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Liu YY, Li YY, Liu YS, Zhang ZL, Gao YJ. Establishment and validation of a nomogram containing cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1 for the differential diagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1404799. [PMID: 39007100 PMCID: PMC11239389 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1404799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Our study aimed to develop a nomogram incorporating cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1 (CYFRA21-1) to assist in differentiating between patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods A total of 487 patients who were diagnosed with ICC and HCC at Qilu Hospital of Shandong University were included in this study. The patients were divided into a training cohort and a validation cohort based on whether the data collection was retrospective or prospective. Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to select variables for the nomogram. The discrimination and calibration of the nomogram were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration plots. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to assess the nomogram's net benefits at various threshold probabilities. Results Six variables, including CYFRA21-1, were incorporated to establish the nomogram. Its satisfactory discriminative ability was indicated by the AUC (0.972 for the training cohort, 0.994 for the validation cohort), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) values. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test and the calibration plots demonstrated favorable consistency between the nomogram predictions and the actual observations. Moreover, DCA revealed the clinical utility and superior discriminative ability of the nomogram compared to the model without CYFRA21-1 and the model consisting of the logarithm of alpha-fetoprotein (Log AFP) and the logarithm of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (Log CA19-9). Additionally, the AUC values suggested that the discriminative ability of Log CYFRA21-1 was greater than that of the other variables used as diagnostic biomarkers. Conclusions This study developed and validated a nomogram including CYFRA21-1, which can aid clinicians in the differential diagnosis of ICC and HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yue-Yue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yong-Shuai Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zong-Li Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Jing Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Cohen E, Johnson CN, Wasikowski R, Billi AC, Tsoi LC, Kahlenberg JM, Gudjonsson JE, Coulombe PA. Significance of stress keratin expression in normal and diseased epithelia. iScience 2024; 27:108805. [PMID: 38299111 PMCID: PMC10828818 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A group of keratin intermediate filament genes, the type II KRT6A-C and type I KRT16 and KRT17, are deemed stress responsive as they are induced in keratinocytes of surface epithelia in response to environmental stressors, in skin disorders (e.g., psoriasis) and in carcinomas. Monitoring stress keratins is widely used to identify keratinocytes in an activated state. Here, we analyze single-cell transcriptomic data from healthy and diseased human skin to explore the properties of stress keratins. Relative to keratins occurring in healthy skin, stress-induced keratins are expressed at lower levels and show lesser type I-type II pairwise regulation. Stress keratins do not "replace" the keratins expressed during normal differentiation nor reflect cellular proliferation. Instead, stress keratins are consistently co-regulated with genes with roles in differentiation, inflammation, and/or activation of innate immunity at the single-cell level. These findings provide a roadmap toward explaining the broad diversity and contextual regulation of keratins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Craig N. Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachael Wasikowski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allison C. Billi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lam C. Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. Michelle Kahlenberg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Johann E. Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pierre A. Coulombe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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3
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Li P, Qi J, Zhong Y, Ding A, Xiao H. Proteomic profiling reveals KRT6C as a probable hereterodimer partner for KRT9: New insights into re-classifying epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK) and a milder form of pachyonychia congenita (PC-K6c) as a group of genetic cutaneous disorders. J Proteomics 2023; 287:104971. [PMID: 37467889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK), a highly penetrant autosomal dominant genodermatosis, is characterized by diffuse keratoses on palmplantar epidermis. The keratin 9 gene (KRT9) is responsible for EPPK. To date, phenotypic therapy is the primary treatment for EPPK. Because KRT9 pairs with a type II keratin-binding partner to function in epidermis, identifying the interaction partner is an essential first step in revealing EPPK pathogenesis and its fundamental treatment. In this study, we proved that keratin 6C (KRT6C) is a probable hereterodimer partner for KRT9. In silico model for KRT6C/KRT9 shows a typical coiled-coil structure in their 2B domains. Proteomics analysis shows that KRT6C/KRT9 pair is in a densely connected protein-protein interaction network, where proteins participate jointly in regulating cytoskeleton organization and keratinization. This study shows that co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectroscopy and proteomics analysis provide a sensitive approach, which compensates for inevitable inadequacies of anti-keratin 6C antibody and helps discover the probable hereterodimer partner KRT6C for KRT9. The acknowledgement of KRT6C/KRT9 pairwise relationship may help re-classify EPPK and PC-K6c (a milder form of pachyonychia congenita, caused by KRT6C) as a group of hereditary defects at a molecular-based level, and lay foundation for deciphering the keratin network contributing to EPPK and PC-K6c. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: What is already known about this topic? KRT9 and KRT6C are disease-causing factors for epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK) and a milder form of pachyonychia congenita (PC-K6c), respectively. EPPK and PC-K6c have some symptom similarities. Keratins are the major structural proteins in epithelial cells. Each of the type I keratin is matched by a particular type II keratin to assemble a coiled-coil heterodimer. The hereterodimer partner for KRT9 is unknown. What does this study add? We discovered and proved that KRT6C is a probable hereterodimer partner for KRT9 in palmplantar epidermis in a native endogenous environment by using co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectroscopy and proteomics analysis, etc. The proteomics analysis shows that KRT6C/KRT9 keratin pair is in a densely connected protein-protein interaction network, where proteins participate jointly in regulating intermediate filament-based cytoskeleton organization and keratinization processes. What are the implications of this work? The new understanding of probable KRT6C/KRT9 pairwise correlation may help re-classify the genetic cutaneous disorders EPPK and PC-K6c as a group of hereditary defects at a molecular-based level, and lay foundation for pathogenic mechanism research in EPPK and PC-K6c. The densely related network components derived from the proteomic data using Metascape in the study and pairwise regulation fashion of specific keratin pairs should attract more attention in the further explorations when investigators concern the physiological functions of keratins and the pathogenesis of related skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, China NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Qi
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Zhong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Aoli Ding
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Xia L, Li C, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Hu C, Qu Y, Li H, Yan J, Zhou K, Li P. Expression analysis of alpha keratins and corneous beta-protein genes during embryonic development of Gekko japonicus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 47:101116. [PMID: 37567027 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal appendages of birds and reptiles, including claws, feathers, scales, and setae, are primarily composed of alpha keratins (KRTs) and corneous beta-proteins (CBPs). A comprehensive and systematic knowledge of KRTs and CBPs in Schlegel's Japanese gecko (Gekko japonicus) is still lacking. In this study, 22 candidate Gecko japonicus keratin (GjKRT) family genes (12 type I genes, 10 type II genes) were identified in the G. japonicus genome. The majority of GjKRT genes across various subgroups had undergone a prolonged and highly conservative evolutionary process. Through a combination of morphological observation, RNA-seq analysis, and qRT-PCR assay, it was possible to discern the dynamic alterations in the expression of GjKRTs and Gecko japonicus corneous beta-proteins genes (GjCBPs). These findings strongly indicate that GjKRTs gradually accumulate to constitute an α-layer, which is subsequently succeeded by the formation of the corneous beta layer containing GjCBPs at late stages (40-42) of embryonic development. The epidermal appendages in G. japonicus may result from the joint accumulation of KRTs and CBPs, with stages 40-42 being critical for their development. These findings provide novel insights into KRTs and CBPs of G. japonicus and offer a foundation for investigating the functions of GjKRT and GjCBP gene families. Furthermore, this knowledge contributes to unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of epidermal appendages in G. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjie Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chaochao Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yanfu Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jie Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kaiya Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Peng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Cohen E, Johnson C, Redmond CJ, Nair RR, Coulombe PA. Revisiting the significance of keratin expression in complex epithelia. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs260594. [PMID: 36285538 PMCID: PMC10658788 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A large group of keratin genes (n=54 in the human genome) code for intermediate filament (IF)-forming proteins and show differential regulation in epithelial cells and tissues. Keratin expression can be highly informative about the type of epithelial tissue, differentiation status of constituent cells and biological context (e.g. normal versus diseased settings). The foundational principles underlying the use of keratin expression to gain insight about epithelial cells and tissues primarily originated in pioneering studies conducted in the 1980s. The recent emergence of single cell transcriptomics provides an opportunity to revisit these principles and gain new insight into epithelial biology. Re-analysis of single-cell RNAseq data collected from human and mouse skin has confirmed long-held views regarding the quantitative importance and pairwise regulation of specific keratin genes in keratinocytes of surface epithelia. Furthermore, such analyses confirm and extend the notion that changes in keratin gene expression occur gradually as progenitor keratinocytes commit to and undergo differentiation, and challenge the prevailing assumption that specific keratin combinations reflect a mitotic versus a post-mitotic differentiating state. Our findings provide a blueprint for similar analyses in other tissues, and warrant a more nuanced approach in the use of keratin genes as biomarkers in epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Craig Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Catherine J. Redmond
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Raji R. Nair
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pierre A. Coulombe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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6
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Kumar AA, Buckley BJ, Ranson M. The Urokinase Plasminogen Activation System in Pancreatic Cancer: Prospective Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules 2022; 12:152. [PMID: 35204653 PMCID: PMC8961517 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy that features high recurrence rates and the poorest prognosis of all solid cancers. The urokinase plasminogen activation system (uPAS) is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which accounts for more than 90% of all pancreatic cancers. Overexpression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) or its cell surface receptor uPAR is a key step in the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype via multiple mechanisms, including the increased activation of cell surface localised plasminogen which generates the serine protease plasmin. This triggers multiple downstream processes that promote tumour cell migration and invasion. Increasing clinical evidence shows that the overexpression of uPA, uPAR, or of both is strongly associated with worse clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in PDAC patients. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the uPAS in the pathogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer, with a focus on PDAC, and summarises the substantial body of evidence that supports the role of uPAS components, including plasminogen receptors, in this disease. The review further outlines the clinical utility of uPAS components as prospective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PDAC, as well as a rationale for the development of novel uPAS-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna A. Kumar
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Buckley
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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7
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ISHIGAMORI R, NARUSE M, HIRATA A, MARU Y, HIPPO Y, IMAI T. The potential of organoids in toxicologic pathology: Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of a mouse normal tissue-derived organoid-based carcinogenesis model. J Toxicol Pathol 2022; 35:211-223. [PMID: 35832903 PMCID: PMC9255998 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we introduced an organoid-based chemical carcinogenesis model using mouse
normal tissue-derived organoids. In the present review article, the histopathological and
immunohistochemical characteristics of mouse normal tissue-derived organoids and tumors
derived from these organoids after their in vitro treatment with
genotoxic carcinogens and injection into nude mouse are reviewed. In organoids treated
in vitro with genotoxic carcinogens, we confirmed macroscopic
tumorigenicity and histopathological findings, including neoplastic characteristics, such
as multilayered epithelia and/or invasion of epithelia into the surrounding interstitium.
In contrast glandular/cystic structures with monolayered epithelia were clearly demarcated
from the surrounding Matrigel/interstitium in the untreated control groups. In addition to
macroscopic tumorigenicity, these microscopic epithelial changes, which are characteristic
of the early stages of carcinogenesis, are included in the requirements for
carcinogenicity-positive judgement of the organoid-based carcinogenesis model.
Immunohistochemistry of cytokeratins (CKs), used to determine the origin of epithelia and
distribution of extraductal invasive lesions, or oncogenic kinases, which reflect
molecular activation in epithelia following chemical treatment, is helpful for accurate
diagnosis and molecular evaluation in the early stages of carcinogenesis. This information
improves our biological understanding of organoid-based chemical carcinogenesis
models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikako ISHIGAMORI
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Mie NARUSE
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Akihiro HIRATA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki MARU
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka HIPPO
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Toshio IMAI
- Department of Cancer Model Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Serum lipids, retinoic acid and phenol red differentially regulate expression of keratins K1, K10 and K2 in cultured keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4829. [PMID: 32179842 PMCID: PMC7076045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal keratinocyte differentiation is fundamental to pathologies such as skin cancer and mucosal inflammatory diseases. The ability to grow keratinocytes in vitro allows the study of differentiation however any translational value is limited if keratinocytes get altered by the culture method. Although serum lipids (SLPs) and phenol red (PR) are ubiquitous components of culture media their effect on differentiation is largely unknown. We show for the first time that PR and SLP themselves suppress expression of differentiation-specific keratins K1, K10 and K2 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and two important cell lines, HaCaT and N/TERT-1. Removal of SLP increased expression of K1, K10 and K2 in 2D and 3D cultures, which was further enhanced in the absence of PR. The effect was reversed for K1 and K10 by adding all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) but increased for K2 in the absence of PR. Furthermore, retinoid regulation of differentiation-specific keratins involves post-transcriptional mechanisms as we show KRT2 mRNA is stabilised whilst KRT1 and KRT10 mRNAs are destabilised in the presence of ATRA. Taken together, our results indicate that the presence of PR and SLP in cell culture media may significantly impact in vitro studies of keratinocyte differentiation.
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Renz P, Imahorn E, Spoerri I, Aushev M, March OP, Wariwoda H, Von Arb S, Volz A, Itin PH, Reichelt J, Burger B. Arginine- but not alanine-rich carboxy-termini trigger nuclear translocation of mutant keratin 10 in ichthyosis with confetti. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:8442-8452. [PMID: 31638346 PMCID: PMC6850952 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ichthyosis with confetti (IWC) is a genodermatosis associated with dominant-negative variants in keratin 10 (KRT10) or keratin 1 (KRT1). These frameshift variants result in extended aberrant proteins, localized to the nucleus rather than the cytoplasm. This mislocalization is thought to occur as a result of the altered carboxy (C)-terminus, from poly-glycine to either a poly-arginine or -alanine tail. Previous studies on the type of C-terminus and subcellular localization of the respective mutant protein are divergent. In order to fully elucidate the pathomechanism of IWC, a greater understanding is critical. This study aimed to establish the consequences for localization and intermediate filament formation of altered keratin 10 (K10) C-termini. To achieve this, plasmids expressing distinct KRT10 variants were generated. Sequences encoded all possible reading frames of the K10 C-terminus as well as a nonsense variant. A keratinocyte line was transfected with these plasmids. Additionally, gene editing was utilized to introduce frameshift variants in exon 6 and exon 7 at the endogenous KRT10 locus. Cellular localization of aberrant K10 was observed via immunofluorescence using various antibodies. In each setting, immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated aberrant nuclear localization of K10 featuring an arginine-rich C-terminus. However, this was not observed with K10 featuring an alanine-rich C-terminus. Instead, the protein displayed cytoplasmic localization, consistent with wild-type and truncated forms of K10. This study demonstrates that, of the various 3' frameshift variants of KRT10, exclusively arginine-rich C-termini lead to nuclear localization of K10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Renz
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Elias Imahorn
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Iris Spoerri
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Magomet Aushev
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchInstitute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Oliver P. March
- Department of DermatologyEB House AustriaUniversity Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Hedwig Wariwoda
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Sarah Von Arb
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Volz
- DermatologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Peter H. Itin
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- DermatologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Julia Reichelt
- Department of DermatologyEB House AustriaUniversity Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Bettina Burger
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
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10
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Karabinos A, Schünemann J, Parry DAD. Promiscuous Dimerization Between the Caenorhabditis elegans IF Proteins and a Hypothesis to Explain How Multiple IFs Persist Over Evolutionary Time. J Mol Evol 2019; 87:221-230. [PMID: 31407015 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-019-09904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our previous calculations of ionic interactions indicated that the Caenorhabditis elegans intermediate filament (IF) IFA proteins, in addition to IFA/IFB-1 heterodimers, may also form homodimers. In order to prove the significance of these calculations, we analysed the dimerization potential of the IFA chains in blot overlays. Unexpectedly, we found here that the dimerization of the IFA-1 protein was of both homotypic and heterotypic nature, and involved all proteins immobilized on the membrane (IFA-1, IFA-2, IFA-4, IFB-1, IFB-2, IFC-1, IFC-2, IFD-1, IFD-2 and IFP-1). A similar interaction profile, though less complex, was observed for two biotinylated proteins (IFA-2 and IFA-4). These and previous results indicate that the IFA proteins are able to form many different heteropolymeric and homopolymeric complexes in the C. elegans tissue, but that only those triggered by the IFA-specific IFB-1 protein result in mature IFs. Moreover, the calculations of the possible ionic interactions between the individual rod sequences as well as their various deletion variants indicated a special role in this process for the middle part of the C. elegans IF coil 1B segment that is deleted in all vertebrate cytoplasmic IFs. We hypothesized here, therefore, that the striking promiscuity of the C. elegans IFs originally involved a nuclear lamin which, due to a two-heptad-long rod deletion, prevented formation of a functional lamin/cIF dimer. This, in concert with an efficient dimerization and a strict tissue-specific co-expression, may allow expansion and maintenance of the multiple Caenorhabditis IFs. A possible implication for evolution of chordate IFs proteins is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Karabinos
- SEMBID,s.r.o.-Research Centre of Applied Biomedical Diagnostics, Magnezitarska 2/C, 04013, Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Jürgen Schünemann
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - David A D Parry
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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11
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Karabinos A. Intermediate filament (IF) proteins IFA-1 and IFB-1 represent a basic heteropolymeric IF cytoskeleton of nematodes: A molecular phylogeny of nematode IFs. Gene 2019; 692:44-53. [PMID: 30641223 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IF) belong to major cytoskeletal components of metazoan cells. We have previously determined a tissue specific expression and assembly properties of all eleven cytoplasmic IFs (IFA-1 - IFA-4, IFB-1, IFB-2, IFC-1, IFC-2, IFD-1, IFD-2, IFP-1) in C. elegans and reported an essential function for four (IFA-1, IFA-2, IFA-3 and IFB-1) of them. In this study we continued the characterisation of the IF proteins in C. elegans by searching for in vivo polymerisation partners of the IFA proteins. Using the murine IFA-1 to IFA-3-specific monoclonal Ab MH4 and the immunoprecipitation assay as a tool, we identified the heteropolymeric IFA-1/IFB-1 complexes in the whole nematode protein extract, confirming their existence also in vivo. Moreover, in the present study we also analysed evolutionary aspects of the IF proteins in C. elegans and in nematodes. We found 106 C. elegans IF homologs in different nematode clades. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that all nematode IFs (including the three newly identified IF sequences IFA-5, IFCDP-1 and IFCDP-2) might arose from a AB-type IF ancestor through repeated gene duplications and sequence divergence. Interestingly, the C. elegans IF proteins IFA-1 and IFB-1 represent a heteropolymeric IF cytoskeleton in all investigated nematode clades, in contrast to other sequences restricted to the clade III-V (IFA-2, IFA-4), III (IFA-5) and V (IFB-2, IFCDP) taxa, or even to the Caenorhabditis genus (IFA-3, IFC-1 to IFP-1). These analyses provide an insight into the origin of the multiple IFs in nematodes and also represent a basis for further studies of these sequences in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Karabinos
- SEMBID, s.r.o.-Research Centre of Applied Biomedical Diagnostics, Magnezitarska 2/C, 04013 Kosice, Slovakia.
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12
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Khani P, Ghazi F, Zekri A, Nasri F, Behrangi E, Aghdam AM, Mirzaei H. Keratins and epidermolysis bullosa simplex. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:289-297. [PMID: 30078200 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filaments play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the skin structure. Understanding the importance of this subject is possible with the investigation of keratin defects in epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS). Nowadays, in addition to clinical criteria, new molecular diagnostic methods, such as next generation sequencing, can help to distinguish the subgroups of EBS more precisely. Because the most important and most commonly occurring molecular defects in these patients are the defects of keratins 5 and14 (KRT5 and KRT14), comprehending the nature structure of these proteins and their involved processes can be very effective in understanding the pathophysiology of this disease and providing new and effective therapeutic platforms to treat it. Here, we summarized the various aspects of the presence of KRT5 and KRT14 in the epidermis, their relation to the incidence and severity of EBS phenotypes, and the processes with which these proteins can affect them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Khani
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Ghazi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zekri
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Nasri
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behrangi
- Department of Dermatology and Laser Surgery, Clinical Research Center, Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arad Mobasher Aghdam
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Bodenmüller H, Ofenloch-Hähnle B, Lane EB, Dessauer A, Böttger V, Donié F. Lung Cancer-Associated Keratin 19 Fragments: Development and Biochemical Characterisation of the New Serum Assay Enzymun-Test® Cyfra 21–1. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 9:75-81. [PMID: 7523545 DOI: 10.1177/172460089400900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
From a panel of 4 murine monoclonal antibodies directed against keratin 19 various antibody combinations were evaluated in solid-phase enzyme-linked sandwich immunoassays for detection of soluble keratin 19 fragments in patient sera. One of these antibody combinations, comprised of the monoclonal antibodies Ks 19.1 and BM 19.21, was selected for further development to a routine test (Enzymun-Test® CYFRA 21–1) because of its high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Both antibodies are specific for keratin 19, no reactivity could be observed with cytokeratin 8 or 18. The epitopes of the two antibodies were determined to be within helix 2B of the rod romain. The epitope sequences lie within the sequence 311–335 for the catcher antibody Ks 19.1 and 346–367 for the detector antibody BM 19.21. These sequences are unique, as could be confirmed from sequence databases. The standard material for the assay was prepared from a cytoskeleton fraction of cultivated MCF-7 cells. Subsequent digestion of this fraction with chymotrypsin yielded a soluble and stable standard material. Both the standard material and the serum analyte appeared as oligomers when analysed on gel chromatography: the serum analyte appeared exclusively at a Mr of 100 ± 10 kD, whereas the standard material eluted in fractions corresponding to 100 ±10 kD and 450 kD. Due to the precise definition of the antigen and the localisation of the antibody binding sequences, Enzymun-Test® CYFRA 21–1 is one of the best characterised tumor markers so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bodenmüller
- Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Research Center Tutzing, Germany
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14
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Bodenmüller H, Donié F, Kaufmann M, Banauch D. The Tumor Markers Tpa, Tps, TpaCyk and Cyfra 21–1 React Differently with the Keratins 8, 18 and 19. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 9:70-4. [PMID: 7523544 DOI: 10.1177/172460089400900202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The commercially available tumor marker tests TPA, TPS, TPACYK and CYFRA 21–1 react with simple epithelium keratins. From clinical studies it can be deduced that the pattern of keratin recognition must be different for each of these tests. We therefore studied the reactivity of the keratin fragment combinations K8/K18 and K8/K19 in the different tests and determined the reactivity of the corresponding soluble antibodies with purified keratin 8, 18 and 19 in immunoblots. TPS and CYFRA 21–1 were found to distinguish clearly between the keratin fragment combinations K8/K18 (TPS) and K8/K19 (CYFRA 21–1). TPA and TPACYK reacted with both combinations, however, with different intensities. On immunoblots the CYFRA 21–1 antibodies reacted exclusively with K19, whereas the antibodies of the other assays reacted with at least 2 of the keratins investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bodenmüller
- Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Research Center Tutzing, Germany
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15
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Olivieri M, Cristaldi M, Pezzino S, Rusciano D, Tomasello B, Anfuso CD, Lupo G. Phenotypic characterization of the SIRC (Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea) cell line reveals a mixed epithelial and fibroblastic nature. Exp Eye Res 2018; 172:123-127. [PMID: 29653143 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate, in the Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea (SIRC) cell line, the presence of epithelial and fibroblastic markers, comparing their levels with those of the human Retinal Pigmented Epithelial (ARPE-19) cell line, and the Human Keratocyte (HK) cell line, respectively. SIRC cells, often described as of epithelial origin, are used as a corneal epithelial barrier model to study the permeability of ophthalmic drugs. However, they show a morphology that is more consistent with a fibroblastic cell phenotype, similar to corneal keratocytes. Our comparative analyses of cell type specific markers demonstrated that SIRC do not express cytokeratins 19 and 16 (typical of ARPE-19) and cytokeratin 9 (typical of HK); they do express cytokeratins 3 and 18 common to all three cell lines, and cytokeratin 12 typical of ARPE-19. Tight junction proteins were absent in HK, and lower in SIRC than in ARPE-19. All cell lines expressed the markers lumican and vimentin, with SIRC expressing intermediate levels between HK and ARPE-19; alpha-SMA was highly expressed in all lines. These markers, considered typical of fibroblasts, can be, however, expressed by epithelial cells during wound healing. These results might suggest that long-term in vitro cultivation of cell lines leads to a derangement of their specific phenotype, most likely due to genetic and epigenetic factors. This could be the reason why SIRC cells came to exhibit a hybrid nature between epithelial and fibroblastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Tomasello
- Sooft Italia SpA, Catania, Italy; Dept Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy
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16
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Sanghvi-Shah R, Weber GF. Intermediate Filaments at the Junction of Mechanotransduction, Migration, and Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:81. [PMID: 28959689 PMCID: PMC5603733 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanically induced signal transduction has an essential role in development. Cells actively transduce and respond to mechanical signals and their internal architecture must manage the associated forces while also being dynamically responsive. With unique assembly-disassembly dynamics and physical properties, cytoplasmic intermediate filaments play an important role in regulating cell shape and mechanical integrity. While this function has been recognized and appreciated for more than 30 years, continually emerging data also demonstrate important roles of intermediate filaments in cell signal transduction. In this review, with a particular focus on keratins and vimentin, the relationship between the physical state of intermediate filaments and their role in mechanotransduction signaling is illustrated through a survey of current literature. Association with adhesion receptors such as cadherins and integrins provides a critical interface through which intermediate filaments are exposed to forces from a cell's environment. As a consequence, these cytoskeletal networks are posttranslationally modified, remodeled and reorganized with direct impacts on local signal transduction events and cell migratory behaviors important to development. We propose that intermediate filaments provide an opportune platform for cells to both cope with mechanical forces and modulate signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Sanghvi-Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-NewarkNewark, NJ, United States
| | - Gregory F Weber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-NewarkNewark, NJ, United States
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17
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Hatzfeld M, Keil R, Magin TM. Desmosomes and Intermediate Filaments: Their Consequences for Tissue Mechanics. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a029157. [PMID: 28096266 PMCID: PMC5453391 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) and desmosomes connect the actin and keratin filament networks of adjacent cells into a mechanical unit. Whereas AJs function in mechanosensing and in transducing mechanical forces between the plasma membrane and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, desmosomes and intermediate filaments (IFs) provide mechanical stability required to maintain tissue architecture and integrity when the tissues are exposed to mechanical stress. Desmosomes are essential for stable intercellular cohesion, whereas keratins determine cell mechanics but are not involved in generating tension. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of IFs and desmosomes in tissue mechanics and discuss whether the desmosome-keratin scaffold might be actively involved in mechanosensing and in the conversion of chemical signals into mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - René Keil
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology and Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Hoshino M, Inoue H, Kikuchi K, Miyazaki Y, Yoshino A, Hara H, Terui T, Kusama K, Sakashita H. Comparative study of cytokeratin and langerin expression in keratinized cystic lesions of the oral and maxillofacial regions. J Oral Sci 2017; 57:287-94. [PMID: 26666851 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.57.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Dermoid cysts (DMCs) and epidermoid cysts (EDMCs) usually arise in soft tissues, whereas orthokeratinized odontogenic cysts (OOCs) and keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KCOTs) develop in the jaw. In this study, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of cytokeratins (CKs) to examine differences in the lining epithelium of DMCs, EDMCs, OOCs, and KCOTs. In addition, we carried out immunohistochemical examination of langerin to clarify the biological characteristics of the orthokeratinized lining epithelium of DMCs, EDMCs, and OOCs. Seven DMCs, 30 EDMCs, 11 OOCs, and 28 KCOTs were examined immunohistochemically using antibodies against CK10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, and langerin. Immunoreactivities for CKs and langerin in oral DMCs and EDMCs were similar to those of lesions affecting the skin. Positive reactivity for CK13 and 17 was evident in OOCs, but not in DMCs/EDMCs. CK10 was significantly positive in all layers except for the basal layer in OOCs, but was negative in KCOTs. CK17 was positive in all layers in KCOTs, and in all layers except for the basal layer in both OOCs and dentigerous cysts. CK19 was negative in OOCs. Langerhans cells were found mainly in OOCs, but were hardly evident in KCOTs. These results suggest that DMCs/EDMCs, OOCs and KCOTs are independent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Hoshino
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry
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19
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Karabinos A, Schünemann J, Parry DAD. Assembly studies of six intestinal intermediate filament (IF) proteins B2, C1, C2, D1, D2, and E1 in the nematode C. elegans. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:107-113. [PMID: 28063204 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dimerisation properties of six intestine-expressed intermediate filament (IF) proteins (B2, C1, C2, D1, D2, E1) were analysed in blot overlay assay on membranes containing all of the eleven recombinant C. elegans IF proteins (A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, D2, and E1). The interactions detected in the blot assays exclusively comprise intestine-expressed IF proteins and the protein A4, which is found in the dauer larva intestine. About 86% of these interactions are heterotypic, while the remaining interactions relate to C1, C2, and D2 homodimers. These multiple modes of interaction were also supported by calculations of the numbers of possible interchain ionic interactions derived from the individual rod sequences. The results predict that the six B2, C1, C2, D1, D2, and E1 IF proteins are able to form as many as eleven different heteropolymeric and three homopolymeric IFs in the C. elegans intestine. This simple model of the intestinal IF meshwork enables us to speculate that our previously reported triple RNAi worms arrested or decreased their growth because of feeding reduction due to morphological defects of the mechanically compromised intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Karabinos
- SEMBID, s.r.o.-Research Centre of Applied Biomedical Diagnostics, Magnezitarska 2/C, Kosice, 04013, Slovakia
| | - Jürgen Schünemann
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - David A D Parry
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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20
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Abstract
Proteins of the intermediate filament (IF) supergene family are ubiquitous structural components that comprise, in a cell type-specific manner, the cytoskeleton proper in animal tissues. All IF proteins show a distinctly organized, extended α-helical conformation prone to form two-stranded coiled coils, which are the basic building blocks of these highly flexible, stress-resistant cytoskeletal filaments. IF proteins are highly charged, thus representing versatile polyampholytes with multiple functions. Taking vimentin, keratins, and the nuclear lamins as our prime examples, we present an overview of their molecular and structural parameters. These, in turn, document the ability of IF proteins to form distinct, highly diverse supramolecular assemblies and biomaterials found, for example, at the inner nuclear membrane, throughout the cytoplasm, and in highly complex extracellular appendages, such as hair and nails, of vertebrate organisms. Ultimately, our aim is to set the stage for a more rational understanding of the immediate effects that missense mutations in IF genes have on cellular functions and for their far-reaching impact on the development of the numerous IF diseases caused by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Herrmann
- Functional Architecture of the Cell (B065), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ueli Aebi
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Loschke F, Homberg M, Magin TM. Keratin Isotypes Control Desmosome Stability and Dynamics through PKCα. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:202-13. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Premchandar A, Kupniewska A, Tarnowski K, Mücke N, Mauermann M, Kaus-Drobek M, Edelman A, Herrmann H, Dadlez M. Analysis of distinct molecular assembly complexes of keratin K8 and K18 by hydrogen–deuterium exchange. J Struct Biol 2015; 192:426-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Petrosyan A, Ali MF, Cheng PW. Keratin 1 plays a critical role in golgi localization of core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase M via interaction with its cytoplasmic tail. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6256-69. [PMID: 25605727 PMCID: PMC4358263 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2/M (C2GnT-M) synthesizes all three β6GlcNAc branch structures found in secreted mucins. Loss of C2GnT-M leads to development of colitis and colon cancer. Recently we have shown that C2GnT-M targets the Golgi at the Giantin site and is recycled by binding to non-muscle myosin IIA, a motor protein, via the cytoplasmic tail (CT). But how this enzyme is retained in the Golgi is not known. Proteomics analysis identifies keratin type II cytoskeletal 1 (KRT1) as a protein pulled down with anti-c-Myc antibody or C2GnT-M CT from the lysate of Panc1 cells expressing bC2GnT-M tagged with c-Myc. Yeast two-hybrid analysis shows that the rod domain of KRT1 interacts directly with the WKR(6) motif in the C2GnT-M CT. Knockdown of KRT1 does not affect Golgi morphology but increases the interaction of C2GnT-M with non-muscle myosin IIA and its transportation to the endoplasmic reticulum, ubiquitination, and degradation. During Golgi recovery after brefeldin A treatment, C2GnT-M forms a complex with Giantin before KRT1, demonstrating CT-mediated sequential events of Golgi targeting and retention of C2GnT-M. In HeLa cells transiently expressing C2GnT-M-GFP, knockdown of KRT1 does not affect Golgi morphology but leaves C2GnT-M outside of the Golgi, resulting in the formation of sialyl-T antigen. Interaction of C2GnT-M and KRT1 was also detected in the goblet cells of human colon epithelial tissue and primary culture of colonic epithelial cells. The results indicate that glycosylation and thus the function of glycoconjugates can be regulated by a protein that helps retain a glycosyltransferase in the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Petrosyan
- From the VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Department of Research Service, Omaha, Nebraska 68105 and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and
| | - Mohamed F Ali
- From the VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Department of Research Service, Omaha, Nebraska 68105 and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and
| | - Pi-Wan Cheng
- From the VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Department of Research Service, Omaha, Nebraska 68105 and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
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24
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Nicolini A, Ferrari P, Rossi G. Mucins and Cytokeratins as Serum Tumor Markers in Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 867:197-225. [PMID: 26530368 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Structural and functional characteristics of mucins and cytokeratins are shortly described. Thereafter, those commonly used in breast cancer as serum tumor markers are considered. First CA15.3, MCA, CA549, CA27.29 mucins and CYFRA21.1, TPA, TPS cytokeratins alone or in association have been examined in different stages and conditions. Then their usefulness in monitoring disease-free breast cancer patients is evaluated. The central role of the established cut-off and critical change, the "early" treatment of recurrent disease and the potential benefit in survival are other issues that have been highlighted and discussed. The successive sections and subsections deal with the monitoring of advanced disease. In them, the current recommendations and the principal findings on using the above mentioned mucins and cytokeratins have been reported. A computer program for interpreting consecutive measurements of serum tumor markers also has been illustrated. The final part of the chapter is devoted to mucins and cytokeratins as markers of circulating and disseminated tumor cells and their usefulness for prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolini
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Paola Ferrari
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rossi
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
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25
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Greenwold MJ, Bao W, Jarvis ED, Hu H, Li C, Gilbert MTP, Zhang G, Sawyer RH. Dynamic evolution of the alpha (α) and beta (β) keratins has accompanied integument diversification and the adaptation of birds into novel lifestyles. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:249. [PMID: 25496280 PMCID: PMC4264316 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate skin appendages are constructed of keratins produced by multigene families. Alpha (α) keratins are found in all vertebrates, while beta (β) keratins are found exclusively in reptiles and birds. We have studied the molecular evolution of these gene families in the genomes of 48 phylogenetically diverse birds and their expression in the scales and feathers of the chicken. RESULTS We found that the total number of α-keratins is lower in birds than mammals and non-avian reptiles, yet two α-keratin genes (KRT42 and KRT75) have expanded in birds. The β-keratins, however, demonstrate a dynamic evolution associated with avian lifestyle. The avian specific feather β-keratins comprise a large majority of the total number of β-keratins, but independently derived lineages of aquatic and predatory birds have smaller proportions of feather β-keratin genes and larger proportions of keratinocyte β-keratin genes. Additionally, birds of prey have a larger proportion of claw β-keratins. Analysis of α- and β-keratin expression during development of chicken scales and feathers demonstrates that while α-keratins are expressed in these tissues, the number and magnitude of expressed β-keratin genes far exceeds that of α-keratins. CONCLUSIONS These results support the view that the number of α- and β-keratin genes expressed, the proportion of the β-keratin subfamily genes expressed and the diversification of the β-keratin genes have been important for the evolution of the feather and the adaptation of birds into multiple ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Greenwold
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina USA
| | - Weier Bao
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina USA
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- />Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Haofu Hu
- />China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Cai Li
- />China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
- />Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- />Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
- />Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102 Australia
| | - Guojie Zhang
- />China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
- />Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roger H Sawyer
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina USA
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26
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Leube RE, Moch M, Kölsch A, Windoffer R. "Panta rhei": Perpetual cycling of the keratin cytoskeleton. BIOARCHITECTURE 2014; 1:39-44. [PMID: 21866261 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.1.1.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous cytoskeletal systems fulfil seemingly incompatible functions by maintaining a stable scaffolding to ensure tissue integrity and simultaneously facilitating rapid adaptation to intracellular processes and environmental stimuli. This paradox is particularly obvious for the abundant keratin intermediate filaments in epithelial tissues. The epidermal keratin cytoskeleton, for example, supports the protective and selective barrier function of the skin while enabling rapid growth and remodelling in response to physical, chemical and microbial challenges. We propose that these dynamic properties are linked to the perpetual re-cycling of keratin intermediate filaments that we observe in cultured cells. This cycle of assembly and disassembly is independent of protein biosynthesis and consists of distinct, temporally and spatially defined steps. In this way, the keratin cytoskeleton remains in constant motion but stays intact and is also able to restructure rapidly in response to specific regulatory cues as is needed, e.g., during division, differentiation and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen, Germany
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Beyond expectations: novel insights into epidermal keratin function and regulation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 311:265-306. [PMID: 24952920 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified epithelium that relies on its cytoskeleton and cell junctions to protect the body against mechanical injury, dehydration, and infections. Keratin intermediate filament proteins are involved in many of these functions by forming cell-specific cytoskeletal scaffolds crucial for the maintenance of cell and tissue integrity. In response to various stresses, the expression and organization of keratins are altered at transcriptional and posttranslational levels to restore tissue homeostasis. Failure to restore tissue homeostasis in the presence of keratin gene mutations results in acute and chronic skin disorders for which currently no rational therapies are available. Here, we review the recent progress on the role of keratins in cytoarchitecture, adhesion, signaling, and inflammation. By focusing on epidermal keratins, we illustrate the contribution of keratin isotypes to differentiated epithelial functions.
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Ono A, Takahashi T, Mori K, Akamatsu H, Shukuya T, Taira T, Kenmotsu H, Naito T, Murakami H, Nakajima T, Endo M, Yamamoto N. Prognostic impact of serum CYFRA 21-1 in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma: a retrospective study. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:354. [PMID: 23879483 PMCID: PMC3726411 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum CYFRA 21-1 is one of the most important serum markers in the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially squamous-cell carcinoma. However, it remains unknown whether pretreatment serum CYFRA 21-1 values (PCV) may also have prognostic implications in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the data of 284 patients (pts) who were diagnosed as having advanced lung adenocarcinoma and had received initial therapy. RESULTS Of the study subjects, 121 pts (43%) had activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations (Mt+), while the remaining 163 pts (57%) had wild-type EGFR (Mt-). Univariate analysis identified gender (male/ female), ECOG performance status (PS) (0-1/ ≥2), PCV (<2.2 ng/ml/ ≥2.2 ng/ml), EGFR mutation status (Mt+/ Mt-), pretreatment serum CEA values (<5.0 ng/ml/ ≥5.0 ng/ml), smoking history (yes/ no) and EGFR-TKI treatment (yes/ no) as prognostic factors (p = .008, p < .0001, p < .0001, p < .0001, p = .036, p = .0012, p < .0001 respectively). Cox's multivariate regression analysis identified PCV < 2.2ng/ml as the only factor significantly associated with prolonged survival (p < .0001, hazard ratio: 0.43, 95% CI 0.31-0.59), after adjustments for PS (p < .0001), EGFR mutation status (p = .0069), date of start of initial therapy (p = .07), gender (p = .75), serum CEA level (p = .63), smoking history (p = .39) and EGFR-TKI treatment (p = .20). Furthermore, pts with Mt+ and PCV of <2.2 ng/ml had a more favorable prognosis than those with Mt+ and PCV of ≥2.2 ng/ml (MST: 67.0 vs. 21.0 months, p < .0001), and patients with Mt- and PCV of <2.2 ng/ml had a more favorable prognosis than those with Mt- and PCV of ≥2.2 ng/ml (MST: 24.1 vs. 10.2 months, p < .0001). CONCLUSION PCV may be a potential independent prognostic factor in both Mt+ and Mt- patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ono
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Takahashi
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Keita Mori
- Shizuoka Cancer Center, Clinical Trial Coordination Office, 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Akamatsu
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Takehito Shukuya
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Taira
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kenmotsu
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Tateaki Naito
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Haruyasu Murakami
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakajima
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Masahiro Endo
- Division of Diagnostic Radiology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
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Sumi H, Yabuki M, Iwai K, Morimoto M, Hibino R, Inazuka M, Hashimoto K, Kosugi Y, Aoyama K, Yamamoto S, Yoshimatsu M, Yamasaki H, Tozawa R, Ishikawa T, Yoshida S. Antitumor Activity and Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers of a Novel and Orally Available Small-Molecule Antagonist of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 12:230-40. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Makarova G, Bette M, Schmidt A, Jacob R, Cai C, Rodepeter F, Betz T, Sitterberg J, Bakowsky U, Moll R, Neff A, Sesterhenn A, Teymoortash A, Ocker M, Werner JA, Mandic R. Epidermal growth factor-induced modulation of cytokeratin expression levels influences the morphological phenotype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:59-72. [PMID: 23111772 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The migratory ability of tumor cells requires cytoskeletal rearrangement processes. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-signaling tightly correlates with tumor progression in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), and has previously been implicated in the regulation of cytokeratin (CK) expression. In this study, HNSCC cell lines were treated with EGF, and CK expression levels were monitored by Western blot analysis. Changes in cellular morphology were documented by fluorescence- and atomic force microscopy. Some of the cell lines demonstrated an EGF-dependent modulation of CK expression levels. Interestingly, regression of some CK subtypes or initial up-regulation followed by downregulation at higher EGF-levels could also be observed in the tested cell lines. Overall, the influence of EGF on CK expression levels appeared variable and cell-type-dependent. Real-time cellular analysis of EGF-treated and -untreated HNSCC cell lines demonstrated a rise over time in cellular impedance. In three of the EGF-treated HNSCC cell lines, this rise was markedly higher than in untreated controls, whereas in one of the cell lines the gain of cellular impedance was paradoxically reduced after EGF treatment, which was found to correlate with changes in cellular morphology rather than with relevant changes in cellular viability or proliferation. After treating HNSCC cells with EGF, CK filaments frequently appeared diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm, and in some cases were found in a perinuclear localization, the latter being reminiscent to observations by other groups. In summary, the data points to a possible role of EGFR in modulating HNSCC cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Makarova
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
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Coulombe PA, Lee CH. Defining keratin protein function in skin epithelia: epidermolysis bullosa simplex and its aftermath. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:763-75. [PMID: 22277943 PMCID: PMC3279600 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a rare genetic condition typified by superficial bullous lesions following incident frictional trauma to the skin. Most cases of EBS are due to dominantly acting mutations in keratin 14 (K14) or K5, the type I and II intermediate filament (IF) proteins that copolymerize to form a pancytoplasmic network of 10 nm filaments in basal keratinocytes of epidermis and related epithelia. Defects in K5-K14 filament network architecture cause basal keratinocytes to become fragile, and account for their rupture upon exposure to mechanical trauma. The discovery of the etiology and pathophysiology of EBS was intimately linked to the quest for an understanding of the properties and function of keratin filaments in skin epithelia. Since then, continued cross-fertilization between basic science efforts and clinical endeavors has highlighted several additional functional roles for keratin proteins in the skin, suggested new avenues for effective therapies for keratin-based diseases, and expanded our understanding of the remarkable properties of the skin as an organ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Busch T, Armacki M, Eiseler T, Joodi G, Temme C, Jansen J, von Wichert G, Omary MB, Spatz J, Seufferlein T. Keratin 8 phosphorylation regulates keratin reorganization and migration of epithelial tumor cells. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2148-59. [PMID: 22344252 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.080127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and invasion are largely dependent on the complex organization of the various cytoskeletal components. Whereas the role of actin filaments and microtubules in cell motility is well established, the role of intermediate filaments in this process is incompletely understood. Organization and structure of the keratin cytoskeleton, which consists of heteropolymers of at least one type 1 and one type 2 intermediate filament, are in part regulated by post-translational modifications. In particular, phosphorylation events influence the properties of the keratin network. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a bioactive lipid with the exceptional ability to change the organization of the keratin cytoskeleton, leading to reorganization of keratin filaments, increased elasticity, and subsequently increased migration of epithelial tumor cells. Here we investigate the signaling pathways that mediate SPC-induced keratin reorganization and the role of keratin phosphorylation in this process. We establish that the MEK-ERK signaling cascade regulates both SPC-induced keratin phosphorylation and reorganization in human pancreatic and gastric cancer cells and identify Ser431 in keratin 8 as the crucial residue whose phosphorylation is required and sufficient to induce keratin reorganization and consequently enhanced migration of human epithelial tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Strnad P, Usachov V, Debes C, Gräter F, Parry DAD, Omary MB. Unique amino acid signatures that are evolutionarily conserved distinguish simple-type, epidermal and hair keratins. J Cell Sci 2012; 124:4221-32. [PMID: 22215855 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.089516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins (Ks) consist of central α-helical rod domains that are flanked by non-α-helical head and tail domains. The cellular abundance of keratins, coupled with their selective cell expression patterns, suggests that they diversified to fulfill tissue-specific functions although the primary structure differences between them have not been comprehensively compared. We analyzed keratin sequences from many species: K1, K2, K5, K9, K10, K14 were studied as representatives of epidermal keratins, and compared with K7, K8, K18, K19, K20 and K31, K35, K81, K85, K86, which represent simple-type (single-layered or glandular) epithelial and hair keratins, respectively. We show that keratin domains have striking differences in their amino acids. There are many cysteines in hair keratins but only a small number in epidermal keratins and rare or none in simple-type keratins. The heads and/or tails of epidermal keratins are glycine and phenylalanine rich but alanine poor, whereas parallel domains of hair keratins are abundant in prolines, and those of simple-type epithelial keratins are enriched in acidic and/or basic residues. The observed differences between simple-type, epidermal and hair keratins are highly conserved throughout evolution. Cysteines and histidines, which are infrequent keratin amino acids, are involved in de novo mutations that are markedly overrepresented in keratins. Hence, keratins have evolutionarily conserved and domain-selectively enriched amino acids including glycine and phenylalanine (epidermal), cysteine and proline (hair), and basic and acidic (simple-type epithelial), which reflect unique functions related to structural flexibility, rigidity and solubility, respectively. Our findings also support the importance of human keratin 'mutation hotspot' residues and their wild-type counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Natsuga K, Nishie W, Smith BJ, Shinkuma S, Smith TA, Parry DAD, Oiso N, Kawada A, Yoneda K, Akiyama M, Shimizu H. Consequences of two different amino-acid substitutions at the same codon in KRT14 indicate definitive roles of structural distortion in epidermolysis bullosa simplex pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1869-76. [PMID: 21593775 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Numerous inherited diseases develop due to missense mutations, leading to an amino-acid substitution. Whether an amino-acid change is pathogenic depends on the level of deleterious effects caused by the amino-acid alteration. We show an example of different structural and phenotypic consequences caused by two individual amino-acid changes at the same position. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a genodermatosis resulting from KRT5 or KRT14 mutations. Mutation analysis of an EBS family revealed that affected individuals were heterozygous for a, to our knowledge, previously unreported mutation of c.1237G>C (p.Ala413Pro) in KRT14. Interestingly, 2 of 100 unrelated normal controls were heterozygous, and 1 of the 100 was homozygous for a different mutation in this position, c.1237G>A (p.Ala413Thr). In silico modeling of the protein demonstrated deleterious structural effects from proline substitution but not from threonine substitution. In vitro transfection studies revealed a significantly larger number of keratin-clumped cells in HaCaT cells transfected with mutant KRT14 complementary DNA (cDNA) harboring p.Ala413Pro than those transfected with wild-type KRT14 cDNA or mutant KRT14 cDNA harboring p.Ala413Thr. These results show that changes in two distinct amino acids at a locus are destined to elicit different phenotypes due to the degree of structural distortion resulting from the amino-acid alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Ishii D, Abe R, Watanabe SI, Tsuchiya M, Nöcker B, Tsumoto K. Stepwise Characterization of the Thermodynamics of Trichocyte Intermediate Filament Protein Supramolecular Assembly. J Mol Biol 2011; 408:832-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Langbein L, Eckhart L, Rogers MA, Praetzel-Wunder S, Schweizer J. Against the rules: human keratin K80: two functional alternative splice variants, K80 and K80.1, with special cellular localization in a wide range of epithelia. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:36909-21. [PMID: 20843789 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.161745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the 54 human keratins, five members have, at present, only been characterized at the gene level. In this study we have investigated the expression patterns of keratin K80, whose gene is located at the centromeric end of the type II keratin gene domain. K80 possesses a number of highly unusual properties. Structurally, it is distinctly closer to type II hair keratins than to type II epithelial keratins. Nonetheless, it is found in virtually all types of epithelia (stratified keratinizing/non-keratinizing, hard-keratinizing, as well as non-stratified tissues, and cell cultures thereof). This conspicuously broad expression range implies an unprecedented in vivo promiscuity of K80, which involves more than 20 different type I partners for intermediate filament (IF) formation. Throughout, K80 expression is related to advanced tissue or cell differentiation. However, instead of being part of the cytoplasmic IF network, K80 containing IFs are located at the cell margins close to the desmosomal plaques, where they are tightly interlaced with the cytoplasmic IF bundles abutting there. In contrast, in cells entering terminal differentiation, K80 adopts the "conventional" cytoplasmic distribution. In evolutionary terms, K80 is one of the oldest keratins, demonstrable down to fish. In addition, KRT80 mRNA is subject to alternative splicing. Besides K80, we describe a smaller but fully functional splice variant K80.1, which arose only during mammalian evolution. Remarkably, unlike the widely expressed K80, the expression of K80.1 is restricted to soft and hard keratinizing epithelial structures of the hair follicle and the filiform tongue papilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Langbein
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Sailer M, Höhn K, Lück S, Schmidt V, Beil M, Walther P. Novel electron tomographic methods to study the morphology of keratin filament networks. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2010; 16:462-471. [PMID: 20598205 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927610093657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) keratin filament network of pancreatic carcinoma cells was investigated with different electron microscopical approaches. Semithin sections of high-pressure frozen and freeze substituted cells were analyzed with scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) tomography. Preservation of subcellular structures was excellent, and keratin filaments could be observed; however, it was impossible to three-dimensionally track the individual filaments. To obtain a better signal-to-noise ratio in transmission mode, we observed ultrathin sections of high-pressure frozen and freeze substituted samples with low-voltage (30 kV) STEM. Contrast was improved compared to 300 kV, and individual filaments could be observed. The filament network of samples prepared by detergent extraction was imaged by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with very good signal-to-noise ratio using the secondary electron signal and the 3D structure could be elucidated by SEM tomography. In freeze-dried samples it was possible to discern between keratin filaments and actin filaments because the helical arrangement of actin subunits in the F-actin could be resolved. When comparing the network structures of the differently prepared samples, we found no obvious differences in filament length and branching, indicating that the intermediate filament network is less susceptible to preparation artifacts than the actin network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Sailer
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Ulm University, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
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Carter RA, Shekk V, de Laat MA, Pollitt CC, Galantino-Homer HL. Novel keratins identified by quantitative proteomic analysis as the major cytoskeletal proteins of equine (Equus caballus) hoof lamellar tissue. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:3843-55. [PMID: 20622188 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dermo-epidermal interface that connects the equine distal phalanx to the cornified hoof wall withstands great biomechanical demands, but is also a region where structural failure often ensues as a result of laminitis. The cytoskeleton in this region maintains cell structure and facilitates intercellular adhesion, making it likely to be involved in laminitis pathogenesis, although it is poorly characterized in the equine hoof lamellae. The objective of the present study was to identify and quantify the cytoskeletal proteins present in the epidermal and dermal lamellae of the equine hoof by proteomic techniques. Protein was extracted from the mid-dorsal epidermal and dermal lamellae from the front feet of 5 Standardbred geldings and 1 Thoroughbred stallion. Mass spectrometry-based spectral counting techniques, PAGE, and immunoblotting were used to identify and quantify cytoskeletal proteins, and indirect immunofluorescence was used for cellular localization of K14 and K124 (where K refers to keratin). Proteins identified by spectral counting analysis included 3 actin microfilament proteins; 30 keratin proteins along with vimentin, desmin, peripherin, internexin, and 2 lamin intermediate filament proteins; and 6 tubulin microtubule proteins. Two novel keratins, K42 and K124, were identified as the most abundant cytoskeletal proteins (22.0 ± 3.2% and 23.3 ± 4.2% of cytoskeletal proteins, respectively) in equine hoof lamellae. Immunoreactivity to K14 was localized to the basal cell layer, and that to K124 was localized to basal and suprabasal cells in the secondary epidermal lamellae. Abundant proteins K124, K42, K14, K5, and α(1)-actin were identified on 1- and 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gels and aligned with the results of previous studies. Results of the present study provide the first comprehensive analysis of cytoskeletal proteins present in the equine lamellae by using mass spectrometry-based techniques for protein quantification and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Carter
- The Laminitis Institute, Department of Clinical Studies/New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square 19348, USA
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Bragulla HH, Homberger DG. Structure and functions of keratin proteins in simple, stratified, keratinized and cornified epithelia. J Anat 2010; 214:516-59. [PMID: 19422428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the term 'keratin' stood for all of the proteins extracted from skin modifications, such as horns, claws and hooves. Subsequently, it was realized that this keratin is actually a mixture of keratins, keratin filament-associated proteins and other proteins, such as enzymes. Keratins were then defined as certain filament-forming proteins with specific physicochemical properties and extracted from the cornified layer of the epidermis, whereas those filament-forming proteins that were extracted from the living layers of the epidermis were grouped as 'prekeratins' or 'cytokeratins'. Currently, the term 'keratin' covers all intermediate filament-forming proteins with specific physicochemical properties and produced in any vertebrate epithelia. Similarly, the nomenclature of epithelia as cornified, keratinized or non-keratinized is based historically on the notion that only the epidermis of skin modifications such as horns, claws and hooves is cornified, that the non-modified epidermis is a keratinized stratified epithelium, and that all other stratified and non-stratified epithelia are non-keratinized epithelia. At this point in time, the concepts of keratins and of keratinized or cornified epithelia need clarification and revision concerning the structure and function of keratin and keratin filaments in various epithelia of different species, as well as of keratin genes and their modifications, in view of recent research, such as the sequencing of keratin proteins and their genes, cell culture, transfection of epithelial cells, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Recently, new functions of keratins and keratin filaments in cell signaling and intracellular vesicle transport have been discovered. It is currently understood that all stratified epithelia are keratinized and that some of these keratinized stratified epithelia cornify by forming a Stratum corneum. The processes of keratinization and cornification in skin modifications are different especially with respect to the keratins that are produced. Future research in keratins will provide a better understanding of the processes of keratinization and cornification of stratified epithelia, including those of skin modifications, of the adaptability of epithelia in general, of skin diseases, and of the changes in structure and function of epithelia in the course of evolution. This review focuses on keratins and keratin filaments in mammalian tissue but keratins in the tissues of some other vertebrates are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann H Bragulla
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA.
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Micha D, Cummings J, Shoemaker A, Elmore S, Foster K, Greaves M, Ward T, Rosenberg S, Dive C, Simpson K. Circulating biomarkers of cell death after treatment with the BH-3 mimetic ABT-737 in a preclinical model of small-cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:7304-10. [PMID: 19010845 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated epithelial cell death ELISAs that measure circulating cytokeratin 18 in mice bearing small-cell lung cancer xenografts treated with a proapoptotic dose of the BH-3 mimetic ABT-737. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN H146 tumor-bearing and non-H146 tumor-bearing severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)/bg mice were treated with ABT-737 or vehicle control. Plasma collected before and 2 to 360 hours after treatment was analyzed by M30 (caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18) and M65 (intact and cleaved cytokeratin 18) ELISA. In parallel, tumors were interrogated for cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved cytokeratin 18 as biomarkers of apoptosis. RESULTS ABT-737-treated tumors regressed by 48 hours (P < 0.01) compared with controls, correlating with increased cleaved cytokeratin 18 (P < 0.01; 6 and 24 hours) and increased intact cytokeratin 18 (P < 0.01; 24 hours). Cleaved cytokeratin 18 levels decreased below baseline between 72 and 360 hours for ABT-737-treated and control mice whereas intact cytokeratin 18 decreased below the level of detection at 8 and 15 days in ABT-737-treated mice only. Apoptosis in tumors reflected changes in circulating cytokeratin 18 (cleaved caspase-3, P < 0.05 at 2 hours and P < 0.001 at 6, 12, and 24 hours; caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18, P < 0.05 at 15 days, for drug treated versus controls). CONCLUSIONS ABT-737 caused tumor regression by apoptosis in H146 xenografts that mapped to a drug-specific, early increase in circulating cleaved cytokeratin 18 that subsequently declined. Circulating, intact cytokeratin 18 levels correlated with tumor burden. Cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 in tumor correlated with treatment (P < 0.05, 2 hours; P < 0.001, 6, 12, and 24 hours; cleaved caspase-3, P < 0.05, 15 days; caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18), indicating that events in plasma were tumor derived. These circulating biomarker data will be translated to clinical trials wherein serial tumor biopsies are rarely obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Micha
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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41
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Strnad P, Stumptner C, Zatloukal K, Denk H. Intermediate filament cytoskeleton of the liver in health and disease. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 129:735-49. [PMID: 18443813 PMCID: PMC2386529 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) represent the largest cytoskeletal gene family comprising approximately 70 genes expressed in tissue specific manner. In addition to scaffolding function, they form complex signaling platforms and interact with various kinases, adaptor, and apoptotic proteins. IFs are established cytoprotectants and IF variants are associated with >30 human diseases. Furthermore, IF-containing inclusion bodies are characteristic features of several neurodegenerative, muscular, and other disorders. Acidic (type I) and basic keratins (type II) build obligatory type I and type II heteropolymers and are expressed in epithelial cells. Adult hepatocytes contain K8 and K18 as their only cytoplasmic IF pair, whereas cholangiocytes express K7 and K19 in addition. K8/K18-deficient animals exhibit a marked susceptibility to various toxic agents and Fas-induced apoptosis. In humans, K8/K18 variants predispose to development of end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure (ALF). K8/K18 variants also associate with development of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) are protein aggregates consisting of ubiquitinated K8/K18, chaperones and sequestosome1/p62 (p62) as their major constituents. MDBs are found in various liver diseases including alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and can be formed in mice by feeding hepatotoxic substances griseofulvin and 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC). MDBs also arise in cell culture after transfection with K8/K18, ubiquitin, and p62. Major factors that determine MDB formation in vivo are the type of stress (with oxidative stress as a major player), the extent of stress-induced protein misfolding and resulting chaperone, proteasome and autophagy overload, keratin 8 excess, transglutaminase activation with transamidation of keratin 8 and p62 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Strabe 8, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Tanaka S, Miura I, Yoshiki A, Kato Y, Yokoyama H, Shinogi A, Masuya H, Wakana S, Tamura M, Shiroishi T. Mutations in the helix termination motif of mouse type I IRS keratin genes impair the assembly of keratin intermediate filament. Genomics 2007; 90:703-11. [PMID: 17920809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two classical mouse hair coat mutations, Rex (Re) and Rex wavy coat (Re(wc)), are linked to the type I inner root sheath (IRS) keratin genes of chromosome 11. An N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutation, M100573, also maps close to the type I IRS keratin genes. In this study, we demonstrate that Re and M100573 mice bear mutations in the type I IRS gene Krt25; Re(wc) mice bear an additional mutation in the type I IRS gene Krt27. These three mutations are located in the helix termination motif of the 2B alpha-helical rod domain of a type I IRS keratin protein. Immunohistological analysis revealed abnormal foam-like immunoreactivity with an antibody raised to type II IRS keratin K71 in the IRS of Re/+ mice. These results suggest that the helix termination motif is essential for the proper assembly of types I and II IRS keratin protein complexes and the formation of keratin intermediate filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Tanaka
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
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43
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Revoltella RP, Papini S, Rosellini A, Michelini M. Epithelial stem cells of the eye surface. Cell Prolif 2007; 40:445-61. [PMID: 17635514 PMCID: PMC6495997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2007.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epithelial stem cells of the eye surface, of the cornea and of the conjunctiva, have the ability to give rise to self renewal and progeny production of differentiated cells with no apparent limit. The two epithelia are separated from each other by the transition zone of the limbus. The mechanisms adopted by stem cells of the two epithelia to accomplish their different characteristics, and how their survival, replacement and unequal division that generates differentiated progeny formation are controlled, are complex and still poorly understood. They can be learned only by understanding how stem cells/progenitors are regulated by their neighbouring cells, that may themselves be differently unspecialised, forming particular microenvironments, known as 'niches'. Stem cells operate by signals and a variety of intercellular interactions and extracellular substrates with adjacent cells in the niche. Technical advances are now making it possible to identify zones in the corneal limbus and conjunctiva that can house stem cells, to isolate and expand them ex vivo and to control their behaviour creating optimal niche conditions. With improvements in biotechnology, regenerative cornea and conjunctiva transplantation using adult epithelial stem cells becomes now a reality. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Here we review our current understanding of stem cell niches and illustrate recent significant progress for identification and characterization of adult epithelial stem cells/progenitors at cellular, molecular and mechanistic levels, improvement in cell culture techniques for their selective expansion ex vivo and prospects for a variety of therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Revoltella
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Pisa, Italy.
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Oshima RG. Intermediate filaments: a historical perspective. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:1981-94. [PMID: 17493611 PMCID: PMC1950476 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular protein filaments intermediate in size between actin microfilaments and microtubules are composed of a surprising variety of tissue specific proteins commonly interconnected with other filamentous systems for mechanical stability and decorated by a variety of proteins that provide specialized functions. The sequence conservation of the coiled-coil, alpha-helical structure responsible for polymerization into individual 10 nm filaments defines the classification of intermediate filament proteins into a large gene family. Individual filaments further assemble into bundles and branched cytoskeletons visible in the light microscope. However, it is the diversity of the variable terminal domains that likely contributes most to different functions. The search for the functions of intermediate filament proteins has led to discoveries of roles in diseases of the skin, heart, muscle, liver, brain, adipose tissues and even premature aging. The diversity of uses of intermediate filaments as structural elements and scaffolds for organizing the distribution of decorating molecules contrasts with other cytoskeletal elements. This review is an attempt to provide some recollection of how such a diverse field emerged and changed over about 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Oshima
- Oncodevelopmental Biology Program, Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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45
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Linder S. Cytokeratin Markers Come of Age. Tumour Biol 2007; 28:189-95. [PMID: 17717426 DOI: 10.1159/000107582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokeratins have been extensively used as serum tumour markers for monitoring of disease progression in cancer patients. The source of cytokeratins in the circulation as well as the mechanisms of release from cells have long been unclear. Recent evidence suggests that cytokeratins present in the circulation of cancer patients are released from apoptotic or necrotic tumour cells. CK18 is cleaved by caspases during apoptosis and a monoclonal antibody (M30) specific to caspase-cleaved forms is available. The molecular form of CK18 released from cells (caspase-cleaved or not) can conveniently be determined by immunoassays (M30-Apoptosense and M65 ELISA assays; Peviva AB, Bromma, Sweden) to determine cell death mode--apoptosis or necrosis. Recent studies where these assays were used to evaluate the response to cytotoxic anticancer drugs using cancer patient serum have been encouraging. CK18 is attracting considerable interest as a response biomarker during clinical trials of anticancer drugs. Properties such as excellent antigen stability and the epithelial specificity of cytokeratins contribute to make this biomarker attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Linder
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lu H, Zimek A, Chen J, Hesse M, Büssow H, Weber K, Magin TM. Keratin 5 knockout mice reveal plasticity of keratin expression in the corneal epithelium. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85:803-11. [PMID: 16759736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that the keratin K3 gene, which is active in the suprabasal human corneal epithelium, is missing in the genome of the mouse. We show that a normal K3 gene exists in a wide variety of mammals while in rodents the gene is converted to a pseudogene with a very strong sequence drift. The availability of K5-/- mice provides a unique opportunity to investigate type-specific keratin function during corneal differentiation in the absence of both K5 and K3. Here, we report that the deletion of K5, which in wild-type mice forms a cytoskeleton with K12, does neither cause keratin aggregation nor cytolysis in the cornea. This is due to the induction of K4 in corneal epithelial cells, normally restricted to corneal stem stem cells residing in the limbus. Using a combination of antibodies and RT-PCR, we identified additional keratins expressed in the mouse cornea including K23 which was previously thought to be specific for pancreatic carcinomas. This reflects an unexpected complexity of keratin expression in the cornea. Our data suggest that in the absence of mechanical stress, corneal differentiation does not depend on distinct keratin pairs, supporting a concept of functional redundancy, at least for certain keratins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung für Zellbiochemie, Bonner Forum Biomedizin and LIMES, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Nussallee 11, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Malard V, Prat O, Darrouzet E, Bérenguer F, Sage N, Quéméneur E. Proteomic analysis of the response of human lung cells to uranium. Proteomics 2006; 5:4568-80. [PMID: 16240288 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200402038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The industrial use of uranium and particularly of depleted uranium, has pinpointed the need to review its chemical impact on human health. A proteomic approach was used to evaluate the response of a human lung cell line (A549) to uranium. We established the first 2-D reference map of the A549 cell line, identifying 87 spots corresponding to 81 major proteins. Uranium treatment triggered differential expression of 18 spots, of which 14 corresponded to fragments of cytokeratin 8 (CK8) and cytokeratin (CK18) and 1 to peroxiredoxin 1. We probed several hypotheses regarding CK cleavage, and observed that it did not result from caspase or calpain activity. Furthermore, we showed that the fragments are recognised by an anti-ubiquitin antibody (KM691). These results suggest a regulatory pathway involving CK ubiquitinylation or dysfunction in the proteasome-ubiquitin system in response to uranium exposure in human lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Malard
- Service de Biochimie post-génomique et Toxicologie Nucléaire, DSV/DIEP, CEA VALRHO, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
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Kang SM, Shin MJ, Kim JH, Oh JW. Proteomic profiling of cellular proteins interacting with the hepatitis C virus core protein. Proteomics 2005; 5:2227-37. [PMID: 15846844 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a causative agent of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The core protein of HCV packages the viral RNA genome to form a nucleocapsid. In addition to its function as a structural protein, core protein is involved in regulation of cellular transcription, virus-induced transformation, and pathogenesis. To gain insights into cellular functions of the core protein by identification of cellular proteins interacting with the core protein, we employed a proteomic approach. Hepatocytes soluble cytoplasmic proteins were applied to the core proteins immobilized on Ni-nitrilotriacetic resin and total bound cellular proteins were resolved by 2-DE. Analyses of interacting proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry allowed identification of 14 cellular proteins binding to the core protein. These proteins include DEAD-box polypeptide 5, similar in function to a known protein identified previously by yeast two-hybrid screening and 13 newly identified cellular proteins. Interestingly, nine protein spots were identified as intermediate microfilament proteins, including cytokeratins (five spots for cytokeratin 8, two for cytokeratin 19, and one for cytokeratin 18) and vimentin. Cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, which were previously shown to be involved in the infection processes of other viruses, were further analyzed to confirm their in vivo interactions with the core protein by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. We discuss the functional implications of the interactions of the core protein with newly identified cellular proteins in HCV infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Paladino G, Marino C, La Terra Mulè S, Civiale C, Rusciano D, Enea V. Cytokeratin expression in primary epithelial cell culture from bovine conjunctiva. Tissue Cell 2005; 36:323-32. [PMID: 15385149 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim of the present study is to extend our previous observations on a model of primary epithelial cell culture obtained from bovine conjunctiva, and analyse the maintenance of the conjunctival phenotype, relative to cytokeratin (CK) expression, through extended periods of cultivation under different conditions. Conjunctival epithelial cells were grown in transwell filters, and cultured either under liquid covered (LC), or air-interface (AI) conditions. The physiological state of the cells was monitored daily by measurement of the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Analysis of cytokeratin expression was then carried out at different time points (up until 14 days), and compared to the original profile of the conjunctival tissue in order to assess deviations from the primitive phenotype. Immunodetection studies, carried out by both western immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses, revealed constant expression of the pan-epithelial marker AE3 (recognizing basic type cytokeratins), confirming the epithelial nature of the culture. Other cytokeratins characteristic of non-keratinized stratified epithelia (CK4 and CK13) were absent in corneal tissue, while in conjunctival epithelial cells were more expressed under AI than under LC culture conditions. Expression of CK12, a specific marker of corneal tissue, revealed by the antibody AE5, was never observed in conjunctival epithelial cells. These results indicate that the conjunctival phenotype is conserved during extended periods of culturing, making this system a reliable substitute of conjunctival tissue for pharmaceutical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Paladino
- Research and Development Department, SIFI SpA, Via E. Patti 36, 95020 Lavinaio (Catania), Italy
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50
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Barak V, Goike H, Panaretakis KW, Einarsson R. Clinical utility of cytokeratins as tumor markers. Clin Biochem 2005; 37:529-40. [PMID: 15234234 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytokeratins, belonging to the intermediate filament (IF) protein family, are particularly useful tools in oncology diagnostics. At present, more than 20 different cytokeratins have been identified, of which cytokeratins 8, 18, and 19 are the most abundant in simple epithelial cells. Upon release from proliferating or apoptotic cells, cytokeratins provide useful markers for epithelial malignancies, distinctly reflecting ongoing cell activity. It appears that motifs in certain cytokeratins make them likely substrates for caspase degradation, and their subsequent release occurs during the intermediate events in apoptosis. The clinical value of determining soluble cytokeratin protein fragments in body fluids lies in the early detection of recurrence and the fast assessment of the efficacy of therapy response in epithelial cell carcinomas. The three most applied cytokeratin markers used in the clinic are tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS), and CYFRA 21-1. TPA is a broad spectrum test that measures cytokeratins 8, 18, and 19. TPS and CYFRA 21-1 assays are more specific and measure cytokeratin 18 and cytokeratin 19, respectively. By following patients with repeated testing during management, the oncologist may obtain critical information regarding the growth activity in symptomatic patients. Although their main use is to monitor treatment and evaluate response to therapy, early prognostic information particularly on tumor progression and metastasis formation is also provided for several types of cancers. Cytokeratin tumor markers can accurately predict disease status before conventional methods and offer a simple, noninvasive, cheap, and reliable tool for more efficient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Barak
- Immunology Laboratory for Tumor Diagnosis, Oncology Department, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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