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Cao G, Sun C, Shen H, Qu D, Shen C, Lu H. Conditional Deletion of Foxg1 Delayed Myelination during Early Postnatal Brain Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13921. [PMID: 37762220 PMCID: PMC10530892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXG1 (forkhead box G1) syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by variants in the Foxg1 gene that affect brain structure and function. Individuals affected by FOXG1 syndrome frequently exhibit delayed myelination in neuroimaging studies, which may impair the rapid conduction of nerve impulses. To date, the specific effects of FOXG1 on oligodendrocyte lineage progression and myelination during early postnatal development remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of Foxg1 deficiency on myelin development in the mouse brain by conditional deletion of Foxg1 in neural progenitors using NestinCreER;Foxg1fl/fl mice and tamoxifen induction at postnatal day 0 (P0). We found that Foxg1 deficiency resulted in a transient delay in myelination, evidenced by decreased myelin formation within the first two weeks after birth, but ultimately recovered to the control levels by P30. We also found that Foxg1 deletion prevented the timely attenuation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) signaling and reduced the cell cycle exit of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), leading to their excessive proliferation and delayed maturation. Additionally, Foxg1 deletion increased the expression of Hes5, a myelin formation inhibitor, as well as Olig2 and Sox10, two promoters of OPC differentiation. Our results reveal the important role of Foxg1 in myelin development and provide new clues for further exploring the pathological mechanisms of FOXG1 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangliang Cao
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (G.C.); (H.S.); (D.Q.)
| | - Congli Sun
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Hualin Shen
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (G.C.); (H.S.); (D.Q.)
| | - Dewei Qu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (G.C.); (H.S.); (D.Q.)
| | - Chuanlu Shen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Haiqin Lu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (G.C.); (H.S.); (D.Q.)
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2
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Beyer BA, Lairson LL. Promoting remyelination: A case study in regenerative medicine. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 70:102201. [PMID: 36037558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutics that modulate regenerative mechanisms by targeting the activity of endogenous (adult) stem cell populations have the potential to revolutionize medicine. In many human disease states, capacity to repair damaged tissue underlies progressive decline and disease progression. Recent insights derived from efforts aimed at promoting remyelination for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) highlight the importance of considering the limiting factors and underlying mechanisms associated with all aspects of disease onset, progression and recovery, during both the discovery and clinical stages of developing a regenerative medicine. This perspective presents general considerations for the development of regenerative therapies, using remyelination as a case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney A Beyer
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Luke L Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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3
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Li D, Huang LT, Zhang CP, Li Q, Wang JH. Insights Into the Role of Platelet-Derived Growth Factors: Implications for Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis and Treatment. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:890509. [PMID: 35847662 PMCID: PMC9283766 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.890509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease, commonly occurs in the elderly population, causing a significant medical and economic burden to the aging society worldwide. At present, there are few effective methods that achieve satisfactory clinical results in the treatment of PD. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) are important neurotrophic factors that are expressed in various cell types. Their unique structures allow for specific binding that can effectively regulate vital functions in the nervous system. In this review, we summarized the possible mechanisms by which PDGFs/PDGFRs regulate the occurrence and development of PD by affecting oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, protein folding and aggregation, Ca2+ homeostasis, and cell neuroinflammation. These modes of action mainly depend on the type and distribution of PDGFs in different nerve cells. We also summarized the possible clinical applications and prospects for PDGF in the treatment of PD, especially in genetic treatment. Recent advances have shown that PDGFs have contradictory roles within the central nervous system (CNS). Although they exert neuroprotective effects through multiple pathways, they are also associated with the disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Our recommendations based on our findings include further investigation of the contradictory neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects of the PDGFs acting on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Le-Tian Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng-pu Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Li,
| | - Jia-He Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Jia-He Wang,
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4
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Bloom MS, Orthmann-Murphy J, Grinspan JB. Motor Learning and Physical Exercise in Adaptive Myelination and Remyelination. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221097510. [PMID: 35635130 PMCID: PMC9158406 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221097510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that myelination is driven by both intrinsic and extrinsic cues has gained much traction in recent years. Studies have demonstrated that myelination occurs in an intrinsic manner during early development and continues through adulthood in an activity-dependent manner called adaptive myelination. Motor learning, the gradual acquisition of a specific novel motor skill, promotes adaptive myelination in both the healthy and demyelinated central nervous system (CNS). On the other hand, exercise, a physical activity that involves planned, structured and repetitive bodily movements that expend energy and benefits one's fitness, promotes remyelination in pathology, but it is less clear whether it promotes adaptive myelination in healthy subjects. Studies on these topics have also investigated whether the timing of motor learning or physical exercise is important for successful addition of myelin. Here we review our current understanding of the relationship of motor skill learning and physical exercise on myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara S. Bloom
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Orthmann-Murphy
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Judith B. Grinspan
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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5
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Tian Y, Zhan Y, Jiang Q, Lu W, Li X. Expression and function of PDGF-C in development and stem cells. Open Biol 2021; 11:210268. [PMID: 34847773 PMCID: PMC8633783 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) is a relatively new member of the PDGF family, discovered nearly 20 years after the finding of platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) and platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B). PDGF-C is generally expressed in most organs and cell types. Studies from the past 20 years have demonstrated critical roles of PDGF-C in numerous biological, physiological and pathological processes, such as development, angiogenesis, tumour growth, tissue remodelling, wound healing, atherosclerosis, fibrosis, stem/progenitor cell regulation and metabolism. Understanding PDGF-C expression and activities thus will be of great importance to various research disciplines. In this review, however, we mainly discuss the expression and functions of PDGF-C and its receptors in development and stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Jiang
- Ophthalmic Department, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Cardona HJ, Somasundaram A, Crabtree DM, Gadd SL, Becher OJ. Prenatal overexpression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor A results in central nervous system hypomyelination. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2332. [PMID: 34480532 PMCID: PMC8553322 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling, through the ligand PDGF-A and its receptor PDGFRA, is important for the growth and maintenance of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the central nervous system (CNS). PDGFRA signaling is downregulated prior to OPC differentiation into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. By contrast, PDGFRA is often genetically amplified or mutated in many types of gliomas, including diffuse midline glioma (DMG) where OPCs are considered the most likely cell-of-origin. The cellular and molecular changes that occur in OPCs in response to unregulated PDGFRA expression, however, are not known. METHODS Here, we created a conditional knock-in (KI) mouse that overexpresses wild type (WT) human PDGFRA (hPDGFRA) in prenatal Olig2-expressing progenitors, and examined in vivo cellular and molecular consequences. RESULTS The KI mice exhibited stunted growth, ataxia, and a severe loss of myelination in the brain and spinal cord. When combined with the loss of p53, a tumor suppressor gene whose activity is decreased in DMG, the KI mice failed to develop tumors but still exhibited hypomyelination. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed decreased myelination gene signatures, indicating a defect in oligodendroglial development. Mice overexpressing PDGFRA in prenatal GFAP-expressing progenitors, which give rise to a broader lineage of cells than Olig2-progenitors, also developed myelination defects. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that embryonic overexpression of hPDGFRA in Olig2- or GFAP-progenitors is deleterious to OPC development and leads to CNS hypomyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herminio Joey Cardona
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Agila Somasundaram
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Donna M Crabtree
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Office of Clinical Research, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samantha L Gadd
- Department of Pathology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Oren J Becher
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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7
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Zhou H, He Y, Wang Z, Wang Q, Hu C, Wang X, Lu S, Li K, Yang Y, Luan Z. Identifying the functions of two biomarkers in human oligodendrocyte progenitor cell development. J Transl Med 2021; 19:188. [PMID: 33933125 PMCID: PMC8088696 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02857-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human oligodendrocyte precursor cells (hOPCs) are an important source of myelinating cells for cell transplantation to treat demyelinating diseases. Myelin oligodendrocytes develop from migratory and proliferative hOPCs. It is well known that NG2 and A2B5 are important biological markers of hOPCs. However, the functional differences between the cell populations represented by these two biomarkers have not been well studied in depth. OBJECTIVE To study the difference between NG2 and A2B5 cells in the development of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. METHODS Using cell sorting technology, we obtained NG2+/-, A2B5+/- cells. Further research was then conducted via in vitro cell proliferation and migration assays, single-cell sequencing, mRNA sequencing, and cell transplantation into shiverer mice. RESULTS The proportion of PDGFR-α + cells in the negative cell population was higher than that in the positive cell population. The migration ability of the NG2+/-, A2B5+/- cells was inversely proportional to their myelination ability. The migration, proliferation, and myelination capacities of the negative cell population were stronger than those of the positive cell population. The ability of cell migration and proliferation of the four groups of cells from high to low was: A2B5- > NG2- > NG2+ > A2B5+. The content of PDGFR-α+ cells and the ability of cell differentiation from high to low was: NG2- > A2B5- > A2B5+ > NG2+. CONCLUSION In summary, NG2+ and A2B5+ cells have poor myelination ability due to low levels of PDGFR-α+ cells. Therefore, hOPCs with a higher content of PDGFR-α+ cells may have a better effect in the cell transplantation treatment of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Zhou
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ying He
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhaoyan Wang
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qian Wang
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Caiyan Hu
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Siliang Lu
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ke Li
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yinxiang Yang
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Zuo Luan
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- The Sixth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
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8
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Ferreira BK, Rodrigues MT, Streck EL, Ferreira GC, Schuck PF. White matter disturbances in phenylketonuria: Possible underlying mechanisms. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:349-360. [PMID: 32141105 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
White matter pathologies, as well as intellectual disability, microcephaly, and other central nervous system injuries, are clinical traits commonly ascribed to classic phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is an inherited metabolic disease elicited by the deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase. Accumulation of l-phenylalanine (Phe) and its metabolites is found in tissues and body fluids in phenylketonuric patients. In order to mitigate the clinical findings, rigorous dietary Phe restriction constitutes the core of therapeutic management in PKU. Myelination is the process whereby the oligodendrocytes wrap myelin sheaths around the axons, supporting the conduction of action potentials. White matter injuries are implicated in the brain damage related to PKU, especially in untreated or poorly treated patients. The present review summarizes evidence toward putative mechanisms driving the white matter pathology in PKU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Klippel Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroenergética e Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Melissa Torres Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Emilio Luiz Streck
- Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroenergética e Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patricia Fernanda Schuck
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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9
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been hypothesized to be a result of altered connectivity in the brain. Recent imaging studies suggest accelerated maturation of the white matter in young children with ASD, with underlying mechanisms unknown. Myelin is an integral part of the white matter and critical for connectivity; however, its role in ASD remains largely unclear. Here, we investigated myelin development in a model of idiopathic ASD, the BTBR mice. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that fiber tracts in the frontal brain of the BTBR mice had increased volume at postnatal day 6, but the difference reduced over time, reminiscent of the findings in young patients. We further identified that myelination in the frontal brain of both male and female neonatal BTBR mice was increased, associated with elevated levels of myelin basic protein. However, myelin pattern was unaltered in adult BTBR mice, revealing accelerated developmental trajectory of myelination. Consistently, we found that signaling of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) was reduced in the frontal brain of neonatal BTBR mice. However, levels of microRNA species known to regulate PDGFRα signaling and myelination were unaltered. Together, these results suggest that precocious myelination could potentially contribute to increased volume and connectivity of the white matter observed in young children with ASD.
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10
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Petralla S, Peña-Altamira LE, Poeta E, Massenzio F, Virgili M, Barile SN, Sbano L, Profilo E, Corricelli M, Danese A, Giorgi C, Ostan R, Capri M, Pinton P, Palmieri F, Lasorsa FM, Monti B. Deficiency of Mitochondrial Aspartate-Glutamate Carrier 1 Leads to Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Proliferation Defects Both In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184486. [PMID: 31514314 PMCID: PMC6769484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartate-Glutamate Carrier 1 (AGC1) deficiency is a rare neurological disease caused by mutations in the solute carrier family 25, member 12 (SLC25A12) gene, encoding for the mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier isoform 1 (AGC1), a component of the malate-aspartate NADH shuttle (MAS), expressed in excitable tissues only. AGC1 deficiency patients are children showing severe hypotonia, arrested psychomotor development, seizures and global hypomyelination. While the effect of AGC1 deficiency in neurons and neuronal function has been deeply studied, little is known about oligodendrocytes and their precursors, the brain cells involved in myelination. Here we studied the effect of AGC1 down-regulation on oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), using both in vitro and in vivo mouse disease models. In the cell model, we showed that a reduced expression of AGC1 induces a deficit of OPC proliferation leading to their spontaneous and precocious differentiation into oligodendrocytes. Interestingly, this effect seems to be related to a dysregulation in the expression of trophic factors and receptors involved in OPC proliferation/differentiation, such as Platelet-Derived Growth Factor α (PDGFα) and Transforming Growth Factor βs (TGFβs). We also confirmed the OPC reduction in vivo in AGC1-deficent mice, as well as a proliferation deficit in neurospheres from the Subventricular Zone (SVZ) of these animals, thus indicating that AGC1 reduction could affect the proliferation of different brain precursor cells. These data clearly show that AGC1 impairment alters myelination not only by acting on N-acetyl-aspartate production in neurons but also on OPC proliferation and suggest new potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of AGC1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Petralla
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.P.); (L.E.P.-A.); (E.P.); (F.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Luis Emiliano Peña-Altamira
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.P.); (L.E.P.-A.); (E.P.); (F.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Eleonora Poeta
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.P.); (L.E.P.-A.); (E.P.); (F.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.P.); (L.E.P.-A.); (E.P.); (F.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Marco Virgili
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.P.); (L.E.P.-A.); (E.P.); (F.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Simona Nicole Barile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy (E.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Luigi Sbano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.S.); (M.C.); (A.D.); (C.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Emanuela Profilo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy (E.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Mariangela Corricelli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.S.); (M.C.); (A.D.); (C.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Alberto Danese
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.S.); (M.C.); (A.D.); (C.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.S.); (M.C.); (A.D.); (C.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Rita Ostan
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale) and C.I.G. Interdepartmental Centre “L. Galvani”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.O.); (M.C.)
| | - Miriam Capri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale) and C.I.G. Interdepartmental Centre “L. Galvani”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.O.); (M.C.)
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.S.); (M.C.); (A.D.); (C.G.); (P.P.)
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, 48010 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy (E.P.); (F.P.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies IBIOM, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Massimo Lasorsa
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies IBIOM, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.M.L.); (B.M.); Tel.: +39-080-544-2772 (F.M.L.); +39-051-209-4134 (B.M.)
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.P.); (L.E.P.-A.); (E.P.); (F.M.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.L.); (B.M.); Tel.: +39-080-544-2772 (F.M.L.); +39-051-209-4134 (B.M.)
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11
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Calabretta S, Vogel G, Yu Z, Choquet K, Darbelli L, Nicholson TB, Kleinman CL, Richard S. Loss of PRMT5 Promotes PDGFRα Degradation during Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination. Dev Cell 2018; 46:426-440.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Abu-Rub M, Miller RH. Emerging Cellular and Molecular Strategies for Enhancing Central Nervous System (CNS) Remyelination. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8060111. [PMID: 29914096 PMCID: PMC6024921 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8060111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelination is critical for the normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) in vertebrates. Conditions in which the development of myelin is perturbed result in severely compromised individuals often with shorter lifespans, while loss of myelin in the adult results in a variety of functional deficits. Although some form of spontaneous remyelination often takes place, the repair process as a whole often fails. Several lines of evidence suggest it is feasible to develop strategies that enhance the capacity of the CNS to undergo remyelination and potentially reverse functional deficits. Such strategies include cellular therapies using either neural or mesenchymal stem cells as well as molecular regulators of oligodendrocyte development and differentiation. Given the prevalence of demyelinating diseases and their effects on the quality of life for affected individuals it is imperative that effective therapies are developed. Here we discuss some of the new approaches to CNS myelin repair that hold promise for reducing the burden of diseases characterized by myelin loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abu-Rub
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Robert H Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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13
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Ono K, Suzuki H, Yamamoto R, Sahashi H, Takido Y, Sawada M. Optogenetic control of cell differentiation in channelrhodopsin-2-expressing OS3, a bipotential glial progenitor cell line. Neurochem Int 2017; 104:49-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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14
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K.S J, Sharma CP, Kalarikkal N, Sandeep. K, Thomas S, Pothen LA. Evaluation of in-vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake efficiency of zidovudine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles modified with Aloe Vera in glioma cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 66:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitors respond to biophysical or mechanical signals, and it has been reported that mechanostimulation modulates cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Here we report the effect of three mechanical stimuli on mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation and identify the molecular components of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex (i.e., SYNE1) as transducers of mechanical signals to the nucleus, where they modulate the deposition of repressive histone marks and heterochromatin formation. The expression levels of LINC components increased during progenitor differentiation and silencing the Syne1 gene resulted in aberrant histone marks deposition, chromatin reorganization and impaired myelination. We conclude that spatial constraints, via the actin cytoskeleton and LINC complex, mediate nuclear changes in oligodendrocyte progenitors that favor a default pathway of differentiation. Significance statement: It is recognized that oligodendrocyte progenitors are mechanosensitive cells. However, the molecular mechanisms translating mechanical stimuli into oligodendrocyte differentiation remain elusive. This study identifies components of the mechanotransduction pathway in the oligodendrocyte lineage.
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16
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Mauney SA, Pietersen CY, Sonntag KC, Woo TUW. Differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursors is impaired in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 169:374-380. [PMID: 26585218 PMCID: PMC4681621 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of schizophrenia involves disturbances of information processing across brain regions, possibly reflecting, at least in part, a disruption in the underlying axonal connectivity. This disruption is thought to be a consequence of the pathology of myelin ensheathment, the integrity of which is tightly regulated by oligodendrocytes. In order to gain insight into the possible neurobiological mechanisms of myelin deficit, we determined the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profile of laser captured cells that were immunoreactive for 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), a marker for oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in addition to differentiating and myelinating oligodendrocytes, in the white matter of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia subjects. Our findings pointed to the hypothesis that OPC differentiation might be impaired in schizophrenia. To address this hypothesis, we quantified cells that were immunoreactive for neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2), a selective marker for OPCs, and those that were immunoreactive for oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (OLIG2), an oligodendrocyte lineage marker that is expressed by OPCs and maturing oligodendrocytes. We found that the density of NG2-immunoreactive cells was unaltered, but the density of OLIG2-immunoreactive cells was significantly decreased in subjects with schizophrenia, consistent with the notion that OPC differentiation impairment may contribute to oligodendrocyte disturbances and thereby myelin deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Mauney
- Laboratory for Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Charmaine Y. Pietersen
- Laboratory for Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Kai-C. Sonntag
- Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Tsung-Ung W. Woo
- Laboratory for Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478,Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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17
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Wilems TS, Pardieck J, Iyer N, Sakiyama-Elbert SE. Combination therapy of stem cell derived neural progenitors and drug delivery of anti-inhibitory molecules for spinal cord injury. Acta Biomater 2015; 28:23-32. [PMID: 26384702 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of lost synaptic connections following spinal cord injury (SCI) is limited by local ischemia, cell death, and an excitotoxic environment, which leads to the development of an inhibitory glial scar surrounding a cystic cavity. While a variety of single therapy interventions provide incremental improvements to functional recovery after SCI, they are limited; a multifactorial approach that combines several single therapies may provide a better chance of overcoming the multitude of obstacles to recovery. To this end, fibrin scaffolds were modified to provide sustained delivery of neurotrophic factors and anti-inhibitory molecules, as well as encapsulation of embryonic stem cell-derived progenitor motor neurons (pMNs). In vitro characterization of this combination scaffold confirmed that pMN viability was unaffected by culture alongside sustained delivery systems. When transplanted into a rat sub-acute SCI model, fibrin scaffolds containing growth factors (GFs), anti-inhibitory molecules without pMNs, or pMNs with GFs had lower chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan levels compared to scaffolds containing anti-inhibitory molecules with pMNs. Scaffolds containing pMNs, but not anti-inhibitory molecules, showed survival, differentiation into neuronal cell types, axonal extension in the transplant area, and the ability to integrate into host tissue. However, the combination of pMNs with sustained-delivery of anti-inhibitory molecules led to reduced cell survival and increased macrophage infiltration. While combination therapies retain potential for effective treatment of SCI, further work is needed to improve cell survival and to limit inflammation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Spinal cord injury (SCI) creates a highly complex inhibitory environment with a multitude of obstacles that limit recovery. Many therapeutic options have been developed to overcome single obstacles, but single therapies typically only lead to limited functional improvement. Therefore combination therapies may improve recovery by targeting several inhibitory obstacles simultaneously. The present study used biomaterial scaffolds to combine the sustained release of anti-inhibitory molecules and growth factors with cell transplantation of highly purified progenitor motor neurons. This expands upon previously established biomaterial scaffolds by supporting surviving cells, limiting inhibition from the extracellular environment, and replenishing lost cell populations. We show that while promising, certain combinations may exacerbate negative side-effects instead of augmenting positive features.
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18
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Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) originate in the ventricular zones (VZs) of the brain and spinal cord and migrate throughout the developing central nervous system (CNS) before differentiating into myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs). It is not known whether OPCs or OLs from different parts of the VZ are functionally distinct. OPCs persist in the postnatal CNS, where they continue to divide and generate myelinating OLs at a decreasing rate throughout adult life in rodents. Adult OPCs respond to injury or disease by accelerating their cell cycle and increasing production of OLs to replace lost myelin. They also form synapses with unmyelinated axons and respond to electrical activity in those axons by generating more OLs and myelin locally. This experience-dependent "adaptive" myelination is important in some forms of plasticity and learning, for example, motor learning. We review the control of OL lineage development, including OL population dynamics and adaptive myelination in the adult CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight E Bergles
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, WBSB 1001, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Hayashi T, Legati A, Nishikawa T, Coppola G. First Japanese family with primary familial brain calcification due to a mutation in the PDGFB gene: an exome analysis study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 69:77-83. [PMID: 25211641 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare disorder characterized by abnormal deposits of calcium in the basal ganglia and cerebellum. PFBC can present with a spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms resembling those seen in dementia and schizophrenia. Mutations in a few genes have been identified as causing PFBC: namely, the SLC20A2 gene that codes for the sodium-dependent phosphate transporter and the PDGFRB gene that codes for the platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGF-Rβ). A recent study identified mutations in PDGFB coding for PDGF-B, the main ligand for PDGF-Rβ, in six families with PFBC. Here we report the first Japanese family with PFBC carrying a mutation in PDGFB, which causes the substitution of an arginine with a stop codon at amino acid 149 of the PDGF-B protein (p. Arg149*). METHODS Clinical histories and computed tomography scan images were provided. Sanger sequencing was performed for the exome analysis of SLC20A2 and PDGFB genes. RESULTS One family member began to complain of auditory hallucination at 16 years of age and had been treated for schizophrenia. His father suffered from memory and gait disturbances in his late 60s. A computed tomography scan revealed a symmetrical area of calcification over the basal ganglia in both cases. A known mutation in PDGFB (c.445C>T, p.Arg149*) was consistently detected in both PFBC cases by Sanger sequencing. No mutations in SLC20A2 were detected. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that this mutation in PDGF-B is responsible for PFBC in this Japanese family and that abnormal PDGF signaling may be involved in the pathophysiology of certain psychiatric disorders.
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20
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Pituch KC, Moyano AL, Lopez-Rosas A, Marottoli FM, Li G, Hu C, van Breemen R, Månsson JE, Givogri MI. Dysfunction of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) represses the production of oligodendrocytes from arylsulfatase A-deficient multipotential neural precursor cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7040-53. [PMID: 25605750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.636498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-bound receptor for platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGFRα) is crucial for controlling the production of oligodendrocytes (OLs) for myelination, but regulation of its activity during OL differentiation is largely unknown. We have examined the effect of increased sulfated content of galactosylceramides (sulfatides) on the regulation of PDGFRα in multipotential neural precursors (NPs) that are deficient in arylsulfatase A (ASA) activity. This enzyme is responsible for the lysosomal hydrolysis of sulfatides. We show that sulfatide accumulation significantly impacts the formation of OLs via deregulation of PDGFRα function. PDGFRα is less associated with detergent-resistant membranes in ASA-deficient cells and showed a significant decrease in AKT phosphorylation. Rescue experiments with ASA showed a normalization of the ratio of long versus short sulfatides, restored PDGFRα levels, corrected its localization to detergent-resistant membranes, increased AKT phosphorylation, and normalized the production of OLs in ASA-deficient NPs. Moreover, our studies identified a novel mechanism that regulates the secretion of PDGFRα in NPs, in glial cells, and in the brain cortex via exosomal shedding. Our study provides a first step in understanding the role of sulfatides in regulating PDGFRα levels in OLs and its impact in myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna C Pituch
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and
| | - Ana L Moyano
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and
| | - Aurora Lopez-Rosas
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and
| | | | - Guannan Li
- the Department of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and
| | - Chenqi Hu
- the Department of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and
| | - Richard van Breemen
- the Department of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and
| | - Jan E Månsson
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgren Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria I Givogri
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, and
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21
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TGFβ signaling regulates the timing of CNS myelination by modulating oligodendrocyte progenitor cell cycle exit through SMAD3/4/FoxO1/Sp1. J Neurosci 2014; 34:7917-30. [PMID: 24899714 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0363-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on myelination has focused on identifying molecules capable of inducing oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation in an effort to develop strategies that promote functional myelin regeneration in demyelinating disorders. Here, we show that transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling is crucial for allowing oligodendrocyte progenitor (OP) cell cycle withdrawal, and therefore, for oligodendrogenesis and postnatal CNS myelination. Enhanced oligodendrogenesis and subcortical white matter (SCWM) myelination was detected after TGFβ gain of function, while TGFβ receptor II (TGFβ-RII) deletion in OPs prevents their development into mature myelinating OLs, leading to SCWM hypomyelination in mice. TGFβ signaling modulates OP cell cycle withdrawal and differentiation through the transcriptional modulation of c-myc and p21 gene expression, mediated by the interaction of SMAD3/4 with Sp1 and FoxO1 transcription factors. Our study is the first to demonstrate an autonomous and crucial role of TGFβ signaling in OL development and CNS myelination, and may provide new avenues in the treatment of demyelinating diseases.
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22
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Abbaszadeh HA, Tiraihi T, Delshad AR, Saghedi Zadeh M, Taheri T. Bone marrow stromal cell transdifferentiation into oligodendrocyte-like cells using triiodothyronine as a inducer with expression of platelet-derived growth factor α as a maturity marker. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 17:62-70. [PMID: 23567847 DOI: 10.6091/ibj.11162.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigated the functional maturity of oligodendrocyte derived from rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). METHODS The BMSC were isolated from female Sprague-Dawley rats and evaluated for different markers, such as fibronectin, CD106, CD90, Oct-4 and CD45. Transdifferentiation of OLC from BMSC was obtained by exposing the BMSC to DMSO and 1 µM all-trans-retinoic acid during the pre-induction stage and then induced by heregulin (HRG), platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGFR-alpha), fibroblast growth factor and T3. The neuroprogenitor cells (NPC) were evaluated for nestin, neurofilament 68, neurofilament 160 and glial fibrillary acidic protein gene expression using immunocytochemistry. The OLC were assessed by immunocytochemistry for O4, oligo2, O1 and MBP marker and gene expression of PDGFR-alpha was examined by RT-PCR. RESULTS Our results showed that the fibronectin, CD106, CD90, CD45 and Oct-4 were expressed after the fourth passage. Also, the yield of OLC differentiation was about 71% when using the O1, O4 and oligo2 markers. Likewise, the expression of PDGFR-alpha in pre-oligodendrocytes was noticed, while MBP expression was detected in oligodendrocyte after 6 days of the induction. CONCLUSION The conclusion of the study showed that BMSC can be induced to transdifferentiate into mature OLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojjat-Allah Abbaszadeh
- Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taki Tiraihi
- Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Shefa Neurosciences Research Center, Khatam Al-Anbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Majid Saghedi Zadeh
- Dept. of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Taheri
- Shefa Neurosciences Research Center, Khatam Al-Anbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Deshmukh VA, Tardif V, Lyssiotis CA, Green CC, Kerman B, Kim HJ, Padmanabhan K, Swoboda JG, Ahmad I, Kondo T, Gage FH, Theofilopoulos AN, Lawson BR, Schultz PG, Lairson LL. A regenerative approach to the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Nature 2013; 502:327-332. [PMID: 24107995 DOI: 10.1038/nature12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Progressive phases of multiple sclerosis are associated with inhibited differentiation of the progenitor cell population that generates the mature oligodendrocytes required for remyelination and disease remission. To identify selective inducers of oligodendrocyte differentiation, we performed an image-based screen for myelin basic protein (MBP) expression using primary rat optic-nerve-derived progenitor cells. Here we show that among the most effective compounds identifed was benztropine, which significantly decreases clinical severity in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis when administered alone or in combination with approved immunosuppressive treatments for multiple sclerosis. Evidence from a cuprizone-induced model of demyelination, in vitro and in vivo T-cell assays and EAE adoptive transfer experiments indicated that the observed efficacy of this drug results directly from an enhancement of remyelination rather than immune suppression. Pharmacological studies indicate that benztropine functions by a mechanism that involves direct antagonism of M1 and/or M3 muscarinic receptors. These studies should facilitate the development of effective new therapies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis that complement established immunosuppressive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal A Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Virginie Tardif
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Chelsea C Green
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Bilal Kerman
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Krishnan Padmanabhan
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan G Swoboda
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Insha Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Toru Kondo
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi- 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Argyrios N Theofilopoulos
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Brian R Lawson
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,The California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Luke L Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,The California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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24
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Huang H, Zhao XF, Zheng K, Qiu M. Regulation of the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation: mechanisms and perspectives. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:155-64. [PMID: 23456566 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal myelination is an essential process for normal functioning of the vertebrate central nervous system. Proper formation of myelin sheaths around axons depends on the timely differentiation of oligodendrocytes. This differentiation occurs on a predictable schedule both in culture and during development. However, the timing mechanisms for oligodendrocyte differentiation during normal development have not been fully uncovered. Recent studies have identified a large number of regulatory factors, including cell-intrinsic factors and extracellular signals, that could control the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Here we provide a mechanistic and critical review of the timing control of oligodendrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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25
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Yang Y, Lewis R, Miller RH. Interactions between oligodendrocyte precursors control the onset of CNS myelination. Dev Biol 2010; 350:127-38. [PMID: 21144846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The formation of CNS myelin is dependent on the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and oligodendrocyte maturation. How the initiation of myelination is regulated is unclear, but it is likely to depend on the development of competence by oligodendrocytes and receptivity by target axons. Here we identify an additional level of control of oligodendrocyte maturation mediated by interactions between the different cellular components of the oligodendrocyte lineage. During development oligodendrocyte precursors mature through a series of stages defined by labeling with monoclonal antibodies A2B5 and O4. Newly differentiated oligodendrocytes begin to express galactocerebroside recognized by O1 antibodies and subsequently mature to myelin basic protein (MBP)-positive cells prior to formation of compact myelin. Using an in vitro brain slice culture system that supports robust myelination, the consequences of ablating cells at different stages of the oligodendrocyte lineage on myelination have been assayed. Elimination of all OPC lineage cells through A2B5+, O4+, and O1+ complement-mediated cell lysis resulted in a delay in development of MBP cells and myelination. Selective elimination of early OPCs (A2B5+) also unexpectedly resulted in delayed MBP expression compared to controls suggesting that early OPCs contribute to the timing of myelination onset. By contrast, elimination of differentiated (O1+) immature oligodendrocytes permanently inhibited the appearance of MBP+ cells suggesting that oligodendrocytes are critical to facilitate the maturation of OPCs. These data illuminate that the presence of intra-lineage feed-forward and feedback cues are important for timely myelination by oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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26
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Kucharova K, Stallcup WB. The NG2 proteoglycan promotes oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and developmental myelination. Neuroscience 2009; 166:185-94. [PMID: 20006679 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The NG2 proteoglycan has been shown to promote proliferation and motility in a variety of cell types. The presence of NG2 on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) suggests that the proteoglycan may be a factor in expansion of the OPC pool to fill the entire CNS prior to OPC differentiation to form myelinating oligodendrocytes. Comparisons of postnatal cerebellar myelination in wild type and NG2 null mice reveal reduced numbers of OPCs in developing white matter of the NG2 null mouse. Quantification of BrdU incorporation shows that reduced proliferation is a key reason for this OPC shortage, with the peak of OPC proliferation delayed by 4-5 days in the absence of NG2. As a result of the subnormal pool of OPCs, there is also a delay in production of mature oligodendrocytes and myelinating processes in the NG2 null cerebellum. NG2 may promote OPC proliferation via enhancement of growth factor signaling or mediation of OPC interaction with unmyelinated axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kucharova
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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28
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Jung CG, Kim HJ, Miron VE, Cook S, Kennedy TE, Foster CA, Antel JP, Soliven B. Functional consequences of S1P receptor modulation in rat oligodendroglial lineage cells. Glia 2007; 55:1656-67. [PMID: 17876806 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720) and its phosphorylated form FTY720P are modulators of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors, which are G-protein coupled receptors linked to cell migration and vascular maturation. The efficacy of FTY720 in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and its animal models has been attributed to its inhibition of lymphocyte trafficking to target organs. In this study, we examined the role of S1P receptors in cultured rat oligodendrocytes (OLGs) and OLG progenitor cells (OPCs) using the active phosphorylated form of FTY720. We found that (1) FTY720P improves the survival of neonatal rat OLGs during serum withdrawal, which is associated with the phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and Akt; (2) FTY720P regulates OPC differentiation into OLGs in a concentration-dependent manner; and (3) S1P receptors are differentially modulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) resulting in downregulation of S1P5 and upregulation of S1P1 in OPCs. In addition, siRNA studies revealed that S1P1 participates in PDGF-induced OPC mitogenesis. We conclude that S1P1 and S1P5 serve different functions during oligodendroglial development, and possibly during remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Jung
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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29
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He Y, Dupree J, Wang J, Sandoval J, Li J, Liu H, Shi Y, Nave KA, Casaccia-Bonnefil P. The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 is essential for oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation. Neuron 2007; 55:217-30. [PMID: 17640524 PMCID: PMC2034312 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The progression of progenitors to oligodendrocytes requires proliferative arrest and the activation of a transcriptional program of differentiation. While regulation of cell cycle exit has been extensively characterized, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the initiation of differentiation remain ill-defined. Here, we identify the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) as a critical regulator of oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation. Conditional ablation of yy1 in the oligodendrocyte lineage in vivo induces a phenotype characterized by defective myelination, ataxia, and tremor. At the cellular level, lack of yy1 arrests differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors after they exit from the cell cycle. At the molecular level, YY1 acts as a lineage-specific repressor of transcriptional inhibitors of myelin gene expression (Tcf4 and Id4), by recruiting histone deacetylase-1 to their promoters during oligodendrocyte differentiation. Thus, we identify YY1 as an essential component of the transcriptional network regulating the transition of oligodendrocyte progenitors from cell cycle exit to differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye He
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, R. Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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30
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Takei H, Yogeswaren ST, Wong KK, Mehta V, Chintagumpala M, Dauser RC, Lau CC, Adesina AM. Expression of oligodendroglial differentiation markers in pilocytic astrocytomas identifies two clinical subsets and shows a significant correlation with proliferation index and progression free survival. J Neurooncol 2007; 86:183-90. [PMID: 17690840 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-007-9455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The growth pattern of pilocytic astrocytoma (PAs) is unpredictable. Gene expression profiling has recently demonstrated an inverse relationship between myelin basic protein (MBP) expression and progression free survival (PFS) in PAs. We present here the pattern of expression of oligodendroglial differentiation markers (ODMs) in PAs by immunohistochemistry and their correlation with PI and PFS. Sixty-four cases of PA were reviewed and representative sections were stained for Ki-67 and ODMs, including MBP, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFR-alpha), Olig-1, and Olig-2. Sections were graded semi-quantitatively for intensity (I: 0-3+) and extent (E: 0-4+) of staining. PI was expressed as a percentage of Ki-67 positive cells. Immunoreactivity of MBP, PDGFR-alpha, Olig-1, and Olig-2 was observed in 84, 56, 97, and 75% of cases, respectively. There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between MBP expression and PI (r (2) = .696, p = .014). A positive correlation was observed between PDGFR-alpha and PI (r (2) = .727, p = .011). Further analysis showed a significant difference in PFS between low expressors [I + E score < or = 3] and high expressors (I + E score > or = 4) for PDGFR-alpha with p < .001. Notably, there was a significant difference in PFS between high expressors of MBP and high expressors of PDGFR-alpha with p < .001. These results suggest that expression of ODMs, especially MBP and PDGFR-alpha, may identify two clinical subsets of PA. In addition, we have shown the expression of 4 different ODMs in PAs, which may support the possibility that PAs arise from oligodendrocyte progenitor/precursor cells probably similar to the O2A progenitor cells in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Takei
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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31
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Wang Z, Colognato H, Ffrench-Constant C. Contrasting effects of mitogenic growth factors on myelination in neuron-oligodendrocyte co-cultures. Glia 2007; 55:537-45. [PMID: 17236210 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mitogenic growth factors play an important role in the initial stages of oligodendrocyte development, but their roles in the process of myelination itself remain less well defined. In order to study directly the effects of different growth factors on myelination, we used a purified in vitro co-culture system with dorsal root ganglion neurons and oligodendrocytes. Extensive myelination had occurred in these cultures 14 days after oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) were added, with the relationship between neurite density and the percentage of oligodendrocytes forming myelin sheaths providing a robust and straightforward means of quantifying myelination. Addition of soluble neuregulin (Nrg1), a mitogen for oligodendroglial cells that also provides an axonal signal implicated in oligodendrocyte survival, increased myelination. Conversely, the OPC mitogens FGF-2 and PDGF inhibited myelination. The inhibitory effect of these mitogens was reversible, as inhibition of PDGF allowed myelination to proceed. Taken together, these data indicate that different mitogenic growth factors can regulate myelination by oligodendrocytes in addition to their well-described effects on earlier stages of oligodendroglial development. Moreover, the results highlight important differences between the growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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32
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Jiang S, Seng S, Avraham HK, Fu Y, Avraham S. Process elongation of oligodendrocytes is promoted by the Kelch-related protein MRP2/KLHL1. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12319-29. [PMID: 17324934 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701019200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLGs) are generated by progenitor cells that are committed to differentiating into myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system. Rearrangement of the cytoskeleton leading to the extension of cellular processes is essential for the myelination of axons by OLGs. Here, we have characterized a new member of the Kelch-related protein family termed MRP2 (for Mayven-related protein 2) that is specifically expressed in brain. MRP2/KLHL1 is expressed in oligodendrocyte precursors and mature OLGs, and its expression is up-regulated during OLG differentiation. MRP2/KLHL1 expression was abundant during the specific stages of oligodendrocyte development, as identified by A2B5-, O4-, and O1-specific oligodendrocyte markers. MRP2/KLHL1 was localized in the cytoplasm and along the cell processes. Moreover, a direct endogenous association of MRP2/KLHL1 with actin was observed, which was significantly increased in differentiated OLGs compared with undifferentiated OLGs. Overexpression of MRP2/KLHL1 resulted in a significant increase in the process extension of rat OLGs, whereas MRP2/KLHL1 antisense reduced the process length of primary rat OLGs. Furthermore, murine OLGs isolated from MRP2/KLHL1 transgenic mice showed a significant increase in the process extension of OLGs compared with control wild-type murine OLGs. These studies provide insights into the role of MRP2/KLHL1, through its interaction with actin, in the process elongation of OLGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Jiang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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33
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Abstract
There has been a revolution in understanding animal development in the last 25 years or so, but there is at least one area of development that has been relatively neglected and therefore remains largely mysterious. This is the intracellular programmes and timers that run in developing precursor cells and change the cells over time. The molecular mechanisms underlying these programmes are largely unknown. My colleagues and I have studied such programmes in two types of rodent neural precursor cells: those that give rise to oligodendrocytes, which make myelin in the CNS (central nervous system), and those that give rise to the various cell types in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raff
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the Biology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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34
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Puputti M, Tynninen O, Sihto H, Blom T, Mäenpää H, Isola J, Paetau A, Joensuu H, Nupponen NN. Amplification of KIT, PDGFRA, VEGFR2, and EGFR in gliomas. Mol Cancer Res 2006; 4:927-34. [PMID: 17189383 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase aberrations are implicated in the genesis of gliomas. We investigated expression and amplification of KIT, PDGFRA, VEGFR2, and EGFR in 87 gliomas consisting of astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, or oligoastrocytomas in tumor samples collected at the time of the diagnosis and in samples of the same tumors at tumor recurrence. Gene amplifications were investigated using either chromogenic in situ hybridization or fluorescence in situ hybridization, and protein expression using immunohistochemistry. In samples collected at glioma diagnosis, KIT and PDGFRA amplifications were more frequent in anaplastic astrocytomas than in astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and oligoastrocytomas [28% versus 5% (P = 0.012) and 33% versus 2% (P = 0.0008), respectively]. VEGFR2 amplifications occurred in 6% to 17% of the gliomas at diagnosis, and EGFR amplifications in 0% to 12%. Amplified KIT was more frequently present in recurrent gliomas than in newly diagnosed gliomas (P = 0.0066). KIT amplification was associated with KIT protein expression and with presence of PDGFRA and EGFR amplifications both at the time of the first glioma diagnosis and at tumor recurrence, and with VEGFR2 amplification at tumor recurrence. Three (4%) primary gliomas and 10 (14%) recurrent gliomas that were evaluable for coamplification of KIT, PDGFRA, and VEGFR2 showed amplification of at least two of these genes; the amplicon contained amplified KIT in all 13 cases. In conclusion, besides glioblastoma, amplified KIT, PDGFRA, and VEGFR may also occur in lower-grade gliomas and in their recurrent tumors. It is currently not known whether specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors are effective in the treatment of such gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjut Puputti
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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35
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Howe CL, Mayoral S, Rodriguez M. Activated microglia stimulate transcriptional changes in primary oligodendrocytes via IL-1beta. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23:731-9. [PMID: 16887357 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
No therapy currently exists to repair demyelinated lesions in multiple sclerosis. However, the use of IgM antibodies may provide a valuable therapeutic avenue for evoking such repair. Unfortunately, the mechanism of immunoglobulin action in CNS repair is currently unknown but may depend upon complex interactions between multiple cell types rather than upon direct activation of a single cell type. Using rat mixed glial cultures containing oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes, we found that the Fc portion of human IgM shifts microglia to an activated phenotype, reduces glial proliferation, upregulates a variety of immediate early genes, including JunB, Egr-1, and c-Fos, and stimulates microglial production and release of IL-1beta. Microglia-derived IL-1beta consequently triggers transcriptional upregulation of immediate early genes such as c-Jun, Egr-1, and c-Fos in the mixed glial cultures, and stimulates the upregulation of late response genes such as lipocalin in purified oligodendrocytes. Treatment with an IL-1beta receptor antagonist abrogates the effects of Fcmu on glial proliferation and prevents the upregulation of lipocalin in response to Fcmu, but does not prevent Fcmu-mediated upregulation of IL-1beta, suggesting that IL-1beta mediates at least some of the downstream effects of Fcmu in mixed glial cultures. We hypothesize that Fcmu-stimulated IL-1beta-induced upregulation of immediate early and late response genes in oligodendrocytes may promote CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Howe
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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36
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Jackson EL, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Gil-Perotin S, Roy M, Quinones-Hinojosa A, VandenBerg S, Alvarez-Buylla A. PDGFRα-Positive B Cells Are Neural Stem Cells in the Adult SVZ that Form Glioma-like Growths in Response to Increased PDGF Signaling. Neuron 2006; 51:187-99. [PMID: 16846854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurons and oligodendrocytes are produced in the adult brain subventricular zone (SVZ) from neural stem cells (B cells), which express GFAP and have morphological properties of astrocytes. We report here on the identification B cells expressing the PDGFRalpha in the adult SVZ. Specifically labeled PDGFRalpha expressing B cells in vivo generate neurons and oligodendrocytes. Conditional ablation of PDGFRalpha in a subpopulation of postnatal stem cells showed that this receptor is required for oligodendrogenesis, but not neurogenesis. Infusion of PDGF alone was sufficient to arrest neuroblast production and induce SVZ B cell proliferation contributing to the generation of large hyperplasias with some features of gliomas. The work demonstrates that PDGFRalpha signaling occurs early in the adult stem cell lineage and may help regulate the balance between oligodendrocyte and neuron production. Excessive PDGF activation in the SVZ in stem cells is sufficient to induce hallmarks associated with early stages of tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Jackson
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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37
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Baron W, Colognato H, ffrench-Constant C, Ffrench-Constant C. Integrin-growth factor interactions as regulators of oligodendroglial development and function. Glia 2005; 49:467-79. [PMID: 15578662 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) development requires mechanisms for the regulation of cell number. Although growth factors are essential determinants of the proliferation and apoptosis that determine final numbers, the long-range nature of signals from diffusible growth factors makes them insufficient for the provision of the precise and localized signals required. Integration of integrin and growth factor receptor signaling in controlling cell behavior has been an important theme of research over the past several years. The focus of this review is on the mechanisms by which integrin-growth factor interactions regulate the development of oligodendrocytes and provide a mechanism for controlling, both in space and in time, oligodendrocyte numbers in the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wia Baron
- Department of Membrane Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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38
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Jiang S, Avraham HK, Park SY, Kim TA, Bu X, Seng S, Avraham S. Process elongation of oligodendrocytes is promoted by the Kelch-related actin-binding protein Mayven. J Neurochem 2005; 92:1191-203. [PMID: 15715669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangement of the cytoskeleton leading to the extension of cellular processes is essential for the myelination of axons by oligodendrocytes. We observed that the actin-binding protein, Mayven, is expressed during all stages of the oligodendrocyte lineage, and that its expression is up-regulated during oligodendrocyte differentiation. Mayven is localized in the cytoplasm and along the cell processes. Mayven also binds actin, and is involved in the cytoskeletal reorganization in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (O-2A cells) that leads to process elongation. Mayven overexpression resulted in an increase in the process outgrowth of O-2A cells and in the lengths of the processes, while microinjection of Mayven-specific antibodies inhibited process extension in these cells. Furthermore, O-2A cells transduced with recombinant retroviral sense Mayven (pMIG-W-Mayven) showed an increase in the number of oligodendrocyte processes with outgrowth, while recombinant retroviral antisense Mayven (pMIG-W-Mayven-AS) blocked O-2A process extension. Interestingly, co-localization and association of Mayven with Fyn kinase were found in O-2A cells, and these interactions were increased during the outgrowth of oligodendrocyte processes. This association was mediated via the SH3 domain ligand (a.a. 1-45) of Mayven and the SH3 domain of Fyn, suggesting that Mayven may act as a linker to bind Fyn, via its N-terminus. Thus, Mayven plays a role in the dynamics of cytoskeletal rearrangement leading to the process extension of oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Jiang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
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39
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McKinnon RD, Waldron S, Kiel ME. PDGF alpha-receptor signal strength controls an RTK rheostat that integrates phosphoinositol 3'-kinase and phospholipase Cgamma pathways during oligodendrocyte maturation. J Neurosci 2005; 25:3499-508. [PMID: 15814780 PMCID: PMC6725367 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5049-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors with tyrosine kinase activity (RTKs) control tissue growth and development in metazoans. How they generate cell-specific responses remains essentially unknown; one model proposes that distinct RTKs activate different second-messenger pathways, whereas a second proposes that all RTKs deliver a generic "go" signal to these pathways that is uniquely interpreted by downstream, cell-specific response competence factors. We examine pathway activation and pathway-specific responses downstream of PDGFalpha receptors, whose expression in the developing CNS identifies oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and whose activation controls OPC proliferation, migration, survival, and maturation. PDGFRalpha-null mice die in utero, and OPCs that emerge before their demise have migration and proliferation defects and rapidly differentiate into postmitotic oligodendrocytes in vitro. OPCs from hemizygous mice also undergo precocious differentiation, indicating a role for PDGFRalpha gene dosage in timing OPC maturation. The rescue of PDGFRalpha-null OPCs with PDGFRalpha transgenes revealed specific roles for the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma) pathways and a distinct ligand concentration dependence. Activation of the PI3K pathway is required for PDGFRalpha-induced migration, whereas activation of both PI3K and PLCgamma are required for PDGFRalpha-induced proliferation. For proliferation, PI3K activation is required at low ligand concentration, whereas PLCgamma is required at high signal strength. Dose-response studies further demonstrate that PDGFRalpha activates PI3K at low ligand concentrations, whereas PLCgamma is activated at high signal strength. Thus, PDGFRalpha signaling acts like a rheostat rather than generic ON switch, with signal strength dictating pathway activation during OPC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall D McKinnon
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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40
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Ivanova A, Nakahira E, Kagawa T, Oba A, Wada T, Takebayashi H, Spassky N, Levine J, Zalc B, Ikenaka K. Evidence for a second wave of oligodendrogenesis in the postnatal cerebral cortex of the mouse. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73:581-92. [PMID: 12929126 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The existing view is that cortical oligodendrocytes (OLs) in rodents are born from the cortical subventricular zone (SVZ) after birth, but recent data suggest that many forebrain oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are specified much earlier (between E9.5 and E13.5 in the mouse) in the ventricular zone of the ventral forebrain under the control of sonic hedgehog (Shh) and migrate into the cortex afterward. We examined expression of specific early OL markers (PDGFRalpha, PLP/DM20, Olig2, and NG2) in the developing forebrain to clarify this issue. We propose that OPCs colonize the developing cortex in two temporally distinct waves. The gray matter is at least partially populated by a first wave of OPCs that arises in the medial ganglionic eminence and the entopeduncular area and spreads into the cortex via the developing cortical plate. The cerebral cortex benefits from the second wave of OPCs coming from residential SVZ. In the second wave, there might be two different types of precursor cells: PLP/DM20(+) cells populating only inner layers and PDGFRalpha(+) cells, which might eventually myelinate the outer regions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ivanova
- Laboratory of Neural Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki National Research Institutes, Aichi, Japan
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41
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Weiss AH. Unilateral high myopia: optical components, associated factors, and visual outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87:1025-31. [PMID: 12881349 PMCID: PMC1771811 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.8.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2002] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the optical basis for unilateral high myopia and to identify the factors associated with its development. METHODS Medical records of 48 children (aged 4 months to 17 years; mean age 6.8 years) with unilateral high myopia (5 dioptres or more) seen consecutively by the author during a 15 year period were reviewed. 45 (94%) of the 48 patients had unilateral axial myopia. RESULTS The mean refractive difference between paired eyes was 9.4 (SD 3.6) dioptres and the more myopic eye was on average 3.3 (1.8) mm longer than the less myopic eye. All but three of the patients had an ocular disorder associated with reduced acuity, central nervous system abnormality, or family history of high myopia. CONCLUSION Clinical conditions associated with unilateral high myopia can be identified in the majority of patients and often account for the associated visual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Weiss
- Division of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Milosevic A, Goldman JE. Progenitors in the postnatal cerebellar white matter are antigenically heterogeneous. J Comp Neurol 2002; 452:192-203. [PMID: 12271492 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Progenitors that migrate through the white matter of the postnatal cerebellum give rise to cortical interneurons, astroglia, and oligodendroglia. To determine whether this progenitor population is heterogeneous with respect to specific lineage markers, we infected progenitors in vivo with a retrovirus encoding the green fluorescent protein on postnatal day 4/5 and labeled them in situ with various antibodies 2 days postviral injection: the neuronal marker was the transcription factor SOX1; early oligodendroglial markers were chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan antigen and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha. Markers for astroglial progenitors were vimentin, nestin, zebrin II, and the astroglial-specific glutamate transporter subtype GLAST. None of the progenitors was doubly labeled with any combination of markers characteristic for different cell lineages. Most progenitors were not labeled with any of the various combinations of antibodies used. Progenitors did not express markers characteristic for mature astroglia (GFAP), oligodendroglia (CNPase), or neurons (MAP2). Thus, although these progenitors are morphologically indistinguishable, a minority expresses markers of early neuronal or glial lineages, suggesting that they begin to differentiate during migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milosevic
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, The Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Dietrich J, Noble M, Mayer-Proschel M. Characterization of A2B5+ glial precursor cells from cryopreserved human fetal brain progenitor cells. Glia 2002; 40:65-77. [PMID: 12237844 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of human neural precursor cells are critical in extending our understanding of central nervous system development from model animal systems to our own species. Moreover, availability of well-characterized populations of human cells is of potential value in endeavors ranging from cell transplantation to drug screening. We have isolated a population of continuously dividing glial-restricted precursor cells from commercially available cryopreserved 18-20 weeks old fetal brain neural progenitor cells. These human glial-restricted precursor cells are A2B5(+) and do not express polysialylated E-NCAM (PSA-NCAM). They can be grown as purified populations in serum-free medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and can be induced to generate cells with the antigenic characteristics of oligodendrocytes and distinct astrocytic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Dietrich
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Curtis R, Hardy R, Reynolds R, Spruce BA, Wilkin GP. Down-regulation of GAP-43 During Oligodendrocyte Development and Lack of Expression by Astrocytes In Vivo: Implications for Macroglial Differentiation. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 3:876-86. [PMID: 12106454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1991.tb00099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of molecular markers which are selectively expressed during the development of specific classes of rat central nervous system macroglia has greatly advanced our understanding of how these cells are related. In particular, it has been shown in tissue culture that oligodendrocytes and some astrocytes (type-2) may be derived from a common progenitor cell (O-2A progenitor). However, the existence of type-2 astrocytes in vivo has yet to be unequivocally established. Recently, it has been reported that the neural-specific growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43, otherwise known as B-50, F1, pp46 and neuromodulin) may be expressed by cells of the O-2A lineage in vitro. We set out to examine the cellular specificity of GAP-43 in O-2A progenitors and their descendants in vitro and in vivo. Using a polyclonal antiserum against a GAP-43 fusion protein we have shown the presence of immunoreactive GAP-43 in the membranes of bipotential O-2A glial progenitor cells and type-2 astrocytes by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry of cells in culture. In contrast to previous studies, double labelling with mature oligodendrocyte markers showed that GAP-43 is down-regulated during oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. Immunohistochemical staining of sections of developing rat brain demonstrated the same developmental regulation of GAP-43, suggesting that oligodendrocytes only express GAP-43 at immature stages. In addition, normal and reactive astrocytes in tissue sections were not labelled with GAP-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Curtis
- Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Grinspan
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
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46
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Park SK, Miller R, Krane I, Vartanian T. The erbB2 gene is required for the development of terminally differentiated spinal cord oligodendrocytes. J Cell Biol 2001; 154:1245-58. [PMID: 11564761 PMCID: PMC2150828 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200104025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of oligodendrocytes and the generation of myelin internodes within the spinal cord depends on regional signals derived from the notochord and axonally derived signals. Neuregulin 1 (NRG)-1, localized in the floor plate as well as in motor and sensory neurons, is necessary for normal oligodendrocyte development. Oligodendrocytes respond to NRGs by activating members of the erbB receptor tyrosine kinase family. Here, we show that erbB2 is not necessary for the early stages of oligodendrocyte precursor development, but is essential for proligodendroblasts to differentiate into galactosylcerebroside-positive (GalC+) oligodendrocytes. In the presence of erbB2, oligodendrocyte development is normal. In the absence of erbB2 (erbB2-/-), however, oligodendrocyte development is halted at the proligodendroblast stage with a >10-fold reduction in the number of GalC+ oligodendrocytes. ErbB2 appears to function in the transition of proligodendroblast to oligodendrocyte by transducing a terminal differentiation signal, since there is no evidence of increased oligodendrocyte death in the absence of erbB2. Furthermore, known survival signals for oligodendrocytes increase oligodendrocyte numbers in the presence of erbB2, but fail to do so in the absence of erbB2. Of the erbB2-/- oligodendrocytes that do differentiate, all fail to ensheath neurites. These data suggest that erbB2 is required for the terminal differentiation of oligodendrocytes and for development of myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Park
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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47
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Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide stimulates DNA synthesis but delays maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitors. J Neurosci 2001. [PMID: 11356873 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.21-11-03849.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and one of its receptors (PAC(1)) are expressed in embryonic neural tube, where they appear to regulate neurogenesis and patterning. We now show that PAC(1) gene expression is also present in neonatal rats in the ventricular and subventricular zones and in the optic chiasm, areas that are rich in oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitors (OLP). Because actions of PACAP on OLP have not been reported, we examined the effects of PACAP on the proliferation of purified OLP in culture and on myelinogenesis in cerebellar slices. Northern analyses on total RNA from purified glial cell subtypes revealed an abundant 7 kb hybridizing transcript in OLP, which was confirmed to correspond to the PAC(1) receptor by reverse transcription-PCR. The presence of this receptor was also corroborated by radioligand binding and cAMP assay. In cultured OL, receptor density decreased during maturation but was partially counterbalanced by the appearance of sites that bound both PACAP and the related peptide vasoactive intestinal peptide. PACAP increased DNA synthesis in OLP cultures almost twofold and increased the bromodeoxyuridine-labeling index in O4-positive OLP. PACAP treatment also resulted in decreased sulfate incorporation into sulfatide in cultures of differentiating OL. The PACAP effect on sulfatide synthesis was fully reproduced in a cerebellar explant model. These findings indicate that PACAP may act at two stages during OL development to (1) stimulate proliferation and (2) delay maturation and/or myelinogenesis.
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48
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Schnädelbach O, Ozen I, Blaschuk OW, Meyer RL, Fawcett JW. N-cadherin is involved in axon-oligodendrocyte contact and myelination. Mol Cell Neurosci 2001; 17:1084-93. [PMID: 11414796 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2001.0961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the influence of the calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule, N-cadherin, on events leading to CNS myelination. Interactions between axons and oligodendrocyte progenitor (OP) cells and the CG4 OP cell line were examined by video-microscopy. OPs cocultured with dorsal root ganglia explants migrated around the culture and formed numerous contacts with axons. The duration of these contacts depended on the morphology of the OP, with OPs containing four or more processes forming long-lasting contacts and OPs with three or fewer processes forming short-termed contacts. Treatment with N-cadherin function blocking peptides approximately halved the duration of contacts made by cells with four or more processes but contact times for cells with three or less processes were unaffected. The L7 cadherin-blocking antibody and calcium withdrawal had similar effects. Contacts with axons regenerating from explants of adult retina, which do not have N-cadherin on their surface was examined. The contact duration of OPs to adult retina axons was short and similar in length to those formed between OPs and dorsal root ganglion axons in the presence of cadherin blocking reagents. Oligodendrocyte myelination was examined in organotypic rat cerebellar slice cultures, taken before myelination at postnatal day 10 and then allowed to myelinate in vitro over 7 days. When incubated with an N-cadherin function-blocking peptide, myelination of Purkinje cell axons was reduced to about half of control levels, while control peptides were without effect. Cadherin-blockade did not prevent maturation of OPs, since oligodendrocytes showing myelin basic protein immunostaining were still found in these cultures. However, many of the cell processes did not colocalize with calbindin-positive axons. From these data we conclude that N-cadherin is important for the initial contact between a myelinating oligodendrocyte and axons and significantly contributes to the success of myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schnädelbach
- Physiological Laboratory, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG
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49
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Lee M, Lelievre V, Zhao P, Torres M, Rodriguez W, Byun JY, Doshi S, Ioffe Y, Gupta G, de los Monteros AE, de Vellis J, Waschek J. Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide stimulates DNA synthesis but delays maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitors. J Neurosci 2001; 21:3849-59. [PMID: 11356873 PMCID: PMC6762713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and one of its receptors (PAC(1)) are expressed in embryonic neural tube, where they appear to regulate neurogenesis and patterning. We now show that PAC(1) gene expression is also present in neonatal rats in the ventricular and subventricular zones and in the optic chiasm, areas that are rich in oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitors (OLP). Because actions of PACAP on OLP have not been reported, we examined the effects of PACAP on the proliferation of purified OLP in culture and on myelinogenesis in cerebellar slices. Northern analyses on total RNA from purified glial cell subtypes revealed an abundant 7 kb hybridizing transcript in OLP, which was confirmed to correspond to the PAC(1) receptor by reverse transcription-PCR. The presence of this receptor was also corroborated by radioligand binding and cAMP assay. In cultured OL, receptor density decreased during maturation but was partially counterbalanced by the appearance of sites that bound both PACAP and the related peptide vasoactive intestinal peptide. PACAP increased DNA synthesis in OLP cultures almost twofold and increased the bromodeoxyuridine-labeling index in O4-positive OLP. PACAP treatment also resulted in decreased sulfate incorporation into sulfatide in cultures of differentiating OL. The PACAP effect on sulfatide synthesis was fully reproduced in a cerebellar explant model. These findings indicate that PACAP may act at two stages during OL development to (1) stimulate proliferation and (2) delay maturation and/or myelinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lee
- Departments of Neurobiology and Psychiatry and Mental Retardation Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024-1759, USA
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Baumann N, Pham-Dinh D. Biology of oligodendrocyte and myelin in the mammalian central nervous system. Physiol Rev 2001; 81:871-927. [PMID: 11274346 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1203] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system (CNS), and astrocytes constitute macroglia. This review deals with the recent progress related to the origin and differentiation of the oligodendrocytes, their relationships to other neural cells, and functional neuroglial interactions under physiological conditions and in demyelinating diseases. One of the problems in studies of the CNS is to find components, i.e., markers, for the identification of the different cells, in intact tissues or cultures. In recent years, specific biochemical, immunological, and molecular markers have been identified. Many components specific to differentiating oligodendrocytes and to myelin are now available to aid their study. Transgenic mice and spontaneous mutants have led to a better understanding of the targets of specific dys- or demyelinating diseases. The best examples are the studies concerning the effects of the mutations affecting the most abundant protein in the central nervous myelin, the proteolipid protein, which lead to dysmyelinating diseases in animals and human (jimpy mutation and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease or spastic paraplegia, respectively). Oligodendrocytes, as astrocytes, are able to respond to changes in the cellular and extracellular environment, possibly in relation to a glial network. There is also a remarkable plasticity of the oligodendrocyte lineage, even in the adult with a certain potentiality for myelin repair after experimental demyelination or human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Baumann
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U. 495, Biology of Neuron-Glia Interactions, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
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