds, and mechanisms involved in fungal thermotolerance. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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van Rhijn N, Bromley M. The Consequences of Our Changing Environment on Life Threatening and Debilitating Fungal Diseases in Humans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:367. [PMID: 34067211 PMCID: PMC8151111 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities have significantly impacted the environment and are changing our climate in ways that will have major consequences for ourselves, and endanger animal, plant and microbial life on Earth. Rising global temperatures and pollution have been highlighted as potential drivers for increases in infectious diseases. Although infrequently highlighted, fungi are amongst the leading causes of infectious disease mortality, resulting in more than 1.5 million deaths every year. In this review we evaluate the evidence linking anthropomorphic impacts with changing epidemiology of fungal disease. We highlight how the geographic footprint of endemic mycosis has expanded, how populations susceptible to fungal infection and fungal allergy may increase and how climate change may select for pathogenic traits and indirectly contribute to the emergence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
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Endemic and Other Dimorphic Mycoses in The Americas. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020151. [PMID: 33672469 PMCID: PMC7923431 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic fungi are thermally dimorphic fungi that have a limited geographic range and can cause both primary disease and opportunistic infections. The Americas are home to more genera of endemic fungi than anywhere else on earth. These include Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Paracoccidioides, and Sporothrix. Endemic fungi are found across the Americas and the Caribbean, from Blastomyces gilchristi, which extends into the northeast corners of North America, to Histoplasma capsulatum, which occurs all the way down in the southern regions of South America and into the Caribbean Islands. Symptoms of endemic fungal infection, when present, mimic those of many other diseases and are often diagnosed only after initial treatment for a bacterial or viral disease has failed. Endemic fungi place a significant medical burden on the populations they affect, especially in immunocompromised individuals and in resource-limited settings. This review summarizes the ecology, geographical range, epidemiology, and disease forms of the endemic fungi found in the Americas. An emphasis is placed on new and proposed taxonomic changes, including the assignment of new species names in Histoplasma, Blastomyces, and Paracoccidioides.
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14
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Interacting with Hemoglobin: Paracoccidioides spp. Recruits hsp30 on Its Cell Surface for Enhanced Ability to Use This Iron Source. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010021. [PMID: 33401497 PMCID: PMC7823998 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides spp. are thermally dimorphic fungi that cause paracoccidioidomycosis and can affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. The infection can lead to moderate or severe illness and death. Paracoccidioides spp. undergo micronutrients deprivation within the host, including iron. To overcome such cellular stress, this genus of fungi responds in multiple ways, such as the utilization of hemoglobin. A glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored fungal receptor, Rbt5, has the primary role of acquiring the essential nutrient iron from hemoglobin. Conversely, it is not clear if additional proteins participate in the process of using hemoglobin by the fungus. Therefore, in order to investigate changes in the proteomic level of P. lutzii cell wall, we deprived the fungus of iron and then treated those cells with hemoglobin. Deprived iron cells were used as control. Next, we performed cell wall fractionation and the obtained proteins were submitted to nanoUPLC-MSE. Protein expression levels of the cell wall F1 fraction of cells exposed to hemoglobin were compared with the protein expression of the cell wall F1 fraction of iron-deprived cells. Our results showed that P. lutzii exposure to hemoglobin increased the level of adhesins expression by the fungus, according to the proteomic data. We confirmed that the exposure of the fungus to hemoglobin increased its ability to adhere to macrophages by flow cytometry. In addition, we found that HSP30 of P. lutzii is a novel hemoglobin-binding protein and a possible heme oxygenase. In order to investigate the importance of HSP30 in the Paracoccidioides genus, we developed a Paracoccidioides brasiliensis knockdown strain of HSP30 via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and demonstrated that silencing this gene decreases the ability of P. brasiliensis to use hemoglobin as a nutrient source. Additional studies are needed to establish HSP30 as a virulence factor, which can support the development of new therapeutic and/or diagnostic approaches.
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15
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Rodrigues AM, Kubitschek-Barreira PH, Pinheiro BG, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Hahn RC, de Camargo ZP. Immunoproteomic Analysis Reveals Novel Candidate Antigens for the Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis Due to Paracoccidioides lutzii. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040357. [PMID: 33322269 PMCID: PMC7770604 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a life-threatening systemic infection caused by the fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and related species. Whole-genome sequencing and stage-specific proteomic analysis of Paracoccidioides offer the opportunity to profile humoral immune responses against P. lutzii and P. brasiliensis s. str. infection using innovative screening approaches. Here, an immunoproteomic approach was used to identify PCM-associated antigens that elicit immune responses by combining 2-D electrophoresis of P. lutzii and P. brasiliensis proteomes, immunological detection using a gold-standard serum, and mass spectrometry analysis. A total of 16 and 25 highly immunoreactive proteins were identified in P. lutzii and P. brasiliensis, respectively, and 29 were shown to be the novel antigens for Paracoccidioides species, including seven uncharacterized proteins. Among the panel of proteins identified, most are involved in metabolic pathways, carbon metabolism, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in both immunoproteomes. Remarkably, six isoforms of the surface-associated enolase in the range of 54 kDa were identified as the major antigens in human PCM due to P. lutzii. These novel immunoproteomes of Paracoccidioides will be employed to develop a sensitive and affordable point-of-care diagnostic assay and an effective vaccine to identify infected hosts and prevent infection and development of human PCM. These findings provide a unique opportunity for the refinement of diagnostic tools of this important neglected systemic mycosis, which is usually associated with poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (A.M.R.); (Z.P.d.C.); Tel.: +55-1155764551 (ext. 1540) (A.M.R.); +55-1155764551 (ext. 1512) (Z.P.d.C.)
| | - Paula Helena Kubitschek-Barreira
- Department of Cellular Biology, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20511010, Brazil;
| | - Breno Gonçalves Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil;
| | - André Teixeira-Ferreira
- Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacodynamics, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil;
| | - Rosane Christine Hahn
- Laboratory of Mycology/Research, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060900, Brazil;
- Júlio Muller University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78048902, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil;
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.M.R.); (Z.P.d.C.); Tel.: +55-1155764551 (ext. 1540) (A.M.R.); +55-1155764551 (ext. 1512) (Z.P.d.C.)
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16
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Costa MDC, de Carvalho MM, Sperandio FF, Ribeiro Junior NV, Hanemann JAC, Pigossi SC, de Carli ML. Oral Paracoccidioidomycosis affecting women: A systematic review. Mycoses 2020; 64:108-122. [PMID: 33031605 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an infection caused by fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides and is marked by a strong predilection for men; nevertheless, some women have had developed PCM and have presented oral involvement by the disease. OBJECTIVES To review all published cases until August 2020 of oral PCM in women, with emphasis on the presence of systemic changes, deleterious habits (tobacco and alcohol) and oral manifestation features through a systematic review. METHODS Observational studies (both prospective and retrospective) and case reports indexed in the Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and LIVIVO databases were selected by two reviewers in a two-phase process following the pre-established PICOS criteria. RESULTS Twenty-five studies met the eligibility criteria and were selected for qualitative synthesis, of which 72 participants were enrolled. Brazilian White women between 40 and 50 years were the most affected and social history revealed them to be housewives or rural workers. Fifteen women (33.3% of the informed cases) presented any systemic change at the time of PCM diagnosis, namely pregnancy, HIV infection and/or depression. Moriform stomatitis was predominant and affected preferentially the gingivae and alveolar processes in the form of a single painful lesion. Most patients were treated with sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim or itraconazole. CONCLUSIONS Oral PCM in women is rare; some cases showed systemic changes at the time of PCM diagnosis, namely HIV infection, pregnancy and depression. New studies should be conducted to elucidate the influence of systemic alterations on the development of oral PCM in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus de Castro Costa
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Milena Moraes de Carvalho
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fornias Sperandio
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.,Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Resident, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Noé Vital Ribeiro Junior
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - João Adolfo Costa Hanemann
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Suzane Cristina Pigossi
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina Lara de Carli
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
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17
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Nojosa Oliveira L, Aguiar Gonçales R, Garcia Silva M, Melo Lima R, Vieira Tomazett M, Santana de Curcio J, Domiraci Paccez J, Milhomem Cruz-Leite VR, Rodrigues F, de Sousa Lima P, Pereira M, de Almeida Soares CM. Characterization of a heme-protein responsive to hypoxia in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103446. [PMID: 32822859 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is fundamental to the life of aerobic organisms and is not always available to Paracoccidioides cells. During the life cycle stages, reduced oxygen levels directly affect general metabolic processes and oxygen adaptation mechanisms may play a fundamental role on fungal ability to survive under such condition. Heme proteins can bind to oxygen and participate in important biological processes. Several fungi, including Paracoccidioides, express a heme-binding globin (fungoglobin - FglA) presumable to regulate fungal adaptation to hypoxia. However, the characterization of fungoglobin in Paracoccidioides spp. has not yet been performed. In this study, we predicted the structure of fungoglobin and determined its level of expression during hypoxic-mimetic conditions. Genomic screening revealed that the fungoglobin gene is conserved in all species of the Paracoccidioides genus. Molecular modeling showed biochemical and biophysical characteristics that support the hypothesis that FglA binds to the heme group and oxygen as well. The fungoglobin transcript and proteins are expressed at higher levels at the early treatment time, remaining elevated while oxygen is limited. A P. brasiliensis fglA knockdown strain depicted reduced growth in hypoxia indicating that this protein can be essential for growth at low oxygen. Biochemical analysis confirmed the binding of fungoglobin to heme. Initial analyzes were carried out to establish the relationship between FlglA and iron metabolism. The FglA transcript was up regulated in pulmonary infection, suggesting its potential role in the disease establishment. We believe that this study can contribute to the understanding of fungal biology and open new perspectives for scientific investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Nojosa Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Relber Aguiar Gonçales
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Marielle Garcia Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Raisa Melo Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Mariana Vieira Tomazett
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Juliana Santana de Curcio
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Juliano Domiraci Paccez
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rafaela Milhomem Cruz-Leite
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia de Sousa Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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18
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de Macedo PM, Scramignon-Costa BDS, Almeida-Paes R, Trilles L, de Oliveira LSC, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, do Valle ACF, Wanke B. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis habitat: far beyond armadillo burrows? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200208. [PMID: 32696916 PMCID: PMC7370925 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides spp. isolation from environmental samples is rare and hardly reproducible. Molecular techniques have facilitated the fungal detection. However, it can be still difficult. Some strategies to enhance the capacity of DNA detection have been adopted, including the analysis of soil samples belonging to the habitat of animals from which Paracoccidioides spp. have already been isolated, notably armadillo burrows. To date, the detection of Paracoccidioides spp. has not yet been reported from outbreak hotspots. Clusters and outbreaks of acute paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), usually a more severe clinical form, have currently occurred in urban areas being associated to climate changes, deforestation, and great constructions. These occurrences potentially signalise the fungus' environmental niche, a riddle not yet solved. The authors performed an environmental investigation in a deeply disturbed area, after a highway construction in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where a recent outbreak of acute PCM occurred. Specific DNA sequences of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were detected in shallow soil samples around the highway, reinforcing the association between the road construction and this PCM outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Marques de Macedo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Luciana Trilles
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Bodo Wanke
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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19
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Rozada AM, Rodrigues-Vendramini FA, Gonçalves DS, Rosa FA, Basso EA, Seixas FA, Kioshima ÉS, Gauze GF. Synthesis and antifungal activity of new hybrids pyrimido[4,5-d]pyridazinone-N-acylhydrazones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Teixeira MDM, Cattana ME, Matute DR, Muñoz JF, Arechavala A, Isbell K, Schipper R, Santiso G, Tracogna F, Sosa MDLÁ, Cech N, Alvarado P, Barreto L, Chacón Y, Ortellado J, Lima CMD, Chang MR, Niño-Vega G, Yasuda MAS, Felipe MSS, Negroni R, Cuomo CA, Barker B, Giusiano G. Genomic diversity of the human pathogen Paracoccidioides across the South American continent. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 140:103395. [PMID: 32325168 PMCID: PMC7385733 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a life-threatening systemic mycosis widely reported in the Gran Chaco ecosystem. The disease is caused by different species from the genus Paracoccidioides, which are all endemic to South and Central America. Here, we sequenced and analyzed 31 isolates of Paracoccidioides across South America, with particular focus on isolates from Argentina and Paraguay. The de novo sequenced isolates were compared with publicly available genomes. Phylogenetics and population genomics revealed that PCM in Argentina and Paraguay is caused by three distinct Paracoccidioides genotypes, P. brasiliensis (S1a and S1b) and P. restrepiensis (PS3). P. brasiliensis S1a isolates from Argentina are frequently associated with chronic forms of the disease. Our results suggest the existence of extensive molecular polymorphism among Paracoccidioides species, and provide a framework to begin to dissect the connection between genotypic differences in the pathogen and the clinical outcomes of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus de Melo Teixeira
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA; Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil.
| | - Maria Emilia Cattana
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA; Hospital Dr. Julio C. Perrando, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Daniel R Matute
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - José F Muñoz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | | | - Kristin Isbell
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Primavera Alvarado
- Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Biomedicina Dr. Jacinto Convit, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Laura Barreto
- Instituto Superior de Formación Docente Salome Ureña, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Yone Chacón
- Hospital Señor del Milagro, Salta, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gustavo Giusiano
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina.
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21
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Lima EDO, Navarro LC, Morishita KN, Kamikawa CM, Rodrigues RGM, Dabaja MZ, de Oliveira DN, Delafiori J, Dias-Audibert FL, Ribeiro MDS, Vicentini AP, Rocha A, Catharino RR. Metabolomics and Machine Learning Approaches Combined in Pursuit for More Accurate Paracoccidioidomycosis Diagnoses. mSystems 2020; 5:e00258-20. [PMID: 32606026 PMCID: PMC7329323 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00258-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazil and many other Latin American countries are areas of endemicity for different neglected diseases, and the fungal infection paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is one of them. Among the clinical manifestations, pneumopathy associated with skin and mucosal lesions is the most frequent. PCM definitive diagnosis depends on yeast microscopic visualization and immunological tests, but both present ambiguous results and difficulty in differentiating PCM from other fungal infections. This research has employed metabolomics analysis through high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify PCM biomarkers in serum samples in order to improve diagnosis for this debilitating disease. To upgrade the biomarker selection, machine learning approaches, using Random Forest classifiers, were combined with metabolomics data analysis. The proposed combination of these two analytical methods resulted in the identification of a set of 19 PCM biomarkers that show accuracy of 97.1%, specificity of 100%, and sensitivity of 94.1%. The obtained results are promising and present great potential to improve PCM definitive diagnosis and adequate pharmacological treatment, reducing the incidence of PCM sequelae and resulting in a better quality of life.IMPORTANCE Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a fungal infection typically found in Latin American countries, especially in Brazil. The identification of this disease is based on techniques that may fail sometimes. Intending to improve PCM detection in patient samples, this study used the combination of two of the newest technologies, artificial intelligence and metabolomics. This combination allowed PCM detection, independently of disease form, through identification of a set of molecules present in patients' blood. The great difference in this research was the ability to detect disease with better confidence than the routine methods employed today. Another important point is that among the molecules, it was possible to identify some indicators of contamination and other infection that might worsen patients' condition. Thus, the present work shows a great potential to improve PCM diagnosis and even disease management, considering the possibility to identify concomitant harmful factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela de Oliveira Lima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Navarro
- RECOD Laboratory, Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Karen Noda Morishita
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Mika Kamikawa
- Laboratory of Mycosis Immunodiagnosis-Immunology Section, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mohamed Ziad Dabaja
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Diogo Noin de Oliveira
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jeany Delafiori
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia Luísa Dias-Audibert
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta da Silva Ribeiro
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Pardini Vicentini
- Laboratory of Mycosis Immunodiagnosis-Immunology Section, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rocha
- RECOD Laboratory, Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramos Catharino
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Silva MG, de Curcio JS, Silva-Bailão MG, Lima RM, Tomazett MV, de Souza AF, Cruz-Leite VRM, Sbaraini N, Bailão AM, Rodrigues F, Pereira M, Gonçales RA, de Almeida Soares CM. Molecular characterization of siderophore biosynthesis in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. IMA Fungus 2020; 11:11. [PMID: 32742914 PMCID: PMC7359926 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-020-00035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for all organisms. For pathogenic fungi, iron is essential for the success of infection. Thus, these organisms have developed high affinity iron uptake mechanisms to deal with metal deprivation imposed by the host. Siderophore production is one of the mechanisms that fungal pathogens employ for iron acquisition. Paracoccidioides spp. present orthologous genes encoding the enzymes necessary for the biosynthesis of hydroxamates, and plasma membrane proteins related to the transport of these molecules. All these genes are induced in iron deprivation. In addition, it has been observed that Paracoccidioides spp. are able to use siderophores to scavenge iron. Here we observed that addition of the xenosiderophore ferrioxamine B FOB) to P. brasiliensis culture medium results in repression (at RNA and protein levels) of the SidA, the first enzyme of the siderophore biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, SidA activity was reduced in the presence of FOB, suggesting that P. brasiliensis blocks siderophores biosynthesis and can explore siderophores in the environment to scavenge iron. In order to support the importance of siderophores on Paracoccidioides sp. life and infection cycle, silenced mutants for the sidA gene were obtained by antisense RNA technology. The obtained AsSidA strains displayed decreased siderophore biosynthesis in iron deprivation conditions and reduced virulence to an invertebrate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Garcia Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900 Brazil
| | - Juliana Santana de Curcio
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | - Mirelle Garcia Silva-Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | - Raisa Melo Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | - Mariana Vieira Tomazett
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | - Aparecido Ferreira de Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | | | - Nicolau Sbaraini
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | - Fernando Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | - Relber Aguiar Gonçales
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO Brazil
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23
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Rahman R, Davies L, Mohareb AM, Peçanha-Pietrobom PM, Patel NJ, Solomon IH, Meredith DM, Tsai HK, Guenette JP, Bhattacharyya S, Urday S, Velásquez GE. Delayed Relapse of Paracoccidioidomycosis in the Central Nervous System: A Case Report. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa077. [PMID: 32258208 PMCID: PMC7112725 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a dimorphic fungal infection endemic in Latin America. We report a patient with a history of pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis who presented with relapsed disease in the central nervous system 4 years after initial treatment. We review current treatment strategies for paracoccidioidomycosis and neuroparacoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Rahman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leela Davies
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amir M Mohareb
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Nirav J Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isaac H Solomon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M Meredith
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harrison K Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Guenette
- Division of Neuroradiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shamik Bhattacharyya
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sebastian Urday
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gustavo E Velásquez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Arias Ramos D, Alzate JA, Giraldo Montoya ÁM, Trujillo YA, Arias Ramos LY. Thinking in paracoccidioidomycosis: a delayed diagnosis of a neglected tropical disease, case report and review of clinical reports and eco-epidemiologic data from Colombia since the 2000. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:119. [PMID: 32041552 PMCID: PMC7011283 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paracoccidioidomycosis is a neglected tropical disease, endemic in several countries of South America including Colombia. We report a case of a patient with Chronic Multifocal Paracoccidioidomycosis with long-standing symptoms and a delayed diagnosis caused by several barriers to achieve it. We did a review of the papers published in Colombia about this disease, focusing in clinical data and eco-epidemiology with the finding of a lack of new information on this topic since the 2000 in our region. CASE PRESENTATION We present a 54-year-old man, farmer in his youth, with a chronic ulcerated lesion in the lower lip similar to a lip carcinoma, a deforming lesion in the nose, and respiratory symptoms with emphysematous lung. Lip biopsy with silver methenamine stain revealed small and large budding yeasts that resembles a "mariner's wheel" confirming Chronic Multifocal Paracoccidioidomycosis. He was treated successfully but subsequently lost to follow up. CONCLUSIONS It is very important to focus attention, reinforce the search and create networks for the study of neglected tropical diseases. The presented case illustrates a usual clinical presentation, but with a delayed diagnosis due to the difficulties that still occur in some regions like ours for the early recognition of a case of chronic multifocal paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deving Arias Ramos
- Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia. .,Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Interna, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia.
| | - John Alexander Alzate
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Interna, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia.,Hospital Universitario San Jorge, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Ángela María Giraldo Montoya
- Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Interna, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia.,Hospital Universitario San Jorge, Pereira, Colombia
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25
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Moreira ALE, Oliveira MAP, Silva LOS, Inácio MM, Bailão AM, Parente-Rocha JA, Cruz-Leite VRM, Paccez JD, de Almeida Soares CM, Weber SS, Borges CL. Immunoproteomic Approach of Extracellular Antigens From Paracoccidioides Species Reveals Exclusive B-Cell Epitopes. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2968. [PMID: 32117076 PMCID: PMC7015227 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus are the etiological agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic mycosis restricted to the countries of Latin America. Currently, the Paracoccidioides complex is represented by Paracoccidioides lutzii, Paracoccidioides americana, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Paracoccidioides restrepiensis, and Paracoccidioides venezuelensis. Even with advances in techniques used for diagnosing fungal diseases, high rates of false-positive results for PCM are still presented. Additionally, there is no efficient antigen that can be used to follow up the efficiency of patient treatment. The immunoproteomic is considered a powerful tool for the identification of antigens. In addition, antigens are molecules recognized by the immune system, which make them excellent targets for diagnostic testing of diseases caused by microorganisms. In this vein, we investigated which antigens are secreted by species representing Paracoccidioides complex to increase the spectrum of molecules that could be used for future diagnostic tests, patient follow-up, or PCM therapy. To identify the profile of antigens secreted by Paracoccidioides spp., immunoproteomic approaches were used combining immunoprecipitation, followed by antigen identification by nanoUPLC-MSE-based proteomics. Consequently, it was possible to verify differences in the exoantigen profiles present among the studied species. Through a mass spectrometry approach, it was possible to identify 79 exoantigens in Paracoccidioides species. Using bioinformatics tools, two unique exoantigens in P. lutzii species were identified, as well as 44 epitopes exclusive to the Paracoccidioides complex and 12 unique antigenic sequences that can differentiate between Paracoccidioides species. Therefore, these results demonstrate that Paracoccidioides species have a range of B-cell epitopes exclusive to the complex as well as specific to each Paracoccidioides species. In addition, these analyses allowed us the identification of excellent biomarker candidates for epidemiology screening, diagnosis, patient follow-up, as well as new candidates for PCM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luís Elias Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Milton Adriano Pelli Oliveira
- Laboratório de Citocinas, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Lana O'Hara Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Moisés Morais Inácio
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves Parente-Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Domiraci Paccez
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Schneider Weber
- Laboratório de Biociência, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Itacoatiara, Brazil
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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26
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Giusiano G, Aguirre C, Vratnica C, Rojas F, Corallo T, Cattana ME, Fernández M, Mussin J, de Los Angeles Sosa M. Emergence of acute/subacute infant-juvenile paracoccidioidomycosis in Northeast Argentina: Effect of climatic and anthropogenic changes? Med Mycol 2019; 57:30-37. [PMID: 29346653 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Argentina has two endemic areas of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). Bordering Paraguay and Brazil, Northeast Argentina (NEA) comprises the area with the highest incidence where the chronic adult clinical form has historically been reported. Juvenile form in children and adolescents is rare in this area since only one case was reported in the last 10 years. Despite this, between 2010 and 2012, several cases of acute/subacute clinical forms in children aged 10 to 16 (median 12) were detected. In the last decade, the NEA region has been exposed to ecological variations as consequences of certain climatic and anthropogenic changes, including El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon during 2009, and deforestation. The region has also suffered from the significant ecological effects of the construction of one of the biggest hydroelectric dams of South America. This study aims to describe clinical and epidemiological aspects of acute/subacute PCM cases detected in children from NEA and to discuss climatic and anthropogenic changes as possible contributing factors in the emergence of this disease in children. This acute/subacute PCM cluster was characterized by severe disseminated and aggressive presentations to localized form, with a high spectrum of clinical manifestations uncommonly observed. Due to the lack of experience in acute/subacute PCM in children in the studied area and the atypical clinical manifestations observed, the diagnosis was delayed. In order to avoid misdiagnosis, a higher level of suspicion is now required in NEA and countries bordering the southern part of the endemic area, which are affected by the changes discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Giusiano
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Resistencia, Argentina
| | - Clarisa Aguirre
- Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Avelino Castelán, Resistencia, Argentina
| | | | - Florencia Rojas
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Resistencia, Argentina
| | - Teresa Corallo
- Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Avelino Castelán, Resistencia, Argentina
| | - María Emilia Cattana
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Resistencia, Argentina
| | - Mariana Fernández
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Resistencia, Argentina
| | - Javier Mussin
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Resistencia, Argentina
| | - María de Los Angeles Sosa
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Resistencia, Argentina
- Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública, Corrientes, Argentina
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27
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel O. Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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28
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Galectin-3 Inhibits Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Growth and Impacts Paracoccidioidomycosis through Multiple Mechanisms. mSphere 2019; 4:4/2/e00209-19. [PMID: 31019001 PMCID: PMC6483048 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00209-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermodimorphic pathogenic fungi Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii are the etiologic causes of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), an animal β-galactoside-binding protein, modulates important roles during microbial infections, such as triggering a Th2-polarized immune response in PCM. Herein, we demonstrate that Gal-3 also plays other important roles in P. brasiliensis infection. We verified that Gal-3 levels are upregulated in human and mice infections and established that Gal-3 inhibited P. brasiliensis growth by inhibiting budding. Furthermore, Gal-3 affected disruption and internalization of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from P. brasiliensis by macrophages. Our results suggest important protective roles for Gal-3 in P. brasiliensis infection, indicating that increased Gal-3 production during P. brasiliensis infection may affect fungal growth and EV stability, thus promoting beneficial effects that could influence the course of PCM. The finding that Gal-3 has effects against P. brasiliensis together with previously reported effects against Cryptococcus neoformans suggests that molecule has a general antifungal role in innate defenses against fungal pathogens.IMPORTANCE Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America. Although the immune mechanisms to control PCM are still not fully understood, several events of the host innate and adaptive immunity are crucial to determine the progress of the infection. Mammalian β-galactoside-binding protein galectin-3 (Gal-3) plays significant roles during microbial infections and has been studied for its immunomodulatory roles, but it can also have direct antimicrobial effects. We asked whether this protein plays a role in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis We report herein that Gal-3 indeed has direct effects on the fungal pathogen, inhibiting fungal growth and reducing extracellular vesicle stability. Our results suggest a direct role for Gal-3 in P. brasiliensis infection, with beneficial effects for the mammalian host.
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29
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Clinical features and genetic background of the sympatric species Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides americana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007309. [PMID: 30986220 PMCID: PMC6483274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The agents of paracoccidioidomycosis, historically identified as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, are in fact different phylogenetic species. This study aims to evaluate associations between Paracoccidioides phylogenetic species and corresponding clinical data. Methods Paracoccidioides strains from INI/Fiocruz patients (1998–2016) were recovered. Socio-demographic, epidemiological, clinical, serological, therapeutic and prognostic data of the patients were collected to evaluate possible associations of these variables with the fungal species identified through partial sequencing of the ADP-ribosylation factor (arf) and the 43-kDa-glycoprotein (gp43) genes. Results Fifty-four fungal strains were recovered from 47 patients, most (72.3%) infected in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Forty-one cases were caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and six by Paracoccidioides americana (former PS2). P. brasiliensis was responsible for severe lymph abdominal forms, whereas patients infected with P. americana presented a high rate of adrenal involvement. However, no statistically significant associations were found for all variables studied. P. americana presented 100% reactivity to immunodiffusion, even when tested against antigens from other species, while negative results were observed in 9 (20%) cases caused by P. brasiliensis, despite being tested against a homologous antigen. Conclusions P. brasiliensis and P. americana are sympatric and share similar clinical features and habitat, where they may compete for similar hosts. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a severe systemic mycosis caused by different phylogenetic species. According to previous studies, these species could have an impact in PCM clinical features. This study aims to investigate possible associations between Paracoccidioides species and corresponding clinical data. The fungal strains from the patients were recovered, whereas their clinical data were collected to evaluate possible associations of these variables with the fungal species identified through DNA sequencing. Fifty-four fungal strains were recovered from 47 patients, most infected in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Forty-one cases were caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and six by Paracoccidioides americana. P. brasiliensis was responsible for severe clinical forms, and patients infected with P. americana presented a high rate of adrenal involvement. However, no statistically significant associations were found for all variables studied. P. brasiliensis and P. americana share similar clinical features.
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30
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Giusiano G, Rojas F, Mussin J, Alegre L, de los Ángeles Sosa M. The Southern Endemic Zone of Paracoccidioidomycosis: Epidemiological Approach in Northeast Argentina. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-018-0324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Sestari SJ, Brito WA, Neves BJ, Soares CMA, Salem-Izacc SM. Inhibition of protein kinase A affects Paracoccidioides lutzii dimorphism. Int J Biol Macromol 2018. [PMID: 29518446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A critical step in the lifecycle of many fungal pathogens is the ability to switch between filamentous and yeast growth, a process known as dimorphism. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) controls morphological changes and the pathogenicity of several animal and plant pathogenic fungi. In this work, we report the analysis of PKA activity during the mycelium to yeast transition in the pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides lutzii. This fungus, as well as the closely related species Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, causes paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic mycosis that affects thousands of people in Latin America. Infection occurs when hypha fragments or spores released from mycelium are inhaled by the host, an event that triggers the morphological switch. We show here that PKA activity is regulated in the fungus phase, increasing during the mycelium to yeast transition. Also, morphological transition from mycelium to yeast is blocked by the compound H89, a specific PKA inhibitor. Nevertheless, the fungus recovers its ability to change morphology when H89 is removed from the culture media. This recovery is accompanied by a significant increase in PKA activity. Our results strongly indicate that PKA directly affects phase transition in P. lutzii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila J Sestari
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
| | - Wesley A Brito
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil; Unidade Universitária de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Brazil; Centro Universitário de Anápolis, UniEvangélica, Brazil
| | - Bruno J Neves
- Centro Universitário de Anápolis, UniEvangélica, Brazil
| | - Celia M A Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
| | - Silvia M Salem-Izacc
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil.
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Hrycyk MF, Garcia Garces H, Bosco SDMG, de Oliveira SL, Marques SA, Bagagli E. Ecology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, P. lutzii and related species: infection in armadillos, soil occurrence and mycological aspects. Med Mycol 2018; 56:950-962. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Baeza LC, da Mata FR, Pigosso LL, Pereira M, de Souza GHMF, Coelho ASG, de Almeida Soares CM. Differential Metabolism of a Two-Carbon Substrate by Members of the Paracoccidioides Genus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2308. [PMID: 29230201 PMCID: PMC5711815 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Paracoccidioides comprises known fungal pathogens of humans and can be isolated from different infection sites. Metabolic peculiarities in different members of the Paracoccidioides led us to perform proteomic studies in the presence of the two-carbon molecule acetate, which predominates in the nutrient-poor environment of the phagosome. To investigate the expression rates of proteins of different members of Paracoccidioides, including one isolate of P. lutzii (Pb01) and three isolates of P. brasiliensis (Pb03, Pb339, and PbEPM83), using sodium acetate as a carbon source, proteins were quantified using label-free and data-independent liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Protein profiles of the isolates were statistically analyzed, revealing proteins that were differentially expressed when the fungus was cultivated in a non-preferential carbon source rather than glucose. A total of 1,160, 1,211, 1,280, and 1,462 proteins were reproducibly identified and relatively quantified in P. lutzii and the P. brasiliensis isolates Pb03, Pb339, and PbEPM83, respectively. Notably, 526, 435, 744, and 747 proteins were differentially expressed among P. lutzii and the P. brasiliensis isolates Pb03, Pb339, and PbEPM83, respectively, with a fold-change equal to or higher than 1.5. This analysis revealed that reorganization of metabolism occurred through the induction of proteins related to gluconeogenesis, glyoxylic/glyoxylate cycle, response to stress, and degradation of amino acids in the four isolates. The following differences were observed among the isolates: higher increases in the expression levels of proteins belonging to the TCA and respiratory chain in PbEPM83 and Pb01; increase in ethanol production in Pb01; utilization of cell wall components for gluconeogenesis in Pb03 and PbEPM83; and increased β-oxidation and methylcitrate cycle proteins in Pb01and PbEPM83. Proteomic profiles indicated that the four isolates reorganized their metabolism in different manners to use acetate as a carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian C. Baeza
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Brazil
| | - Fabiana R. da Mata
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Laurine L. Pigosso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. M. F. de Souza
- Mass Spectrometry Applications Research & Development Laboratory, Waters Corporation, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S. G. Coelho
- Laboratório de Genética e Genômica de Plantas, Escola de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Célia M. de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Cintra LC, Domingos FC, Lima YA, Barbosa MS, Santos RS, Faria FP, Jesuíno RS. Molecular cloning, expression and insulin reduction activity of a thioredoxin 1 homologue (TRX1) from the pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides lutzii. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:683-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Portes LDS, Kioshima ES, de Camargo ZP, Batista WL, Xander P. Subtractive phage display selection for screening and identification of peptide sequences with potential use in serodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 65:346-353. [PMID: 28796894 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic granulomatous disease endemic in Latin America whose aetiologic agents are the thermodimorphic fungi Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii. Despite technological advances, some problems have been reported for the fungal antigens used for serological diagnosis, and inconsistencies among laboratories have been reported. The use of synthetic peptides in the serological diagnosis of infectious diseases has proved to be a valuable strategy because in some cases, the reactions are more specific and sensitive. In this study, we used a subtractive selection with a phage display library against purified polyclonal antibodies for negative and positive PCM sera caused by P. brasiliensis. The binding phages were sequenced and tested in a binding assay to evaluate its interaction with sera from normal individuals and PCM patients. Synthetic peptides derived from these phage clones were tested in a serological assay, and we observed a significant recognition of LP15 by sera from PCM patients infected with P. brasiliensis. Our results demonstrated that subtractive phage display selection may be useful for identifying new epitopes that can be applied to the serodiagnosis of PCM caused by P. brasiliensis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Currently, there is no standardized method for the preparation of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) antigens, which has resulted in differences in the antigens used for serological diagnosis. Here, we report a procedure that uses subtractive phage display selection to select and identify new epitopes for the serodiagnosis of PCM caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. A synthetic peptide obtained using this methodology was successfully recognized by sera from PCM patients, thus demonstrating its potential use for improving the serodiagnosis of this mycosis. The development of synthetic peptides for the serodiagnosis of PCM could be a promising alternative for the better standardization of diagnoses among laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- L da Silva Portes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Diadema, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - E S Kioshima
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brasil
| | - Z P de Camargo
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica e Molecular, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - W L Batista
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Diadema, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - P Xander
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Diadema, São Paulo, Brasil
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Turissini DA, Gomez OM, Teixeira MM, McEwen JG, Matute DR. Species boundaries in the human pathogen Paracoccidioides. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 106:9-25. [PMID: 28602831 PMCID: PMC8335726 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of molecular taxonomy for identifying recently diverged species has transformed the study of speciation in fungi. The pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides spp has been hypothesized to be composed of five phylogenetic species, four of which compose the brasiliensis species complex. Nuclear gene genealogies support this divergence scenario, but mitochondrial loci do not; while all species from the brasiliensis complex are differentiated at nuclear coding loci, they are not at mitochondrial loci. We addressed the source of this incongruity using 11 previously published gene fragments, 10 newly-sequenced nuclear non-coding loci, and 10 microsatellites. We hypothesized and further demonstrated that the mito-nuclear incongruence in the brasiliensis species complex results from interspecific hybridization and mitochondrial introgression, a common phenomenon in eukaryotes. Additional population genetic analyses revealed possible nuclear introgression but much less than that seen in the mitochondrion. Our results are consistent with a divergence scenario of secondary contact and subsequent mitochondrial introgression despite the continued persistence of species boundaries. We also suggest that yeast morphology slightly-but significantly-differs across all five Paracoccidioides species and propose to elevate four of these phylogenetic species to formally described taxonomic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Turissini
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Oscar M Gomez
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín, Colombia; Biology Institute, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marcus M Teixeira
- Northern Arizona Center for Valley Fever Research, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Juan G McEwen
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín, Colombia; School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Daniel R Matute
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Galactofuranose antigens, a target for diagnosis of fungal infections in humans. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO199. [PMID: 28883999 PMCID: PMC5583699 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biomarkers for the detection of fungal infections is of interest to complement histopathological and culture methods. Since the production of antibodies in immunocompromised patients is scarce, detection of a specific antigen could be effective for early diagnosis. D-Galactofuranose (Galf) is the antigenic epitope in glycoconjugates of several pathogenic fungi. Since Galf is not biosynthesized by mammals, it is an attractive candidate for diagnosis of infection. A monoclonal antibody that recognizes Galf is commercialized for detection of aspergillosis. The linkage of Galf in the natural glycans and the chemical structures of the synthesized Galf-containing oligosaccharides are described in this paper. The oligosaccharides could be used for the synthesis of artificial carbohydrate-based antigens, not enough exploited for diagnosis. D-Galactofuranose (Galf) is the unit in polysaccharides and glycoconjugates of several pathogenic fungi that is recognized by the immune system. Since Galf is not synthesized by mammals, it is an attractive candidate for diagnosis of infection. Since the production of antibodies in immunocompromised patients is scarce, detection of a specific antigen could be effective for early diagnosis. An antibody that recognizes Galf is commercialized for the detection of aspergillosis. Chemically synthesized Galf-containing oligosaccharides, reviewed in this paper, could therefore be used for the synthesis of artificial carbohydrate-based antigens and in diagnosis.
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Martinez R. New Trends in Paracoccidioidomycosis Epidemiology. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3010001. [PMID: 29371520 PMCID: PMC5715958 DOI: 10.3390/jof3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal disease occurring in Latin America and more prevalent in South America. The disease is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides spp. whose major hosts are humans and armadillos. The fungus grows in soil and its infection is associated with exposure to the rural environment and to agricultural activities, with a higher risk in coffee and tobacco plantations. Population studies assessing the reactivity to Paracoccidioides spp. antigens by intradermal reaction or serological tests have detected previous subclinical infections in a significant proportion of healthy individuals living in various endemic countries. Paracoccidioidomycosis-disease is manifested by a small minority of infected individuals. The risk of developing the disease and its type of clinical form are related to the personal and life style characteristics of infected individuals, including genetic background, age, sex, ethnicity, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, and eventual cellular immunosuppression. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador have endemic areas that had already been defined in the 20th century. The incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis can be altered by climate phenomena and mainly by human migration and occupation of poorly explored territories. In Brazil, the endemy tends to expand towards the North and Center-West around the Amazon Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Martinez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 14049-900, Brazil.
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39
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Almeida OP, Jacks J, Scully C. Erratum: Paracoccidioidomycosis of the Mouth: an Emerging Deep Mycosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 14:377-83. [PMID: 14530306 DOI: 10.1177/154411130301400508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral fungal infections (mycoses) have come into particular prominence since the advent of infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and recognition of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), as well as the phenomenal increase in world travel with increased exposure to infections endemic in the tropics. Paracoccidioidomycosis is a rare mycosis worldwide but common in Brazil and some other areas in Latin America. It can be life-threatening and can manifest with a spectrum of clinical presentations, including frequent oral lesions. This paper reviews the more recent information on Paracoccidioidomycosis, emphasizing those areas most relevant in dental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oslei Paes Almeida
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental School of Piracicaba-UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, CEP 13.414.903-CP 52, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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40
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Extracellular vesicles from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis induced M1 polarization in vitro. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35867. [PMID: 27775058 PMCID: PMC5075875 DOI: 10.1038/srep35867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria contain proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and other molecules. The cargo analysis of EVs shows that they contain virulence factors suggesting a role in the pathogenesis of infection. The proteome, lipidome, RNA content, and carbohydrate composition of EVs from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii were characterized. However, the effects of P. brasiliensis EVs on the host immune system have not yet been investigated. Herein, we verified that EVs from P. brasiliensis induce the production of proinflammatory mediators by murine macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Addition of EV to macrophages also promoted transcription of the M1-polarization marker iNOs and diminish that of the M2 markers Arginase-1, Ym-1, and FIZZ-1. Furthermore, the augmented expression of M2-polarization markers, stimulated by IL-4 plus IL-10, was reverted toward an M1 phenotype in response to secondary stimulation with EVs from P. brasiliensis. The ability of EVs from P. brasiliensis to promote M1 polarization macrophages favoring an enhanced fungicidal activity, demonstrated by the decreased CFU recovery of internalized yeasts, with comparable phagocytic efficacy. Our results suggest that EVs from P. brasiliensis can modulate the innate immune response and affect the relationship between P. brasiliensis and host immune cells.
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41
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Abstract
Dimorphic fungi cause several endemic mycoses which range from subclinical respiratory infections to life-threatening systemic disease. Pathogenic-phase cells of Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Paracoccidioides and Coccidioides escape elimination by the innate immune response with control ultimately requiring activation of cell-mediated immunity. Clinical management of disease relies primarily on antifungal compounds; however, dimorphic fungal pathogens create a number of challenges for antifungal drug therapy. In addition to the drug toxicity issues known for current antifungals, barriers to efficient drug treatment of dimorphic fungal infections include natural resistance to the echinocandins, residence of fungal cells within immune cells, the requirement for systemic delivery of drugs, prolonged treatment times, potential for latent infections, and lack of optimized standardized methodology for in vitro testing of drug susceptibilities. This review will highlight recent advances, current therapeutic options, and new compounds on the horizon for treating infections by dimorphic fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad A Rappleye
- a Department of Microbiology , Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
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42
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Marcos CM, de Oliveira HC, da Silva JDF, Assato PA, Yamazaki DS, da Silva RAM, Santos CT, Santos-Filho NA, Portuondo DL, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Identification and characterisation of elongation factor Tu, a novel protein involved in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-host interaction. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow079. [PMID: 27634774 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides spp., which are temperature-dependent dimorphic fungi, are responsible for the most prevalent human systemic mycosis in Latin America, the paracoccidioidomycosis. The aim of this study was to characterise the involvement of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-host interaction. Adhesive properties were examined using recombinant PbEF-Tu proteins and the respective polyclonal anti-rPbEF-Tu antibody. Immunogold analysis demonstrated the surface location of EF-Tu in P. brasiliensis. Moreover, PbEF-Tu was found to bind to fibronectin and plasminogen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and it was determined that the binding to plasminogen is at least partly dependent on lysine residues and ionic interactions. To verify the participation of EF-Tu in the interaction of P. brasiliensis with pneumocytes, we blocked the respective protein with an anti-rPbEF-Tu antibody and evaluated the consequences on the interaction index by flow cytometry. During the interaction, we observed a decrease of 2- and 3-fold at 8 and 24 h, respectively, suggesting the contribution of EF-Tu in fungal adhesion/invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patricia Akemi Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniella Sayuri Yamazaki
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rosângela Aparecida Moraes da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Tavares Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Norival Alves Santos-Filho
- Instituto de Química, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Unidade de Síntese, Estrutura e Caracterização de Peptídeos e Proteínas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacéuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
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Tomazett MV, Zanoelo FF, Bailão EFC, Bailão AM, Borges CL, Soares CMDA. Molecular and biochemical characterization of carbonic anhydrases of Paracoccidioides. Genet Mol Biol 2016; 39:416-25. [PMID: 27560991 PMCID: PMC5004831 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2015-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CA) belong to the family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze
the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. In the present work, we
characterized the cDNAs of four Paracoccidioides CAs (CA1, CA2, CA3,
and CA4). In the presence of CO2, there was not a significant increase in
fungal ca1, ca2 and ca4 gene
expression. The ca1 transcript was induced during the
mycelium-to-yeast transition, while ca2 and ca4
gene expression was much higher in yeast cells, when compared to mycelium and
mycelium-to-yeast transition. The ca1 transcript was induced in
yeast cells recovered directly from liver and spleen of infected mice, while
transcripts for ca2 and ca4 were down-regulated.
Recombinant CA1 (rCA1) and CA4 (rCA4), with 33 kDa and 32 kDa respectively, were
obtained from bacteria. The enzymes rCA1 (β-class) and rCA4 (α-class) were
characterized regarding pH, temperature, ions and amino acids addition influence.
Both enzymes were stable at pHs 7.5-8.5 and temperatures of 30-35 °C. The enzymes
were dramatically inhibited by Hg+2 and activated by Zn+2,
while only rCA4 was stimulated by Fe2+. Among the amino acids tested (all
in L configuration), arginine, lysine, tryptophan and histidine enhanced residual
activity of rCA1 and rCA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vieira Tomazett
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Fonseca Zanoelo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Laboratório de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Elisa Flávia Cardoso Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Faruck MO, Yusof F, Chowdhury S. An overview of antifungal peptides derived from insect. Peptides 2016; 80:80-88. [PMID: 26093218 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are not classified as plants or animals. They resemble plants in many ways but do not produce chlorophyll or make their own food photosynthetically like plants. Fungi are useful for the production of beer, bread, medicine, etc. More complex than viruses or bacteria; fungi can be destructive human pathogens responsible for various diseases in humans. Most people have a strong natural immunity against fungal infection. However, fungi can cause diseases when this immunity breaks down. In the last few years, fungal infection has increased strikingly and has been accompanied by a rise in the number of deaths of cancer patients, transplant recipients, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients owing to fungal infections. The growth rate of fungi is very slow and quite difficult to identify. A series of molecules with antifungal activity against different strains of fungi have been found in insects, which can be of great importance to tackle human diseases. Insects secrete such compounds, which can be peptides, as a part of their immune defense reactions. Active antifungal peptides developed by insects to rapidly eliminate infectious pathogens are considered a component of the defense munitions. This review focuses on naturally occurring antifungal peptides from insects and their challenges to be used as armaments against human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Omer Faruck
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kulliyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Yusof
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kulliyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Silvia Chowdhury
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Kulliyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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45
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Almeida F, Antoniêto ACC, Pessoni AM, Monteiro VN, Alegre-Maller ACP, Pigosso LL, Pereira M, Soares CMDA, Roque-Barreira MC. Influence of N-glycans on Expression of Cell Wall Remodeling Related Genes in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Yeast Cells. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:112-8. [PMID: 27226767 PMCID: PMC4864839 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666151116212705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America. It is caused by the temperature-dependent dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The P. brasiliensis cell wall is a dynamic outer structure, composed of a network of glycoproteins and polysaccharides, such as chitin, glucan and N-glycosylated proteins. These glycoproteins can interact with the host to affect infection rates, and are known to perform other functions. We inhibited N-linked glycosylation using tunicamycin (TM), and then evaluated the expression of P. brasiliensis genes related to cell wall remodeling. Our results suggest that cell wall synthesis related genes, such as β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase (PbGEL3), 1,3-β-D-glucan synthase (PbFKS1), and α-1,4-amylase (PbAMY), as well as cell wall degrading related genes, such as N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (PbNAG1), α-1,3-glucanase (PbAGN), and β-1,3-glucanase (PbBGN1 and PbBGN2), have their expression increased by the N-glycosylation inhibition, as detected by qRT-PCR. The observed increases in gene expression levels reveal possible compensatory mechanisms for diminished enzyme activity due to the lack of glycosylation caused by TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Campos Antoniêto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - André Moreira Pessoni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Valdirene Neves Monteiro
- Universidade Estadural de Goiás, UnUCET, BR 153, Km98. Campus Henrique Santillo, Anapolis, GO 75000-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Paiva Alegre-Maller
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Laurine Lacerda Pigosso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
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46
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Abstract
The epidemiological characteristics of paracoccidioidomycosis were reviewed and
updated. The new endemic areas in Brazil were discussed in the section regarding the
geographic distribution of the mycosis. Subclinical infection with
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was discussed on the basis of skin
test surveys with antigens of the fungus, seroepidemiological studies, and disease
cases outside Latin America. Large case series permitted a comparison of the
prevalence of the mycosis in different regions, its estimated incidence and risk
factors for the development of the disease. Aspects modulating the expression of the
clinical forms of paracoccidioidomycosis are also presented. This review also deals
with diseases associated with the mycosis, opportunistic paracoccidioidomycosis,
lethality, mortality and infection and disease in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Martinez
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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47
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Taborda CP, Urán ME, Nosanchuk JD, Travassos LR. PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS: CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VACCINE AGAINST AN ENDEMIC MYCOSIS IN THE AMERICAS. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57 Suppl 19:21-4. [PMID: 26465365 PMCID: PMC4711196 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000700005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), caused by Paracoccidioides spp, is an
important endemic mycosis in Latin America. There are two recognized
Paracoccidioides species, P. brasiliensis and
P. lutzii, based on phylogenetic differences; however, the
pathogenesis and disease manifestations of both are indistinguishable at present.
Approximately 1,853 (~51,2%) of 3,583 confirmed deaths in Brazil due to systemic
mycoses from 1996-2006 were caused by PCM. Antifungal treatment is required for
patients with PCM. The initial treatment lasts from two to six months and sulfa
derivatives, amphotericin B, azoles and terbinafine are used in clinical practice;
however, despite prolonged therapy, relapses are still a problem. An effective
Th1-biased cellular immune response is essential to control the disease, which can be
induced by exogenous antigens or modulated by prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines.
Stimulation of B cells or passive transference of monoclonal antibodies are also
important means that may be used to improve the efficacy of paracoccidioidomycosis
treatment in the future. This review critically details major challenges facing the
development of a vaccine to combat PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M E Urán
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J D Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - L R Travassos
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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48
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Identification and Analysis of the Role of Superoxide Dismutases Isoforms in the Pathogenesis of Paracoccidioides spp. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004481. [PMID: 26963091 PMCID: PMC4786090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Paracoccidioides to defend itself against reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by host effector cells is a prerequisite to survive. To counteract these radicals, Paracoccidioides expresses, among different antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutases (SODs). In this study, we identified six SODs isoforms encoded by the Paracoccidioides genome. We determined gene expression levels of representative isolates of the phylogenetic lineages of Paracoccidioides spp. (S1, PS2, PS3 and Pb01-like) using quantitative RT-PCR. Assays were carried out to analyze SOD gene expression of yeast cells, mycelia cells, the mycelia-to-yeast transition and the yeast-to-mycelia germination, as well as under treatment with oxidative agents and during interaction with phagocytic cells. We observed an increased expression of PbSOD1 and PbSOD3 during the transition process, exposure to oxidative agents and interaction with phagocytic cells, suggesting that these proteins could assist in combating the superoxide radicals generated during the host-pathogen interaction. Using PbSOD1 and PbSOD3 knockdown strains we showed these genes are involved in the response of the fungus against host effector cells, particularly the oxidative stress response, and in a mouse model of infection. Protein sequence analysis together with functional analysis of knockdown strains seem to suggest that PbSOD3 expression is linked with a pronounced extracellular activity while PbSOD1 seems more related to intracellular requirements of the fungus. Altogether, our data suggests that P. brasiliensis actively responds to the radicals generated endogenously during metabolism and counteracts the oxidative burst of immune cells by inducing the expression of SOD isoforms. Paracoccidioidomycosis is a health-threatening human systemic mycosis, endemic to some Latin America countries. The disease is caused by species belonging to the Paracoccidioides genus. Once inside the human host, Paracoccidioides must face the host innate immune system, escaping from the cytotoxic capacity of innate immune cells (ROS production and liberation of polypeptide antibiotics). To do so, they express and synthetize superoxide dismutases (SODs). We aimed to identify and characterize the SOD isoforms present in the Paracoccidioides genome. We identified six isoforms, among which we found an increased expression of PbSOD1 and PbSOD3 during the transition-to-yeast process, exposure to oxidative agents and interaction with phagocytic cells. Additionally, we found that PbSOD3 expression might be linked with a pronounced extracellular activity while PbSOD1 and the other isoforms seem more related to intracellular requirements of the fungus. We propose that the defence against endogenous-produced ROS may depend on intracellular Sods (mostly SOD1, but possibly also SOD2, SOD4 and SOD5), but defence against extracellular ROS (produced during host-pathogen interactions) might rely to a greater extent on SOD3, which is endowed with an extracellular activity.
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49
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Faria-Campos AC, Hanke LA, Batista PHS, Garcia V, Campos SVA. An innovative electronic health records system for rare and complex diseases. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16 Suppl 19:S4. [PMID: 26695733 PMCID: PMC4686787 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-16-s19-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There exists a large number of rare and complex diseases that are neglected due to the difficulty in diagnosis and treatment. Being rare, they normally do not justify the costs of developing an especialized Electronic Health Record (EHR) system to assist doctors and patients of these diseases. In this work we propose the use of Computer applications known as Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) to address this issue. RESULTS In this work we describe a fully customizable EHR system that uses a workflow based LIMS with an easy to adapt interface for data collection and retrieval. This system can easily be customized to manage different types of medical data. The customization for a new disease can be done in a few hours with the help of a specialist. CONCLUSION We have used the proposed system to manage data from patients of three complex diseases: neuromyelitis optica, paracoccidioidomycosis and adrenoleukodistrofy. These diseases have very different symptoms, exams, diagnostics and treatments, but the FluxMED system is able to manage these data in a highly specialized manner without any modifications to its code.
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50
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Marcos CM, da Silva JDF, de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Singulani JDL, Lopez AM, Tamayo DP, Hernandez-Ruiz O, McEwen JG, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Decreased expression of 14-3-3 in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis confirms its involvement in fungal pathogenesis. Virulence 2015; 7:72-84. [PMID: 26646480 PMCID: PMC4994830 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1122166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and host cells is usually mediated by specific binding events between adhesins on the fungal surface and receptors on the host extracellular matrix or cell surface. One molecule implicated in the P. brasiliensis-host interaction is the 14-3-3 protein. The 14-3-3 protein belongs to a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells and are involved in diverse cellular functions. Here, we investigated the relevance of the 14-3-3 protein to the virulence of P. brasiliensis. Using antisense RNA technology and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, we generated a 14-3-3-silenced strain (expression reduced by ˜55%). This strain allowed us to investigate the interaction between 14-3-3 and the host and to correlate the functions of P. brasiliensis 14-3-3 with cellular features, such as morphological characteristics and virulence, that are important for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Akemi Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Junya de Lacorte Singulani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Lopez
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Patricia Tamayo
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
| | - Orville Hernandez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
- Escuela de Microbiología; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan G McEwen
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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