1
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Jiménez M, Kyoung CK, Nabukhotna K, Watkins D, Jain BK, Best JT, Graham TR. P4-ATPase endosomal recycling relies on multiple retromer-dependent localization signals. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar125. [PMID: 39110530 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-05-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Type IV P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) are lipid flippases that generate an asymmetric membrane organization essential for cell viability. The five budding yeast P4-ATPases traffic between the Golgi complex, plasma membrane, and endosomes but how they are recycled from the endolysosomal system to the Golgi complex is poorly understood. In this study, we find that P4-ATPase endosomal recycling is primarily driven by the retromer complex and the F-box protein Rcy1. Defects in P4-ATPase recycling result in their mislocalization to the vacuole and a substantial loss of membrane asymmetry. The P4-ATPases contain multiple predicted retromer sorting signals, and the characterization of these signals in Dnf1 and Dnf2 led to the identification of a novel retromer-dependent signal, IPM[ST] that acts redundantly with predicted motifs. Together, these results emphasize the importance of endosomal recycling for the functional localization of P4-ATPases and membrane organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Jiménez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Claire K Kyoung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Kateryna Nabukhotna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Davia Watkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Bhawik K Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Jordan T Best
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Todd R Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
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2
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Gopaldass N, Chen KE, Collins B, Mayer A. Assembly and fission of tubular carriers mediating protein sorting in endosomes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:765-783. [PMID: 38886588 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Endosomes are central protein-sorting stations at the crossroads of numerous membrane trafficking pathways in all eukaryotes. They have a key role in protein homeostasis and cellular signalling and are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Endosome-associated protein assemblies or coats collect transmembrane cargo proteins and concentrate them into retrieval domains. These domains can extend into tubular carriers, which then pinch off from the endosomal membrane and deliver the cargoes to appropriate subcellular compartments. Here we discuss novel insights into the structure of a number of tubular membrane coats that mediate the recruitment of cargoes into these carriers, focusing on sorting nexin-based coats such as Retromer, Commander and ESCPE-1. We summarize current and emerging views of how selective tubular endosomal carriers form and detach from endosomes by fission, highlighting structural aspects, conceptual challenges and open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Gopaldass
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Kai-En Chen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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3
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Lewis CD, Tierney ML. Contrasting Retromer with a Newly Described Retriever in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2470. [PMID: 39273954 PMCID: PMC11397296 DOI: 10.3390/plants13172470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
The tight regulation of protein composition within the plasma membranes of plant cells is crucial for the proper development of plants and for their ability to respond to a changing environment. Upon being endocytosed, integral membrane proteins can be secreted, sorted into multivesicular bodies/late endosomes, and degraded in the lytic vacuole, or recycled back to the plasma membrane to continue functioning. The evolutionarily conserved retromer complex has attracted the interest of plant cell biologists for over a decade as it has emerged as a key regulator of the trafficking of endocytosed integral plasma membrane proteins. Recently, a related recycling complex that shares a subunit with retromer was described in metazoan species. Named "retriever", homologs to the proteins that comprise this new recycling complex and its accessory proteins are found within plant lineages. Initial experiments indicate that there is conservation of function between metazoan and plant retriever proteins, suggesting that it is prudent to re-evaluate the available plant retromer data with the added potential of a plant retriever complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor D Lewis
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Mary L Tierney
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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4
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Toshima JY, Toshima J. Transport mechanisms between the endocytic, recycling, and biosynthetic pathways via endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1464337. [PMID: 39291266 PMCID: PMC11405242 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1464337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
After the endocytic and biosynthetic pathway converge, they partially share the route to the lysosome/vacuole. Similarly, the endocytic recycling and secretory pathways also partially share the route to the plasma membrane. The interaction of these transport pathways is mediated by endosomes and the trans-Golgi network (TGN), which act as sorting stations in endocytic and biosynthesis pathway, and endosomes has a bidirectional transport to and from the TGN. In mammalian cells endosomes can be largely classified as early/sorting, late, and recycling endosomes, based on their morphological features and localization of Rab family proteins, which are key factors in vesicular trafficking. However, these endosomes do not necessarily represent specific compartments that are comparable among different species. For instance, Rab5 localizes to early endosomes in mammalian cells but is widely localized to early-to-late endosomes in yeast, and to pre-vacuolar endosomes and the TGN in plant cells. The SNARE complexes are also key factors widely conserved among species and localized specifically to the endosomal membrane, but the localization of respective homologs is not necessarily consistent among species. These facts suggest that endosomes should be classified more inclusively across species. Here we reconsider the mammalian endosome system based on findings in budding yeast and other species and discuss the differences and similarities between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Y Toshima
- School of Health Science, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Toshima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Qiu Z, Deng X, Fu Y, Jiang M, Cui X. Exploring the triad: VPS35, neurogenesis, and neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 2024; 168:2363-2378. [PMID: 39022884 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35), a critical component of the retromer complex, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). It is involved in protein transmembrane sorting, facilitating the transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and plasma membrane. Recent investigations have compellingly associated mutations in the VPS35 gene with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. These genetic alterations are implicated in protein misfolding, disrupted autophagic processes, mitochondrial dysregulation, and synaptic impairment. Furthermore, VPS35 exerts a notable impact on neurogenesis by influencing neuronal functionality, protein conveyance, and synaptic performance. Dysregulation or mutation of VPS35 may escalate the progression of neurodegenerative conditions, underscoring its pivotal role in safeguarding neuronal integrity. This review comprehensively discusses the role of VPS35 and its functional impairments in NDs. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the impact of VPS35 on neurogenesis and further explore the intricate relationship between neurogenesis and NDs. These research advancements offer novel perspectives and valuable insights for identifying potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiong Qiu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xu Deng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaojun Cui
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- School of Medicine, Kashi University, Xinjiang, China
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6
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Wu A, Lee D, Xiong WC. VPS35 or retromer as a potential target for neurodegenerative disorders: barriers to progress. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:701-712. [PMID: 39175128 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2392700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vacuolar Protein Sorting 35 (VPS35) is pivotal in the retromer complex, governing transmembrane protein trafficking within cells, and its dysfunction is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. A missense mutation, Asp620Asn (D620N), specifically ties to familial late-onset Parkinson's, while reduced VPS35 levels are observed in Alzheimer's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and tauopathies. VPS35's absence in certain neurons during development can initiate neurodegeneration, highlighting its necessity for neural health. Present therapeutic research mainly targets the clearance of harmful protein aggregates and symptom management. Innovative treatments focusing on VPS35 are under investigation, although fully understanding the mechanisms and optimal targeting strategies remain a challenge. AREAS COVERED This review offers a detailed account of VPS35's discovery, its role in neurodegenerative mechanisms - especially in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's - and its link to other disorders. It shines alight on recent insights into VPS35's function in development, disease, and as a therapeutic target. EXPERT OPINION VPS35 is integral to cellular function and disease association, making it a significant candidate for developing therapies. Progress in modulating VPS35's activity may lead to breakthrough treatments that not only slow disease progression but may also act as biomarkers for neurodegeneration risk, marking a step forward in managing these complex conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daehoon Lee
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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7
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Evergren E, Mills IG, Kennedy G. Adaptations of membrane trafficking in cancer and tumorigenesis. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs260943. [PMID: 38770683 PMCID: PMC11166456 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking, a fundamental cellular process encompassing the transport of molecules to specific organelles, endocytosis at the plasma membrane and protein secretion, is crucial for cellular homeostasis and signalling. Cancer cells adapt membrane trafficking to enhance their survival and metabolism, and understanding these adaptations is vital for improving patient responses to therapy and identifying therapeutic targets. In this Review, we provide a concise overview of major membrane trafficking pathways and detail adaptations in these pathways, including COPII-dependent endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi vesicle trafficking, COPI-dependent retrograde Golgi-to-ER trafficking and endocytosis, that have been found in cancer. We explore how these adaptations confer growth advantages or resistance to cell death and conclude by discussing the potential for utilising this knowledge in developing new treatment strategies and overcoming drug resistance for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Evergren
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ian G. Mills
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Grace Kennedy
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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8
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Carosi JM, Hein LK, Sandow JJ, Dang LVP, Hattersley K, Denton D, Kumar S, Sargeant TJ. Autophagy captures the retromer-TBC1D5 complex to inhibit receptor recycling. Autophagy 2024; 20:863-882. [PMID: 37938196 PMCID: PMC11062367 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2281126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Retromer prevents the destruction of numerous receptors by recycling them from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network or plasma membrane. This enables retromer to fine-tune the activity of many signaling pathways in parallel. However, the mechanism(s) by which retromer function adapts to environmental fluctuations such as nutrient withdrawal and how this affects the fate of its cargoes remains incompletely understood. Here, we reveal that macroautophagy/autophagy inhibition by MTORC1 controls the abundance of retromer+ endosomes under nutrient-replete conditions. Autophagy activation by chemical inhibition of MTOR or nutrient withdrawal does not affect retromer assembly or its interaction with the RAB7 GAP protein TBC1D5, but rather targets these endosomes for bulk destruction following their capture by phagophores. This process appears to be distinct from amphisome formation. TBC1D5 and its ability to bind to retromer, but not its C-terminal LC3-interacting region (LIR) or nutrient-regulated dephosphorylation, is critical for retromer to be captured by autophagosomes following MTOR inhibition. Consequently, endosomal recycling of its cargoes to the plasma membrane and trans-Golgi network is impaired, leading to their lysosomal turnover. These findings demonstrate a mechanistic link connecting nutrient abundance to receptor homeostasis.Abbreviations: AMPK, 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase; APP, amyloid beta precursor protein; ATG, autophagy related; BafA, bafilomycin A1; CQ, chloroquine; DMEM, Dulbecco's minimum essential medium; DPBS, Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline; EBSS, Earle's balanced salt solution; FBS, fetal bovine serum; GAP, GTPase-activating protein; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; LIR, LC3-interacting region; LANDO, LC3-associated endocytosis; LP, leupeptin and pepstatin; MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1, MTOR complex 1; nutrient stress, withdrawal of amino acids and serum; PDZ, DLG4/PSD95, DLG1, and TJP1/zo-1; RPS6, ribosomal protein S6; RPS6KB1/S6K1, ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1; SLC2A1/GLUT1, solute carrier family 2 member 1; SORL1, sortillin related receptor 1; SORT1, sortillin 1; SNX, sorting nexin; TBC1D5, TBC1 domain family member 5; ULK1, unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WASH, WASH complex subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M. Carosi
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia (UniSA), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Leanne K. Hein
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jarrod J. Sandow
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Current Address: IonOpticks, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Linh V. P. Dang
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kathryn Hattersley
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia (UniSA), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia (UniSA), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Sargeant
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
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9
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Suzuki SW, West M, Zhang Y, Fan JS, Roberts RT, Odorizzi G, Emr SD. A role for Vps13-mediated lipid transfer at the ER-endosome contact site in ESCRT-mediated sorting. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307094. [PMID: 38319250 PMCID: PMC10847051 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Endosomes are specialized organelles that function in the secretory and endocytic protein sorting pathways. Endocytosed cell surface receptors and transporters destined for lysosomal degradation are sorted into intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) at endosomes by endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) proteins. The endosomes (multivesicular bodies, MVBs) then fuse with the lysosome. During endosomal maturation, the number of ILVs increases, but the size of endosomes does not decrease despite the consumption of the limiting membrane during ILV formation. Vesicle-mediated trafficking is thought to provide lipids to support MVB biogenesis. However, we have uncovered an unexpected contribution of a large bridge-like lipid transfer protein, Vps13, in this process. Here, we reveal that Vps13-mediated lipid transfer at ER-endosome contact sites is required for the ESCRT pathway. We propose that Vps13 may play a critical role in supplying lipids to the endosome, ensuring continuous ESCRT-mediated sorting during MVB biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho W. Suzuki
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Matthew West
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jenny S. Fan
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rachel T. Roberts
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Greg Odorizzi
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Scott D. Emr
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Tsurutani N, Momose F, Ogawa K, Sano K, Morikawa Y. Intracellular trafficking of HIV-1 Gag via Syntaxin 6-positive compartments/vesicles: Involvement in tumor necrosis factor secretion. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105687. [PMID: 38280430 PMCID: PMC10891346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Gag protein is synthesized in the cytosol and is transported to the plasma membrane, where viral particle assembly and budding occur. Endosomes are alternative sites of Gag accumulation. However, the intracellular transport pathways and carriers for Gag have not been clarified. We show here that Syntaxin6 (Syx6), a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) involved in membrane fusion in post-Golgi networks, is a molecule responsible for Gag trafficking and also for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) secretion and that Gag and TNFα are cotransported via Syx6-positive compartments/vesicles. Confocal and live-cell imaging revealed that Gag colocalized and cotrafficked with Syx6, a fraction of which localizes in early and recycling endosomes. Syx6 knockdown reduced HIV-1 particle production, with Gag distributed diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. Coimmunoprecipitation and pulldown show that Gag binds to Syx6, but not its SNARE partners or their assembly complexes, suggesting that Gag preferentially binds free Syx6. The Gag matrix domain and the Syx6 SNARE domain are responsible for the interaction and cotrafficking. In immune cells, Syx6 knockdown/knockout similarly impaired HIV-1 production. Interestingly, HIV-1 infection facilitated TNFα secretion, and this enhancement did not occur in Syx6-depleted cells. Confocal and live-cell imaging revealed that TNFα and Gag partially colocalized and were cotransported via Syx6-positive compartments/vesicles. Biochemical analyses indicate that TNFα directly binds the C-terminal domain of Syx6. Altogether, our data provide evidence that both Gag and TNFα make use of Syx6-mediated trafficking machinery and suggest that Gag expression does not inhibit but rather facilitates TNFα secretion in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Tsurutani
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Momose
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Ogawa
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouichi Sano
- Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Morikawa
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Min WK, Kwon DH, Song JT, Seo HS. Arabidopsis retromer subunit AtVPS29 is involved in SLY1-mediated gibberellin signaling. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:53. [PMID: 38315261 PMCID: PMC10844355 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Retromer protein AtVPS29 upregulates the SLY1 protein and downregulates the RGA protein, positively stimulating the development of the root meristematic zone, which indicates an important role of AtVPS29 in gibberellin signaling. In plants, the large retromer complex is known to play roles in multiple development processes, including cell polarity, programmed cell death, and root hair growth in Arabidopsis. However, many of its roles in plant development remain unknown. Here, we show that Arabidopsis trimeric retromer protein AtVPS29 (vacuolar protein sorting 29) modulates gibberellin signaling. The SLEEPY1 (SLY1) protein, known as a positive regulator of gibberellic acid (GA) signaling, exhibited lower abundance in vps29-3 mutants compared to wild-type (WT) plants. Conversely, the DELLA repressor protein, targeted by the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF (Skp, Cullin, F-box) complex and acting as a negative regulator of GA signaling, showed increased abundance in vps29-3 mutants compared to WT. The vps29-3 mutants exhibited decreased sensitivity to exogenous GA supply in contrast to WT, despite an upregulation in the expression of GA receptor genes within the vps29-3 mutants. In addition, the expression of the GA synthesis genes was downregulated in vps29-3 mutants, implying that the loss of AtVPS29 causes the downregulation of GA synthesis and signaling. Furthermore, vps29-3 mutants exhibited a reduced meristematic zone accompanied by a decreased cell number. Together, these data indicate that AtVPS29 positively regulates SLY1-mediated GA signaling and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ki Min
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanakro 200, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kwon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanakro 200, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Song
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Hak Soo Seo
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanakro 200, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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12
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Zhai H, Wang T, Liu D, Pan L, Sun Y, Qiu HJ. Autophagy as a dual-faced host response to viral infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1289170. [PMID: 38125906 PMCID: PMC10731275 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1289170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy selectively degrades viral particles or cellular components, either facilitating or inhibiting viral replication. Conversely, most viruses have evolved strategies to escape or exploit autophagy. Moreover, autophagy collaborates with the pattern recognition receptor signaling, influencing the expression of adaptor molecules involved in the innate immune response and regulating the expression of interferons (IFNs). The intricate relationship between autophagy and IFNs plays a critical role in the host cell defense against microbial invasion. Therefore, it is important to summarize the interactions between viral infections, autophagy, and the host defense mechanisms against viruses. This review specifically focuses on the interactions between autophagy and IFN pathways during viral infections, providing a comprehensive summary of the molecular mechanisms utilized or evaded by different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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13
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Huber RJ, Gray J, Kim WD. Loss of mfsd8 alters the secretome during Dictyostelium aggregation. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151361. [PMID: 37742391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 8 (MFSD8) is a transmembrane protein that has been reported to function as a lysosomal chloride channel. In humans, homozygous mutations in MFSD8 cause a late-infantile form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) called CLN7 disease. In the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, Mfsd8 localizes to cytoplasmic puncta and vesicles, and regulates conserved processes during the organism's life cycle. Here, we used D. discoideum to examine the effect of mfsd8-deficiency on the secretome during the early stages of multicellular development. Mass spectrometry revealed 61 proteins that were differentially released by cells after 4 and 8 h of starvation. Most proteins were present in increased amounts in mfsd8- conditioned buffer compared to WT indicating that loss of mfsd8 deregulates protein secretion and/or causes the release of proteins not normally secreted by WT cells. GO term enrichment analyses showed that many of the proteins aberrantly released by mfsd8- cells localize to compartments and regions of the cell associated with the endo-lysosomal and secretory pathways. Mass spectrometry also revealed proteins previously known to be impacted by the loss of mfsd8 (e.g., cathepsin D), as well as proteins that may underlie mfsd8-deficiency phenotypes during aggregation. Finally, we show that mfsd8-deficiency reduces intracellular proteasome 20S activity due to the abnormal release of at least one proteasomal subunit. Together, this study reveals the impact of mfsd8 loss on the secretome during D. discoideum aggregation and lays the foundation for follow up work that investigates the role of altered protein release in CLN7 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Joshua Gray
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - William D Kim
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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Chen M, Xu L, Wu Y, Soba P, Hu C. The organization and function of the Golgi apparatus in dendrite development and neurological disorders. Genes Dis 2023; 10:2425-2442. [PMID: 37554209 PMCID: PMC10404969 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrites are specialized neuronal compartments that sense, integrate and transfer information in the neural network. Their development is tightly controlled and abnormal dendrite morphogenesis is strongly linked to neurological disorders. While dendritic morphology ranges from relatively simple to extremely complex for a specified neuron, either requires a functional secretory pathway to continually replenish proteins and lipids to meet dendritic growth demands. The Golgi apparatus occupies the center of the secretory pathway and is regulating posttranslational modifications, sorting, transport, and signal transduction, as well as acting as a non-centrosomal microtubule organization center. The neuronal Golgi apparatus shares common features with Golgi in other eukaryotic cell types but also forms distinct structures known as Golgi outposts that specifically localize in dendrites. However, the organization and function of Golgi in dendrite development and its impact on neurological disorders is just emerging and so far lacks a systematic summary. We describe the organization of the Golgi apparatus in neurons, review the current understanding of Golgi function in dendritic morphogenesis, and discuss the current challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education Institute for Brain, Science and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510320, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education Institute for Brain, Science and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510320, China
| | - Peter Soba
- LIMES Institute, Department of Molecular Brain Physiology and Behavior, University of Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education Institute for Brain, Science and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
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15
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Chen X, Tsika E, Levine N, Moore DJ. VPS35 and α-Synuclein fail to interact to modulate neurodegeneration in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:51. [PMID: 37542299 PMCID: PMC10403858 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the vacuolar protein sorting 35 ortholog (VPS35) gene cause late-onset, autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD), with a single missense mutation (Asp620Asn, D620N) known to segregate with disease in families with PD. The VPS35 gene encodes a core component of the retromer complex, involved in the endosomal sorting and recycling of transmembrane cargo proteins. VPS35-linked PD is clinically indistinguishable from sporadic PD, although it is not yet known whether VPS35-PD brains exhibit α-synuclein-positive brainstem Lewy pathology that is characteristic of sporadic cases. Prior studies have suggested a functional interaction between VPS35 and the PD-linked gene product α-synuclein in lower organisms, where VPS35 deletion enhances α-synuclein-induced toxicity. In mice, VPS35 overexpression is reported to rescue hippocampal neuronal loss in human α-synuclein transgenic mice, potentially suggesting a retromer deficiency in these mice. METHODS Here, we employ multiple well-established genetic rodent models to explore a functional or pathological interaction between VPS35 and α-synuclein in vivo. RESULTS We find that endogenous α-synuclein is dispensable for nigrostriatal pathway dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by the viral-mediated delivery of human D620N VPS35 in mice, suggesting that α-synuclein does not operate downstream of VPS35. We next evaluated retromer levels in affected brain regions from human A53T-α-synuclein transgenic mice, but find normal levels of the core subunits VPS35, VPS26 or VPS29. We further find that heterozygous VPS35 deletion fails to alter the lethal neurodegenerative phenotype of these A53T-α-synuclein transgenic mice, suggesting the absence of retromer deficiency in this PD model. Finally, we explored the neuroprotective capacity of increasing VPS35 expression in a viral-based human wild-type α-synuclein rat model of PD. However, we find that the overexpression of wild-type VPS35 is not sufficient for protection against α-synuclein-induced nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration, α-synuclein pathology and reactive gliosis. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data suggest a limited interaction of VPS35 and α-synuclein in neurodegenerative models of PD, and do not provide support for their interaction within a common pathophysiological pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Elpida Tsika
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Vaud, 1015, Switzerland
- AC Immune SA, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Levine
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Darren J Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
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16
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Shi TY, Li TE, Hao Y, Sun HC, Fu Y, Yan WC, Hao LL. Molecular characterization and protective efficacy of vacuolar protein sorting 29 from Eimeria tenella. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1205782. [PMID: 37469602 PMCID: PMC10352494 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1205782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vacuolar protein sorting 29 (VPS29) is a core component of the retromer-retriever complex and is essential for recycling numerous cell-surface cargoes from endosomes. However, there are no reports yet on VPS29 of Eimeria spp. Methods Here, we cloned and prokaryotically expressed a partial sequence of Eimeria tenella VPS29 (EtVPS29) with RT-PCR and engineered strain of Escherichia coli respectively. The localization of the VPS29 protein in E. tenella sporozoites was investigated with immunofluorescence (IFA) and overexpression assays. And its protective efficacy against E. tenella infection was investigated in chickens with the animal protection test. Results An EtVPS29 gene fragment with an ORF reading frame of 549 bp was cloned. The band size of the expressed recombinant protein, rEtVPS29, was approximately 39 kDa and was recognized by the chicken anti-E. tenella positive serum. EtVPS29 protein was observed widely distributing in the cytoplasm of E. tenella sporozoites in the IFA and overexpression assays. rEtVPS29 significantly increased average body weight gain and decreased mean lesion score and oocyst output in chickens. The relative weight gain rate in the rEtVPS29-immunized group was 62.9%, which was significantly higher than that in the unimmunized and challenged group (P < 0.05). The percentage of reduced oocyst output in the rEtVPS29 immunized group was 32.2%. The anticoccidial index of the rEtVPS29-immunized group was 144.2. Serum ELISA also showed that rEtVPS29 immunization induced high levels of specific antibodies in chickens. Discussion These results suggest that rEtVPS29 can induce a specific immune response and is a potential candidate for the development of novel vaccines against E. tenella infections in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-yuan Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian-en Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yun Hao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong-chao Sun
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-chao Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Li-li Hao
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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17
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Carosi JM, Denton D, Kumar S, Sargeant TJ. Receptor Recycling by Retromer. Mol Cell Biol 2023; 43:317-334. [PMID: 37350516 PMCID: PMC10348044 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2023.2222053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved retromer complex controls the fate of hundreds of receptors that pass through the endolysosomal system and is a central regulatory node for diverse metabolic programs. More than 20 years ago, retromer was discovered as an essential regulator of endosome-to-Golgi transport in yeast; since then, significant progress has been made to characterize how metazoan retromer components assemble to enable its engagement with endosomal membranes, where it sorts cargo receptors from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network or plasma membrane through recognition of sorting motifs in their cytoplasmic tails. In this review, we examine retromer regulation by exploring its assembled structure with an emphasis on how a range of adaptor proteins shape the process of receptor trafficking. Specifically, we focus on how retromer is recruited to endosomes, selects cargoes, and generates tubulovesicular carriers that deliver cargoes to target membranes. We also examine how cells adapt to distinct metabolic states by coordinating retromer expression and function. We contrast similarities and differences between retromer and its related complexes: retriever and commander/CCC, as well as their interplay in receptor trafficking. We elucidate how loss of retromer regulation is central to the pathology of various neurogenerative and metabolic diseases, as well as microbial infections, and highlight both opportunities and cautions for therapeutics that target retromer. Finally, with a focus on understanding the mechanisms that govern retromer regulation, we outline new directions for the field moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M. Carosi
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia (UniSA), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia (UniSA), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia (UniSA), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Sargeant
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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18
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Li A, Liu Y, Chen Z, Li S, Zhong R, Cheng D, Chen L, He L. Development of a Golgi-targeted fluorescent chemosensor for detecting ferrous ions overload under Golgi stress. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 294:122560. [PMID: 36881962 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ferrous ion (Fe2+) is a crucial metal ion in the body and participates in the diseases related to oxidation and reduction. Golgi apparatus is the main subcellular organelle of Fe2+ transport in cells, and the stability of its structure is related to the Fe2+ at an appropriate concentration. In this work, a turn-on type Golgi-targeting fluorescent chemosensor Gol-Cou-Fe2+ was rationally designed for sensitive and selective detection of Fe2+. Gol-Cou-Fe2+ showed excellent capacity of detecting exogenous and endogenous Fe2+ in HUVEC and HepG2 cells. It was used to capture the up-regulated Fe2+ level during the hypoxia. Moreover, the fluorescence of sensor was enhanced over time under Golgi stress combining with the reduce of Golgi matrix protein GM130. However, elimination of Fe2+ or addition of nitric oxide (NO) would restore the fluorescence intensity of Gol-Cou-Fe2+ and the expression of GM130 in HUVEC. Thus, development of chemosensor Gol-Cou-Fe2+ provides a new window for tracking Golgi Fe2+ and elucidating Golgi stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Yalan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Zhe Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Songjiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Rongbin Zhong
- Cinical Research Institute, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Dan Cheng
- Cinical Research Institute, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Linxi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.
| | - Longwei He
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.
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19
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Alvim JC, Bolt RM, An J, Kamisugi Y, Cuming A, Silva-Alvim FAL, Concha JO, daSilva LLP, Hu M, Hirsz D, Denecke J. The K/HDEL receptor does not recycle but instead acts as a Golgi-gatekeeper. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1612. [PMID: 36959220 PMCID: PMC10036638 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurately measuring the ability of the K/HDEL receptor (ERD2) to retain the ER cargo Amy-HDEL has questioned earlier results on which the popular receptor recycling model is based upon. Here we demonstrate that ERD2 Golgi-retention, rather than fast ER export supports its function. Ligand-induced ERD2 redistribution is only observed when the C-terminus is masked or mutated, compromising the signal that prevents Golgi-to-ER transport of the receptor. Forcing COPI mediated retrograde transport destroys receptor function, but introducing ER-to-Golgi export or cis-Golgi retention signals re-activate ERD2 when its endogenous Golgi-retention signal is masked or deleted. We propose that ERD2 remains fixed as a Golgi gatekeeper, capturing K/HDEL proteins when they arrive and releasing them again into a subdomain for retrograde transport back to the ER. An in vivo ligand:receptor ratio far greater than 100 to 1 strongly supports this model, and the underlying mechanism appears to be extremely conserved across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas C Alvim
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Robert M Bolt
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jing An
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yasuko Kamisugi
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew Cuming
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Fernanda A L Silva-Alvim
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Juan O Concha
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis L P daSilva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meiyi Hu
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dominique Hirsz
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jurgen Denecke
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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20
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Buser DP, Spang A. Protein sorting from endosomes to the TGN. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1140605. [PMID: 36895788 PMCID: PMC9988951 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1140605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrograde transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network is essential for recycling of protein and lipid cargoes to counterbalance anterograde membrane traffic. Protein cargo subjected to retrograde traffic include lysosomal acid-hydrolase receptors, SNARE proteins, processing enzymes, nutrient transporters, a variety of other transmembrane proteins, and some extracellular non-host proteins such as viral, plant, and bacterial toxins. Efficient delivery of these protein cargo molecules depends on sorting machineries selectively recognizing and concentrating them for their directed retrograde transport from endosomal compartments. In this review, we outline the different retrograde transport pathways governed by various sorting machineries involved in endosome-to-TGN transport. In addition, we discuss how this transport route can be analyzed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Spang
- *Correspondence: Dominik P. Buser, ; Anne Spang,
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21
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Jawad Ul Hasnain M, Amin F, Ghani A, Ahmad S, Rahman Z, Aslam T, Pervez MT. Structural and Functional Impact of Damaging Nonsynonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (nsSNPs) on Human VPS35 Protein Using Computational Approaches. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 19:3715-3724. [PMID: 34613918 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2021.3118054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder. Mutations in retromer complex subunit and VPS35 represent the second most common cause of late-onset familial Parkinson's disease. The mutation in VPS35 can disrupt the normal protein functions resulting in Parkinson's disease. The aim of this study was the identification of deleterious missense Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (nsSNPs) and their structural and functional impact on the VPS35 protein. In this study, several insilico tools were used to identify deleterious and disease-associated nsSNPs. 3D structure of VPS35 protein was constructed through MODELLER 9.2, normalized using FOLDX, and evaluated through RAMPAGE and ERRAT whereas, FOLDX was used for mutagenesis. 25 ligands were obtained from literature and docked using PyRx 0.8 software. Based on the binding affinity, five ligands i.e., PG4, MSE, GOL, EDO, and CAF were further analyzed. Molecular Dynamic simulation analysis was performed using GROMACS 5.1.4, where temperature, pressure, density, RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and SASA graphs were analyzed. The results showed that the mutations Y67H, R524W, and D620N had a structural and functional impact on the VPS35 protein. The current findings will help in appropriate drug design against the disease caused by these mutations in a large population using in-vitro study.
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22
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Shortill SP, Frier MS, Wongsangaroonsri P, Davey M, Conibear E. The VINE complex is an endosomal VPS9-domain GEF and SNX-BAR coat. eLife 2022; 11:77035. [PMID: 35938928 PMCID: PMC9507130 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking pathways perform important roles in establishing and maintaining the endosomal network. Retrograde protein sorting from the endosome is promoted by conserved SNX-BAR-containing coat complexes including retromer which enrich cargo at tubular microdomains and generate transport carriers. In metazoans, retromer cooperates with VARP, a conserved VPS9-domain GEF, to direct an endosomal recycling pathway. The function of the yeast VARP homolog Vrl1 has been overlooked due to an inactivating mutation found in commonly studied strains. Here, we demonstrate that Vrl1 has features of a SNX-BAR coat protein and forms an obligate complex with Vin1, the paralog of the retromer SNX-BAR protein Vps5. Unique features in the Vin1 N-terminus allow Vrl1 to distinguish it from Vps5, thereby forming a complex that we have named VINE. The VINE complex occupies endosomal tubules and redistributes a conserved mannose 6-phosphate receptor-like protein from endosomes. We also find that membrane recruitment by Vin1 is essential for Vrl1 GEF activity, suggesting that VINE is a multifunctional coat complex that regulates trafficking and signaling events at the endosome. All healthy cells have a highly organized interior: different compartments with specialized roles are in different places, and in order to do their jobs properly, proteins need to be in the right place. Endosomes are membrane-bound compartments that act as transport hubs where proteins are sorted into small vesicles and delivered to other parts of the cell. Two groups of proteins regulate this transport: the first group, known as VPS9 GEFs, switches on the enzymes that recruit the second group of proteins, called the sorting nexins. This second group is responsible for forming the transport vesicles via which proteins are distributed all over the cell. Defects in protein sorting can lead to various diseases, including neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Scientists often use budding yeast cells to study protein sorting, because these cells are similar to human cells, but easier to grow in large numbers and examine in the laboratory. Previous work showed that a yeast protein called Vrl1 is equivalent to a VPS9 GEF from humans called VARP. However, Vrl1 only exists in wild forms of budding yeast, and not in laboratory strains of the organism. Therefore, researchers had not studied Vrl1 in detail, and its roles remained unclear. To learn more about Vrl1, Shortill et al. started by re-introducing the protein into laboratory strains of budding yeast and observing what happened to protein sorting in these cells. Like VARP, Vrl1 was found in the endosomes of budding yeast. However, biochemical experiments revealed that, while human VARP binds to a protein called retromer, Vrl1 does not bind to the equivalent protein in yeast. Instead, Vrl1 itself has features of both the VPS9 GEFs and the sorting nexins. Shortill et al. also found that Vrl1 interacted with a different protein in the sorting nexin family called Vin1. In the absence of Vrl1, Vin1 was found floating around the cell, but once Vrl1 was re-introduced into the budding yeast, Vin1 relocated to the endosomes. Vrl1 uses its VPS9 GEF part to move itself to the endosome membrane, and Vin1 controls this movement, highlighting the interdependence between the two proteins. Once they are at the endosome together, Vrl1 and Vin1 help redistribute proteins to other parts of the cell. This study suggests that, like VARP, Vrl1 cooperates with sorting nexins to transport proteins. Since many previous experiments about protein sorting were carried out in yeast cells lacking Vrl1, it is possible that this process was overlooked despite its potential importance. These new findings could also help other researchers investigating how endosomes and protein sorting work, or do not work, in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Shortill
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mia S Frier
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Michael Davey
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Conibear
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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23
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The Regulatory Role of the Aspergillus flavus Core Retromer Complex in Aflatoxin Metabolism. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102120. [PMID: 35697069 PMCID: PMC9283945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a series of highly toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites that are synthesized by Aspergillus species. The degradation of aflatoxin enzymes is an important regulatory mechanism which modulates mycotoxin producing. The retromer complex is responsible for the retrograde transport of specific biomolecules and the vacuolar fusion in the intracellular transport. Late endosomal-associated GTPase (Rab7) has been shown to be a downstream effector protein of the retromer complex. A deficiency in the retromer complex or Rab7 results in several cellular trafficking problems in yeast and humans, like protein abnormal accumulation. However, whether retromer dysfunction is involved in aflatoxin synthesis remains unclear. Here, we report that the core retromer complex, which comprises three vacuolar protein sorting-associated proteins (AflVps26-AflVps29-AflVps35), is essential for the development of dormant and resistant fungal forms such as conidia (asexual reproductive spore) and sclerotia (hardened fungal mycelium), as well as aflatoxin production and pathogenicity, in Aspergillus flavus. In particular, we show the AflVps26-AflVps29-AflVps35 complex is negatively correlated with aflatoxin exportation. Structural simulation, site-specific mutagenesis, and coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that interactions among AflVps26, AflVps29, and AflVps35 played crucial roles in the retromer complex executing its core functions. We further found an intrinsic connection between AflRab7 and the retromer involved in vesicle-vacuole fusion, which in turn affected the accumulation of aflatoxin synthesis-associated enzymes, suggesting that they work together to regulate the production of toxins. Overall, these results provide mechanistic insights that contribute to our understanding of the regulatory role of the core retromer complex in aflatoxin metabolism.
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Characterization of Protein-Membrane Interactions in Yeast Autophagy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121876. [PMID: 35741004 PMCID: PMC9221364 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells rely on autophagy to degrade cytosolic material and maintain homeostasis. During autophagy, content to be degraded is encapsulated in double membrane vesicles, termed autophagosomes, which fuse with the yeast vacuole for degradation. This conserved cellular process requires the dynamic rearrangement of membranes. As such, the process of autophagy requires many soluble proteins that bind to membranes to restructure, tether, or facilitate lipid transfer between membranes. Here, we review the methods that have been used to investigate membrane binding by the core autophagy machinery and additional accessory proteins involved in autophagy in yeast. We also review the key experiments demonstrating how each autophagy protein was shown to interact with membranes.
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Shortill SP, Frier MS, Conibear E. You can go your own way: SNX-BAR coat complexes direct traffic at late endosomes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 76:102087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Plant ESCRT protein ALIX coordinates with retromer complex in regulating receptor-mediated sorting of soluble vacuolar proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200492119. [PMID: 35533279 PMCID: PMC9171914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200492119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery in multicellular organisms plays canonical functions in multivesicular body (MVB) biogenesis and membrane protein sorting. Nonetheless, its critical role in the sorting of soluble vacuolar proteins and its interplay with endosomal recycling machinery have yet to be reported. In this study, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis ESCRT-associated ALIXinteracts with the retromer core subunitsto regulate their recruitment onto endosome membrane for recycling of vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) for efficient sorting of soluble vacuolar proteins. This work provides molecular insights into the unique properties of ALIX in regulating vacuolar transport of soluble proteins, thus shedding new light on the crosstalk and coordination between the vacuolar trafficking and endosomal recycling pathways in plants. Vacuolar proteins play essential roles in plant physiology and development, but the factors and the machinery regulating their vesicle trafficking through the endomembrane compartments remain largely unknown. We and others have recently identified an evolutionarily conserved plant endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-associated protein apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X (ALIX), which plays canonical functions in the biogenesis of the multivesicular body/prevacuolar compartment (MVB/PVC) and in the sorting of ubiquitinated membrane proteins. In this study, we elucidate the roles and underlying mechanism of ALIX in regulating vacuolar transport of soluble proteins, beyond its conventional ESCRT function in eukaryotic cells. We show that ALIX colocalizes and physically interacts with the retromer core subunits Vps26 and Vps29 in planta. Moreover, double-mutant analysis reveals the genetic interaction of ALIX with Vps26 and Vps29 for regulating trafficking of soluble vacuolar proteins. Interestingly, depletion of ALIX perturbs membrane recruitment of Vps26 and Vps29 and alters the endosomal localization of vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs). Taken together, ALIX functions as a unique retromer core subcomplex regulator by orchestrating receptor-mediated vacuolar sorting of soluble proteins.
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Understanding the contributions of VPS35 and the retromer in neurodegenerative disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105768. [PMID: 35588987 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbations of the endolysosomal pathway have been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, VPS35 and the retromer complex play an important role in the endolysosomal system and are implicated in the pathophysiology of these diseases. A single missense mutation in VPS35, Asp620Asn (D620N), is known to cause late-onset, autosomal dominant familial PD. In this review, we focus on the emerging role of the PD-linked D620N mutation in causing retromer dysfunction and dissect its implications in neurodegeneration. Additionally, we will discuss how VPS35 and the retromer are linked to AD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and primary tauopathies. Interestingly, reduced levels of VPS35 and other retromer components have been observed in post-mortem brain tissue, suggesting a role for the retromer in the pathophysiology of these diseases. This review will provide a comprehensive dive into the mechanisms of VPS35 dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we will highlight outstanding questions in the field and the retromer as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disease at large.
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Xie S, Dierlam C, Smith E, Duran R, Williams A, Davis A, Mathew D, Naslavsky N, Iyer J, Caplan S. The retromer complex regulates C. elegans development and mammalian ciliogenesis. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259396. [PMID: 35510502 PMCID: PMC9189432 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian retromer consists of subunits VPS26 (either VPS26A or VPS26B), VPS29 and VPS35, and a loosely associated sorting nexin (SNX) heterodimer or a variety of other SNX proteins. Despite involvement in yeast and mammalian cell trafficking, the role of retromer in development is poorly understood, and its impact on primary ciliogenesis remains unknown. Using CRISPR/Cas9 editing, we demonstrate that vps-26-knockout worms have reduced brood sizes, impaired vulval development and decreased body length, all of which have been linked to ciliogenesis defects. Although preliminary studies did not identify worm ciliary defects, and impaired development limited additional ciliogenesis studies, we turned to mammalian cells to investigate the role of retromer in ciliogenesis. VPS35 localized to the primary cilium of mammalian cells, and depletion of VPS26, VPS35, VPS29, SNX1, SNX2, SNX5 or SNX27 led to decreased ciliogenesis. Retromer also coimmunoprecipitated with the centriolar protein, CP110 (also known as CCP110), and was required for its removal from the mother centriole. Herein, we characterize new roles for retromer in C. elegans development and in the regulation of ciliogenesis in mammalian cells, suggesting a novel role for retromer in CP110 removal from the mother centriole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Carter Dierlam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Ellie Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Ramon Duran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Allana Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Angelina Davis
- School of Science and Mathematics, Tulsa Community College, Tulsa, OK 74115, USA
| | - Danita Mathew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Naava Naslavsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jyoti Iyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Popescu C. WASHC5 mutation extends the genotypic heterogeneity in early-onset Parkinson’s disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Materials & methods: Herein, we are reporting a 31-year-old man diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD) without evidence of family co-segregation. Analysis across the PD loci was carried out followed by whole-exome sequencing. Results: We identified a novel heterozygous WASHC5 variant, c.775T >C p. (Tyr259His) segregating with PD. WASHC5 or strumpellin has previously been identified in autosomal dominant disorder hereditary spastic paraplegia type 8 (HSP8). Conclusion: We present clinical, genetic and physiopathological data supporting a relevant role of c.775T >C p. (Tyr259His) variant in early-onset PD. One can hypothesizes a model wherein the clinical continuum of strumpellin-associated neurological syndromes share common pathways based on endo-lysosomal trafficking dysfunction. This novel mutation extends the spectrum of WASHC5 gene mutations and supports the allelic heterogeneity of PD.
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Goyal S, Segarra VA, N, Stecher AM, Truman AW, Reitzel AM, Chi RJ. Vps501, a novel vacuolar SNX-BAR protein cooperates with the SEA complex to regulate TORC1 signaling. Traffic 2022; 23. [PMID: 35098628 PMCID: PMC9305297 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The sorting nexins (SNX), constitute a diverse family of molecules that play varied roles in membrane trafficking, cell signaling, membrane remodeling, organelle motility and autophagy. In particular, the SNX-BAR proteins, a SNX subfamily characterized by a C-terminal dimeric Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) lipid curvature domain and a conserved Phox-homology domain, are of great interest. In budding yeast, many SNX-BARs proteins have well-characterized endo-vacuolar trafficking roles. Phylogenetic analyses allowed us to identify an additional SNX-BAR protein, Vps501, with a novel endo-vacuolar role. We report that Vps501 uniquely localizes to the vacuolar membrane and has physical and genetic interactions with the SEA complex to regulate TORC1 inactivation. We found cells displayed a severe deficiency in starvation-induced/nonselective autophagy only when SEA complex subunits are ablated in combination with Vps501, indicating a cooperative role with the SEA complex during TORC1 signaling during autophagy induction. Additionally, we found the SEACIT complex becomes destabilized in vps501Δsea1Δ cells, which resulted in aberrant endosomal TORC1 activity and subsequent Atg13 hyperphosphorylation. We have also discovered that the vacuolar localization of Vps501 is dependent upon a direct interaction with Sea1 and a unique lipid binding specificity that is also required for its function. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Goyal
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North CarolinaCharlotteNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Nitika
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North CarolinaCharlotteNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Aaron M. Stecher
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North CarolinaCharlotteNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Andrew W. Truman
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North CarolinaCharlotteNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Adam M. Reitzel
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North CarolinaCharlotteNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Richard J. Chi
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North CarolinaCharlotteNorth CarolinaUSA
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Sargent D, Cunningham LA, Dues DJ, Ma Y, Kordich JJ, Mercado G, Brundin P, Cowell RM, Moore DJ. Neuronal VPS35 deletion induces spinal cord motor neuron degeneration and early post-natal lethality. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab208. [PMID: 34704029 PMCID: PMC8445400 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the selective degeneration of neuronal populations in different brain regions and frequently the formation of distinct protein aggregates that often overlap between diseases. While the causes of many sporadic neurodegenerative diseases are unclear, genes associated with familial or sporadic forms of disease and the underlying cellular pathways involved tend to support common disease mechanisms. Underscoring this concept, mutations in the Vacuolar Protein Sorting 35 Orthologue (VPS35) gene have been identified to cause late-onset, autosomal dominant familial Parkinson's disease, whereas reduced VPS35 protein levels are reported in vulnerable brain regions of subjects with Alzheimer's disease, neurodegenerative tauopathies such as progressive supranuclear palsy and Pick's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, VPS35 is commonly implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. VPS35 plays a critical role in the retromer complex that mediates the retrieval and recycling of transmembrane protein cargo from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network or plasma membrane. VPS35 and retromer function are highly conserved in eukaryotic cells, with the homozygous deletion of VPS35 inducing early embryonic lethality in mice that has hindered an understanding of its role in the brain. Here, we develop conditional knockout mice with the selective deletion of VPS35 in neurons to better elucidate its role in neuronal viability and its connection to neurodegenerative diseases. Surprisingly, the pan-neuronal deletion of VPS35 induces a progressive and rapid disease with motor deficits and early post-natal lethality. Underlying this neurological phenotype is the relatively selective and robust degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord. Neuronal loss is accompanied and preceded by the formation of p62-positive protein inclusions and robust reactive astrogliosis. Our study reveals a critical yet unappreciated role for VPS35 function in the normal maintenance and survival of motor neurons during post-natal development that has important implications for neurodegenerative diseases, particularly amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Sargent
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Lindsey A Cunningham
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Dylan J Dues
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jennifer J Kordich
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Gabriela Mercado
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Rita M Cowell
- Neuroscience, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Darren J Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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Kirby EN, Shue B, Thomas PQ, Beard MR. CRISPR Tackles Emerging Viral Pathogens. Viruses 2021; 13:2157. [PMID: 34834963 PMCID: PMC8624524 DOI: 10.3390/v13112157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamic relationship between viral pathogens and cellular host factors is critical to furthering our knowledge of viral replication, disease mechanisms and development of anti-viral therapeutics. CRISPR genome editing technology has enhanced this understanding, by allowing identification of pro-viral and anti-viral cellular host factors for a wide range of viruses, most recently the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2. This review will discuss how CRISPR knockout and CRISPR activation genome-wide screening methods are a robust tool to investigate the viral life cycle and how other class 2 CRISPR systems are being repurposed for diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N. Kirby
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (E.N.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Byron Shue
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (E.N.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Paul Q. Thomas
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Michael R. Beard
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (E.N.K.); (B.S.)
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Ren H, Yin X, Su C, Guo M, Wang XF, Na L, Lin Y, Wang X. Equine lentivirus counteracts SAMHD1 restriction by Rev-mediated degradation of SAMHD1 via the BECN1-dependent lysosomal pathway. Autophagy 2021; 17:2800-2817. [PMID: 33172327 PMCID: PMC8525956 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1846301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune restriction factor SAMHD1 can inhibit diverse viruses in myeloid cells. Mechanistically, SAMHD1 inhibits lentiviral replication including HIV-1 by depleting the nucleotide pool to interfere with their reverse transcription. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is an ancient lentivirus that preferentially attacks macrophages. However, the mechanism by which EIAV successfully establishes infection in macrophages with functional SAMHD1 remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that while equine SAMDH1 can limit EIAV replication in equine macrophages at the reverse transcription stage, the antiviral effect is counteracted by the well-known transcriptional regulator Rev, which downregulates equine SAMHD1 through the lysosomal pathway. Remarkably, Rev hijacks BECN1 (beclin 1) and PIK3C3 to mediate SAMHD1 degradation in a canonical macroautophagy/autophagy-independent pathway. Our study illustrates that equine lentiviral Rev possesses important functions in evading cellular innate immunity in addition to its RNA regulatory function, and may provide new insights into the co-evolutionary arms race between SAMHD1 and lentiviruses.Abbreviations:3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AA: amino acid; ACTB: actin beta; AD: activation domain; ATG: autophagy related; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; BD: binding domain; BECN1: beclin 1; BH3: BCL2-homology-3 domain; BiFC: bimolecular fluorescence complementation; CCD: coiled-coil domain; class III PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; CQ: chloroquine; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; dNTPase: dGTP-stimulated deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase; ECD: evolutionarily conserved domain; EIAV: equine infectious anemia virus; eMDMs: equine monocyte-derived macrophages; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HD: histidine-aspartic; HIV-1: human immunodeficiency virus-1; hpi: hours post infection; hpt: hours post transfection; KO: knockout; LAMP2: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; LMB: leptomycin B; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; ND: unknown non-essential domain; NES: nuclear export signal; NLS: localization signal; NS: statistically non-significant; PIK3C3: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; RBD: RNA binding domain; RT: reverse transcriptase; siRNAs: small interfering RNAs; SAMHD1: SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1; SIV: simian immunodeficiency virus; VN: C-terminal residues of Venus 174 to 238; VC: N-terminal residues 2 to 173 of Venus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Miaomiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Na
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuezhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Chandler R, Cogo S, Lewis P, Kevei E. Modelling the functional genomics of Parkinson's disease in Caenorhabditis elegans: LRRK2 and beyond. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20203672. [PMID: 34397087 PMCID: PMC8415217 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, Parkinson's disease (PD) cases have been genetically categorised into familial, when caused by mutations in single genes with a clear inheritance pattern in affected families, or idiopathic, in the absence of an evident monogenic determinant. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed how common genetic variability can explain up to 36% of PD heritability and that PD manifestation is often determined by multiple variants at different genetic loci. Thus, one of the current challenges in PD research stands in modelling the complex genetic architecture of this condition and translating this into functional studies. Caenorhabditis elegans provide a profound advantage as a reductionist, economical model for PD research, with a short lifecycle, straightforward genome engineering and high conservation of PD relevant neural, cellular and molecular pathways. Functional models of PD genes utilising C. elegans show many phenotypes recapitulating pathologies observed in PD. When contrasted with mammalian in vivo and in vitro models, these are frequently validated, suggesting relevance of C. elegans in the development of novel PD functional models. This review will discuss how the nematode C. elegans PD models have contributed to the uncovering of molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease, with a focus on the genes most commonly found as causative in familial PD and risk factors in idiopathic PD. Specifically, we will examine the current knowledge on a central player in both familial and idiopathic PD, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and how it connects to multiple PD associated GWAS candidates and Mendelian disease-causing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanna Cogo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, U.K
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121, Italy
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 0TU, U.K
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, U.K
| | - Eva Kevei
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, U.K
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35
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Suzuki SW, Oishi A, Nikulin N, Jorgensen JR, Baile MG, Emr SD. A PX-BAR protein Mvp1/SNX8 and a dynamin-like GTPase Vps1 drive endosomal recycling. eLife 2021; 10:69883. [PMID: 34524084 PMCID: PMC8504969 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane protein recycling systems are essential for maintenance of the endosome-lysosome system. In yeast, retromer and Snx4 coat complexes are recruited to the endosomal surface, where they recognize cargos. They sort cargo and deform the membrane into recycling tubules that bud from the endosome and target to the Golgi. Here, we reveal that the SNX-BAR protein, Mvp1, mediates an endosomal recycling pathway that is mechanistically distinct from the retromer and Snx4 pathways. Mvp1 deforms the endosomal membrane and sorts cargos containing a specific sorting motif into a membrane tubule. Subsequently, Mvp1 recruits the dynamin-like GTPase Vps1 to catalyze membrane scission and release of the recycling tubule. Similarly, SNX8, the human homolog of Mvp1, which has been also implicated in Alzheimer’s disease, mediates formation of an endosomal recycling tubule. Thus, we present evidence for a novel endosomal retrieval pathway that is conserved from yeast to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho W Suzuki
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Akihiko Oishi
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Nadia Nikulin
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Jeff R Jorgensen
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Matthew G Baile
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Scott D Emr
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
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36
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Clionamines stimulate autophagy, inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in macrophages, and target Pik1. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:870-882.e11. [PMID: 34520745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) evades the innate immune system by interfering with autophagy and phagosomal maturation in macrophages, and, as a result, small molecule stimulation of autophagy represents a host-directed therapeutics (HDTs) approach for treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Here we show the marine natural product clionamines activate autophagy and inhibit Mtb survival in macrophages. A yeast chemical-genetics approach identified Pik1 as target protein of the clionamines. Biotinylated clionamine B pulled down Pik1 from yeast cell lysates and a clionamine analog inhibited phosphatidyl 4-phosphate (PI4P) production in yeast Golgi membranes. Chemical-genetic profiles of clionamines and cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) are closely related, linking the clionamine mode of action to co-localization with PI4P in a vesicular compartment. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of PI4KB, a human homolog of Pik1, inhibited the survival of Mtb in macrophages, identifying PI4KB as an unexploited molecular target for efforts to develop HDT drugs for treatment of TB.
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Wang H, Qi W, Zou C, Xie Z, Zhang M, Naito MG, Mifflin L, Liu Z, Najafov A, Pan H, Shan B, Li Y, Zhu ZJ, Yuan J. NEK1-mediated retromer trafficking promotes blood-brain barrier integrity by regulating glucose metabolism and RIPK1 activation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4826. [PMID: 34376696 PMCID: PMC8355301 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in NEK1 gene, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase, are involved in human developmental disorders and ALS. Here we show that NEK1 regulates retromer-mediated endosomal trafficking by phosphorylating VPS26B. NEK1 deficiency disrupts endosomal trafficking of plasma membrane proteins and cerebral proteome homeostasis to promote mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction and aggregation of α-synuclein. The metabolic and proteomic defects of NEK1 deficiency disrupts the integrity of blood-brain barrier (BBB) by promoting lysosomal degradation of A20, a key modulator of RIPK1, thus sensitizing cerebrovascular endothelial cells to RIPK1-dependent apoptosis and necroptosis. Genetic inactivation of RIPK1 or metabolic rescue with ketogenic diet can prevent postnatal lethality and BBB damage in NEK1 deficient mice. Inhibition of RIPK1 reduces neuroinflammation and aggregation of α-synuclein in the brains of NEK1 deficient mice. Our study identifies a molecular mechanism by which retromer trafficking and metabolism regulates cerebrovascular integrity, cerebral proteome homeostasis and RIPK1-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyu Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhangdan Xie
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Lauren Mifflin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhen Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ayaz Najafov
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heling Pan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Shan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Jiang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Tu Y, Seaman MNJ. Navigating the Controversies of Retromer-Mediated Endosomal Protein Sorting. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:658741. [PMID: 34222232 PMCID: PMC8247582 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.658741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The retromer complex was first identified more than 20 years ago through studies conducted in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Data obtained using many different model systems have revealed that retromer is a key component of the endosomal protein sorting machinery being necessary for recognition of membrane “cargo” proteins and formation of tubular carriers that function as transport intermediates. Naturally, over the course of time and with literally hundreds of papers published on retromer, there have arisen disparities, conflicting observations and some controversies as to how retromer functions in endosomal protein sorting – the most note-worthy being associated with the two activities that define a vesicle coat: cargo selection and vesicle/tubule formation. In this review, we will attempt to chart a course through some of the more fundamental controversies to arrive at a clearer understanding of retromer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Matthew N J Seaman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Chandra M, Kendall AK, Jackson LP. Toward Understanding the Molecular Role of SNX27/Retromer in Human Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642378. [PMID: 33937239 PMCID: PMC8083963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrations in membrane trafficking pathways have profound effects in cellular dynamics of cellular sorting processes and can drive severe physiological outcomes. Sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) is a metazoan-specific sorting nexin protein from the PX-FERM domain family and is required for endosomal recycling of many important transmembrane receptors. Multiple studies have shown SNX27-mediated recycling requires association with retromer, one of the best-known regulators of endosomal trafficking. SNX27/retromer downregulation is strongly linked to Down's Syndrome (DS) via glutamate receptor dysfunction and to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) through increased intracellular production of amyloid peptides from amyloid precursor protein (APP) breakdown. SNX27 is further linked to addiction via its role in potassium channel trafficking, and its over-expression is linked to tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. Thus, the correct sorting of multiple receptors by SNX27/retromer is vital for normal cellular function to prevent human diseases. The role of SNX27 in regulating cargo recycling from endosomes to the cell surface is firmly established, but how SNX27 assembles with retromer to generate tubulovesicular carriers remains elusive. Whether SNX27/retromer may be a putative therapeutic target to prevent neurodegenerative disease is now an emerging area of study. This review will provide an update on our molecular understanding of endosomal trafficking events mediated by the SNX27/retromer complex on endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mintu Chandra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Amy K. Kendall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lauren P. Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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40
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Yanguas F, Valdivieso MH. Analysis of the SNARE Stx8 recycling reveals that the retromer-sorting motif has undergone evolutionary divergence. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009463. [PMID: 33788833 PMCID: PMC8041195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fsv1/Stx8 is a Schizosaccharomyces pombe protein similar to mammalian syntaxin 8. stx8Δ cells are sensitive to salts, and the prevacuolar endosome (PVE) is altered in stx8Δ cells. These defects depend on the SNARE domain, data that confirm the conserved function of syntaxin8 and Stx8 in vesicle fusion at the PVE. Stx8 localizes at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the prevacuolar endosome (PVE), and its recycling depends on the retromer component Vps35, and on the sorting nexins Vps5, Vps17, and Snx3. Several experimental approaches demonstrate that Stx8 is a cargo of the Snx3-retromer. Using extensive truncation and alanine scanning mutagenesis, we identified the Stx8 sorting signal. This signal is an IEMeaM sequence that is located in an unstructured protein region, must be distant from the transmembrane (TM) helix, and where the 133I, 134E, 135M, and 138M residues are all essential for recycling. This sorting motif is different from those described for most retromer cargoes, which include aromatic residues, and resembles the sorting motif of mammalian polycystin-2 (PC2). Comparison of Stx8 and PC2 motifs leads to an IEMxx(I/M) consensus. Computer-assisted screening for this and for a loose Ψ(E/D)ΨXXΨ motif (where Ψ is a hydrophobic residue with large aliphatic chain) shows that syntaxin 8 and PC2 homologues from other organisms bear variation of this motif. The phylogeny of the Stx8 sorting motifs from the Schizosaccharomyces species shows that their divergence is similar to that of the genus, showing that they have undergone evolutionary divergence. A preliminary analysis of the motifs in syntaxin 8 and PC2 sequences from various organisms suggests that they might have also undergone evolutionary divergence, what suggests that the presence of almost-identical motifs in Stx8 and PC2 might be a case of convergent evolution. Eukaryotes possess membranous intracellular compartments, whose communication is essential for cellular homeostasis. Protein complexes that facilitate the generation, transport, and fusion of coated vesicles mediate this communication. Since alterations in these processes lead to human disease, their characterization is of biological and medical interest. Retromer is a protein complex that facilitates retrograde trafficking from the prevacuolar endosome to the Golgi, being essential for the functionality of the endolysosomal system. SNAREs are required for vesicle fusion and, after facilitating membrane merging, are supposed to return to their donor organelle for new rounds of fusion. However, little is known about this recycling. We have found that Stx8, a fungal SNARE similar to human syntaxin 8, is a retromer cargo, and have identified its retromer binding motif. Sequence screening and comparison has determined that this sorting motif is conserved mainly in fungal Stx8 sequences. Notably, this motif is similar to the retromer sorting motif that is present in a family of vertebrate ion transporters. Our initial phylogenetic analyses suggest that, although retromer and some of its cargoes are conserved, the sorting motif in the cargoes might have undergone evolutionary divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Yanguas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca. Salamanca. Spain
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Salamanca. Spain
| | - M.-Henar Valdivieso
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca. Salamanca. Spain
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Salamanca. Spain
- * E-mail:
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Filippone A, Praticò D. Endosome Dysregulation in Down Syndrome: A Potential Contributor to Alzheimer Disease Pathology. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:4-14. [PMID: 33547827 PMCID: PMC8217102 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular protein trafficking via the endosomes plays a key role in the maintenance of normal neuronal function. Although many diseases of the central nervous system exhibit specific pathological hallmarks, abnormalities of the endosome system are common traits for several of them, including Alzheimer disease (AD). Three main routes originate from the endosomes: the recycling, degradation, and retrograde pathways. Studies have shown that the majority of Down syndrome subjects develop AD pathology and manifest altered morphology and number of endosomes, and abnormalities in lysosome acidification and exosome secretion, suggesting that dysfunction of one of these pathways could play a functional role in the AD‐like phenotype of the syndrome. Two of the major endosomal routes are mediated by the retromer complex, a multimeric system responsible for transport of cargo from the endosome to the trans‐Golgi network or to the cell membrane. Recently, a new endosome system structurally related to the retromer, called “retriever,” has been reported. Whereas we know a great deal about the neuropathophysiology of the retromer complex, no precise pathogenic role for the retriever has yet been identified. Here, we will review the neurobiology of the endosome system and its role as key player in the development of AD‐like pathology in Down syndrome. Additionally, we will discuss current knowledge on these two main endosome systems, retromer and retriever, and their potential as novel therapeutic targets. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:4–14
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Filippone
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
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42
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Seaman MNJ. The Retromer Complex: From Genesis to Revelations. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:608-620. [PMID: 33526371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retromer complex has a well-established role in endosomal protein sorting, being necessary for maintaining the dynamic localisation of hundreds of membrane proteins that traverse the endocytic system. Retromer function and dysfunction is linked with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and many pathogens, both viral and bacterial, exploit or interfere in retromer function for their own ends. In this review, the history of retromer is distilled into a concentrated form that spans the identification of retromer to recent discoveries that have shed new light on how retromer functions in endosomal protein sorting and why retromer is increasingly being viewed as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N J Seaman
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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43
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Pannen H, Rapp T, Klein T. The ESCRT machinery regulates retromer-dependent transcytosis of septate junction components in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:61866. [PMID: 33377869 PMCID: PMC7848756 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of ESCRT function in Drosophila imaginal discs is known to cause neoplastic overgrowth fueled by mis-regulation of signaling pathways. Its impact on junctional integrity, however, remains obscure. To dissect the events leading to neoplasia, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on wing imaginal discs temporally depleted of the ESCRT-III core component Shrub. We find a specific requirement for Shrub in maintaining septate junction (SJ) integrity by transporting the claudin Megatrachea (Mega) to the SJ. In absence of Shrub function, Mega is lost from the SJ and becomes trapped on endosomes coated with the endosomal retrieval machinery retromer. We show that ESCRT function is required for apical localization and mobility of retromer positive carrier vesicles, which mediate the biosynthetic delivery of Mega to the SJ. Accordingly, loss of retromer function impairs the anterograde transport of several SJ core components, revealing a novel physiological role for this ancient endosomal agent. Proteins are large molecules responsible for a variety of activities that cells needs to perform to survive; from respiration to copying DNA before cells divide. To perform these roles proteins need to be transported to the correct cell compartment, or to the cell membrane. This protein trafficking depends on the endosomal system, a set of membrane compartments that can travel within the cell and act as a protein sorting hub. This system needs its own proteins to work properly. In particular, there are two sets of proteins that are crucial for the endosomal systems activity: a group of proteins known as the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery and a complex called retromer. The retromer complex regulates recycling of receptor proteins so they can be reused, while the ESCRT machinery mediates degradation of proteins that the cell does not require anymore. In the epithelia of fruit fly larvae – the tissues that form layers of cells, usually covering an organ but also making structures like wings – defects in ESCRT activity lead to a loss of tissue integrity. This loss of tissue integrity suggests that the endosomal system might be involved in transporting proteins that form cellular junctions, the multiprotein complexes that establish contacts between cells or between a cell and the extracellular space. In arthropods such as the fruit fly, the adherens junction and the septate junction are two types of cellular junctions important for the integrity of epithelia integrity. Adherens junctions allow cells to adhere to each other, while septate junctions stop nutrient molecules, ions and water from leaking into the tissue. The role of the endosomal system in trafficking the proteins that form septate junctions remains a mystery. To better understand the role of the endosomal system in regulating cell junctions and tissue integrity, Pannen et al. blocked the activity of either the ESCRT or retromer in wing imaginal discs – the future wings – of fruit fly larvae. Pannen et al. then analyzed the effects of these endosomal defects on cellular junctions using an imaging technique called transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that both ESCRT and retromer activities are necessary for the correct delivery of septate junction components to the cell membrane. However, neither retromer nor ESCRT were required for the delivery of adherens junction proteins. These findings shed light on how retromer and the ESCRT machinery are involved in the epithelial tissue integrity of fruit fly larvae through their effects on cell junctions. Humans have their own versions of the ESCRT, retromer, and cell junction proteins, all of which are very similar to their fly counterparts. Since defects in the human versions of these proteins have been associated with a variety of diseases, from infections to cancer, these results may have implications for research into treating those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Pannen
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Rapp
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Klein
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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44
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Hanley SE, Cooper KF. Sorting Nexins in Protein Homeostasis. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010017. [PMID: 33374212 PMCID: PMC7823608 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is maintained by removing misfolded, damaged, or excess proteins and damaged organelles from the cell by three major pathways; the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and the endo-lysosomal pathway. The requirement for ubiquitin provides a link between all three pathways. Sorting nexins are a highly conserved and diverse family of membrane-associated proteins that not only traffic proteins throughout the cells but also provide a second common thread between protein homeostasis pathways. In this review, we will discuss the connections between sorting nexins, ubiquitin, and the interconnected roles they play in maintaining protein quality control mechanisms. Underlying their importance, genetic defects in sorting nexins are linked with a variety of human diseases including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases, viral infections, and cancer. This serves to emphasize the critical roles sorting nexins play in many aspects of cellular function.
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45
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Abstract
For decades, recycling of membrane proteins has been represented in figures by arrows between the "endosome" and the plasma membrane, but recently there has been an explosion in the understanding of the mechanisms and protein complexes required to facilitate protein recycling. Here, some key discoveries will be introduced, including assigning function to a number of recently recognized protein complexes and linking their function to protein recycling. Furthermore, the importance of lipid interactions and links to diseases and epithelial polarity will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J McDonald
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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46
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Ashour E, Gouda W, Mageed L, Afify M, Hamimy W, Shaker YM. Evaluation of genetic susceptibility of six type II diabetes Genome-Wide association tudies loci for obesity. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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47
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Steinfeld N, Lahiri V, Morrison A, Metur SP, Klionsky DJ, Weisman LS. Elevating PI3P drives select downstream membrane trafficking pathways. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 32:143-156. [PMID: 33237833 PMCID: PMC8120694 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide signaling lipids are essential for several cellular processes. The requirement for a phosphoinositide is conventionally studied by depleting the corresponding lipid kinase. However, there are very few reports on the impact of elevating phosphoinositides. That phosphoinositides are dynamically elevated in response to stimuli suggests that, in addition to being required, phosphoinositides drive downstream pathways. To test this hypothesis, we elevated the levels of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) by generating hyperactive alleles of the yeast phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Vps34. We find that hyperactive Vps34 drives certain pathways, including phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate synthesis and retrograde transport from the vacuole. This demonstrates that PI3P is rate limiting in some pathways. Interestingly, hyperactive Vps34 does not affect endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) function. Thus, elevating PI3P does not always increase the rate of PI3P-dependent pathways. Elevating PI3P can also delay a pathway. Elevating PI3P slowed late steps in autophagy, in part by delaying the disassembly of autophagy proteins from mature autophagosomes as well as delaying fusion of autophagosomes with the vacuole. This latter defect is likely due to a more general defect in vacuole fusion, as assessed by changes in vacuole morphology. These studies suggest that stimulus-induced elevation of phosphoinositides provides a way for these stimuli to selectively regulate downstream processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Steinfeld
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Vikramjit Lahiri
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Anna Morrison
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Shree Padma Metur
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Lois S Weisman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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48
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The Emerging Role of the Lysosome in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112399. [PMID: 33147750 PMCID: PMC7692401 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal function has a central role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis, and, accordingly, lysosomal dysfunction has been linked to neurodegeneration and particularly to Parkinson’s disease (PD). Lysosomes are the converging step where the substrates delivered by autophagy and endocytosis are degraded in order to recycle their primary components to rebuild new macromolecules. Genetic studies have revealed the important link between the lysosomal function and PD; several of the autosomal dominant and recessive genes associated with PD as well as several genetic risk factors encode for lysosomal, autophagic, and endosomal proteins. Mutations in these PD-associated genes can cause lysosomal dysfunction, and since α-synuclein degradation is mostly lysosomal-dependent, among other consequences, lysosomal impairment can affect α-synuclein turnover, contributing to increase its intracellular levels and therefore promoting its accumulation and aggregation. Recent studies have also highlighted the bidirectional link between Parkinson’s disease and lysosomal storage diseases (LSD); evidence includes the presence of α-synuclein inclusions in the brain regions of patients with LSD and the identification of several lysosomal genes involved in LSD as genetic risk factors to develop PD.
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49
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Muzio L, Sirtori R, Gornati D, Eleuteri S, Fossaghi A, Brancaccio D, Manzoni L, Ottoboni L, Feo LD, Quattrini A, Mastrangelo E, Sorrentino L, Scalone E, Comi G, Marinelli L, Riva N, Milani M, Seneci P, Martino G. Retromer stabilization results in neuroprotection in a model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3848. [PMID: 32737286 PMCID: PMC7395176 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs). We find a significant reduction of the retromer complex subunit VPS35 in iPSCs-derived MNs from ALS patients, in MNs from ALS post mortem explants and in MNs from SOD1G93A mice. Being the retromer involved in trafficking of hydrolases, a pathological hallmark in ALS, we design, synthesize and characterize an array of retromer stabilizers based on bis-guanylhydrazones connected by a 1,3-phenyl ring linker. We select compound 2a as a potent and bioavailable interactor of VPS35-VPS29. Indeed, while increasing retromer stability in ALS mice, compound 2a attenuates locomotion impairment and increases MNs survival. Moreover, compound 2a increases VPS35 in iPSCs-derived MNs and shows brain bioavailability. Our results clearly suggest the retromer as a valuable druggable target in ALS. ALS is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons. Here, the authors showed that reduced levels of the VSP35 subunit in the retromer complex is a conserved ALS feature and identified a new lead compound increasing retromer stability ameliorating the disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Muzio
- INSPE-Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Sirtori
- INSPE-Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Gornati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Eleuteri
- INSPE-Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Fossaghi
- INSPE-Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Diego Brancaccio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Leonardo Manzoni
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technology (ISTM), CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Ottoboni
- INSPE-Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca De Feo
- INSPE-Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- INSPE-Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Emanuele Scalone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.,Institute of Biophysics (IBF), CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- INSPE-Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Nilo Riva
- INSPE-Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Milani
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF), CNR, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gianvito Martino
- INSPE-Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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50
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Sharma P, Parveen S, Shah LV, Mukherjee M, Kalaidzidis Y, Kozielski AJ, Rosato R, Chang JC, Datta S. SNX27-retromer assembly recycles MT1-MMP to invadopodia and promotes breast cancer metastasis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:132732. [PMID: 31820782 PMCID: PMC7039210 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling of MT-MMPs to actin-rich membrane-protrusive structures promotes breast cancer invasion. This study shows that SNX27–retromer, an endosomal sorting and recycling machinery, interacts with MT1-MMP and regulates its transport to the cell surface, thus promoting matrix invasive activity of the breast cancer cells. A variety of metastatic cancer cells use actin-rich membrane protrusions, known as invadopodia, for efficient ECM degradation, which involves trafficking of proteases from intracellular compartments to these structures. Here, we demonstrate that in the metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, retromer regulates the matrix invasion activity by recycling matrix metalloprotease, MT1-MMP. We further found that MT2-MMP, another abundantly expressed metalloprotease, is also invadopodia associated. MT1- and MT2-MMP showed a high degree of colocalization but were located on the distinct endosomal domains. Retromer and its associated sorting nexin, SNX27, phenocopied each other in matrix degradation via selectively recycling MT1-MMP but not MT2-MMP. ITC-based studies revealed that both SNX27 and retromer could directly interact with MT1-MMP. Analysis from a publicly available database showed SNX27 to be overexpressed or frequently altered in the patients having invasive breast cancer. In xenograft-based studies, SNX27-depleted cell lines showed prolonged survival of SCID mice, suggesting a possible implication for overexpression of the sorting nexin in tumor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Sameena Parveen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Lekha V Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Madhumita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Yannis Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Sunando Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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