1
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Chatzidimitriou E, Davis H, Baranski M, Jakobsen J, Seal C, Leifert C, Butler G. Variation in nutritional quality in UK retail eggs. Food Chem 2024; 454:139783. [PMID: 38795627 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA), carotenoid and vitamin contents of UK eggs were assessed for four production systems (caged (CA), free-range (FR), organic (OR) and extensive organic (EO)) as well as season. The impact of enforced housing, due to avian influenza, was also investigated. Production system did not alter vitamin D3, B2 or B9 content, but significantly influenced nutritionally desirable FA, carotenoid and vitamins A and E - concentrations decreased as production intensity increased, although for most, CA and FR did not differ significantly. Vitamin E and FA profiles for OR and EO were also similar, although carotenoids were higher in EO eggs. In contrast, FA, carotenoids, vitamins E and B9 were consistent throughout the year, unlike vitamins A, D3 and B2, which fluctuated with season; D and B2 were higher in July than January and lower vitamin A was the only detected implication from enforced housing of FR and OR birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Chatzidimitriou
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Foodscale Hub, Leontos Sofou 20, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Hannah Davis
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Marcin Baranski
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, BRAINCITY, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jette Jakobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 201, 129, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Chris Seal
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Carlo Leifert
- SCU Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Military Rd., Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; Department of Nutrition, IMB, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gillian Butler
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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Geöcze KC, Barbosa LC, Lima CF, Ferruzzi MG, Fidêncio PH, Sant’ana HM, Silvério FO. Caryocar brasiliense Camb. fruits from the Brazilian Cerrado as a rich source of carotenoids with pro-vitamin A activity. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Dias MG, Borge GIA, Kljak K, Mandić AI, Mapelli-Brahm P, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Pintea AM, Ravasco F, Tumbas Šaponjac V, Sereikaitė J, Vargas-Murga L, Vulić JJ, Meléndez-Martínez AJ. European Database of Carotenoid Levels in Foods. Factors Affecting Carotenoid Content. Foods 2021; 10:foods10050912. [PMID: 33919309 PMCID: PMC8143354 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies indicate that diets including carotenoid-rich foods have positive effects on human health. Some of these compounds are precursors of the essential nutrient vitamin A. The present work is aimed at implementing a database of carotenoid contents of foods available in the European market. Factors affecting carotenoid content were also discussed. Analytical data available in peer-reviewed scientific literature from 1990 to 2018 and obtained by HPLC/UHPLC were considered. The database includes foods classified according to the FoodEx2 system and will benefit compilers, nutritionists and other professionals in areas related to food and human health. The results show the importance of food characterization to ensure its intercomparability, as large variations in carotenoid levels are observed between species and among varieties/cultivars/landraces. This highlights the significance of integrating nutritional criteria into agricultural choices and of promoting biodiversity. The uncertainty quantification associated with the measurements of the carotenoid content was very rarely evaluated in the literature consulted. According to the EuroFIR data quality evaluation system for food composition tables, the total data quality index mean was 24 in 35, reflecting efforts by researchers in the analytical methods, and less resources in the sampling plan documentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Graça Dias
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.G.D.); (F.R.)
| | - Grethe Iren A. Borge
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, NO 1433 Ås, Norway;
| | - Kristina Kljak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Anamarija I. Mandić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Paula Mapelli-Brahm
- Food Colour & Quality Laboratory, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
| | | | - Adela M. Pintea
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Francisco Ravasco
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.G.D.); (F.R.)
| | - Vesna Tumbas Šaponjac
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.T.Š.); (J.J.V.)
| | - Jolanta Sereikaitė
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | | | - Jelena J. Vulić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.T.Š.); (J.J.V.)
| | - Antonio J. Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Colour & Quality Laboratory, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Simić M, Šimurina O, Nježić Z, Vančetović J, Kandić V, Nikolić V, Žilić S. Effects of ascorbic acid and sugar on physical, textural and sensory properties of composite breads. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr48-34944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to demonstrate the combined effects of different maize flour, ascorbic acid and sugar on the physical, textural and sensory properties of composite breads. The composite flour was prepared using 70% of wheat flour and 30% of flour obtained from grain of differently colored maize - light blue, blue, red and yellow maize flour. Chemical characterization of composite flours made with four different types of maize was also assessed. Furthermore, the content of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids and antioxidant capacity in composite flours was determined. A total of 12 breads were prepared, four of which were control composite breads, four breads with ascorbic acid, and four were breads with ascorbic acid and sugar. The content of total phenolic compounds showed clear differences among all composite flours. The anthocyanins content determined in composite flours was in the following descending order: blue>red>light blue, while in the yellow maize composite flour anthocyanins were not detected. The results showed that the addition of AsA (0.025%) and sugar (5%) negatively affected the volume as well as the specific volume of composite wheat-maize breads. The texture analysis showed that the addition of AsA in the amount of 0.025% had no impact on springiness, cohesiveness and resilience of bread crumb, while it increased crumb hardness. However, composite breads made with AsA and AsA/sugar showed a more compact structure, with a larger number of cells and smaller mean cell areas. AsA/sugar bread samples within the tested doses had the lowest springiness, which is indicative of brittleness and reflects the tendency of the bread to crumble when slicing. Results of the sensory evaluation revealed that the AsA and sugar addition had a generally positive effect on the investigated sensory attributes.
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Fang H, Fu X, Wang Y, Xu J, Feng H, Li W, Xu J, Jittham O, Zhang X, Zhang L, Yang N, Xu G, Wang M, Li X, Li J, Yan J, Yang X. Genetic basis of kernel nutritional traits during maize domestication and improvement. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:278-292. [PMID: 31529523 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional traits of maize kernels are important for human and animal nutrition, and these traits have undergone selection to meet the diverse nutritional needs of humans. However, our knowledge of the genetic basis of selecting for kernel nutritional traits is limited. Here, we identified both single and epistatic quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that contributed to the differences of oil and carotenoid traits between maize and teosinte. Over half of teosinte alleles of single QTLs increased the values of the detected oil and carotenoid traits. Based on the pleiotropism or linkage information of the identified single QTLs, we constructed a trait-locus network to help clarify the genetic basis of correlations among oil and carotenoid traits. Furthermore, the selection features and evolutionary trajectories of the genes or loci underlying variations in oil and carotenoid traits revealed that these nutritional traits produced diverse selection events during maize domestication and improvement. To illustrate more, a mutator distance-relative transposable element (TE) in intron 1 of DXS2, which encoded a rate-limiting enzyme in the methylerythritol phosphate pathway, was identified to increase carotenoid biosynthesis by enhancing DXS2 expression. This TE occurs in the grass teosinte, and has been found to have undergone selection during maize domestication and improvement, and is almost fixed in yellow maize. Our findings not only provide important insights into evolutionary changes in nutritional traits, but also highlight the feasibility of reintroducing back into commercial agricultural germplasm those nutritionally important genes hidden in wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center of China, MOA Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiuyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center of China, MOA Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yuebin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center of China, MOA Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haiying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center of China, MOA Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weiya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center of China, MOA Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jieting Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Orawan Jittham
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center of China, MOA Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center of China, MOA Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center of China, MOA Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Gen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center of China, MOA Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center of China, MOA Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center of China, MOA Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center of China, MOA Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center of China, MOA Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Oh S, Lee S, Park S, Lee S, Lee S, Cho H, Chung Y, Park S. Statistical study on the environmental effects on the natural variation of nutritional components in rice varieties. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:163-172. [PMID: 30680170 PMCID: PMC6341141 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was investigated to compare the natural variation of nutrients in rice variety by different environmental factors. Fifteen kinds of rices were used, which were cultivated in two locations for 2 years. All data were analyzed by the various statistical tools to identify the nutritional variations of nutrients. The results of variable importance in the prediction analysis were found to be consistent with the % variability. The nutrient compositions most affected by variety were fatty acids, and next were vitamins, proximate nutrients, minerals, and amino acids in order. The nutrient compositions most affected by location were proximate, followed by minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, and amino acids. For cultivation year, vitamins were most affected and then minerals, fatty acids, proximate nutrients, and amino acids in order. These findings could explain that each kind of nutrients can be naturally varied by different environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon‐Woo Oh
- National Institute of Agricultural ScienceRural Development AdministrationJeonju‐siKorea
| | - Soyoung Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural ScienceRural Development AdministrationJeonju‐siKorea
| | - Sooyun Park
- National Institute of Agricultural ScienceRural Development AdministrationJeonju‐siKorea
| | - Sanggu Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural ScienceRural Development AdministrationJeonju‐siKorea
| | - Seongkon Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural ScienceRural Development AdministrationJeonju‐siKorea
| | - Hyunsuk Cho
- National Institute of Agricultural ScienceRural Development AdministrationJeonju‐siKorea
| | - Youngsoo Chung
- Department of Molecular Genetic EngineeringDong‐A UniversityPusanKorea
| | - Soonki Park
- School of Applied BiosciencesKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
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7
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Heying EK, Ziemer KL, Tanumihardjo JP, Palacios-Rojas N, Tanumihardjo SA. β-Cryptoxanthin-Biofortified Hen Eggs Enhance Vitamin A Status When Fed to Male Mongolian Gerbils. J Nutr 2018; 148:1236-1243. [PMID: 30137479 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Consumption of provitamin A carotenoid biofortified crops, such as maize, supports vitamin A (VA) status in animals and humans. Laying hens that consume β-cryptoxanthin-biofortified maize deposit β-cryptoxanthin into egg yolk. Objective We investigated whether β-cryptoxanthin-biofortified egg consumption would affect VA status of male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) compared with white-yolked eggs. Methods β-Cryptoxanthin-biofortified egg yolk, produced in hens fed biofortified orange maize or tangerine-fortified maize feeds, was freeze-dried and fed to gerbils. White-yolked eggs were produced by feeding white maize to hens. Gerbils (n = 57) were fed VA-deficient feed for 28 d. After baseline (n = 7), treatments (n = 10/group) included oil control (VA-); 16.7% orange maize-biofortified, tangerine-fortified, or white-yolk egg feeds; or retinyl acetate as positive control (VA+) matched to daily preformed retinol intake from the eggs for 30 d. Preformed retinol did not differ between the egg yolks. Gerbil liver retinol, lipid, fatty acids, and cholesterol were determined. Results Liver retinol concentration (0.13 ± 0.03 µmol/g) and total hepatic VA (0.52 ± 0.12 µmol) were higher in gerbils fed orange maize-biofortified eggs than in all other groups. The VA- group was severely VA deficient (0.018 ±0.010 µmol/g; P < 0.05). Liver retinol was similar among VA+, tangerine-egg-, and white-egg-fed gerbils, but retinol reserves were higher in tangerine-egg-fed gerbils (0.35 ± 0.11 μmol) than in VA+ or VA- gerbils or at baseline (P < 0.05). Liver fat was 3.6 times (P < 0.0001) and cholesterol was 2.1 times (P < 0.004) higher in egg-fed groups that experienced hepatosteatosis. Liver fatty acid profiles reflected feed, but retinyl ester fatty acids did not. Conclusions The preformed retinol in the eggs enhanced gerbil VA status, and the β-cryptoxanthin-biofortified eggs from hens fed orange maize prevented deficiency. Biofortified maize can enhance VA status when consumed directly or through products from livestock fed orange maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Heying
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kaitlin Leary Ziemer
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jacob P Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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8
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Trupia S, Winkler-Moser JK, Guney AC, Beckstead R, Chen CYO. Nutritional quality of eggs from hens fed distillers dried grains with solubles. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2592-2601. [PMID: 27118865 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A feeding trial was conducted with laying hens where either 10% or 20% regular-fat distiller's dried grains with solubles (R-DDGS) or low-fat DDGS (L-DDGS) were incorporated into the feed. Production parameters and the effect of DDGS on egg nutritional quality, focusing on yolk lipids, were evaluated. Neither R-DDGS nor L-DDGS at up to 20% of laying hen feeds had a statistically significant impact on hen weight gain, egg production, feed intake, feed efficiency, egg mass, or egg weight. Specific gravity was slightly lower for eggs from hens fed 10% R-DDGS or 20% L-DDGS. Eggs from layers fed DDGS had enhanced levels of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and xanthophylls in the yolk, as well as also increased yolk yellow and red color. Eggs from L-DDGS diet had higher tocopherol content, but eggs from R-DDGS diets had higher xanthophylls. Fatty acid composition in eggs was slightly altered by DDGS, but the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids was very similar. Feeding DDGS to layer hens had no effect on lecithin or cholesterol content of the eggs. Thus, inclusion of DDGS in the diet of laying hens resulted in increases of several beneficial lipophilic nutrients in egg yolks with no apparent detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trupia
- National Corn-to-Ethanol Research Center, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 400 University Park Dr., Edwardsville, IL
| | - J K Winkler-Moser
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, NCAUR, Functional Foods Research Unit, Peoria, IL
| | - A C Guney
- University of Georgia, Poultry Science Department, Athens Georgia
| | - R Beckstead
- University of Georgia, Poultry Science Department, Athens Georgia
| | - C-Y O Chen
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Medford, MA
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Xu J, Li Z, Yang H, Yang X, Chen C, Li H. Genetic Diversity and Molecular Evolution of a Violaxanthin De-epoxidase Gene in Maize. Front Genet 2016; 7:131. [PMID: 27507987 PMCID: PMC4960258 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) has a critical role in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, which is involved in protecting the photosynthesis apparatus from damage caused by excessive light. Here, a VDE gene in maize, ZmVDE1, was cloned and shown to have functional domains in common with the gramineous VDE protein. Candidate gene association analysis indicated that no polymorphic sites in ZmVDE1 were significant association with any of the examined carotenoid-related traits at P = 0.05 in an association panel containing 155 maize inbred lines. Nucleotide diversity analysis of VDE1 in maize and teosinte indicated that its exon had less genetic variation, consistent with the conserved function of VDE1 in plants. In addition, dramatically reduced nucleotide diversity, fewer haplotypes and a significantly negative parameter deviation for Tajima’s D test of ZmVDE1 in maize and teosinte suggested that a potential selective force had acted across the ZmVDE1 locus. We further identified a 4.2 Mb selective sweep with low recombination surrounding the ZmVDE1 locus that resulted in severely reduced nucleotide diversity on chromosome 2. Collectively, natural selection and the conserved domains of ZmVDE1 might show an important role in the xanthophyll cycle of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Haorui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Cuixia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University Tai'an, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan Jinan, China
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10
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Nam KH, Park KW, Han SM, Kim SW, Lee JH, Kim CG. Compositional analysis of protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide-tolerant rice and conventional rice. Int J Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kee Woong Park
- Department of Crop Science; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 34134 Korea
| | - Sung Min Han
- Department of Crop Science; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 34134 Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Kim
- Korea Plant Resource Institute; Paju 10863 Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Lee
- Korea Plant Resource Institute; Paju 10863 Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Kim
- Bio-Evaluation Center; KRIBB; Cheongju 28116 Korea
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Masisi K, Diehl-Jones WL, Gordon J, Chapman D, Moghadasian MH, Beta T. Carotenoids of aleurone, germ, and endosperm fractions of barley, corn and wheat differentially inhibit oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2715-2724. [PMID: 25706713 DOI: 10.1021/jf5058606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant potential of carotenoids from aleurone, germ, and endosperm fractions of barley, corn, and wheat has been evaluated. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of lutein and zeaxanthin carotenoids (nd-15139 μg/kg) in extracts of cereal grain fractions. The antioxidant properties using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays revealed significantly higher (P<0.001) antioxidant activity in the germ than in the aleurone and endosperm fractions. Using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, 2,2'azobis (2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced cell loss was effectively reduced by preincubating Caco-2, HT-29, and FHs 74 Int cells with carotenoid extracts. Moreover, carotenoid extracts reduced (P<0.001) AAPH-induced intracellular oxidation in the cell lines, suggesting antioxidant activity. Of the 84 antioxidant pathway genes included in microarray array analysis (HT-29 cells), the expressions of 28 genes were enhanced (P<0.05). Our findings suggest that carotenoids of germ, aleurone, and endosperm fractions improved antioxidant capacity and thus have the potential to mitigate oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William L Diehl-Jones
- ΔManitoba Institute of Child Health, John Buhler Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4
| | - Joseph Gordon
- ΔManitoba Institute of Child Health, John Buhler Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4
- †Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0J9
| | - Donald Chapman
- ΔManitoba Institute of Child Health, John Buhler Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3P4
| | - Mohammed H Moghadasian
- ○Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R2H 2A6
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Fu J, Cheng Y, Linghu J, Yang X, Kang L, Zhang Z, Zhang J, He C, Du X, Peng Z, Wang B, Zhai L, Dai C, Xu J, Wang W, Li X, Zheng J, Chen L, Luo L, Liu J, Qian X, Yan J, Wang J, Wang G. RNA sequencing reveals the complex regulatory network in the maize kernel. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2832. [PMID: 24343161 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA sequencing can simultaneously identify exonic polymorphisms and quantitate gene expression. Here we report RNA sequencing of developing maize kernels from 368 inbred lines producing 25.8 billion reads and 3.6 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Both the MaizeSNP50 BeadChip and the Sequenom MassArray iPLEX platforms confirm a subset of high-quality SNPs. Of these SNPs, we have mapped 931,484 to gene regions with a mean density of 40.3 SNPs per gene. The genome-wide association study identifies 16,408 expression quantitative trait loci. A two-step approach defines 95.1% of the eQTLs to a 10-kb region, and 67.7% of them include a single gene. The establishment of relationships between eQTLs and their targets reveals a large-scale gene regulatory network, which include the regulation of 31 zein and 16 key kernel genes. These results contribute to our understanding of kernel development and to the improvement of maize yield and nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Fu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | - Jingjing Linghu
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Zuxin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cheng He
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuemei Du
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiyu Peng
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Bo Wang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihong Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changmin Dai
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jiabao Xu
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangru Li
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Chen
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Longhai Luo
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xiaoju Qian
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Guoying Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Bresnahan KA, Chileshe J, Tanumihardjo SA. Quantification of food and nutrient intakes in Zambian children with and without malaria under controlled feeding conditions. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:45-51. [PMID: 24415277 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213510661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A supplementation improves status, which may protect against malarial infection. Provitamin A carotenoid biofortified staple crops may provide a more sustainable approach to alleviate vitamin A deficiency than supplementation, but the impact of febrile illness on food intake must be considered in malaria endemic regions. Morbidity data and food logs from a three-month efficacy trial on provitamin A biofortified (orange) maize in preschool Zambian children (n = 181, age 3-5 years) were systematically analyzed over time to determine the impact of malaria on food intake. Nutrients examined included macronutrients, iron, zinc, and vitamin A. Comparisons based on individual intakes in healthy and malarial states over three-day intervals were made including children from both the orange and white maize groups (n = 100). Malaria prevalence did not differ overall or between treatment groups over time (all P > 0.05). Lower nutrient intakes were observed for all variables during malaria outbreaks (food 289 ± 412 g; energy 248 ± 346 kcal; carbohydrate 42 ± 62 g; protein 8 ± 12 g; fat 5 ± 7 g; iron 1 ± 2 mg; zinc 1 ± 1 mg; vitamin A 58 ± 100 retinol activity equivalents; all P < 0.05). No differences were observed between nutrient decreases in orange and white maize groups (P > 0.05). Considering the impact of malaria on food and nutrient intakes and increased vitamin A utilization and excretion due to the acute phase response, biofortification targets for provitamin A carotenoids may need to be elevated in malaria endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A Bresnahan
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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14
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Heying EK, Grahn M, Pixley KV, Rocheford T, Tanumihardjo SA. High-provitamin A carotenoid (Orange) maize increases hepatic vitamin A reserves of offspring in a vitamin A-depleted sow-piglet model during lactation. J Nutr 2013; 143:1141-6. [PMID: 23719225 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.175679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship of dietary vitamin A transfer from mother to fetus is not well understood. The difference in swine offspring liver reserves was investigated between single-dose vitamin A provided to the mother post-conception compared with continuous provitamin A carotenoid dietary intake from biofortified (enhanced provitamin A) orange maize (OM) fed during gestation and lactation. Vitamin A-depleted sows were fed OM (n = 5) or white maize (WM) + 1.05 mmol retinyl palmitate administered at the beginning of gestation (n = 6). Piglets (n = 102) were killed at 0, 10, 20, and 28 d after birth. Piglets from sows fed OM had higher liver retinol reserves (P < 0.0001) and a combined mean concentration from d 10 to 28 of 0.11 ± 0.030 μmol/g. Piglets from sows fed WM had higher serum retinol concentrations (0.56 ± 0.25 μmol/L; P = 0.0098) despite lower liver retinol concentrations of 0.068 ± 0.026 μmol/g from d 10 to 28. Milk was collected at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 28 d. Sows fed OM had a higher milk retinol concentration (1.36 ± 1.30 μmol/L; P = 0.038), than those fed WM (0.93 ±1.03 μmol/L). Sow livers were collected at the end of the study (n = 3/group) and had identical retinol concentrations (0.22 ± 0.05 μmol/g). Consumption of daily provitamin A carotenoids by sows during gestation and lactation increased liver retinol status in weanling piglets, illustrating the potential for provitamin A carotenoid consumption from biofortified staple foods to improve vitamin A reserves. Biofortified OM could have a measurable impact on vitamin A status in deficient populations if widely adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Heying
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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15
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Picot A, Atanasova-Pénichon V, Pons S, Marchegay G, Barreau C, Pinson-Gadais L, Roucolle J, Daveau F, Caron D, Richard-Forget F. Maize kernel antioxidants and their potential involvement in Fusarium ear rot resistance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3389-3395. [PMID: 23484637 DOI: 10.1021/jf4006033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The potential involvement of antioxidants (α-tocopherol, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and ferulic acid) in the resistance of maize varieties to Fusarium ear rot was the focus of this study. These antioxidants were present in all maize kernel stages, indicating that the fumonisin-producing fungi (mainly Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum ) are likely to face them during ear colonization. The effect of these compounds on fumonisin biosynthesis was studied in F. verticillioides liquid cultures. In carotenoid-treated cultures, no inhibitory effect of fumonisin accumulation was observed while a potent inhibitory activity was obtained for sublethal doses of α-tocopherol (0.1 mM) and ferulic acid (1 mM). Using a set of genotypes with moderate to high susceptibility to Fusarium ear rot, ferulic acid was significantly lower in immature kernels of the very susceptible group. Such a relation was nonexistent for tocopherols and carotenoids. Also, ferulic acid in immature kernels ranged from 3 to 8.5 mg/g, i.e., at levels consistent with the in vitro inhibitory concentration. Overall, our data support the fact that ferulic acid may contribute to resistance to Fusarium ear rot and/or fumonisin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Picot
- ARVALIS-Institut du végétal, 6 Chemin de la Côte Vieille, Baziège, France
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Fu Z, Chai Y, Zhou Y, Yang X, Warburton ML, Xu S, Cai Y, Zhang D, Li J, Yan J. Natural variation in the sequence of PSY1 and frequency of favorable polymorphisms among tropical and temperate maize germplasm. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:923-35. [PMID: 23238762 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-2026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Provitamin A (Pro-VA) is necessary for human vision and immune system health, especially in growing children. The first committed step in the maize carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is catalyzed by phytoene synthase 1 (encoded by PSY1) which controls the flux of substrates into the pathway. The flow of these substrates could be directed into production of the β-branch carotenoids (the step controlled largely by the lycopene epsilon cyclase gene), but terminated after the production of β-carotene, rather than allowing it to be converted into the next metabolite (the step controlled largely by the β-carotenoid hydroxylase gene). In this study, PSY1 was subjected to association mapping in two diverse maize populations, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in one segregating population, and expression analysis of lines polymorphic for sites within PSY1. The results indicated that a 378-bp InDel upstream of the transcription start site and a SNP in the fifth exon resulting in a Thr to Asn substitution, explaining 7 and 8 % of the total carotenoid variation, respectively, may be functional sites associated with total carotenoid levels in maize grain. Analysis of the evolution of PSY1 strongly suggests that there was positive selection for these polymorphic sites after the divergence of yellow maize from white maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Haidian, 100193 Beijing, China
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Ndolo VU, Beta T. Distribution of carotenoids in endosperm, germ, and aleurone fractions of cereal grain kernels. Food Chem 2013; 139:663-71. [PMID: 23561159 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To compare the distribution of carotenoids across the grain, non-corn and corn cereals were hand dissected into endosperm, germ and aleurone fractions. Total carotenoid content (TCC) and carotenoid composition were analysed using spectrophotometry and HPLC. Cereal carotenoid composition was similar; however, concentrations varied significantly (p<0.05). Endosperm fractions had TCC ranging from 0.88 to 2.27 and 14.17 to 31.35 mg/kg in non-corn cereals and corn, respectively. TCC, lutein and zeaxanthin in germ fractions were higher in non-corn cereals than in corn. Lutein and zeaxanthin contents were lower in non-corn cereal endosperms. The aleurone layer had zeaxanthin levels 2- to 5-fold higher than lutein among the cereals. Positive significant correlations (p<0.05) were found between TCC, carotenoids analysed by HPLC and DPPH results. This study is the first to report on carotenoid composition of the aleurone layer. Our findings suggest that the aleurone of wheat, oat, corn and germ of barley have significantly enhanced carotenoid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria U Ndolo
- University of Manitoba, Department of Food Science, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
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Xu S, Pegg RB, Kerr WL. Sensory and Physicochemical Properties of Sweet Potato Chips Made by Vacuum-Belt Drying. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suxuan Xu
- Department of Food Science & Technology; College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; The University of Georgia; 100 Cedar Street Athens GA 30602
| | - Ronald B. Pegg
- Department of Food Science & Technology; College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; The University of Georgia; 100 Cedar Street Athens GA 30602
| | - William L. Kerr
- Department of Food Science & Technology; College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; The University of Georgia; 100 Cedar Street Athens GA 30602
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19
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Determination of lipophilic compounds in genetically modified rice using gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Kean EG, Bordenave N, Ejeta G, Hamaker BR, Ferruzzi MG. Carotenoid bioaccessibility from whole grain and decorticated yellow endosperm sorghum porridge. J Cereal Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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22
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Irakli MN, Samanidou VF, Papadoyannis IN. Development and validation of an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of tocopherols, tocotrienols and carotenoids in cereals after solid-phase extraction. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1375-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Medina-Torres L, Vernon-Carter EJ, Gallegos-Infante JA, Rocha-Guzman NE, Herrera-Valencia EE, Calderas F, Jiménez-Alvarado R. Study of the antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from nopal cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) cladodes after convective drying. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1001-1005. [PMID: 21287558 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of convective drying was evaluated in terms of the bioactive compounds contained in nopal samples before and after dehydration. Total polyphenol, flavonoid, flavonol, carotene and ascorbic acid contents were determined in undehydrated and dehydrated samples. Two drying temperatures (45 and 65 °C) and two air flow rates (3 and 5 m s(-1) ) were evaluated. The rheology of samples under the best drying conditions was also studied, since it provides important information regarding processing (mixing, flow processing) as well as the sensory attributes (texture) of rehydrated samples. RESULTS Non-Newtonian shear-thinning behaviour was observed for samples dried at 45 °C, while samples dried at 65 °C showed shear-thickening behaviour, possibly caused by thermal chain scission of high-molecular-weight components. CONCLUSION The best conditions for bioactive compound preservation were a drying temperature of 45 °C and an air flow rate of 3 m s(-1) , resulting in 40.97 g phenols, 23.41 g flavonoids, 0.543 g β-carotene and 0.2815 g ascorbic acid kg(-1) sample as shown in table 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Medina-Torres
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Edificio 'E', Lab-213, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510 México, DF, Mexico
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ZHOU Y, FU ZY, LI Q, XU ST, CHANDER S, YANG XH, LI JS, YAN JB. Comparative Analysis of Carotenoid and Tocopherol Compositions in High-Oil and Normal Maize ( Zea mays L.) Inbreds. ZUOWU XUEBAO 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1006.2009.02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Ibrahim KE, Juvik JA. Feasibility for improving phytonutrient content in vegetable crops using conventional breeding strategies: case study with carotenoids and tocopherols in sweet corn and broccoli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4636-4644. [PMID: 19489619 DOI: 10.1021/jf900260d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Among vegetables, sweet corn ( Zea mays L.) and broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L. ssp. italica) are important sources of dietary carotenoids and tocopherols. Because medical evidence suggests that carotenoid and tocopherol health-promoting activity acts in a dose-dependent manner, conventional breeding to develop elite sweet corn and broccoli germplasm with enhanced levels of these phytochemicals will potentially promote health among the consuming public. This investigation includes the quantitative analysis of carotenoid and tocopherol contents of 41 corn and 24 broccoli genotypes grown in multiple environments (years and seasons in one location) to partition the variation into genetic, environment, and genotype by environment interaction (GxE) components and measure the phenotypic stability of genotypes for these phytochemicals. The primary carotenoids and tocopherols in corn were lutein and gamma-tocopherol (65 and 73% of total carotenoid and tocopherol, respectively), whereas beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol were dominant in broccoli (65 and 79% of total carotenoid and tocopherol, respectively). Partitioning of the variance indicated that genetic differences among the genotypes averaged for the primary compounds in corn (lutein, zeaxanthin, and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol) and broccoli (beta-carotene, lutein, and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol) accounted for the largest proportion of the variation (67 and 55% of total phenotypic variation averaged across the phytochemicals in sweet corn and broccoli, respectively). Stability analysis identified several corn (IL451b sh2 and IL2027-8 sh2) and broccoli ('Pirate' and 'Baccus') genotypes with relatively high mean concentrations for the various carotenoids and tocopherols that were comparatively stable across seasons and years. The results of this investigation suggest that sweet corn and broccoli germplasm with enhanced concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols can be developed using conventional breeding protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid E Ibrahim
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Kean EG, Hamaker BR, Ferruzzi MG. Carotenoid bioaccessibility from whole grain and degermed maize meal products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:9918-9926. [PMID: 18937488 DOI: 10.1021/jf8018613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although yellow maize (Zea mays) fractions and products are a source of dietary carotenoids, only limited information is available on the bioavailability of these pigments from maize-based foods. To better understand the distribution and bioavailability of carotenoid pigments from yellow maize (Z. mays) products, commercial milled maize fractions were screened for carotenoid content as were model foods including extruded puff, bread, and wet cooked porridge. Carotenoid content of maize fractions ranged from a low of 1.77-6.50 mg/kg in yellow maize bran (YCB) to 12.04-17.94 mg/kg in yellow corn meal (YCM). Lutein and zeaxanthin were major carotenoid species in maize milled fractions, accounting for approximately 70% of total carotenoid content. Following screening, carotenoid bioaccessibility was assessed from model foods using a simulated three-stage in vitro digestion process designed to measure transfer of carotenoids from the food matrix to bile salt lipid micelles (micellarization). Micellarization efficiency of xanthophylls was similar from YCM extruded puff and bread (63 and 69%), but lower from YCM porridge (48%). Xanthophyll micellarization from whole yellow corn meal (WYCM) products was highest in bread (85%) and similar in extruded puff and porridge (46 and 47%). For extruded puffs and breads, beta-carotene micellarization was 10-23%, but higher in porridge (40-63%), indicating that wet cooking may positively influence bioaccessibility of apolar carotenes. The results suggest that maize-based food products are good dietary sources of bioaccessible carotenoids and that specific food preparation methods may influence the relative bioaccessibility of individual carotenoid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie G Kean
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Chander S, Guo YQ, Yang XH, Zhang J, Lu XQ, Yan JB, Song TM, Rocheford TR, Li JS. Using molecular markers to identify two major loci controlling carotenoid contents in maize grain. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2008; 116:223-33. [PMID: 17960357 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-007-0661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Maize is an important source of pro-vitamin A; beta-carotene, alpha-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin, and the non-pro-vitamin A carotenoids including lutein and zeaxanthin. In the present study, a recombinant inbred (RI) population with 233 RI lines derived from a cross between By804 and B73 was employed to detect QTL for these nutritionally important components in maize grain. High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to measure amounts of individual carotenoids over 2 years. A genetic linkage map was constructed with 201 molecular markers. In all, 31 putative QTL including 23 for individual and 8 for total carotenoids were detected on chromosome(s) 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10. The notable aspect of this study was that much of the phenotypic variation in contents of carotenoids could be explained by two loci (y1 and y9), and the QTL for carotenoids elucidated the interrelationships among these compounds at the molecular level. A gene targeted marker (Y1ssr) in the candidate gene phytoene synthase 1 (psy1) tightly linked to a major QTL explaining 6.6-27.2% phenotypic variation for levels of carotenoids was identified, which may prove useful to expedite breeding for higher level of carotenoids in maize grain. This functionally characterized gene (psy1) could also be exploited for further development of functional marker for carotenoids in maize. The QTL cluster located at y9 locus may also be used for pyramiding favorable alleles controlling contents of carotenoids from diverse maize germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chander
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, 100094 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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A Comparison of the Levels of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Corn Germ Oil, Corn Fiber Oil and Corn Kernel Oil. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-007-1137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Kean EG, Ejeta G, Hamaker BR, Ferruzzi MG. Characterization of carotenoid pigments in mature and developing kernels of selected yellow-endosperm sorghum varieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:2619-26. [PMID: 17335221 DOI: 10.1021/jf062939v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum is a critical source of food in the semiarid regions of sub-Saharan Africa and India and a potential source of dietary phytochemicals including carotenoids. The objective of this study was to determine the carotenoid profiles of sorghum cultivars, selected on the basis of their yellow-endosperm kernels, at various developmental stages. Following extraction from sorghum flours, carotenoids were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection. Total carotenoid content in fully matured yellow-endosperm sorghum kernels (0.112-0.315 mg/kg) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that in yellow maize (1.152 mg/kg) at physiological maturity. Variation in total carotenoids and within individual carotenoid species was observed in fully mature sorghum cultivars. For developing kernels, large increases in carotenoid content occurred between 10 and 30 days after half bloom (DAHB), resulting in a peak accumulation between 6.06 and 28.53 microg of total carotenoids per thousand kernels (TK). A significant (p < 0.05) decline was noted from 30 to 50 DAHB, resulting in a final carotenoid content of 2.62-15.02 microg/TK total carotenoids. (all-E)-Zeaxanthin was the most abundant carotenoid, ranging from 2.22 to 13.29 microg/TK at 30 DAHB. (all-E)-Beta-carotene was present in modest amounts (0.15-3.83 microg/TK). These data suggest the presence of genetic variation among sorghum cultivars for carotenoid accumulation in developing and mature kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie G Kean
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Abdel-Aal ESM, Young JC, Rabalski I, Hucl P, Fregeau-Reid J. Identification and quantification of seed carotenoids in selected wheat species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:787-94. [PMID: 17263475 DOI: 10.1021/jf062764p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Selected primitive and modern wheat species were evaluated on the basis of their carotenoid composition and effects of the genotype and environment on lutein using spectrometry and liquid chromatography. Carotenoids in the wheat extracts were identified and confirmed on the basis of their UV/vis and mass spectra compared with those of authentic standards. The protonated molecule (M + 1)+ at m/z 569 was the predominant ion for zeaxanthin compared to the fragment ion at m/z 551 for lutein. A similar carotenoid profile was obtained for the wheat species investigated, but significant differences were observed in the concentration of carotenoids. Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) exhibited the highest level of all-trans-lutein, averaging 7.41 microg/g with small amounts of all-trans-zeaxanthin, cis-lutein isomers, and beta-carotene. Durum, Kamut, and Khorasan (Triticum turgidum) had intermediate levels of lutein (5.41-5.77 microg/g), while common bread or pastry wheat (Triticum aestivum) had the lowest content (2.01-2.11 microg/g). Lutein in einkorn appeared to be influenced significantly by environmental growing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Sayed M Abdel-Aal
- Food Research Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G5C9.
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Howe JA, Tanumihardjo SA. Evaluation of analytical methods for carotenoid extraction from biofortified maize (Zea mays sp.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:7992-7. [PMID: 17032000 DOI: 10.1021/jf062256f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofortification of maize with beta-carotene has the potential to improve vitamin A status in vitamin A deficient populations where maize is a staple crop. Accurate assessment of provitamin A carotenoids in maize must be performed to direct breeding efforts. The objective was to evaluate carotenoid extraction methods and determine essential steps for use in countries growing biofortified maize. The most reproducible method based on coefficient of variation and extraction efficiency was a modification of Kurilich and Juvik (1999). Heat and saponification are required to release carotenoids from biofortified maize and remove oils interfering with chromatographic analysis. For maize samples with high oil content, additional base may be added to ensure complete saponification without compromising results. Degradation of internal standard before carotenoids were released from the maize matrix required the addition of internal standard after heating to prevent overestimation of carotenoids. This modified method works well for lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Howe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Howe JA, Tanumihardjo SA. Carotenoid-biofortified maize maintains adequate vitamin a status in Mongolian gerbils. J Nutr 2006; 136:2562-7. [PMID: 16988127 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.10.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to biofortify maize with provitamin A carotenoids have been successful, but the impact on vitamin A (VA) status has not been determined. We conducted two studies that investigated the bioefficacy of provitamin A carotenoids from maize and compared maize percentage and carotenoid concentrations on VA status in VA-depleted Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Gerbils (n = 40/study) were fed a white maize diet 4 wk prior to treatment. In study 1, treatments (n = 10/group) included oil control, 60% high-beta-carotene maize, and beta-carotene or VA supplements (matched to high-beta-carotene maize). In study 2, gerbils were fed 30 or 60% orange or yellow maize diets. Gerbils were killed after 4 wk. In study 1, liver VA concentrations, compared with the high-beta-carotene maize group (0.25 +/- 0.15 micromol/g), were higher in the VA group (0.56 +/- 0.15 micromol/g, P < 0.05), lower in the control (0.10 +/- 0.04 micromol/g, P < 0.05), and did not differ in the beta-carotene group (0.25 +/- 0.08 micromol/g). Bioconversion was approximately 3 microg beta-carotene to 1 mug retinol (1.5 mol beta-carotene to 1 mol retinol). The liver beta-carotene content was greater in the high-beta-carotene maize group (26.4 +/- 6.0 nmol) than in the beta-carotene supplement group (14.1 +/- 6.0 nmol; P < 0.05). In study 2, the gerbils' VA status improved with increasing dietary beta-carotene. Liver VA in gerbils fed orange maize was greater than in those fed yellow maize, regardless of maize percentage (P < 0.05). Biofortified maize adequately maintained VA status in Mongolian gerbils and was as efficacious as beta-carotene supplementation. In populations consuming maize as a staple food, using orange instead of white maize could dramatically affect VA status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Howe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Eberhardt MV, Kobira K, Keck AS, Juvik JA, Jeffery EH. Correlation analyses of phytochemical composition, chemical, and cellular measures of antioxidant activity of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Var. italica). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:7421-31. [PMID: 16159168 DOI: 10.1021/jf051495k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical measures of antioxidant activity within the plant, such as the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, have been reported for many plant-based foods. However, the extent to which chemical measures relate to cellular measures of oxidative stress is unclear. The natural variation in the phytochemical content of 22 broccoli genotypes was used to determine correlations among chemical composition (carotenoids, tocopherols and polyphenolics), chemical antioxidant activity (ORAC), and measures of cellular antioxidation [prevention of DNA oxidative damage and of oxidation of the biomarker dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) in HepG2 cells] using hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts of broccoli. For lipophilic extracts, ORAC (ORAC-L) correlated with inhibition of cellular oxidation of DCFH (DCFH-L, r = 0.596, p = 0.006). Also, DNA damage in the presence of the lipophilic extract was negatively correlated with both chemical and cellular measures of antioxidant activity as measured by ORAC-L (r = -0.705, p = 0.015) and DCFH-L (r = -0.671, p = 0.048), respectively. However, no correlations were observed for hydrophilic (-H) extracts, except between polyphenol content and ORAC (ORAC-H; r = 0.778, p < 0.001). Inhibition of cellular oxidation by hydrophilic extracts (DCFH-H) and ORAC-H were approximately 8- and 4-fold greater than DCFH-L and ORAC-L, respectively. Whether ORAC-H has more biological relevance than ORAC-L because of its magnitude or whether ORAC-L bears more biological relevance because it relates to cellular estimates of antioxidant activity remains to be determined. Chemical estimates of antioxidant capacity within the plant may not accurately reflect the complex nature of the full antioxidant activity of broccoli extracts within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian V Eberhardt
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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Brenna OV, Berardo N. Application of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to the evaluation of carotenoids content in maize. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:5577-5582. [PMID: 15373395 DOI: 10.1021/jf0495082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The importance of including antioxidant compounds in the diet is well recognized. These compounds remediate the detrimental activity on animal cells of the so-called reactive oxygen substances (ROS). Many papers have reported on the determination of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic antioxidant compounds present in a large number of vegetables, and all methods involve the extraction from the matrix of the compounds to be determined. Because some problems may arise, such as the completeness of the extraction and the stability of the extracted compound during the extraction steps, the possibility of analyzing these compounds in the native matrix would be useful. Here is reported the application of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to the determination of the content of carotenoids in maize, comparing the obtained data with those derived from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination of the extract obtained from the same samples. Equations for predicting carotenoid content in maize were derived using scores from modified partial least-squares (MPLS) as independent variables. Cross-validation procedures indicated good correlations between HPLC values and NIRS estimates. The results show that NIRS, a well-established and widely applied technique, can be applied to determine the maize carotenoids and that samples are readily analyzed in minutes, the only required step being their grinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreste V Brenna
- Department of Food Science and Microbiology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Wong JC, Lambert RJ, Wurtzel ET, Rocheford TR. QTL and candidate genes phytoene synthase and zeta-carotene desaturase associated with the accumulation of carotenoids in maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2004; 108:349-59. [PMID: 14523521 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2003] [Accepted: 08/12/2003] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a class of fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin compounds present in maize ( Zea mays L.) that may provide health benefits to animals or humans. Four carotenoid compounds are predominant in maize grain: beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and lutein. Although beta-carotene has the highest pro-vitamin A activity, it is present in a relatively low concentration in maize kernels. We set out to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting carotenoid accumulation in maize kernels. Two sets of segregating families were evaluated-a set of F2:3 lines derived from a cross of W64a x A632, and their testcross progeny with AE335. Molecular markers were evaluated on the F2:3 lines and a genetic linkage map created. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to measure beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and lutein on both sets of materials. Composite interval mapping identified chromosome regions with QTL for one or more individual carotenoids in the per se and testcross progenies. Notably QTL in the per se population map to regions with candidate genes, yellow 1 and viviparous 9, which may be responsible for quantitative variation in carotenoids. The yellow 1 gene maps to chromosome six and is associated with phytoene synthase, the enzyme catalyzing the first dedicated step in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. The viviparous 9 gene maps to chromosome seven and is associated with zeta-carotene desaturase, an enzyme catalyzing an early step in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. If the QTL identified in this study are confirmed, particularly those associated with candidates genes, they could be used in an efficient marker-assisted selection program to facilitate increasing levels of carotenoids in maize grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Wong
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Abstract
Vitamin E is the common name that describes eight naturally occurring compounds possessing alpha-tocopherol activity. These eight vitamin E compounds are collectively termed tocols, and all have antioxidant activity. There is natural variation among different corn breeding lines for levels of tocols. The two predominant isomers present in corn grain are gamma-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol. Alpha-tocopherol is considered more desirable for human and animal consumption because it has higher biological activity than gamma-tocopherol. Most corn breeding lines naturally have much more gamma-tocopherol than alpha-tocopherol. Therefore a breeding goal is to increase levels of alpha-tocopherol relative to gamma-tocopherol. However, recent research suggests that gamma-tocopherol and compounds metabolized from it have properties important to human health that are unique from properties of alpha-tocopherol. Therefore it may be desirable to not only increase levels of alpha-tocopherol in corn grain, but also levels of gamma-tocopherol. Determination of levels of tocopherols in corn grain is very laborious, requires HPLC analysis and is too time consuming for use in routine commercial corn breeding programs. Therefore we are performing biotechnology enabled molecular marker mapping of chromosomal regions with genes that control levels and ratios of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol. Breeders can use molecular markers we have identified to expediently select for desirable alleles of genes that will improve levels of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in corn grain, without having to perform laborious HPLC assays. Another biotechnology strategy we have initiated is genetic transformation of corn with the gamma-tocopherol methyl transferase gene to enhance conversion of gamma-tocopherol to alpha-tocopherol and thus increase levels of alpha-tocopherol. This transgenic strategy has been demonstrated in the model plant Arabidopsis, and we are now applying this approach to corn.
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