1
|
Zhao Y, He S, Zhao M, Huang Q. Surviving the Storm: The Role of Poly- and Depolyploidization in Tissues and Tumors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306318. [PMID: 38629780 PMCID: PMC11199982 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Polyploidization and depolyploidization are critical processes in the normal development and tissue homeostasis of diploid organisms. Recent investigations have revealed that polyaneuploid cancer cells (PACCs) exploit this ploidy variation as a survival strategy against anticancer treatment and for the repopulation of tumors. Unscheduled polyploidization and chromosomal instability in PACCs enhance malignancy and treatment resistance. However, their inability to undergo mitosis causes catastrophic cellular death in most PACCs. Adaptive ploid reversal mechanisms, such as multipolar mitosis, centrosome clustering, meiosis-like division, and amitosis, counteract this lethal outcome and drive cancer relapse. The purpose of this work is to focus on PACCs induced by cytotoxic therapy, highlighting the latest discoveries in ploidy dynamics in physiological and pathological contexts. Specifically, by emphasizing the role of "poly-depolyploidization" in tumor progression, the aim is to identify novel therapeutic targets or paradigms for combating diseases associated with aberrant ploidies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Zhao
- Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
- Department of Radiation OncologySecond Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310009China
| | - Sijia He
- Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
- Department of Radiation OncologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
| | - Qian Huang
- Cancer CenterShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic DiseasesShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai201620China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou Y, Xu MF, Chen J, Zhang JL, Wang XY, Huang MH, Wei YL, She ZY. Loss-of-function of kinesin-5 KIF11 causes microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and developmental disorders through chromosome instability and cell cycle arrest. Exp Cell Res 2024; 436:113975. [PMID: 38367657 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.113975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Kinesin motors play a fundamental role in development by controlling intracellular transport, spindle assembly, and microtubule organization. In humans, patients carrying mutations in KIF11 suffer from an autosomal dominant inheritable disease called microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphoedema, or mental retardation (MCLMR). While mitotic functions of KIF11 proteins have been well documented in centrosome separation and spindle assembly, cellular mechanisms underlying KIF11 dysfunction and MCLMR remain unclear. In this study, we generate KIF11-inhibition chick and zebrafish models and find that KIF11 inhibition results in microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and severe developmental defects in vivo. Notably, loss-of-function of KIF11 causes the formation of monopolar spindle and chromosome misalignment, which finally contribute to cell cycle arrest, chromosome instability, and cell death. Our results demonstrate that KIF11 is crucial for spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, and cell cycle progression of progenitor stem cells, indicating a potential link between polyploidy and MCLMR. Our data have revealed that KIF11 inhibition cause microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and development disorders through the formation of monopolar spindle, polyploid, and cell cycle arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Meng-Fei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Jing-Lian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Xin-Yao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Min-Hui Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Ya-Lan Wei
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Zhen-Yu She
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marques JF, Kops GJPL. Permission to pass: on the role of p53 as a gatekeeper for aneuploidy. Chromosome Res 2023; 31:31. [PMID: 37864038 PMCID: PMC10589155 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy-the karyotype state in which the number of chromosomes deviates from a multiple of the haploid chromosome set-is common in cancer, where it is thought to facilitate tumor initiation and progression. However, it is poorly tolerated in healthy cells: during development and tissue homeostasis, aneuploid cells are efficiently cleared from the population. It is still largely unknown how cancer cells become, and adapt to being, aneuploid. P53, the gatekeeper of the genome, has been proposed to guard against aneuploidy. Aneuploidy in cancer genomes strongly correlates with mutations in TP53, and p53 is thought to prevent the propagation of aneuploid cells. Whether p53 also participates in preventing the mistakes in cell division that lead to aneuploidy is still under debate. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of p53 in protecting cells from aneuploidy, and we explore the consequences of functional p53 loss for the propagation of aneuploidy in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana F Marques
- Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mayca Pozo F, Geng X, Miyagi M, Amin AL, Huang AY, Zhang Y. MYO10 regulates genome stability and cancer inflammation through mediating mitosis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112531. [PMID: 37200188 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability can promote inflammation and tumor development. Previous research revealed an unexpected layer of regulation of genomic instability by a cytoplasmic protein MYO10; however, the underlying mechanism remained unclear. Here, we report a protein stability-mediated mitotic regulation of MYO10 in controlling genome stability. We characterized a degron motif and phosphorylation residues in the degron that mediate β-TrCP1-dependent MYO10 degradation. The level of phosphorylated MYO10 protein transiently increases during mitosis, which is accompanied by a spatiotemporal cellular localization change first accumulating at the centrosome then at the midbody. Depletion of MYO10 or expression of MYO10 degron mutants, including those found in cancer patients, disrupts mitosis, increases genomic instability and inflammation, and promotes tumor growth; however, they also increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to Taxol. Our studies demonstrate a critical role of MYO10 in mitosis progression, through which it regulates genome stability, cancer growth, and cellular response to mitotic toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Mayca Pozo
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Xinran Geng
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Masaru Miyagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Amanda L Amin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alex Y Huang
- Center for Pediatric Immunotherapy at Rainbow, Angie Fowler AYA Cancer Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Youwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ali A, Stukenberg PT. Aurora kinases: Generators of spatial control during mitosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1139367. [PMID: 36994100 PMCID: PMC10040841 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1139367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division events require regulatory systems to ensure that events happen in a distinct order. The classic view of temporal control of the cell cycle posits that cells order events by linking them to changes in Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK) activities. However, a new paradigm is emerging from studies of anaphase where chromatids separate at the central metaphase plate and then move to opposite poles of the cell. These studies suggest that distinct events are ordered depending upon the location of each chromosome along its journey from the central metaphase plate to the elongated spindle poles. This system is dependent upon a gradient of Aurora B kinase activity that emerges during anaphase and acts as a spatial beacon to control numerous anaphase/telophase events and cytokinesis. Recent studies also suggest that Aurora A kinase activity specifies proximity of chromosomes or proteins to spindle poles during prometaphase. Together these studies argue that a key role for Aurora kinases is to provide spatial information that controls events depending upon the location of chromosomes or proteins along the mitotic spindle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Todd Stukenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lau TY, Poon RY. Whole-Genome Duplication and Genome Instability in Cancer Cells: Double the Trouble. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043733. [PMID: 36835147 PMCID: PMC9959281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is one of the most common genomic abnormalities in cancers. WGD can provide a source of redundant genes to buffer the deleterious effect of somatic alterations and facilitate clonal evolution in cancer cells. The extra DNA and centrosome burden after WGD is associated with an elevation of genome instability. Causes of genome instability are multifaceted and occur throughout the cell cycle. Among these are DNA damage caused by the abortive mitosis that initially triggers tetraploidization, replication stress and DNA damage associated with an enlarged genome, and chromosomal instability during the subsequent mitosis in the presence of extra centrosomes and altered spindle morphology. Here, we chronicle the events after WGD, from tetraploidization instigated by abortive mitosis including mitotic slippage and cytokinesis failure to the replication of the tetraploid genome, and finally, to the mitosis in the presence of supernumerary centrosomes. A recurring theme is the ability of some cancer cells to overcome the obstacles in place for preventing WGD. The underlying mechanisms range from the attenuation of the p53-dependent G1 checkpoint to enabling pseudobipolar spindle formation via the clustering of supernumerary centrosomes. These survival tactics and the resulting genome instability confer a subset of polyploid cancer cells proliferative advantage over their diploid counterparts and the development of therapeutic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Yin Lau
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Randy Y.C. Poon
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2358-8718
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Krassnig SC, Mäser M, Probst NA, Werner J, Schlett C, Schumann N, von Scheven G, Mangerich A, Bürkle A. Comparative analysis of chlorambucil-induced DNA lesion formation and repair in a spectrum of different human cell systems. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:171-189. [PMID: 36714466 PMCID: PMC9881385 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorambucil (CLB) belongs to the class of nitrogen mustards (NMs), which are highly reactive bifunctional alkylating agents and were the first chemotherapeutic agents developed. They form DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), which cause a blockage of DNA strand separation, inhibiting essential processes in DNA metabolism like replication and transcription. In fast replicating cells, e.g., tumor cells, this can induce cell death. The upregulation of ICL repair is thought to be a key factor for the resistance of tumor cells to ICL-inducing cytostatic agents including NMs. To monitor induction and repair of CLB-induced ICLs, we adjusted the automated reversed fluorometric analysis of alkaline DNA unwinding assay (rFADU) for the detection of ICLs in adherent cells. For the detection of monoalkylated DNA bases we established an LC-MS/MS method. We performed a comparative analysis of adduct formation and removal in five human cell lines and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after treatment with CLB. Dose-dependent increases in adduct formation were observed, and suitable treatment concentrations were identified for each cell line, which were then used for monitoring the kinetics of adduct formation. We observed significant differences in the repair kinetics of the cell lines tested. For example, in A2780 cells, hTERT immortalized VH10 cells, and in PBMCs a time-dependent repair of the two main monoalkylated DNA-adducts was confirmed. Regarding ICLs, repair was observed in all cell systems except for PBMCs. In conclusion, LC-MS/MS analyses combined with the rFADU technique are powerful tools to study the molecular mechanisms of NM-induced DNA damage and repair. By applying these methods to a spectrum of human cell systems of different origin and transformation status, we obtained insight into the cell-type specific repair of different CLB-induced DNA lesions, which may help identify novel resistance mechanisms of tumors and define molecular targets for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Key Words
- BER, base excision repair
- CLB, chlorambucil
- Chlorambucil
- DNA repair kinetics
- ICL, interstrand crosslink
- Interstrand crosslink
- MS, mass spectrometry
- Mass spectrometry
- Monoalkylated DNA adducts
- NER, nucleotide excision repair
- NM, Nitrogen mustard
- Nitrogen mustard
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PI, propidium iodide
- RPE-1, human retinal pigment epithelial
- SD, standard deviation
- VH10, human foreskin fibroblasts
- dG, 2'-deoxyguanosine
- hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase
- rFADU, reverse fluorometric analysis of alkaline DNA unwinding
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ceylan Krassnig
- Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marina Mäser
- Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nicola Anna Probst
- Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schlett
- Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nina Schumann
- Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gudrun von Scheven
- Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Aswin Mangerich
- Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany,Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Effect of Circumscribed Exposure to the Pan-Aurora Kinase Inhibitor VX-680 on Proliferating Euploid Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012104. [PMID: 36292957 PMCID: PMC9603438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule inhibitors of aurora kinases are currently being investigated in oncology clinical trials. The long-term effects of these inhibitors on proliferating euploid cells have not been adequately studied. We examined the effect of the reversible pan-aurora kinase inhibitor VX-680 on p53-competent human euploid cells. Circumscribed treatment with VX-680 blocked cytokinesis and arrested cells in G1 or a G1-like status. Approximately 70% of proliferatively arrested cells had 4N DNA content and abnormal nuclei. The remaining 30% of cells possessed 2N DNA content and normal nuclei. The proliferative arrest was not due to the activation of the tumor suppressor Rb and was instead associated with rapid induction of the p53–p21 pathway and p16. The induction was particularly evident in cells with nuclear abnormalities but was independent of activation of the DNA damage response. All of these effects were correlated with the potent inhibition of aurora kinase B. After release from VX-680, the cells with normal nuclei robustly resumed proliferation whereas the cells with abnormal nuclei underwent senescence. Irrespective of their nuclear morphology or DNA content, cells pre-treated with VX-680 failed to grow in soft agar or form tumors in mice. Our findings indicate that an intermittent treatment strategy might minimize the on-target side effects of Aurora Kinase B (AURKB) inhibitory therapies. The strategy allows a significant fraction of dividing normal cells to resume proliferation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo X, Wang C, Tian W, Dai X, Ni J, Wu X, Wang X. Extract of bulbus of Fritillaria cirrhosa induces spindle multipolarity in human-derived colonic epithelial NCM460 cells through promoting centrosome fragmentation. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:95-107. [PMID: 33450026 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bulbus of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (BFC), an outstanding antitussive and expectorant herbal drug used in China and many other countries, has potential but less understood genotoxicity. Previously, we have reported that aqueous extract of BFC compromised the spindle assembly checkpoint and cytokinesis in NCM460 cells. Here, we found that one remarkable observation in BFC-treated NCM460 cells was multipolar mitosis, a trait classically compromises the fidelity of chromosome segregation. More detailed investigation revealed that BFC-induced spindle multipolarity in metaphases and ana-telophases in a dose- and time-dependent manner, suggesting BFC-induced multipolar spindle conformation was not transient. The frequency of multipolar metaphase correlated well to that of multipolar ana-telophases, indicating that BFC-induced multipolar metaphases often persisted through anaphase. Unexpectedly, BFC blocked the proliferation of binucleated cells, suggesting spindle multipolarity was not downstream of BFC-induced cytokinesis failure. Exposure of BFC to early mitotic cells, rather than S/G2 cells, contributed greatly to spindle multipolarity, indicating BFC might disrupt centrosome integrity rather than induce centrosome overduplication. The immunofluorescence results showed that the centrosomes were severely fragmented by a short-term treatment of BFC and the extent of centrosome fragmentation in early mitotic cells was larger than this in S/G2 cells. Consistently, several genes (e.g. p53, Rb centrin-2, Plk-4, Plk-1 and Aurora-A) involved in regulating centrosome integrity were significantly deregulated by BFC. Together, our results suggest that BFC causes multipolar spindles primarily by inducing centrosome fragmentation. Coupling these results to our previous observations, we recommend the risk/benefit ratio should be considered in the practical use of BFC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Environmental Mutagen Society, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Kunming 24th Middle School, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Weimeng Tian
- Department of Geriatric, The Second People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xueqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Environmental Mutagen Society, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiayu Wu
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Environmental Mutagen Society, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Narkar A, Johnson BA, Bharne P, Zhu J, Padmanaban V, Biswas D, Fraser A, Iglesias PA, Ewald AJ, Li R. On the role of p53 in the cellular response to aneuploidy. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108892. [PMID: 33761356 PMCID: PMC8051136 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most solid tumors are aneuploid, and p53 has been implicated as the guardian of the euploid genome. Previous experiments using human cell lines showed that aneuploidy induction leads to p53 accumulation and p21-mediated G1 cell cycle arrest. We find that adherent 2-dimensional (2D) cultures of human immortalized or cancer cell lines activate p53 upon aneuploidy induction, whereas suspension cultures of a human lymphoid cell line undergo a p53-independent cell cycle arrest. Surprisingly, 3D human and mouse organotypic cultures from neural, intestinal, or mammary epithelial tissues do not activate p53 or arrest in G1 following aneuploidy induction. p53-deficient colon organoids have increased aneuploidy and frequent lagging chromosomes and multipolar spindles during mitosis. These data suggest that p53 may not act as a universal surveillance factor restricting the proliferation of aneuploid cells but instead helps directly or indirectly ensure faithful chromosome transmission likely by preventing polyploidization and influencing spindle mechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Narkar
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Blake A Johnson
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pandurang Bharne
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jin Zhu
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Veena Padmanaban
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Debojyoti Biswas
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Andrew Fraser
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Andrew J Ewald
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Klotho Exerts an Emerging Role in Cytokinesis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091048. [PMID: 32899868 PMCID: PMC7565453 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Klotho gene functions as an anti-aging gene. A previous klotho-knockout mice study indicated that neither male nor female gametocytes could accomplish the first meiotic division. It suggested that Klotho might regulate cell division. In this study, we determined the roles of Klotho in cytokinesis in cultural human cells (HEK293 and HeLa) and in zebrafish embryos. Immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry analysis, and a zebrafish model were used in this study. The results showed that Klotho is located in the midbody, which correlated with cytokinesis related kinases, Aurora kinase B and citron kinases, in the late stage of cytokinesis. There was a spatial correlation between the abscission site and the location of Klotho in the cytokinesis bridge. A three-dimensional structural reconstruction study demonstrated there was a spatial correlation among Klotho, Aurora kinase B, and citron kinases in the midbody. In addition, Klotho depletion inactivated Aurora kinases; it was also indicated that Klotho depletion caused aberrant cell cycle and delayed cytokinesis in a cell model. The study with zebrafish embryos suggested that klotho knockdown caused early embryo development abnormality due to dysregulated cytokinesis. In conclusion, Klotho might have a critical role in cytokinesis regulation by interacting with the cytokinesis related kinases.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sanz-Gómez N, de Pedro I, Ortigosa B, Santamaría D, Malumbres M, de Cárcer G, Gandarillas A. Squamous differentiation requires G2/mitosis slippage to avoid apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2451-2467. [PMID: 32080348 PMCID: PMC7370216 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms controlling cell fate in self-renewal tissues remain unclear. Cell cycle failure often leads to an apoptosis anti-oncogenic response. We have inactivated Cdk1 or Polo-like-1 kinases, essential targets of the mitotic checkpoints, in the epithelia of skin and oral mucosa. Here, we show that inactivation of the mitotic kinases leading to polyploidy in vivo, produces a fully differentiated epithelium. Cells within the basal layer aberrantly differentiate and contain large or various nuclei. Freshly isolated KO cells were also differentiated and polyploid. However, sustained metaphase arrest downstream of the spindle anaphase checkpoint (SAC) due to abrogation of CDC20 (essential cofactor of anaphase-promoting complex), impaired squamous differentiation and resulted in apoptosis. Therefore, upon prolonged arrest keratinocytes need to slip beyond G2 or mitosis in order to initiate differentiation. The results altogether demonstrate that mitotic checkpoints drive squamous cell fate towards differentiation or apoptosis in response to genetic damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sanz-Gómez
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Isabel de Pedro
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ortigosa
- Cell Cycle & Cancer Biomarkers Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBm) CSIC-UAM, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Santamaría
- CNIO, Experimental Oncology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- INSERM U1218, ACTION Laboratory, IECB, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- CNIO, Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Cycle & Cancer Biomarkers Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBm) CSIC-UAM, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- CNIO, Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Gandarillas
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011, Santander, Spain.
- INSERM, Languedoc-Roussillon, 34394, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Genome instability in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2020; 34:2887-2897. [PMID: 32651540 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy characterized by clonal proliferation of plasma cells and a heterogenous genomic landscape. Copy number and structural changes due to chromosomal instability (CIN) are common features of MM. In this review, we describe how primary and secondary genetic events caused by CIN can contribute to increased instability across the genome of malignant plasma cells; with a focus on specific driver genomic events, and how they interfere with cell-cycle checkpoints, to prompt accelerated proliferation. We also provide insight into other forms of CIN, such as chromothripsis and chromoplexy. We evaluate how the tumor microenvironment can contribute to a further increase in chromosomal instability in myeloma cells. Lastly, we highlight the role of certain mutational signatures in leading to high mutation rate and genome instability in certain MM patients. We suggest that assessing CIN in MM and its precursors states may help improve predicting the risk of progression to symptomatic disease and relapse and identifying future therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sasaki JC, Allemang A, Bryce SM, Custer L, Dearfield KL, Dietz Y, Elhajouji A, Escobar PA, Fornace AJ, Froetschl R, Galloway S, Hemmann U, Hendriks G, Li HH, Luijten M, Ouedraogo G, Peel L, Pfuhler S, Roberts DJ, Thybaud V, van Benthem J, Yauk CL, Schuler M. Application of the adverse outcome pathway framework to genotoxic modes of action. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:114-134. [PMID: 31603995 DOI: 10.1002/em.22339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In May 2017, the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute's Genetic Toxicology Technical Committee hosted a workshop to discuss whether mode of action (MOA) investigation is enhanced through the application of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework. As AOPs are a relatively new approach in genetic toxicology, this report describes how AOPs could be harnessed to advance MOA analysis of genotoxicity pathways using five example case studies. Each of these genetic toxicology AOPs proposed for further development includes the relevant molecular initiating events, key events, and adverse outcomes (AOs), identification and/or further development of the appropriate assays to link an agent to these events, and discussion regarding the biological plausibility of the proposed AOP. A key difference between these proposed genetic toxicology AOPs versus traditional AOPs is that the AO is a genetic toxicology endpoint of potential significance in risk characterization, in contrast to an adverse state of an organism or a population. The first two detailed case studies describe provisional AOPs for aurora kinase inhibition and tubulin binding, leading to the common AO of aneuploidy. The remaining three case studies highlight provisional AOPs that lead to chromosome breakage or mutation via indirect DNA interaction (inhibition of topoisomerase II, production of cellular reactive oxygen species, and inhibition of DNA synthesis). These case studies serve as starting points for genotoxicity AOPs that could ultimately be published and utilized by the broader toxicology community and illustrate the practical considerations and evidence required to formalize such AOPs so that they may be applied to genetic toxicity evaluation schemes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:114-134, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Custer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Drug Safety Evaluation, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | - Yasmin Dietz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heng-Hong Li
- Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lauren Peel
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | - Véronique Thybaud
- Sanofi, Research and Development, Preclinical Safety, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jan van Benthem
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maik Schuler
- Pfizer Inc, World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yorkie and JNK Control Tumorigenesis in Drosophila Cells with Cytokinesis Failure. Cell Rep 2019; 23:1491-1503. [PMID: 29719260 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis failure may result in the formation of polyploid cells, and subsequent mitosis can lead to aneuploidy and tumor formation. Tumor suppressor mechanisms limiting the oncogenic potential of these cells have been described. However, the universal applicability of these tumor-suppressive barriers remains controversial. Here, we use Drosophila epithelial cells to investigate the consequences of cytokinesis failure in vivo. We report that cleavage defects trigger the activation of the JNK pathway, leading to downregulation of the inhibitor of apoptosis DIAP1 and programmed cell death. Yorkie overcomes the tumor-suppressive role of JNK and induces neoplasia. Yorkie regulates the cell cycle phosphatase Cdc25/string, which drives tumorigenesis in a context of cytokinesis failure. These results highlight the functional significance of the JNK pathway in epithelial cells with defective cytokinesis and elucidate a mechanism used by emerging tumor cells to bypass this tumor-suppressive barrier and develop into tumors.
Collapse
|
16
|
Adriaans IE, Basant A, Ponsioen B, Glotzer M, Lens SM. PLK1 plays dual roles in centralspindlin regulation during cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1250-1264. [PMID: 30728176 PMCID: PMC6446842 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis begins upon anaphase onset. An early step involves local activation of the small GTPase RhoA, which triggers assembly of an actomyosin-based contractile ring at the equatorial cortex. Here, we delineated the contributions of PLK1 and Aurora B to RhoA activation and cytokinesis initiation in human cells. Knock-down of PRC1, which disrupts the spindle midzone, revealed the existence of two pathways that can initiate cleavage furrow ingression. One pathway depends on a well-organized spindle midzone and PLK1, while the other depends on Aurora B activity and centralspindlin at the equatorial cortex and can operate independently of PLK1. We further show that PLK1 inhibition sequesters centralspindlin onto the spindle midzone, making it unavailable for Aurora B at the equatorial cortex. We propose that PLK1 activity promotes the release of centralspindlin from the spindle midzone through inhibition of PRC1, allowing centralspindlin to function as a regulator of spindle midzone formation and as an activator of RhoA at the equatorial cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E. Adriaans
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Angika Basant
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Bas Ponsioen
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Susanne M.A. Lens
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fonseca CL, Malaby HLH, Sepaniac LA, Martin W, Byers C, Czechanski A, Messinger D, Tang M, Ohi R, Reinholdt LG, Stumpff J. Mitotic chromosome alignment ensures mitotic fidelity by promoting interchromosomal compaction during anaphase. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1148-1163. [PMID: 30733233 PMCID: PMC6446859 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome alignment at the equator of the mitotic spindle is a highly conserved step during cell division; however, its importance to genomic stability and cellular fitness is not understood. Normal mammalian somatic cells lacking KIF18A function complete cell division without aligning chromosomes. These alignment-deficient cells display normal chromosome copy numbers in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that chromosome alignment is largely dispensable for maintenance of euploidy. However, we find that loss of chromosome alignment leads to interchromosomal compaction defects during anaphase, abnormal organization of chromosomes into a single nucleus at mitotic exit, and the formation of micronuclei in vitro and in vivo. These defects slow cell proliferation and are associated with impaired postnatal growth and survival in mice. Our studies support a model in which the alignment of mitotic chromosomes promotes proper organization of chromosomes into a single nucleus and continued proliferation by ensuring that chromosomes segregate as a compact mass during anaphase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Heidi L H Malaby
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Leslie A Sepaniac
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | | | | | | | - Dana Messinger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Mary Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN
- The Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Jason Stumpff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kozgunova E, Nishina M, Goshima G. Kinetochore protein depletion underlies cytokinesis failure and somatic polyploidization in the moss Physcomitrella patens. eLife 2019; 8:43652. [PMID: 30835203 PMCID: PMC6433463 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lagging chromosome is a hallmark of aneuploidy arising from errors in the kinetochore–spindle attachment in animal cells. However, kinetochore components and cellular phenotypes associated with kinetochore dysfunction are much less explored in plants. Here, we carried out a comprehensive characterization of conserved kinetochore components in the moss Physcomitrella patens and uncovered a distinct scenario in plant cells regarding both the localization and cellular impact of the kinetochore proteins. Most surprisingly, knock-down of several kinetochore proteins led to polyploidy, not aneuploidy, through cytokinesis failure in >90% of the cells that exhibited lagging chromosomes for several minutes or longer. The resultant cells, containing two or more nuclei, proceeded to the next cell cycle and eventually developed into polyploid plants. As lagging chromosomes have been observed in various plant species in the wild, our observation raised a possibility that they could be one of the natural pathways to polyploidy in plants. Plants and animals, like all living things, are made of self-contained units called cells that are able to grow and multiply as required. Each cell contains structures called chromosomes that provide the genetic instructions needed to perform every task in the cell. When a cell is preparing to divide to make two identical daughter cells – a process called mitosis – it first needs to duplicate its chromosomes and separate them into two equal-sized sets. This process is carried out by complex cell machinery known as the spindle. Structures called kinetochores assemble on the chromosomes to attach them to the spindle. Previous studies in animal cells have shown that, if the kinetochores do not work properly, one or more chromosomes may be left behind when the spindle operates. These ‘lagging’ chromosomes may ultimately land up in the wrong daughter cell, resulting in one of the cells having more chromosomes than the other. This can lead to cancer or other serious diseases in animals. However, it was not known what happens in plant cells when kinetochores fail to work properly. To address this question, Kozgunova et al. used a technique called RNA interference (or RNAi for short) to temporarily interrupt the production of kinetochores in the cells of a moss called Physcomitrella patens. Unexpectedly, the experiments found that most of the moss cells with lagging chromosomes were unable to divide. Instead, they remained as single cells that had twice the number of chromosomes as normal, a condition known as polyploidy. After the effects of the RNAi wore off, these polyploid moss cells were able to divide normally and were successfully grown into moss plants with a polyploid number of chromosomes. Polyploidy is actually widespread in the plant kingdom, and it has major impacts on plant evolution. It is also known to increase the amount of food that crops produce. However, it is still unclear why polyploidy is so common in plants. By showing that errors in mitosis may also be able to double the number of chromosomes in plant cells, the findings of Kozgunova et al. provide new insights into plant evolution and, potentially, a method to increase polyploidy in crop plants in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kozgunova
- International Collaborative Programme in Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Momoko Nishina
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lynch AM, Eastmond D, Elhajouji A, Froetschl R, Kirsch-Volders M, Marchetti F, Masumura K, Pacchierotti F, Schuler M, Tweats D. Targets and mechanisms of chemically induced aneuploidy. Part 1 of the report of the 2017 IWGT workgroup on assessing the risk of aneugens for carcinogenesis and hereditary diseases. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 847:403025. [PMID: 31699346 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An aneuploidy workgroup was established as part of the 7th International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing. The workgroup conducted a review of the scientific literature on the biological mechanisms of aneuploidy in mammalian cells and methods used to detect chemical aneugens. In addition, the current regulatory framework was discussed, with the objective to arrive at consensus statements on the ramifications of exposure to chemical aneugens for human health risk assessment. As part of these efforts, the workgroup explored the use of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) to document mechanisms of chemically induced aneuploidy in mammalian somatic cells. The group worked on two molecular initiating events (MIEs), tubulin binding and binding to the catalytic domain of aurora kinase B, which result in several adverse outcomes, including aneuploidy. The workgroup agreed that the AOP framework provides a useful approach to link evidence for MIEs with aneuploidy on a cellular level. The evidence linking chemically induced aneuploidy with carcinogenicity and hereditary disease was also reviewed and is presented in two companion papers. In addition, the group came to the consensus that the current regulatory test batteries, while not ideal, are sufficient for the identification of aneugens and human risk assessment. While it is obvious that there are many different MIEs that could lead to the induction of aneuploidy, the most commonly observed mechanisms involving chemical aneugens are related to tubulin binding and, to a lesser extent, inhibition of mitotic kinases. The comprehensive review presented here should help with the identification and risk management of aneugenic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Azeddine Elhajouji
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Preclinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Francesco Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kenichi Masumura
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Francesca Pacchierotti
- Health Protection Technology Division, Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, ENEA, CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang P, Kiseleva AA, Korobeynikov V, Liu H, Einarson MB, Golemis EA. Microscopy-Based Automated Live Cell Screening for Small Molecules That Affect Ciliation. Front Genet 2019; 10:75. [PMID: 30809247 PMCID: PMC6379280 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary monocilium, or cilium, is a single antenna-like organelle that protrudes from the surface of most mammalian cell types, and serves as a signaling hub. Mutations of cilia-associated genes result in severe genetic disorders termed ciliopathies. Among these, the most common is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD); less common genetic diseases include Bardet–Biedl syndrome, Joubert syndrome, nephronophthisis, and others. Important signaling cascades with receptor systems localized exclusively or in part at cilia include Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), platelet derived growth factor alpha (PDGFRα), WNTs, polycystins, and others. Changes in ciliation during development or in pathological conditions such as cancer impacts signaling by these proteins. Notably, ciliation status of cells is coupled closely to the cell cycle, with cilia protruding in quiescent (G0) or early G1 cells, declining in S/G2, and absent in M phase, and has been proposed to contribute to cell cycle regulation. Because of this complex biology, the elaborate machinery regulating ciliary assembly and disassembly receives input from many cellular proteins relevant to cell cycle control, development, and oncogenic transformation, making study of genetic factors and drugs influencing ciliation of high interest. One of the most effective tools to investigate the dynamics of the cilia under different conditions is the imaging of live cells. However, developing assays to observe the primary cilium in real time can be challenging, and requires a consideration of multiple details related to the cilia biology. With the dual goals of identifying small molecules that may have beneficial activity through action on human diseases, and of identifying ciliary activities of existing agents that are in common use or development, we here describe creation and evaluation of three autofluorescent cell lines derived from the immortalized retinal pigmented epithelium parental cell line hTERT-RPE1. These cell lines stably express the ciliary-targeted fluorescent proteins L13-Arl13bGFP, pEGFP-mSmo, and tdTomato-MCHR1-N-10. We then describe methods for use of these cell lines in high throughput screening of libraries of small molecule compounds to identify positive and negative regulators of ciliary disassembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anna A Kiseleva
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Vladislav Korobeynikov
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hanqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Margret B Einarson
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Whole-genome and centrosome duplication as a consequence of cytokinesis failure can drive tumorigenesis in experimental model systems. However, whether cytokinesis failure is in fact an important cause of human cancers has remained unclear. In this Review, we summarize evidence that whole-genome-doubling events are frequently observed in human cancers and discuss the contribution that cytokinesis defects can make to tumorigenesis. We provide an overview of the potential causes of cytokinesis failure and discuss how tetraploid cells that are generated through cytokinesis defects are used in cancer as a transitory state on the route to aneuploidy. Finally, we discuss how cytokinesis defects can facilitate genetic diversification within the tumour to promote cancer development and could constitute the path of least resistance in tumour evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M A Lens
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - René H Medema
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.
- Division of Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brown A, Geiger H. Chromosome integrity checkpoints in stem and progenitor cells: transitions upon differentiation, pathogenesis, and aging. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3771-3779. [PMID: 30066086 PMCID: PMC6154040 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Loss of chromosome integrity is a major contributor to cancer. Checkpoints within the cell division cycle that facilitate the accuracy and outcome of chromosome segregation are thus critical pathways for preserving chromosome integrity and preventing chromosomal instability. The spindle assembly checkpoint, the decatenation checkpoint and the post-mitotic tetraploidy checkpoint ensure the appropriate establishment of the spindle apparatus, block mitotic entry upon entanglement of chromosomes or prevent further progression of post-mitotic cells that display massive spindle defects. Most of our knowledge on these mechanisms originates from studies conducted in yeast, cancer cell lines and differentiated cells. Considering that in many instances cancer derives from transformed stem and progenitor cells, our knowledge on these checkpoints in these cells just started to emerge. With this review, we provide a general overview of the current knowledge of these checkpoints in embryonic as well as in adult stem and progenitor cells with a focus on the hematopoietic system and outline common mis-regulations of their function associated with cancer and leukemia. Most cancers are aging-associated diseases. We will thus also discuss changes in the function and outcome of these checkpoints upon aging of stem and progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brown
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Life Science Building N27, James Franck-Ring/Meyerhofstrasse, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Life Science Building N27, James Franck-Ring/Meyerhofstrasse, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Uetake Y, Sluder G. Activation of the apoptotic pathway during prolonged prometaphase blocks daughter cell proliferation. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2632-2643. [PMID: 30133342 PMCID: PMC6249836 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-01-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When untransformed human cells spend >1.5 h in prometaphase under standard culture conditions, all daughters arrest in G1 despite normal division of their mothers. We investigate what happens during prolonged prometaphase that leads to daughter cell arrest in the absence of DNA damage. We find that progressive loss of anti-apoptotic MCL-1 activity and oxidative stress act in concert to partially activate the apoptosis pathway, resulting in the delayed death of some daughters and senescence for the rest. At physiological oxygen levels, longer prometaphase durations are needed for all daughters to arrest. Partial activation of apoptosis during prolonged prometaphase leads to persistent caspase activity, which activates the kinase cascade mediating the post–mitotic activation of p38. This in turn activates p53, and the consequent expression of p21stops the cell cycle. This mechanism can prevent cells suffering intractable mitotic defects, which modestly prolong mitosis but allow its completion without DNA damage, from producing future cell generations that are susceptible to the evolution of a transformed phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Uetake
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Greenfield Sluder
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
This review by Levine and Holland reviews the sources of mitotic errors in human tumors and their effect on cell fitness and transformation. They discuss new findings that suggest that chromosome missegregation can produce a proinflammatory environment and impact tumor responsiveness to immunotherapy and survey the vulnerabilities exposed by cell division errors and how they can be exploited therapeutically. Mitosis is a delicate event that must be executed with high fidelity to ensure genomic stability. Recent work has provided insight into how mitotic errors shape cancer genomes by driving both numerical and structural alterations in chromosomes that contribute to tumor initiation and progression. Here, we review the sources of mitotic errors in human tumors and their effect on cell fitness and transformation. We discuss new findings that suggest that chromosome missegregation can produce a proinflammatory environment and impact tumor responsiveness to immunotherapy. Finally, we survey the vulnerabilities exposed by cell division errors and how they can be exploited therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Levine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Korsnes MS, Korsnes R. Single-Cell Tracking of A549 Lung Cancer Cells Exposed to a Marine Toxin Reveals Correlations in Pedigree Tree Profiles. Front Oncol 2018; 8:260. [PMID: 30023341 PMCID: PMC6039982 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term video-based tracking of single A549 lung cancer cells exposed to three different concentrations of the marine toxin yessotoxin (YTX) reveals significant variation in cytotoxicity, and it confirms the potential genotoxic effects of this toxin. Tracking of single cells subject to various toxic exposure, constitutes a conceptually simple approach to elucidate lineage correlations and sub-populations which are masked in cell bulk analyses. The toxic exposure can here be considered as probing a cell population for properties and change which may include long-term adaptation to treatments. Ranking of pedigree trees according to a measure of "size," provides definition of sub-populations. Following single cells through generations indicates that signaling cascades and experience of mother cells can pass to their descendants. Epigenetic factors and signaling downstream lineages may enhance differences between cells and partly explain observed heterogeneity in a population. Signaling downstream lineages can potentially link a variety of observations of cells making resulting data more suitable for computerized treatment. YTX exposure of A549 cells tends to cause two main visually distinguishable classes of cell death modalities ("apoptotic-like" and "necrotic-like") with approximately equal frequency. This special property of YTX enables estimation of correlation between cell death modalities for sister cells indicating impact downstream lineages. Hence, cellular responses and adaptation to treatments might be better described in terms of effects on pedigree trees rather than considering cells as independent entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Suárez Korsnes
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.,Nofima AS, Ås, Norway.,Korsnes Biocomputing (KoBio), Ås, Norway
| | - Reinert Korsnes
- Nofima AS, Ås, Norway.,Korsnes Biocomputing (KoBio), Ås, Norway.,Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway.,Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tian Y, Chen H, Qiao L, Zhang W, Zheng J, Zhao W, Chen JJ, Zhang W. CIP2A facilitates the G1/S cell cycle transition via B-Myb in human papillomavirus 16 oncoprotein E6-expressing cells. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4150-4160. [PMID: 29893470 PMCID: PMC6111863 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with high‐risk human papillomaviruses (HR‐HPVs, including HPV‐16, HPV‐18, HPV‐31) plays a central aetiologic role in the development of cervical carcinoma. The transforming properties of HR‐HPVs mainly reside in viral oncoproteins E6 and E7. E6 protein degrades the tumour suppressor p53 and abrogates cell cycle checkpoints. Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) is an oncoprotein that is involved in the carcinogenesis of many human malignancies. Our previous data showed that CIP2A was overexpressed in cervical cancer. However, the regulation of CIP2A by HPV‐16E6 remains to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that HPV‐16E6 significantly up‐regulated CIP2A mRNA and protein expression in a p53‐degradation‐dependent manner. Knockdown of CIP2A by siRNA inhibited viability and DNA synthesis and caused G1 cell cycle arrest of 16E6‐expressing cells. Knockdown of CIP2A resulted in a significant reduction in the expression of cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) and Cdk2. Although CIP2A has been reported to stabilize c‐Myc by inhibiting PP2A‐mediated dephosphorylation of c‐Myc, we have presented evidence that the regulation of Cdk1 and Cdk2 by CIP2A is dependent on transcription factor B‐Myb rather than c‐Myc. Taken together, our study reveals the role of CIP2A in abrogating the G1 checkpoint in HPV‐16E6‐expressing cells and helps in understanding the molecular basis of HPV‐induced oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Tian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hanxiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lijun Qiao
- Cancer Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyi Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jason J Chen
- Cancer Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Weifang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Mitosis belongs to the most appealing cellular processes. Yet, the highly dynamic and complex nature of mitosis represents a major challenge when it comes to the functional dissection of mitotic proteins. Due to their fast and often reversible mode of action, small molecules have proven themselves as invaluable tools to dissect mitotic processes. In this chapter, we provide a broad overview of available compounds affecting mitosis. We discuss the different application fields of small molecules and important aspects that have to be considered when using them. Finally, we provide two detailed protocols for the application of small molecules to study mitosis in tissue culture cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Teusel
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lars Henschke
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas U Mayer
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Douthwright S, Sluder G. Live Cell Imaging: Assessing the Phototoxicity of 488 and 546 nm Light and Methods to Alleviate it. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2461-2468. [PMID: 27608139 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In live cell imaging of fluorescent proteins, phototoxicity of the excitation light can be problematical. Cell death is obvious, but reduced cell viability can make the interpretation of observations error prone. We characterized the phototoxic consequences of 488 and 546 nm light on untransformed human cells and tested methods that have or could be used to alleviate photodamage. Unlabeled RPE1 cells were given single 0.5-2.5 min irradiations in early G1 from a mercury arc lamp on a fluorescence microscope. Four hundred eighty-eight nanometer light produced a dose-dependent decrease in the percentage of cells that progressed to mitosis, slowing of the cell cycle for some of those entering mitosis, and a ∼12% incidence of cell death for the highest dose. For 546 nm light we found a 10-15% reduction in the percentage of cells entering mitosis, no strong dose dependency, and a ∼2% incidence of cell death for the longest irradiations. For cells expressing GFP-centrin1 or mCherry-centrin1, fewer entered mitosis for each dose than unlabeled cells. For constant total dose 488 nm light irradiations of unlabeled cells, reducing the intensity 10-fold or spreading the exposures out as a series of 10 sec pulses at 1 min intervals produced a minor and not consistent improvement in the percentage of cells entering mitosis. Reducing oxidative processes, by culturing at ∼3% oxygen or adding the reducing agent Trolox noticeably increased the fraction of cells entering mitosis. Thus, for long-term imaging there can be value to using RFP constructs and for GFP-tagged proteins reducing oxidative processes. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2461-2468, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Douthwright
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Greenfield Sluder
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ohshima S, Seyama A. Establishment of Proliferative Tetraploid Cells from Nontransformed Human Fibroblasts. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28117785 DOI: 10.3791/55028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploid (mostly tetraploid) cells are often observed in preneoplastic lesions of human tissues and their chromosomal instability has been considered to be responsible for carcinogenesis in such tissues. Although proliferative polyploid cells are requisite for analyzing chromosomal instability of polyploid cells, creating such cells from nontransformed human cells is rather challenging. Induction of tetraploidy by chemical agents usually results in a mixture of diploid and tetraploid populations, and most studies employed fluorescence-activated cell sorting or cloning by limiting dilution to separate tetraploid from diploid cells. However, these procedures are time-consuming and laborious. The present report describes a relatively simple protocol to induce proliferative tetraploid cells from normal human fibroblasts with minimum contamination by diploid cells. Briefly, the protocol is comprised of the following steps: arresting cells in mitosis by demecolcine (DC), collecting mitotic cells after shaking off, incubating collected cells with DC for an additional 3 days, and incubating cells in drug-free medium (They resume proliferation as tetraploid cells within several days). Depending on cell type, the collection of mitotic cells by shaking off might be omitted. This protocol provides a simple and feasible method to establish proliferative tetraploid cells from normal human fibroblasts. Tetraploid cells established by this method could be a useful model for studying chromosome instability and the oncogenic potential of polyploid human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ohshima
- Division of Morphological Science, Biomedical Research Center, Saitama Medical University;
| | - Atsushi Seyama
- Department of Pathology, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kakae K, Ikeuchi M, Kuga T, Saito Y, Yamaguchi N, Nakayama Y. v-Src-induced nuclear localization of YAP is involved in multipolar spindle formation in tetraploid cells. Cell Signal 2016; 30:19-29. [PMID: 27871934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The protein-tyrosine kinase, c-Src, is involved in a variety of signaling events, including cell division. We have reported that v-Src, which is a mutant variant of the cellular proto-oncogene, c-Src, causes delocalization of Aurora B kinase, resulting in a furrow regression in cytokinesis and the generation of multinucleated cells. However, the effect of v-Src on mitotic spindle formation is unknown. Here we show that v-Src-expressing HCT116 and NIH3T3 cells undergo abnormal cell division, in which cells separate into more than two cells. Upon v-Src expression, the proportion of multinucleated cells is increased in a time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that v-Src increases the number of cells having a ≥4N DNA content. Microscopic analysis showed that v-Src induces the formation of multipolar spindles with excess centrosomes. These results suggest that v-Src induces multipolar spindle formation by generating multinucleated cells. Tetraploidy activates the tetraploidy checkpoint, leading to a cell cycle arrest of tetraploid cells at the G1 phase, in which the nuclear exclusion of the transcription co-activator YAP plays a critical role. In multinucleated cells that are induced by cytochalasin B and the Plk1 inhibitor, YAP is excluded from the nucleus. However, v-Src prevents this nuclear exclusion of YAP through a decrease in the phosphorylation of YAP at Ser127 in multinucleated cells. Furthermore, v-Src decreases the expression level of p53, which also plays a critical role in the cell cycle arrest of tetraploid cells. These results suggest that v-Src promotes abnormal spindle formation in at least two ways: generation of multinucleated cells and a weakening of the tetraploidy checkpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kakae
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kuga
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Youhei Saito
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
De Santis Puzzonia M, Gonzalez L, Ascenzi S, Cundari E, Degrassi F. Tetraploid cells produced by absence of substrate adhesion during cytokinesis are limited in their proliferation and enter senescence after DNA replication. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:274-82. [PMID: 26693937 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1127469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraploidy has been proposed as an intermediate state in neoplastic transformation due to the intrinsic chromosome instability of tetraploid cells. Despite the identification of p53 as a major factor in growth arrest of tetraploid cells, it is still unclear whether the p53-dependent mechanism for proliferation restriction is intrinsic to the tetraploid status or dependent on the origin of tetraploidy. Substrate adherence is fundamental for cytokinesis completion in adherent untransformed cells. Here we show that untransformed fibroblast cells undergoing mitosis in suspension produce binucleated tetraploid cells due to defective cleavage furrow constriction that leads to incomplete cell abscission. Binucleated cells obtained after loss of substrate adhesion maintain an inactive p53 status and are able to progress into G1 and S phase. However, binucleated cells arrest in G2, accumulate p53 and are not able to enter mitosis as no tetraploid metaphases were recorded after one cell cycle time. In contrast, tetraploid metaphases were found following pharmacological inhibition of Chk1 kinase, suggesting the involvement of the ATR/Chk1 pathway in the G2 arrest of binucleated cells. Interestingly, after persistence in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, a large fraction of binucleated cells become senescent. These findings identify a new pathway of proliferation restriction for tetraploid untransformed cells that seems to be specific for loss of adhesion-dependent cytokinesis failure. This involves Chk1 and p53 activation during G2. Inhibition of growth and entrance into senescence after cytokinesis in suspension may represent an important mechanism to control tumor growth. In fact, anchorage independent growth is a hallmark of cancer and it has been demonstrated that binucleated transformed cells can enter a cycle of anchorage independent growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Santis Puzzonia
- a Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR National Research Council , Rome , Italy.,b Sapienza University , Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology , Rome , Italy
| | - Laetitia Gonzalez
- c Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laboratory of Cell Genetics , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Sonia Ascenzi
- a Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR National Research Council , Rome , Italy
| | - Enrico Cundari
- a Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR National Research Council , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesca Degrassi
- a Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR National Research Council , Rome , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cosenza MR, Krämer A. Centrosome amplification, chromosomal instability and cancer: mechanistic, clinical and therapeutic issues. Chromosome Res 2016; 24:105-26. [PMID: 26645976 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-015-9505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes, the main microtubule-organizing centers in most animal cells, are of crucial importance for the assembly of a bipolar mitotic spindle and subsequent faithful segregation of chromosomes into two daughter cells. Centrosome abnormalities can be found in virtually all cancer types and have been linked to chromosomal instability (CIN) and tumorigenesis. Although our knowledge on centrosome structure, replication, and amplification has greatly increased within recent years, still only very little is known on nature, causes, and consequences of centrosome aberrations in primary tumor tissues. In this review, we summarize our current insights into the mechanistic link between centrosome aberrations, aneuploidy, CIN and tumorigenesis. Mechanisms of induction and cellular consequences of aneuploidy, tetraploidization and CIN, as well as origin and effects of supernumerary centrosomes will be discussed. In addition, animal models for both CIN and centrosome amplification will be outlined. Finally, we describe approaches to exploit centrosome amplification, aneuploidy and CIN for novel and specific anticancer treatment strategies based on the modulation of chromosome missegregation rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Raffaele Cosenza
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alwin Krämer
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Potapova TA, Seidel CW, Box AC, Rancati G, Li R. Transcriptome analysis of tetraploid cells identifies cyclin D2 as a facilitator of adaptation to genome doubling in the presence of p53. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3065-3084. [PMID: 27559130 PMCID: PMC5063615 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-05-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraploidization, or genome doubling, is a prominent event in tumorigenesis, primarily because cell division in polyploid cells is error-prone and produces aneuploid cells. This study investigates changes in gene expression evoked in acute and adapted tetraploid cells and their effect on cell-cycle progression. Acute polyploidy was generated by knockdown of the essential regulator of cytokinesis anillin, which resulted in cytokinesis failure and formation of binucleate cells, or by chemical inhibition of Aurora kinases, causing abnormal mitotic exit with formation of single cells with aberrant nuclear morphology. Transcriptome analysis of these acute tetraploid cells revealed common signatures of activation of the tumor-suppressor protein p53. Suppression of proliferation in these cells was dependent on p53 and its transcriptional target, CDK inhibitor p21. Rare proliferating tetraploid cells can emerge from acute polyploid populations. Gene expression analysis of single cell-derived, adapted tetraploid clones showed up-regulation of several p53 target genes and cyclin D2, the activator of CDK4/6/2. Overexpression of cyclin D2 in diploid cells strongly potentiated the ability to proliferate with increased DNA content despite the presence of functional p53. These results indicate that p53-mediated suppression of proliferation of polyploid cells can be averted by increased levels of oncogenes such as cyclin D2, elucidating a possible route for tetraploidy-mediated genomic instability in carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew C Box
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Giulia Rancati
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Role of WDHD1 in Human Papillomavirus-Mediated Oncogenesis Identified by Transcriptional Profiling of E7-Expressing Cells. J Virol 2016; 90:6071-6084. [PMID: 27099318 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00513-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The E7 oncoprotein of the high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a major role in HPV-induced carcinogenesis. E7 abrogates the G1 cell cycle checkpoint and induces genomic instability, but the mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to characterize the transcriptional profile of keratinocytes expressing HPV 16 (HPV-16) E7. At the transcriptome level, 236 genes were differentially expressed between E7 and vector control cells. A subset of the differentially expressed genes, most of them novel to E7-expressing cells, was further confirmed by real-time PCR. Of interest, the activities of multiple transcription factors were altered in E7-expressing cells. Through bioinformatics analysis, pathways altered in E7-expressing cells were investigated. The upregulated genes were enriched in cell cycle and DNA replication, as well as in the DNA metabolic process, transcription, DNA damage, DNA repair, and nucleotide metabolism. Specifically, we focused our studies on the gene encoding WDHD1 (WD repeat and high mobility group [HMG]-box DNA-binding protein), one of the genes that was upregulated in E7-expressing cells. WDHD1 is a component of the replisome that regulates DNA replication. Recent studies suggest that WDHD1 may also function as a DNA replication initiation factor as well as a G1 checkpoint regulator. We found that in E7-expressing cells, the steady-state level of WDHD1 protein was increased along with the half-life. Moreover, downregulation of WDHD1 reduced E7-induced G1 checkpoint abrogation and rereplication, demonstrating a novel function for WDHD1. These studies shed light on mechanisms by which HPV induces genomic instability and have therapeutic implications. IMPORTANCE The high-risk HPV types induce cervical cancer and encode an E7 oncoprotein that plays a major role in HPV-induced carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism by which E7 induces carcinogenesis is not fully understood; specific anti-HPV agents are not available. In this study, we performed RNA-seq to characterize transcriptional profiling of keratinocytes expressing HPV-16 E7 and identified more than 200 genes that were differentially expressed between E7 and vector control cells. Through bioinformatics analysis, pathways altered in E7-expressing cells were identified. Significantly, the WDHD1 gene, one of the genes that is upregulated in E7-expressing cells, was found to play an important role in E7-induced G1 checkpoint abrogation and rereplication. These studies shed light on mechanisms by which HPV induces genomic instability and have therapeutic implications.
Collapse
|
35
|
CDK-1 Inhibition in G2 Stabilizes Kinetochore-Microtubules in the following Mitosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157491. [PMID: 27281342 PMCID: PMC4900577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation is driven by cyclical activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which produce distinct biochemical cell cycle phases. Mitosis (M phase) is orchestrated by CDK-1, complexed with mitotic cyclins. During M phase, chromosomes are segregated by a bipolar array of microtubules called the mitotic spindle. The essential bipolarity of the mitotic spindle is established by the kinesin-5 Eg5, but factors influencing the maintenance of spindle bipolarity are not fully understood. Here, we describe an unexpected link between inhibiting CDK-1 before mitosis and bipolar spindle maintenance. Spindles in human RPE-1 cells normally collapse to monopolar structures when Eg5 is inhibited at metaphase. However, we found that inhibition of CDK-1 in the G2 phase of the cell cycle improved the ability of RPE-1 cells to maintain spindle bipolarity without Eg5 activity in the mitosis immediately after release from CDK-1 inhibition. This improved bipolarity maintenance correlated with an increase in the stability of kinetochore-microtubules, the subset of microtubules that link chromosomes to the spindle. The improvement in bipolarity maintenance after CDK-1 inhibition in G2 required both the kinesin-12 Kif15 and increased stability of kinetochore-microtubules. Consistent with increased kinetochore-microtubule stability, we find that inhibition of CDK-1 in G2 impairs mitotic fidelity by increasing the incidence of lagging chromosomes in anaphase. These results suggest that inhibition of CDK-1 in G2 causes unpredicted effects in mitosis, even after CDK-1 inhibition is relieved.
Collapse
|
36
|
Kryukov F, Nemec P, Radova L, Kryukova E, Okubote S, Minarik J, Stefanikova Z, Pour L, Hajek R. Centrosome associated genes pattern for risk sub-stratification in multiple myeloma. J Transl Med 2016; 14:150. [PMID: 27234807 PMCID: PMC4884414 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genome of multiple myeloma (MM) cells is extremely unstable, characterized by a complex combination of structure and numerical abnormalities. It seems that there are several “myeloma subgroups” which differ in expression profile, clinical manifestations, prognoses and treatment response. In our previous work, the list of 35 candidate genes with a known role in carcinogenesis and associated with centrosome structure/function was used as a display of molecular heterogeneity with an impact in myeloma pathogenesis. The current study was devoted to establish a risk stratification model based on the aforementioned candidate genes. Methods A total of 151 patients were included in this study. CD138+ cells were separated by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Gene expression profiling (GEP) and Interphase FISH with cytoplasmic immunoglobulin light chain staining (cIg FISH) were performed on plasma cells (PCs). All statistical analyses were performed using freeware R and its additional packages. Training and validation cohort includes 73 and 78 patients, respectively. Results We have finally established a model that includes 12 selected genes (centrosome associated gene pattern, CAGP) which appears to be an independent prognostic factor for MM stratification. We have shown that the new CAGP model can sub-stratify prognosis in patients without TP53 loss as well as in IMWG high risk patients’ group. Conclusions We assume that newly established risk stratification model complements the current prognostic panel used in multiple myeloma and refines the classification of patients in relation to the disease risks. This approach can be used independently as well as in combination with other factors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0906-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fedor Kryukov
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Dvořákova 7, 702 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic. .,Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 17.listopadu 1790, 708 52, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Nemec
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Radova
- The Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Kryukova
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Dvořákova 7, 702 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 17.listopadu 1790, 708 52, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Okubote
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Minarik
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc, I.P. Pavlova 185/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdena Stefanikova
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, University Hospital Bratislava, Antolská 11, 851 07, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ludek Pour
- Department of Clinical Hematology, University Hospital Brno, Jihlavská 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hajek
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Dvořákova 7, 702 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 17.listopadu 1790, 708 52, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ohshima S, Seyama A. Establishment of proliferative tetraploid cells from telomerase-immortalized normal human fibroblasts. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:522-30. [PMID: 26917432 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is observed in the majority of human cancers and is considered to be causally related to carcinogenesis. Although malignant aneuploid cells are suggested to develop from polyploid cells formed in precancerous lesions, the mechanisms of this process remain elusive. This is partly because no experimental model is available where nontransformed polyploid human cells propagate in vitro. We previously showed that proliferative tetraploid cells can be established from normal human fibroblasts by treatment with the spindle poison demecolcine (DC). However, the limited lifespan of these cells hampered detailed analysis of a link between chromosomal instability and the oncogenic transformation of polyploid cells. Here, we report the establishment of proliferative tetraploid cells from the telomerase-immortalized normal human fibroblast cell line TIG-1. Treatment of immortalized diploid cells with DC for 4 days resulted in proliferation of cells with tetraploid DNA content and near-tetraploid/tetraploid chromosome counts. Established tetraploid cells had functional TP53 despite growing at almost the same rate as diploid cells. The frequency of clonal and sporadic chromosome aberrations in tetraploid cells was higher than in diploid cells and in one experiment, gradually increased with repeated subculture. This study suggests that tetraploid cells established from telomerase-immortalized normal human fibroblasts can be a valuable model for studying chromosomal instability and the oncogenic potential of polyploid cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ohshima
- Division of Morphological Science, Biomedical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Seyama
- Department of Pathology, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang W, Chen H, Chen Y, Liu J, Wang X, Yu X, Chen JJ, Zhao W. Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A contributes to human papillomavirus oncoprotein E7-induced cell proliferation via E2F1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5253-62. [PMID: 25650660 PMCID: PMC4467146 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) is a recently identified oncoprotein that is overexpressed in many human malignant tumors including cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoprotein E7 is the key transformation factor in cervical cancer. Our previous data showed a positive association of CIP2A and HPV-16E7 protein levels; however, how CIP2A is regulated by HPV-E7 and the roles of CIP2A in HPV-E7-mediated cell proliferation are unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that HPV-16E7 protein significantly upregulating CIP2A mRNA and protein expression depended on retinoblastoma protein pRb rather than p130. CIP2A siRNA knockdown in HPV-E7-expressing cells inhibited cell proliferation, DNA synthesis and G1/S cell cycle progression. CIP2A siRNA decreased the protein levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1), Cdk2 and their partner cyclin A2, with no change in levels of Cdk4, Cdk6 and their partner cyclin D1. The downregulation of Cdk1 and Cdk2 was independent of c-Myc; instead, E2F1 was the main target of CIP2A in this process, as overexpression of E2F1 rescued the inhibitory effects of CIP2A siRNA knockdown on cell proliferation and G1 arrest of HPV-E7-expressing cells. Our studies reveal a novel function of CIP2A in HPV-16E7-mediated cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Zhang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hanxiang Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jason J Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cellular Pathways in Response to Ionizing Radiation and Their Targetability for Tumor Radiosensitization. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010102. [PMID: 26784176 PMCID: PMC4730344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, improvements in the planning and application of radiotherapy in combination with surgery and chemotherapy resulted in increased survival rates of tumor patients. However, the success of radiotherapy is impaired by two reasons: firstly, the radioresistance of tumor cells and, secondly, the radiation-induced damage of normal tissue cells located in the field of ionizing radiation. These limitations demand the development of drugs for either radiosensitization of tumor cells or radioprotection of normal tissue cells. In order to identify potential targets, a detailed understanding of the cellular pathways involved in radiation response is an absolute requirement. This review describes the most important pathways of radioresponse and several key target proteins for radiosensitization.
Collapse
|
40
|
DeLuca KF, Herman JA, DeLuca JG. Measuring Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachment Stability in Cultured Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1413:147-168. [PMID: 27193848 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3542-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Duplicated sister chromatids connect to the mitotic spindle through kinetochores, large proteinaceous structures built at sites of centromeric heterochromatin. Kinetochores are responsible for harnessing the forces generated by microtubule polymerization and depolymerization to power chromosome movements. The fidelity of chromosome segregation relies on proper kinetochore function, as precise regulation of the attachment between kinetochores and microtubules is essential to prevent mitotic errors, which are linked to the initiation and progression of cancer and the formation of birth defects (Godek et al., Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 16(1):57-64, 2014; Ricke and van Deursen, Semin Cell Dev Biol 22(6):559-565, 2011; Holland and Cleveland, EMBO Rep 13(6):501-514, 2012). Here we describe assays to quantitatively measure kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability in cultured cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, MRB 237, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jacob A Herman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, MRB 237, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer G DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, MRB 237, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Coelho PA, Bury L, Shahbazi MN, Liakath-Ali K, Tate PH, Wormald S, Hindley CJ, Huch M, Archer J, Skarnes WC, Zernicka-Goetz M, Glover DM. Over-expression of Plk4 induces centrosome amplification, loss of primary cilia and associated tissue hyperplasia in the mouse. Open Biol 2015; 5:150209. [PMID: 26701933 PMCID: PMC4703062 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the long-known relationship between supernumerary centrosomes and cancer, we have generated a transgenic mouse that permits inducible expression of the master regulator of centriole duplication, Polo-like-kinase-4 (Plk4). Over-expression of Plk4 from this transgene advances the onset of tumour formation that occurs in the absence of the tumour suppressor p53. Plk4 over-expression also leads to hyperproliferation of cells in the pancreas and skin that is enhanced in a p53 null background. Pancreatic islets become enlarged following Plk4 over-expression as a result of equal expansion of α- and β-cells, which exhibit centrosome amplification. Mice overexpressing Plk4 develop grey hair due to a loss of differentiated melanocytes and bald patches of skin associated with a thickening of the epidermis. This reflects an increase in proliferating cells expressing keratin 5 in the basal epidermal layer and the expansion of these cells into suprabasal layers. Such cells also express keratin 6, a marker for hyperplasia. This is paralleled by a decreased expression of later differentiation markers, involucrin, filaggrin and loricrin. Proliferating cells showed an increase in centrosome number and a loss of primary cilia, events that were mirrored in primary cultures of keratinocytes established from these animals. We discuss how repeated duplication of centrioles appears to prevent the formation of basal bodies leading to loss of primary cilia, disruption of signalling and thereby aberrant differentiation of cells within the epidermis. The absence of p53 permits cells with increased centrosomes to continue dividing, thus setting up a neoplastic state of error prone mitoses, a prerequisite for cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Coelho
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Leah Bury
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Marta N Shahbazi
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Kifayathullah Liakath-Ali
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Peri H Tate
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sam Wormald
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Christopher J Hindley
- Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, the Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, the Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Joy Archer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - William C Skarnes
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - David M Glover
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Choudhary A, Zachek B, Lera RF, Zasadil LM, Lasek A, Denu RA, Kim H, Kanugh C, Laffin JJ, Harter JM, Wisinski KB, Saha S, Weaver BA, Burkard ME. Identification of Selective Lead Compounds for Treatment of High-Ploidy Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 15:48-59. [PMID: 26586723 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased ploidy is common in tumors but treatments for tumors with excess chromosome sets are not available. Here, we characterize high-ploidy breast cancers and identify potential anticancer compounds selective for the high-ploidy state. Among 354 human breast cancers, 10% have mean chromosome copy number exceeding 3, and this is most common in triple-negative and HER2-positive types. Women with high-ploidy breast cancers have higher risk of recurrence and death in two patient cohorts, demonstrating that it represents an important group for improved treatment. Because high-ploidy cancers are aneuploid, rather than triploid or tetraploid, we devised a two-step screen to identify selective compounds. The screen was designed to assure both external validity on diverse karyotypic backgrounds and specificity for high-ploidy cell types. This screen identified novel therapies specific to high-ploidy cells. First, we discovered 8-azaguanine, an antimetabolite that is activated by hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1), suggesting an elevated gene-dosage of HPRT1 in high-ploidy tumors can control sensitivity to this drug. Second, we discovered a novel compound, 2,3-diphenylbenzo[g]quinoxaline-5,10-dione (DPBQ). DPBQ activates p53 and triggers apoptosis in a polyploid-specific manner, but does not inhibit topoisomerase or bind DNA. Mechanistic analysis demonstrates that DPBQ elicits a hypoxia gene signature and its effect is replicated, in part, by enhancing oxidative stress. Structure-function analysis defines the core benzo[g]quinoxaline-5,10 dione as being necessary for the polyploid-specific effects of DPBQ. We conclude that polyploid breast cancers represent a high-risk subgroup and that DPBQ provides a functional core to develop polyploid-selective therapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(1); 48-59. ©2015 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alka Choudhary
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Brittany Zachek
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Robert F Lera
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lauren M Zasadil
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amber Lasek
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ryan A Denu
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Craig Kanugh
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jennifer J Laffin
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Josephine M Harter
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kari B Wisinski
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sandeep Saha
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Beth A Weaver
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark E Burkard
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhou N, Yuan S, Wang R, Zhang W, Chen JJ. Role of dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1B (Dyrk1B) in S-phase entry of HPV E7 expressing cells from quiescence. Oncotarget 2015; 6:30745-61. [PMID: 26307683 PMCID: PMC4741565 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent for cervical cancer. The HPV E7 oncogene promotes S-phase entry from quiescent state in the presence of elevated cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1, a function that may contribute to carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism by which HPV E7 induces quiescent cells to entry into S-phase is not fully understood. Interestingly, we found that Dyrk1B, a dual-specificity kinase and negative regulator of cell proliferation in quiescent cells, was upregulated in E7 expressing cells. Surprisingly and in contrast to what was previously reported, Dyrk1B played a positive role in S-phase entry of quiescent HPV E7 expressing cells. Mechanistically, Dyrk1B contributed to p27 phosphorylation (at serine 10 and threonine 198), which was important for the proliferation of HPV E7 expressing cells. Moreover, Dyrk1B up-regulated HPV E7. Taken together, our studies uncovered a novel function of Dyrk1B in high-risk HPV E7-mediated cell proliferation. Dyrk1B may serve as a target for therapy in HPV-associated cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhou
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shoudao Yuan
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rongchun Wang
- Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weifang Zhang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jason J. Chen
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Activation of miR-9 by human papillomavirus in cervical cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11620-30. [PMID: 25344913 PMCID: PMC4294330 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide, leading to about 300,000 deaths each year. Most cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, persistent transcriptional activity of HPV oncogenes, which indicates active roles of HPV in cervical cancer maintenance and progression, has not been well characterized. Using our recently developed assays for comprehensive profiling of HPV E6/E7 transcripts, we have detected transcriptional activities of 10 high-risk HPV strains from 87 of the 101 cervical tumors included in the analysis. These HPV-positive patients had significantly better survival outcome compared with HPV-negative patients, indicating HPV transcriptional activity as a favorable prognostic marker for cervical cancer. Furthermore, we have determined microRNA (miRNA) expression changes that were correlated with tumor HPV status. Our profiling and functional analyses identified miR-9 as the most activated miRNA by HPV E6 in a p53-independent manner. Further target validation and functional studies showed that HPV-induced miR-9 activation led to significantly increased cell motility by downregulating multiple gene targets involved in cell migration. Thus, our work helps to understand the molecular mechanisms as well as identify potential therapeutic targets for cervical cancer and other HPV-induced cancers.
Collapse
|
45
|
Fan X, Chen JJ. Role of Cdk1 in DNA damage-induced G1 checkpoint abrogation by the human papillomavirus E7 oncogene. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3249-59. [PMID: 25485505 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.953879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 oncogene abrogates DNA damage-induced G1 checkpoint but the mechanism is not fully understood. The G1 kinase Cdk2 is activated in E7-expressing cells. However, whether Cdk2 is required for E7 to abrogate the G1 checkpoint is not known. Accumulating evidence implicates a role for the mitotic Cdk1 in G1/S phase transition in the absence of Cdk2. We therefore examined the expression and requirement of Cdk1 and Cdk2 in the G1 checkpoint abrogation in E7-expressing cells. Although both Cdk1 and Cdk2 were up-regulated in E7-expressing cells upon DNA damage, down-regulation of Cdk1 but not Cdk2 impairs the ability of E7 to abrogate the G1 checkpoint. Our study thus demonstrated an important role for Cdk1 in bypassing the G1 checkpoint in E7-expressing cells. To understand the mechanism by which E7 activates Cdk1, we examined the transcription factor B-Myb. Our studies demonstrated that downregulation of B-Myb reduced the steady-state level of Cdk1 and induced G1 arrest in E7-expressing cells upon DNA damage. In addition, it remains a mystery how E7 promotes cell cycle progression in the presence of Cdk inhibitor p21. As p21 binds Cdk1 with lower affinity than Cdk2, our results suggest a mechanism by which E7 bypasses the inhibitory effect of p21. Nonetheless, our studies demonstrated that p21 still possessed partial ability to arrest cells at G1 phase in E7-expressing cells. These studies shed light on mechanisms by which HPV E7 modulates cell cycle checkpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Fan
- a Department of Medicine ; University of Massachusetts Medical School ; Worcester , MA USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sadaie M, Dillon C, Narita M, Young ARJ, Cairney CJ, Godwin LS, Torrance CJ, Bennett DC, Keith WN, Narita M. Cell-based screen for altered nuclear phenotypes reveals senescence progression in polyploid cells after Aurora kinase B inhibition. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2971-85. [PMID: 26133385 PMCID: PMC4551313 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-01-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a widespread stress response and is widely considered to be an alternative cancer therapeutic goal. Unlike apoptosis, senescence is composed of a diverse set of subphenotypes, depending on which of its associated effector programs are engaged. Here we establish a simple and sensitive cell-based prosenescence screen with detailed validation assays. We characterize the screen using a focused tool compound kinase inhibitor library. We identify a series of compounds that induce different types of senescence, including a unique phenotype associated with irregularly shaped nuclei and the progressive accumulation of G1 tetraploidy in human diploid fibroblasts. Downstream analyses show that all of the compounds that induce tetraploid senescence inhibit Aurora kinase B (AURKB). AURKB is the catalytic component of the chromosome passenger complex, which is involved in correct chromosome alignment and segregation, the spindle assembly checkpoint, and cytokinesis. Although aberrant mitosis and senescence have been linked, a specific characterization of AURKB in the context of senescence is still required. This proof-of-principle study suggests that our protocol is capable of amplifying tetraploid senescence, which can be observed in only a small population of oncogenic RAS-induced senescence, and provides additional justification for AURKB as a cancer therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahito Sadaie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Dillon
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Masashi Narita
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. J. Young
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Claire J. Cairney
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren S. Godwin
- St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - W. Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Masashi Narita
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cytokinesis failure in RhoA-deficient mouse erythroblasts involves actomyosin and midbody dysregulation and triggers p53 activation. Blood 2015; 126:1473-82. [PMID: 26228485 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-616169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RhoA GTPase has been shown in vitro in cell lines and in vivo in nonmammalian organisms to regulate cell division, particularly during cytokinesis and abscission, when 2 daughter cells partition through coordinated actomyosin and microtubule machineries. To investigate the role of this GTPase in the rapidly proliferating mammalian erythroid lineage, we developed a mouse model with erythroid-specific deletion of RhoA. This model was proved embryonic lethal as a result of severe anemia by embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5). The primitive red blood cells were enlarged, poikilocytic, and frequently multinucleated, but were able to sustain life despite experiencing cytokinesis failure. In contrast, definitive erythropoiesis failed and the mice died by E16.5, with profound reduction of maturing erythroblast populations within the fetal liver. RhoA was required to activate myosin-regulatory light chain and localized at the site of the midbody formation in dividing wild-type erythroblasts. Cytokinesis failure caused by RhoA deficiency resulted in p53 activation and p21-transcriptional upregulation with associated cell-cycle arrest, increased DNA damage, and cell death. Our findings demonstrate the role of RhoA as a critical regulator for efficient erythroblast proliferation and the p53 pathway as a powerful quality control mechanism in erythropoiesis.
Collapse
|
48
|
Shi L, Lei Y, Srivastava R, Qin W, Chen JJ. Gallic acid induces apoptosis in human cervical epithelial cells containing human papillomavirus type 16 episomes. J Med Virol 2015; 88:127-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an China
- Department of Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts USA
| | - Yanjun Lei
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an China
| | - Ranjana Srivastava
- Department of Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts USA
| | - Weihua Qin
- SoonFast Pharma Science & Technology; Guangzhou; China
| | - Jason J. Chen
- Department of Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts USA
- Cancer Research Center; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhou X, Merchak K, Lee W, Grande JP, Cascalho M, Platt JL. Cell Fusion Connects Oncogenesis with Tumor Evolution. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2049-60. [PMID: 26066710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell fusion likely drives tumor evolution by undermining chromosomal and DNA stability and/or by generating phenotypic diversity; however, whether a cell fusion event can initiate malignancy and direct tumor evolution is unknown. We report that a fusion event involving normal, nontransformed, cytogenetically stable epithelial cells can initiate chromosomal instability, DNA damage, cell transformation, and malignancy. Clonal analysis of fused cells reveals that the karyotypic and phenotypic potential of tumors formed by cell fusion is established immediately or within a few cell divisions after the fusion event, without further ongoing genetic and phenotypic plasticity, and that subsequent evolution of such tumors reflects selection from the initial diverse population rather than ongoing plasticity of the progeny. Thus, one cell fusion event can both initiate malignancy and fuel evolution of the tumor that ensues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhou
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin Merchak
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Woojin Lee
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joseph P Grande
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey L Platt
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nicholson JM, Macedo JC, Mattingly AJ, Wangsa D, Camps J, Lima V, Gomes AM, Dória S, Ried T, Logarinho E, Cimini D. Chromosome mis-segregation and cytokinesis failure in trisomic human cells. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25942454 PMCID: PMC4443816 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells display aneuploid karyotypes and typically mis-segregate chromosomes at high rates, a phenotype referred to as chromosomal instability (CIN). To test the effects of aneuploidy on chromosome segregation and other mitotic phenotypes we used the colorectal cancer cell line DLD1 (2n = 46) and two variants with trisomy 7 or 13 (DLD1+7 and DLD1+13), as well as euploid and trisomy 13 amniocytes (AF and AF+13). We found that trisomic cells displayed higher rates of chromosome mis-segregation compared to their euploid counterparts. Furthermore, cells with trisomy 13 displayed a distinctive cytokinesis failure phenotype. We showed that up-regulation of SPG20 expression, brought about by trisomy 13 in DLD1+13 and AF+13 cells, is sufficient for the cytokinesis failure phenotype. Overall, our study shows that aneuploidy can induce chromosome mis-segregation. Moreover, we identified a trisomy 13-specific mitotic phenotype that is driven by up-regulation of a gene encoded on the aneuploid chromosome. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05068.001 The DNA in a human cell is divided between forty-six structures called chromosomes. Before a cell divides, it copies every chromosome so that each daughter cell will have the same DNA as the parent cell. These chromosomes align in the center of the cell and then the matching chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite ends. However, in some cases the separation process does not work properly, which can produce cells that either have too many, or too few, chromosomes. Abnormal numbers of chromosomes within cells—called aneuploidy—is a leading cause of miscarriage and birth defects in humans. Aneuploidy is also a common feature of cancer cells. It is common for the chromosomes in cancer cells to be distributed unequally when the cell divides. This phenomenon is known as chromosomal instability, but the link between aneuploidy and chromosomal instability in cancer cells is not fully understood. Here, Nicholson et al. used live-cell imaging techniques to analyze healthy human cells and cancer cells that had either the normal forty-six chromosomes, or a defined extra chromosome. Nicholson et al. found that when the cells divided, the chromosomes in the cells that had an extra copy of chromosome 7 or 13 were more prone to distributing chromosomes unequally, compared to cells with a normal number of chromosomes. Nicholson et al. also observed that the cells with an extra chromosome 13 were unable to properly divide into two. These cells had increased levels of a protein called Spartin—which is important for the last stage in cell division—and this was responsible for the failure to produce two daughter cells. These findings show that aneuploidy can cause chromosomal instability in human cells. Furthermore, Nicholson et al. have identified a defect in cell division that is specifically caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 13 in human cells. A future challenge will be to determine how, and to what extent, different chromosomes can affect chromosome stability. This could be useful in the development of therapies against cancer cells with aneuploidy. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05068.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Nicholson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, United States
| | - Joana C Macedo
- Aging and Aneuploidy Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Aaron J Mattingly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, United States
| | - Darawalee Wangsa
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Jordi Camps
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Vera Lima
- Department of Genetics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Gomes
- Aging and Aneuploidy Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Dória
- Department of Genetics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Thomas Ried
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Elsa Logarinho
- Aging and Aneuploidy Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, United States
| |
Collapse
|