1
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Deng S, Wu Y, Huang S, Yang X. Novel insights into the roles of migrasome in cancer. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:166. [PMID: 38748047 PMCID: PMC11096295 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell migration, a hallmark of cancer malignancy, plays a critical role in cancers. Improperly initiated or misdirected cell migration can lead to invasive metastatic cancer. Migrasomes are newly discovered vesicular cellular organelles produced by migrating cells and depending on cell migration. Four marker proteins [NDST1 (bifunctionalheparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1), EOGT (Epidermal growth factor domains pecific O-linked N-acetylglucosaminetransferase), CPQ (carboxypeptidase Q), and PIGK (phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class K)] of migrasomes were successfully identified. There are three marker proteins (NDST1, PIGK, and EOGT) of migrasome expressed in cancer. In this review, we will discuss the process of migrasome discovery, the formation of migrasome, the possible functions of migrasome, and the differences between migrasomes and exosomes, especially, the biological functions of migrasome marker proteins in cancer, and discuss some possible roles of migrasomes in cancer. We speculate that migrasomes and migracytosis can play key roles in regulating the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 28 Western Changsheng Road, Hengyang , 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 28 Western Changsheng Road, Hengyang , 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 28 Western Changsheng Road, Hengyang , 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 28 Western Changsheng Road, Hengyang , 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Enomoto T, Okada H, Tomita H, Iinuma K, Nakane K, Tobisawa Y, Hara A, Koie T. Glycocalyx analysis of bladder cancer: three-dimensional images in electron microscopy and vicia villosa lectin as a marker for invasiveness in frozen sections. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1308879. [PMID: 38269087 PMCID: PMC10806140 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1308879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The abnormal glycocalyx (GCX) on the surface of cancer cells has been reported to be tall and aberrantly glycosylated and has been linked to the progression and spread of cancer-a finding also observed in bladder cancer. However, the characteristics of GCX in various types of human bladder cancer remain unknown, and herein, we aimed to provide information on the diversity of glycan components in the GCX of bladder cancers and to shed light on their characteristics. Methods: We used scanning electron microscopy and lanthanum staining to examine the surface GCX of human bladder carcinomas in three-dimensional images, showing the bulky GCX in some carcinomas. We also examined glycan alterations in early to progressive stages of bladder cancers using 20 distinct lectin stains on frozen sections from transurethral resection of bladder tumors. Results and discussion: Distinctive Vicia villosa lectin (VVL) staining was observed in invasive urothelial carcinomas, including those with muscle invasion and variant components. In the clinical setting, cancers with atypia of grades 2-3 had a significantly higher VVL scoring intensity than those with grade 1 atypia (p < 0.005). This study identified that a specific lectin, VVL, was more specific to invasive urothelial carcinomas. This lectin, which selectively binds to sites of cancer progression, is a promising target for drug delivery in future clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torai Enomoto
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Urology, Matsunami General Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideshi Okada
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Gifu University Institute for Advanced Study, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Gifu University Institute for Advanced Study, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Koji Iinuma
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keita Nakane
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobisawa
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuya Koie
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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3
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Johns SC, Gupta P, Lee YH, Friend J, Fuster MM. Glycocalyx transduces membrane leak in brain tumor cells exposed to sharp magnetic pulsing. Biophys J 2023; 122:4425-4439. [PMID: 37992690 PMCID: PMC10698326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms by which electric (E) or magnetic (B) fields might be harnessed to affect tumor cell behavior remain poorly defined, presenting a barrier to translation. We hypothesized in early studies that the glycocalyx of lung cancer cells might play a role in mediating plasma membrane leak by low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields (Lf-PMF) generated on a low-energy solenoid platform. In testing glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cells known to overexpress glycoproteins rich in modifications by the anionic glycan sialic acid (Sia), exposure of brain tumor cells on the same platform to a pulse train that included a 5 min 50Hz Lf-PMF (dB/dt ∼ 2 T/s at 10 ms pulse widths) induced a very modest but significant protease leak above that of control nonexposed cells (with modest but significant reductions in long-term tumor cell viability after the 5 min exposure). Using a markedly higher dB/dt system (80 T/s pulses, 70 μs pulse-width at 5.9 cm from a MagVenture coil source) induced markedly greater leak by the same cells, and eliminating Sia by treating cells with AUS sialidase immediately preexposure abrogated the effect entirely in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and partially in T98G glioblastoma cells. The system demonstrated significant leak (including inward leak of propidium iodide), with reduced leak at lower dB/dt in a variety of tumor cells. The ability to abrogate Lf-PMF protease leak by pretreatment with sialidase in SH-SY5Y brain tumor cells or with heparin lyase in A549 lung tumor cells indicated the importance of heavy Sia or heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan glycocalyx modifications as dominant glycan species mediating Lf-PMF membrane leak in respective tumor cells. This "first-physical" Lf-PMF tumor glycocalyx event, with downstream cell stress, may represent a critical and "tunable" transduction mechanism that depends on characteristic anionic glycans overexpressed by distinct malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Johns
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California
| | - Purva Gupta
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yi-Hung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - James Friend
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mark M Fuster
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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4
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Balbisi M, Sugár S, Schlosser G, Szeitz B, Fillinger J, Moldvay J, Drahos L, Szász AM, Tóth G, Turiák L. Inter- and intratumoral proteomics and glycosaminoglycan characterization of ALK rearranged lung adenocarcinoma tissues: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6268. [PMID: 37069213 PMCID: PMC10110559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer with limited therapeutic options, therefore a detailed understanding of the underlying molecular changes is of utmost importance. In this pilot study, we investigated the proteomic and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) profile of ALK rearranged lung tumor tissue regions based on the morphological classification, mucin and stromal content. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering revealed that both the proteomic and GAG-omic profiles are highly dependent on mucin content and to a lesser extent on morphology. We found that differentially expressed proteins between morphologically different tumor types are primarily involved in the regulation of protein synthesis, whereas those between adjacent normal and different tumor regions take part in several other biological processes (e.g. extracellular matrix organization, oxidation-reduction processes, protein folding) as well. The total amount and the sulfation profile of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate showed small differences based on morphology and larger differences based on mucin content of the tumor, while an increase was observed in both the total amount and the average rate of sulfation in tumors compared to adjacent normal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Balbisi
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Simon Sugár
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Beáta Szeitz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - János Fillinger
- Department of Pathology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Korányi Frigyes út 1., Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - Judit Moldvay
- 1st Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Korányi Frigyes út 1., Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - A Marcell Szász
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tóth
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Lilla Turiák
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary.
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5
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Yang H, Wang L. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cancer: Pathogenesis and therapeutic potential. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 157:251-291. [PMID: 36725112 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are glycoproteins that consist of a proteoglycan "core" protein and covalently attached heparan sulfate (HS) chain. HSPGs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and secretory vesicles. Within HSPGs, the protein cores determine when and where HSPG expression takes place, and the HS chains mediate most of HSPG's biological roles through binding various protein ligands, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and receptors, morphogens, proteases, protease inhibitors, and ECM proteins. Through these interactions, HSPGs modulate cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis to display essential functions in physiology and pathology. Under physiological conditions, the expression and localization of HSPGs are finely regulated to orchestrate their physiological functions, and this is disrupted in cancer. The HSPG dysregulation elicits multiple oncogenic signaling, including growth factor signaling, ECM and Integrin signaling, chemokine and immune signaling, cancer stem cell, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence, to prompt cell transformation, proliferation, tumor invasion and metastasis, tumor angiogenesis and inflammation, and immunotolerance. These oncogenic roles make HSPGs an attractive pharmacological target for anti-cancer therapy. Several therapeutic strategies have been under development, including anti-HSPG antibodies, peptides and HS mimetics, synthetic xylosides, and heparinase inhibitors, and shown promising anti-cancer efficacy. Therefore, much progress has been made in this line of study. However, it needs to bear in mind that the roles of HSPGs in cancer can be either oncogenic or tumor-suppressive, depending on the HSPG and the cancer cell type with the underlying mechanisms that remain obscure. Further studies need to address these to fill the knowledge gap and rationalize more efficient therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Bryd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.
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6
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Huijbers EJM, Khan KA, Kerbel RS, Griffioen AW. Tumors resurrect an embryonic vascular program to escape immunity. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabm6388. [PMID: 35030032 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm6388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kabir A Khan
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert S Kerbel
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Marques C, Reis CA, Vivès RR, Magalhães A. Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Sulfation Profiles as Modulators of Cancer Signalling and Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:778752. [PMID: 34858858 PMCID: PMC8632541 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.778752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) are important cell surface and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) maestros involved in the orchestration of multiple cellular events in physiology and pathology. These glycoconjugates bind to various bioactive proteins via their Heparan Sulfate (HS) chains, but also through the protein backbone, and function as scaffolds for protein-protein interactions, modulating extracellular ligand gradients, cell signalling networks and cell-cell/cell-ECM interactions. The structural features of HS chains, including length and sulfation patterns, are crucial for the biological roles displayed by HSPGs, as these features determine HS chains binding affinities and selectivity. The large HS structural diversity results from a tightly controlled biosynthetic pathway that is differently regulated in different organs, stages of development and pathologies, including cancer. This review addresses the regulatory mechanisms underlying HS biosynthesis, with a particular focus on the catalytic activity of the enzymes responsible for HS glycan sequences and sulfation motifs, namely D-Glucuronyl C5-Epimerase, N- and O-Sulfotransferases. Moreover, we provide insights on the impact of different HS structural epitopes over HSPG-protein interactions and cell signalling, as well as on the effects of deregulated expression of HS modifying enzymes in the development and progression of cancer. Finally, we discuss the clinical potential of HS biosynthetic enzymes as novel targets for therapy, and highlight the importance of developing new HS-based tools for better patients' stratification and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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8
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Kinoshita T, Tomita H, Okada H, Niwa A, Hyodo F, Kanayama T, Matsuo M, Imaizumi Y, Kuroda T, Hatano Y, Miyai M, Egashira Y, Enomoto Y, Nakayama N, Sugie S, Matsumoto K, Yamaguchi Y, Matsuo M, Hara H, Iwama T, Hara A. Endothelial cell-specific reduction of heparan sulfate suppresses glioma growth in mice. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:50. [PMID: 34790962 PMCID: PMC8585801 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Heparan sulfate (HS) is one of the factors that has been suggested to be associated with angiogenesis and invasion of glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive and fast-growing brain tumor. However, it remains unclear how HS of endothelial cells is involved in angiogenesis in glioblastoma and its prognosis. Thus, we investigated the effect of endothelial cell HS on GBM development. METHODS We generated endothelial cell-specific knockout of Ext1, a gene encoding a glycosyltransferase and essential for HS synthesis, and murine GL261 glioblastoma cells were orthotopically transplanted. Two weeks after transplantation, we examined the tumor progression and underlying mechanisms. RESULTS The endothelial cell-specific Ext1 knockout (Ext1 CKO ) mice exhibited reduced HS expression specifically in the vascular endothelium of the brain capillaries compared with the control wild-type (WT) mice. GBM growth was significantly suppressed in Ext1 CKO mice compared with that in WT mice. After GBM transplantation, the survival rate was significantly higher in Ext1 CKO mice than in WT mice. We investigated how the effect of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), which is known as an angiogenesis-promoting factor, differs between Ext1 CKO and WT mice by using an in vivo Matrigel assay and demonstrated that endothelial cell-specific HS reduction attenuated the effect of FGF2 on angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS HS reduction in the vascular endothelium of the brain suppressed GBM growth and neovascularization in mice. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12672-021-00444-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Kinoshita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Hideshi Okada
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Ayumi Niwa
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Fuminori Hyodo
- Department of Radiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kanayama
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Mikiko Matsuo
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Yuko Imaizumi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Takahiro Kuroda
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hatano
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Masafumi Miyai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ogaki Tokusyukai Hospital, Ogaki, Gifu 503-0015 Japan
| | - Yusuke Egashira
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Yukiko Enomoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nakayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Sugie
- Department of Pathology, Asahi University Hospital, Gifu, 500-8523 Japan
| | - Kazu Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Masayuki Matsuo
- Department of Radiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
| | - Toru Iwama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194 Japan
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9
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Endothelial Heparan Sulfate Mediates Hepatic Neutrophil Trafficking and Injury during Staphylococcus aureus Sepsis. mBio 2021; 12:e0118121. [PMID: 34544271 PMCID: PMC8546592 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01181-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic failure is an important risk factor for poor outcome in septic patients. Using a chemical tagging workflow and high-resolution mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that rapid proteome remodeling of the vascular surfaces precedes hepatic damage in a murine model of Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. These early changes include vascular deposition of neutrophil-derived proteins, shedding of vascular receptors, and altered levels of heparin/heparan sulfate-binding factors. Modification of endothelial heparan sulfate, a major component of the vascular glycocalyx, diminishes neutrophil trafficking to the liver and reduces hepatic coagulopathy and organ damage during the systemic inflammatory response to infection. Modifying endothelial heparan sulfate likewise reduces neutrophil trafficking in sterile hepatic injury, reflecting a more general role of heparan sulfate contribution to the modulation of leukocyte behavior during inflammation. IMPORTANCE Vascular glycocalyx remodeling is critical to sepsis pathology, but the glycocalyx components that contribute to this process remain poorly characterized. This article shows that during Staphylococcus aureus sepsis, the liver vascular glycocalyx undergoes dramatic changes in protein composition associated with neutrophilic activity and heparin/heparan sulfate binding, all before organ damage is detectable by standard circulating liver damage markers or histology. Targeted manipulation of endothelial heparan sulfate modulates S. aureus sepsis-induced hepatotoxicity by controlling the magnitude of neutrophilic infiltration into the liver in both nonsterile and sterile injury. These data identify an important vascular glycocalyx component that impacts hepatic failure during nonsterile and sterile injury.
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10
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The Chemokine-Based Peptide, CXCL9(74-103), Inhibits Angiogenesis by Blocking Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan-Mediated Signaling of Multiple Endothelial Growth Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205090. [PMID: 34680238 PMCID: PMC8534003 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Major angiogenic growth factors activate downstream signaling cascades by interacting with both receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and cell surface proteoglycans, such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). As current anti-angiogenesis regimens in cancer are often faced with resistance, alternative therapeutic strategies are highly needed. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact on angiogenic signaling when we interfered with growth factor-HSPG interactions using a CXCL9 chemokine-derived peptide with high affinity for HS. Abstract Growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are important angiogenesis-mediating factors. They exert their effects not only through their respective receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), but they also require molecular pairing with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Angiogenic growth factors and their signaling pathways are commonly targeted in current anti-angiogenic cancer therapies but have unfortunately insufficient impact on patient survival. Considering their obvious role in pathological angiogenesis, HS-targeting drugs have become an appealing new strategy. Therefore, we aimed to reduce angiogenesis through interference with growth factor-HS binding and downstream signaling using a CXCL9-derived peptide with a high affinity for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), CXCL9(74-103). We showed that CXCL9(74-103) reduced EGF-, VEGF165- and FGF-2-mediated angiogenic processes in vitro, such as endothelial cell proliferation, chemotaxis, adhesion and sprouting, without exerting cell toxicity. CXCL9(74-103) interfered with growth factor signaling in diverse ways, e.g., by diminishing VEGF165 binding to HS and by direct association with FGF-2. The dependency of CXCL9(74-103) on HS for binding to HMVECs and for exerting its anti-angiogenic activity was also demonstrated. In vivo, CXCL9(74-103) attenuated neovascularization in the Matrigel plug assay, the corneal cauterization assay and in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenografts. Additionally, CXCL9(74-103) reduced vascular leakage in the retina of diabetic rats. In contrast, CXCL9(86-103), a peptide with low GAG affinity, showed no overall anti-angiogenic activity. Altogether, our results indicate that CXCL9(74-103) reduces angiogenesis by interfering with multiple HS-dependent growth factor signaling pathways.
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11
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Hu Z, Cano I, D'Amore PA. Update on the Role of the Endothelial Glycocalyx in Angiogenesis and Vascular Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:734276. [PMID: 34532323 PMCID: PMC8438194 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.734276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a negatively charged, carbohydrate-rich structure that arises from the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium and is comprised of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The glycocalyx, which sits at the interface between the endothelium and the blood, is involved in a wide array of physiological and pathophysiological processes, including as a mechanotransducer and as a regulator of inflammation. Most recently, components of the glycocalyx have been shown to play a key role in controlling angiogenesis. In this review, we briefly summarize the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx. We focus on its role and functions in vascular inflammation and angiogenesis and discuss the important unanswered questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengping Hu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Issahy Cano
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Patricia A D'Amore
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Berdiaki A, Neagu M, Giatagana EM, Kuskov A, Tsatsakis AM, Tzanakakis GN, Nikitovic D. Glycosaminoglycans: Carriers and Targets for Tailored Anti-Cancer Therapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:395. [PMID: 33800172 PMCID: PMC8001210 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of cancerous, non-cancerous, stromal, and immune cells that are surrounded by the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), natural biomacromolecules, essential ECM, and cell membrane components are extensively altered in cancer tissues. During disease progression, the GAG fine structure changes in a manner associated with disease evolution. Thus, changes in the GAG sulfation pattern are immediately correlated to malignant transformation. Their molecular weight, distribution, composition, and fine modifications, including sulfation, exhibit distinct alterations during cancer development. GAGs and GAG-based molecules, due to their unique properties, are suggested as promising effectors for anticancer therapy. Considering their participation in tumorigenesis, their utilization in drug development has been the focus of both industry and academic research efforts. These efforts have been developing in two main directions; (i) utilizing GAGs as targets of therapeutic strategies and (ii) employing GAGs specificity and excellent physicochemical properties for targeted delivery of cancer therapeutics. This review will comprehensively discuss recent developments and the broad potential of GAG utilization for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
| | - Monica Neagu
- Department of Immunology, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Eirini-Maria Giatagana
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
| | - Andrey Kuskov
- Department of Technology of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Substances, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Aristidis M. Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - George N. Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
- Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (E.-M.G.); (G.N.T.)
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13
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Andreuzzi E, Capuano A, Poletto E, Pivetta E, Fejza A, Favero A, Doliana R, Cannizzaro R, Spessotto P, Mongiat M. Role of Extracellular Matrix in Gastrointestinal Cancer-Associated Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3686. [PMID: 32456248 PMCID: PMC7279269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tumors are responsible for more cancer-related fatalities than any other type of tumors, and colorectal and gastric malignancies account for a large part of these diseases. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic approaches to improve the patients' outcome and the tumor microenvironment is a promising arena for the development of such treatments. In fact, the nature of the microenvironment in the different gastrointestinal tracts may significantly influence not only tumor development but also the therapy response. In particular, an important microenvironmental component and a potential therapeutic target is the vasculature. In this context, the extracellular matrix is a key component exerting an active effect in all the hallmarks of cancer, including angiogenesis. Here, we summarized the current knowledge on the role of extracellular matrix in affecting endothelial cell function and intratumoral vascularization in the context of colorectal and gastric cancer. The extracellular matrix acts both directly on endothelial cells and indirectly through its remodeling and the consequent release of growth factors. We envision that a deeper understanding of the role of extracellular matrix and of its remodeling during cancer progression is of chief importance for the development of new, more efficacious, targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Andreuzzi
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.A.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (E.P.); (A.F.); (A.F.); (R.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Alessandra Capuano
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.A.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (E.P.); (A.F.); (A.F.); (R.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Evelina Poletto
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.A.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (E.P.); (A.F.); (A.F.); (R.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Eliana Pivetta
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.A.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (E.P.); (A.F.); (A.F.); (R.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Albina Fejza
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.A.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (E.P.); (A.F.); (A.F.); (R.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Andrea Favero
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.A.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (E.P.); (A.F.); (A.F.); (R.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Roberto Doliana
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.A.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (E.P.); (A.F.); (A.F.); (R.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Renato Cannizzaro
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Experimental Gastrointestinal Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
| | - Paola Spessotto
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.A.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (E.P.); (A.F.); (A.F.); (R.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Maurizio Mongiat
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.A.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (E.P.); (A.F.); (A.F.); (R.D.); (P.S.)
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14
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Gulberti S, Mao X, Bui C, Fournel-Gigleux S. The role of heparan sulfate maturation in cancer: A focus on the 3O-sulfation and the enigmatic 3O-sulfotransferases (HS3STs). Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 62:68-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Ashdown CP, Johns SC, Aminov E, Unanian M, Connacher W, Friend J, Fuster MM. Pulsed Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields Induce Tumor Membrane Disruption and Altered Cell Viability. Biophys J 2020; 118:1552-1563. [PMID: 32142642 PMCID: PMC7136334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells express a unique cell surface glycocalyx with upregulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and charged glycoproteins. Little is known about how electromagnetic fields interact with this layer, particularly with regard to harnessing unique properties for therapeutic benefit. We applied a pulsed 20-millitesla (mT) magnetic field with rate of rise (dB/dt) in the msec range to cultured tumor cells to assess whether this affects membrane integrity as measured using cytolytic assays. A 10-min exposure of A549 human lung cancer cells to sequential 50- and 385-Hz oscillating magnetic fields was sufficient to induce intracellular protease release, suggesting altered membrane integrity after the field exposure. Heparinase treatment, which digests anionic sulfated glycan polymers, before exposure rendered cells insensitive to this effect. We further examined a non-neoplastic human primary cell line (lung lymphatic endothelial cells) as a typical normal host cell from the lung cancer microenvironment and found no effect of field exposure on membrane integrity. The field exposure was also sufficient to alter proliferation of tumor cells in culture, but not that of normal lymphatic cells. Pulsed magnetic field exposure of human breast cancer cells that express a sialic-acid rich glycocalyx also induced protease release, and this was partially abrogated by sialidase pretreatment, which removes cell surface anionic sialic acid. Scanning electron microscopy showed that field exposure may induce unique membrane “rippling” along with nanoscale pores on A549 cells. These effects were caused by a short exposure to pulsed 20-mT magnetic fields, and future work may examine greater magnitude effects. The proof of concept herein points to a mechanistic basis for possible applications of pulsed magnetic fields in novel anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Ashdown
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Scott C Johns
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California
| | - Edward Aminov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael Unanian
- School of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - William Connacher
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - James Friend
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mark M Fuster
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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16
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Sandoval DR, Gomez Toledo A, Painter CD, Tota EM, Sheikh MO, West AMV, Frank MM, Wells L, Xu D, Bicknell R, Corbett KD, Esko JD. Proteomics-based screening of the endothelial heparan sulfate interactome reveals that C-type lectin 14a (CLEC14A) is a heparin-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2804-2821. [PMID: 31964714 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cells express heparan sulfate proteoglycans that perform many important cellular functions by way of heparan sulfate-protein interactions. The identification of membrane heparan sulfate-binding proteins is challenging because of their low abundance and the need for extensive enrichment. Here, we report a proteomics workflow for the identification and characterization of membrane-anchored and extracellular proteins that bind heparan sulfate. The technique is based on limited proteolysis of live cells in the absence of denaturation and fixation, heparin-affinity chromatography, and high-resolution LC-MS/MS, and we designate it LPHAMS. Application of LPHAMS to U937 monocytic and primary murine and human endothelial cells identified 55 plasma membrane, extracellular matrix, and soluble secreted proteins, including many previously unidentified heparin-binding proteins. The method also facilitated the mapping of the heparin-binding domains, making it possible to predict the location of the heparin-binding site. To validate the discovery feature of LPHAMS, we characterized one of the newly-discovered heparin-binding proteins, C-type lectin 14a (CLEC14A), a member of the C-type lectin family that modulates angiogenesis. We found that the C-type lectin domain of CLEC14A binds one-to-one to heparin with nanomolar affinity, and using molecular modeling and mutagenesis, we mapped its heparin-binding site. CLEC14A physically interacted with other glycosaminoglycans, including endothelial heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate E, but not with neutral or sialylated oligosaccharides. The LPHAMS technique should be applicable to other cells and glycans and provides a way to expand the repertoire of glycan-binding proteins for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Sandoval
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Chelsea D Painter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Ember M Tota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - M Osman Sheikh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Alan M V West
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | | | - Lance Wells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Roy Bicknell
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.
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17
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Anower-E-Khuda F, Singh G, Deng Y, Gordts PLSM, Esko JD. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein binding and uptake by heparan sulfate proteoglycan receptors in a CRISPR/Cas9 library of Hep3B mutants. Glycobiology 2020; 29:582-592. [PMID: 31094413 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding and uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in mice depend on heparan sulfate and the hepatic proteoglycan, syndecan-1 (SDC1). Alteration of glucosamine N-sulfation by deletion of glucosamine N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1) and 2-O-sulfation of uronic acids by deletion of uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (Hs2st) led to diminished lipoprotein metabolism, whereas inactivation of glucosaminyl 6-O-sulfotransferase 1 (Hs6st1), which encodes one of the three 6-O-sulfotransferases, had little effect on lipoprotein binding. However, other studies have suggested that 6-O-sulfation may be important for TRL binding and uptake. In order to explain these discrepant findings, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to create a library of mutants in the human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B. Inactivation of EXT1 encoding the heparan sulfate copolymerase, NDST1 and HS2ST dramatically reduced binding of TRLs. Inactivation of HS6ST1 had no effect, but deletion of HS6ST2 reduced TRL binding. Compounding mutations in HS6ST1 and HS6ST2 did not exacerbate this effect indicating that HS6ST2 is the dominant 6-O-sulfotransferase and that binding of TRLs indeed depends on 6-O-sulfation of glucosamine residues. Uptake studies showed that TRL internalization was also affected in 6-O-sulfation deficient cells. Interestingly, genetic deletion of SDC1 only marginally impacted binding of TRLs but reduced TRL uptake to the same extent as treating the cells with heparin lyases. These findings confirm that SDC1 is the dominant endocytic proteoglycan receptor for TRLs in human Hep3B cells and that binding and uptake of TRLs depend on SDC1 and N- and 2-O-sulfation as well as 6-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate chains catalyzed by HS6ST2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yiping Deng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Juventas Cell Therapy Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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18
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Elgundi Z, Papanicolaou M, Major G, Cox TR, Melrose J, Whitelock JM, Farrugia BL. Cancer Metastasis: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Perlecan. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1482. [PMID: 32010611 PMCID: PMC6978720 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the dissemination of tumor cells to new sites, resulting in the formation of secondary tumors. This process is complex and is spatially and temporally regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. One important extrinsic factor is the extracellular matrix, the non-cellular component of tissues. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are constituents of the extracellular matrix, and through their heparan sulfate chains and protein core, modulate multiple events that occur during the metastatic cascade. This review will provide an overview of the role of the extracellular matrix in the events that occur during cancer metastasis, primarily focusing on perlecan. Perlecan, a basement membrane HSPG is a key component of the vascular extracellular matrix and is commonly associated with events that occur during the metastatic cascade. Its contradictory role in these events will be discussed and we will highlight the recent advances in cancer therapies that target HSPGs and their modifying enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Elgundi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Papanicolaou
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gretel Major
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas R Cox
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brooke L Farrugia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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19
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Ahn MY, Kim BJ, Kim HJ, Jin JM, Yoon HJ, Hwang JS, Park KK. Anti-cancer effect of dung beetle glycosaminoglycans on melanoma. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:9. [PMID: 30611221 PMCID: PMC6321666 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dung beetle glycosaminoglycan is known to possess anti-aging activities. However, its anti-cancer mechanisms are not fully elucidated yet. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of insect-derived polymer dung beetle glycosaminoglycan (GAG) after intraperitoneally injecting it to melanoma mice induced by B16F10 cells. METHODS To determine molecular mechanism involved in the anti-cancer effect of dung beetle GAG, its origin N-glycan under 3KD Dalton was assayed for melanoma cell cytotoxicity. Quantitative comparisons of adhesive molecule on extracellular matrix and activities of tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease 2 (TIMP-2) were also investigated. In vivo anti-cancer effect of dung beetle GAG on solid tumor size, survival time and gene-expression profiles was also assayed using B10F10 melanoma mice model. Mice with induced melanoma were then treated with Catharsius molossus (dung beetle) GAG (CaG) at 5 mg/kg for 8 weeks to investigate its anti-cancer effects compared to bumblebee (Bombus ignitus) queen glycosaminoglycan (IQG) and Huechys sanguinea glycosaminoglycan (HEG). RESULTS These N-glycans derived from these GAG were composed of many linear heparinoid polysaccharides, polymers with hexose and N-acetylhexose. Adminstration with these GAGs increased survival time and decreased melanoma sizes in mice, in accordance with their inhibitory effects on cell growth ratio of melanoma B16F10. In addition, treatment with N-glycans derived from theses glycosaminoglycan increased activities of TIMP-2 in HMVEC cells pretreated with TNF-alpha and in melanoma cells, suggesting that they had anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. In DNA microarray results, compared to control, CaG treated mouse group showed upregulation of 192 genes including collagen,typeI,alpha1 (Col1a1), consistent with the highly increased in vitro extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion on collagen 1 and up-regulation of heparanase (Hpse). After treatment with CaG, a total of 152 genes were down-regulated, including nuclear RNA export factor (Nxf3) and hyaluronan proteoglycan link protein1 (Hapln1). CONCLUSIONS Glycosaminoglycan, CaG can strengthen ECM by increasing activity of TIMP-2 and adhesion activity on collagen known to inhibit changes of ECM, leading to tumor cell invasion and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Ahn
- Departmrnt of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, 166 Nongsaengmyung-Ro, Iseo-Myun, Wanju-Gun, 55365, South Korea.
| | - Ban Ji Kim
- Departmrnt of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, 166 Nongsaengmyung-Ro, Iseo-Myun, Wanju-Gun, 55365, South Korea
| | - Ha Jeong Kim
- Departmrnt of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, 166 Nongsaengmyung-Ro, Iseo-Myun, Wanju-Gun, 55365, South Korea
| | - Jang Mi Jin
- Korean Basic Science Institiute, Ochang, 863-883, South Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Yoon
- Departmrnt of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, 166 Nongsaengmyung-Ro, Iseo-Myun, Wanju-Gun, 55365, South Korea
| | - Jae Sam Hwang
- Departmrnt of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, 166 Nongsaengmyung-Ro, Iseo-Myun, Wanju-Gun, 55365, South Korea
| | - Kun-Koo Park
- Pharmacogenechips Inc., Chuncheon, 200-160, South Korea
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20
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Kalaska B, Miklosz J, Kamiński K, Musielak B, Yusa SI, Pawlak D, Nowakowska M, Szczubiałka K, Mogielnicki A. The neutralization of heparan sulfate by heparin-binding copolymer as a potential therapeutic target. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3020-3029. [PMID: 35518950 PMCID: PMC9059929 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09724k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides regulating ligand–receptor and cell–cell interactions, heparan sulfate (HS) may participate in the development of many diseases, such as cancer, bacterial or viral infections, and their complications, like bleeding or inflammation. In these cases, the neutralization of HS could be a potential therapeutic target. The heparin-binding copolymer (HBC, PEG41-PMAPTAC53) was previously reported by us as a fully synthetic compound for efficient and safe neutralization of heparins and synthetic anticoagulants. In a search for molecular antagonists of HS, we examined the activity of HBC as an HS inhibitor both in vitro and in vivo and characterized HBC/HS complexes. Using a colorimetric Azure A method, isothermal titration calorimetry and dynamic light scattering techniques we found that HBC binds HS by forming complexes below 200 nm with less than 1 : 1 stoichiometry. We confirmed the HBC inhibitory effect in rats by measuring activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, anti-factor Xa activity, anti-factor IIa activity, and platelet aggregation. HBC reversed the enhancement of all tested parameters caused by HS demonstrating that cationic synthetic block copolymers may have a therapeutic value in various disorders involving overproduction of HS. The neutralization of heparan sulfate (HS) by a heparin-binding copolymer (HBC) could be a promising treating option for bacterial or viral infections or bleeding related to overproduction of HS in cancer or other diseases.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartlomiej Kalaska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics
- Medical University of Bialystok
- 15-089 Bialystok
- Poland
| | - Joanna Miklosz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics
- Medical University of Bialystok
- 15-089 Bialystok
- Poland
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
| | - Bogdan Musielak
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
| | - Shin-Ichi Yusa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- University of Hyogo
- Himeji
- Japan
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics
- Medical University of Bialystok
- 15-089 Bialystok
- Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Mogielnicki
- Department of Pharmacodynamics
- Medical University of Bialystok
- 15-089 Bialystok
- Poland
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21
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Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are polydisperse mixtures of polysaccharide chains between 5 and 50 kDa. Sulfate modifications to discreet regions along the chains form protein binding sites involved in cell signaling cascades and other important cellular physiological and pathophysiological functions. Specific protein affinities of the chains vary among different tissues and are determined by the arrangements of sulfated residues in discreet regions along the chains which in turn appear to be determined by the expression levels of particular enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway. Although not all the rules governing synthesis and modification are known, analytical procedures have been developed to determine composition, and all of the biosynthetic enzymes have been identified and cloned. Thus, through cell engineering, it is now possible to direct cellular synthesis of heparin and HS to particular compositions and therefore particular functional characteristics. For example, directing heparin producing cells to reduce the level of a particular type of polysaccharide modification may reduce the risk of heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) without reducing the potency of anticoagulation. Similarly, HS has been linked to several biological areas including wound healing, cancer and lipid metabolism among others. Presumably, these roles involve specific HS compositions that could be produced by engineering cells. Providing HS reagents with a range of identified compositions should help accelerate this research and lead to new clinical applications for specific HS compositions. Here I review progress in engineering CHO cells to produce heparin and HS with compositions directed to improved properties and advancing medical research.
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Xie M, Li JP. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan - A common receptor for diverse cytokines. Cell Signal 2018; 54:115-121. [PMID: 30500378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are macromolecular glyco-conjugates expressed ubiquitously on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix where they interact with a wide range of ligands to regulate many aspects of cellular function. The capacity of the side glycosaminoglycan chain heparan sulfate (HS) being able to interact with diverse protein ligands relies on its complex structure that is generated by a controlled biosynthesis process, involving the actions of glycosyl-transferases, sulfotransferases and the glucuronyl C5-epimerase. It is believed that activities of the modification enzymes control the HS structures that are designed to serve the biological functions in a given cell or biological status. In this review, we briefly discuss recent understandings on the roles of HSPG in cytokine stimulated cellular signaling, focusing on FGF, TGF-β, Wnt, Hh, HGF and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Kang H, Wu Q, Sun A, Liu X, Fan Y, Deng X. Cancer Cell Glycocalyx and Its Significance in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092484. [PMID: 30135409 PMCID: PMC6163906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a malignant tumor that threatens the health of human beings, and has become the leading cause of death in urban and rural residents in China. The glycocalyx is a layer of multifunctional glycans that covers the surfaces of a variety of cells, including vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, stem cells, epithelial, osteocytes, as well as cancer cells. The glycosylation and syndecan of cancer cell glycocalyx are unique. However, heparan sulfate (HS), hyaluronic acid (HA), and syndecan are all closely associated with the processes of cancer progression, including cell migration and metastasis, tumor cell adhesion, tumorigenesis, and tumor growth. The possible underlying mechanisms may be the interruption of its barrier function, its radical role in growth factor storage, signaling, and mechanotransduction. In the later sections, we discuss glycocalyx targeting therapeutic approaches reported in animal and clinical experiments. The study concludes that cancer cells’ glycocalyx and its role in cancer progression are beginning to be known by more groups, and future studies should pay more attention to its mechanotransduction of interstitial flow-induced shear stress, seeking promising therapeutic targets with less toxicity but more specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Kang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
| | - Qiuhong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
| | - Anqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
- National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
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Endothelial heparan sulfate deficiency reduces inflammation and fibrosis in murine diabetic nephropathy. J Transl Med 2018; 98:427-438. [PMID: 29330473 PMCID: PMC6247417 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-017-0015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a vital role in the development of diabetic nephropathy, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are only partially understood. Our previous studies demonstrated that, during acute inflammation, endothelial heparan sulfate (HS) contributes to the adhesion and transendothelial migration of leukocytes into perivascular tissues by direct interaction with L-selectin and the presentation of bound chemokines. In the current study, we aimed to assess the role of endothelial HS on chronic renal inflammation and fibrosis in a diabetic nephropathy mouse model. To reduce sulfation of HS specifically in the endothelium, we generated Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre + mice in which N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1), the gene that initiates HS sulfation modifications in HS biosynthesis, was expressly ablated in endothelium. To induce diabetes, age-matched male Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre - (wild type) and Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre + mice on a C57Bl/6J background were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg) on five consecutive days (N = 10-11/group). Urine and plasma were collected. Four weeks after diabetes induction the animals were sacrificed and kidneys were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. Compared to healthy controls, diabetic Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre - mice showed increased glomerular macrophage infiltration, mannose binding lectin complement deposition and glomerulosclerosis, whereas these pathological reactions were prevented significantly in the diabetic Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre + animals (all three p < 0.01). In addition, the expression of the podocyte damage marker desmin was significantly higher in the Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre - group compared to the Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre + animals (p < 0.001), although both groups had comparable numbers of podocytes. In the cortical tubulo-interstitium, similar analyses show decreased interstitial macrophage accumulation in the diabetic Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre + animals compared to the diabetic Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre - mice (p < 0.05). Diabetic Ndst1 f/f Tie2Cre + animals also showed reduced interstitial fibrosis as evidenced by reduced density of αSMA-positive myofibroblasts (p < 0.01), diminished collagen III deposition (p < 0.001) and reduced mRNA expression of collagen I (p < 0.001) and fibronectin (p < 0.001). Our studies indicate a pivotal role of endothelial HS in the development of renal inflammation and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy in mice. These results suggest that HS is a possible target for therapy in diabetic nephropathy.
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Characterization of heparan sulfate N -deacetylase/ N -sulfotransferase isoform 4 using synthetic oligosaccharide substrates. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:547-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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26
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Patra C, Boccaccini A, Engel F. Vascularisation for cardiac tissue engineering: the extracellular matrix. Thromb Haemost 2017; 113:532-47. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-05-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SummaryCardiovascular diseases present a major socio-economic burden. One major problem underlying most cardiovascular and congenital heart diseases is the irreversible loss of contractile heart muscle cells, the cardiomyocytes. To reverse damage incurred by myocardial infarction or by surgical correction of cardiac malformations, the loss of cardiac tissue with a thickness of a few millimetres needs to be compensated. A promising approach to this issue is cardiac tissue engineering. In this review we focus on the problem of in vitro vascularisation as implantation of cardiac patches consisting of more than three layers of cardiomyocytes (> 100 μm thick) already results in necrosis. We explain the need for vascularisation and elaborate on the importance to include non-myocytes in order to generate functional vascularised cardiac tissue. We discuss the potential of extracellular matrix molecules in promoting vascularisation and introduce nephronectin as an example of a new promising candidate. Finally, we discuss current biomaterial- based approaches including micropatterning, electrospinning, 3D micro-manufacturing technology and porogens. Collectively, the current literature supports the notion that cardiac tissue engineering is a realistic option for future treatment of paediatric and adult patients with cardiac disease.
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27
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Qazi H, Shi ZD, Song JW, Cancel LM, Huang P, Zeng Y, Roberge S, Munn LL, Tarbell JM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate renal carcinoma metastasis. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2791-2801. [PMID: 27543953 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The surface proteoglycan/glycoprotein layer (glycocalyx) on tumor cells has been associated with cellular functions that can potentially enable invasion and metastasis. In addition, aggressive tumor cells with high metastatic potential have enhanced invasion rates in response to interstitial flow stimuli in vitro. Our previous studies suggest that heparan sulfate (HS) in the glycocalyx plays an important role in this flow mediated mechanostransduction and upregulation of invasive and metastatic potential. In this study, highly metastatic renal cell carcinoma cells were genetically modified to suppress HS production by knocking down its synthetic enzyme NDST1. Using modified Boyden chamber and microfluidic assays, we show that flow-enhanced invasion is suppressed in HS deficient cells. To assess the ability of these cells to metastasize in vivo, parental or knockdown cells expressing fluorescence reporters were injected into kidney capsules in SCID mice. Histological analysis confirmed that there was a large reduction (95%) in metastasis to distant organs by tumors formed from the NDST1 knockdown cells compared to control cells with intact HS. The ability of these cells to invade surrounding tissue was also impaired. The substantial inhibition of metastasis and invasion upon reduction of HS suggests an active role for the tumor cell glycocalyx in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Qazi
- Wallace H. Coulter Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhong-Dong Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan W Song
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Limary M Cancel
- Wallace H. Coulter Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peigen Huang
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ye Zeng
- Wallace H. Coulter Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, China
| | - Sylvie Roberge
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lance L Munn
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - John M Tarbell
- Wallace H. Coulter Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Cells are covered by a surface layer of glycans that is referred to as the 'glycocalyx'. In this review, we focus on the role of the glycocalyx in vascular diseases (atherosclerosis, stroke, hypertension, kidney disease and sepsis) and cancer. The glycocalyx and its principal glycosaminoglycans [heparan sulphate (HS) and hyaluronic acid (HA)] and core proteins (syndecans and glypicans) are degraded in vascular diseases, leading to a breakdown of the vascular permeability barrier, enhanced access of leucocytes to the arterial intima that propagate inflammation and alteration of endothelial mechanotransduction mechanisms that protect against disease. By contrast, the glycocalyx on cancer cells is generally robust, promoting integrin clustering and growth factor signalling, and mechanotransduction of interstitial flow shear stress that is elevated in tumours to upregulate matrix metalloproteinase release which enhances cell motility and metastasis. HS and HA are consistently elevated on cancer cells and are associated with tumour growth and metastasis. Later, we will review the agents that might be used to enhance or protect the glycocalyx to combat vascular disease, as well as a different set of compounds that can degrade the cancer cell glycocalyx to suppress cell growth and metastasis. It is clear that what is beneficial for either vascular disease or cancer will not be so for the other. The overarching conclusions are that (i) the importance of the glycocalyx in human medicine is only beginning to be recognized, and (ii) more detailed studies of glycocalyx involvement in vascular diseases and cancer will lead to novel treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - L M Cancel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
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29
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Johns SC, Yin X, Jeltsch M, Bishop JR, Schuksz M, El Ghazal R, Wilcox-Adelman SA, Alitalo K, Fuster MM. Functional Importance of a Proteoglycan Coreceptor in Pathologic Lymphangiogenesis. Circ Res 2016; 119:210-21. [PMID: 27225479 PMCID: PMC4938725 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Rationale: Lymphatic vessel growth is mediated by major prolymphangiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-C) and VEGF-D, among other endothelial effectors. Heparan sulfate is a linear polysaccharide expressed on proteoglycan core proteins on cell membranes and matrix, playing roles in angiogenesis, although little is known about any function(s) in lymphatic remodeling in vivo. Objective: To explore the genetic basis and mechanisms, whereby heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate pathological lymphatic remodeling. Methods and Results: Lymphatic endothelial deficiency in the major heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1; involved in glycan-chain sulfation) was associated with reduced lymphangiogenesis in pathological models, including spontaneous neoplasia. Mouse mutants demonstrated tumor-associated lymphatic vessels with apoptotic nuclei. Mutant lymphatic endothelia demonstrated impaired mitogen (Erk) and survival (Akt) pathway signaling and reduced VEGF-C–mediated protection from starvation-induced apoptosis. Lymphatic endothelial-specific Ndst1 deficiency (in Ndst1f/fProx1+/CreERT2 mice) was sufficient to inhibit VEGF-C–dependent lymphangiogenesis. Lymphatic heparan sulfate deficiency reduced phosphorylation of the major lymphatic growth receptor VEGF receptor-3 in response to multiple VEGF-C species. Syndecan-4 was the dominantly expressed heparan sulfate proteoglycan in mouse lymphatic endothelia, and pathological lymphangiogenesis was impaired in Sdc4(−/−) mice. On the lymphatic cell surface, VEGF-C induced robust association between syndecan-4 and VEGF receptor-3, which was sensitive to glycan disruption. Moreover, VEGF receptor-3 mitogen and survival signaling was reduced in the setting of Ndst1 or Sdc4 deficiency. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the genetic importance of heparan sulfate and the major lymphatic proteoglycan syndecan-4 in pathological lymphatic remodeling. This may introduce novel future strategies to alter pathological lymphatic-vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Johns
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Xin Yin
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Joseph R Bishop
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Manuela Schuksz
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Roland El Ghazal
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Sarah A Wilcox-Adelman
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Kari Alitalo
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Mark M Fuster
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.).
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30
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Gallagher J. Fell-Muir Lecture: Heparan sulphate and the art of cell regulation: a polymer chain conducts the protein orchestra. Int J Exp Pathol 2015; 96:203-31. [PMID: 26173450 PMCID: PMC4561558 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) sits at the interface of the cell and the extracellular matrix. It is a member of the glycosaminoglycan family of anionic polysaccharides with unique structural features designed for protein interaction and regulation. Its client proteins include soluble effectors (e.g. growth factors, morphogens, chemokines), membrane receptors and cell adhesion proteins such as fibronectin, fibrillin and various types of collagen. The protein-binding properties of HS, together with its strategic positioning in the pericellular domain, are indicative of key roles in mediating the flow of regulatory signals between cells and their microenvironment. The control of transmembrane signalling is a fundamental element in the complex biology of HS. It seems likely that, in some way, HS orchestrates diverse signalling pathways to facilitate information processing inside the cell. A dictionary definition of an orchestra is 'a large group of musicians who play together on various instruments …' to paraphrase, the HS orchestra is 'a large group of proteins that play together on various receptors'. HS conducts this orchestra to ensure that proteins hit the right notes on their receptors but, in the manner of a true conductor, does it also set 'the musical pulse' and create rhythm and harmony attractive to the cell? This is too big a question to answer but fun to think about as you read this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gallagher
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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31
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Beckouche N, Bignon M, Lelarge V, Mathivet T, Pichol-Thievend C, Berndt S, Hardouin J, Garand M, Ardidie-Robouant C, Barret A, Melino G, Lortat-Jacob H, Muller L, Monnot C, Germain S. The interaction of heparan sulfate proteoglycans with endothelial transglutaminase-2 limits VEGF165-induced angiogenesis. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra70. [PMID: 26175493 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sprouting angiogenesis is stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) that is localized in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and binds to heparan sulfate (HS)-bearing proteins known as heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). VEGF165 presentation by HSPGs enhances VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) signaling. We investigated the effect of TG2, which binds to HSPGs, on the interaction between VEGF165 and HS and angiogenesis. Mice with tg2 deficiency showed transiently enhanced retina vessel formation and increased vascularization of VEGF165-containing Matrigel implants. In addition, endothelial cells in which TG2 was knocked down exhibited enhanced VEGF165-induced sprouting and migration, which was associated with increased phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr(951) and its targets Src and Akt. TG2 knockdown did not affect the phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr(1175) or cell proliferation in response to VEGF165 and sprouting or signaling in response to VEGF121. Decreased phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr(951) was due to ECM-localized TG2, which reduced the binding of VEGF165 to endothelial ECM in a manner that required its ability to bind to HS but not its catalytic activity. Surface plasmon resonance assays demonstrated that TG2 impeded the interaction between VEGF165 and HS. These results show that TG2 controls the formation of VEGF165-HSPG complexes and suggest that this regulation could be pharmacologically targeted to modulate developmental and therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Beckouche
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (ED 394), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Marine Bignon
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Virginie Lelarge
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (ED 394), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Thomas Mathivet
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Cathy Pichol-Thievend
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (ED 394), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Sarah Berndt
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Julie Hardouin
- Universite de Rouen Laboratoire Polymères Biopolymeres Surfaces, UMR CNRS 6270, Mont-Saint-Aignan F-76821, France
| | - Marion Garand
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Corinne Ardidie-Robouant
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Alain Barret
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Gerry Melino
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble F-38000, France. CNRS, IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France. Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Laurent Muller
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Catherine Monnot
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer.
| | - Stephane Germain
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Department of Pathology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris F-75010, France
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Dou W, Xu Y, Pagadala V, Pedersen LC, Liu J. Role of Deacetylase Activity of N-Deacetylase/N-Sulfotransferase 1 in Forming N-Sulfated Domain in Heparan Sulfate. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20427-37. [PMID: 26109066 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.664409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly sulfated polysaccharide that plays important physiological roles. The biosynthesis of HS involves a series of enzymes, including glycosyltransferases (or HS polymerase), epimerase, and sulfotransferases. N-Deacetylase/N-Sulfotransferase isoform 1 (NDST-1) is a critical enzyme in this pathway. NDST-1, a bifunctional enzyme, displays N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase activities to convert an N-acetylated glucosamine residue to an N-sulfo glucosamine residue. Here, we report the cooperative effects between N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase activities. Using baculovirus expression in insect cells, we obtained three recombinant proteins: full-length NDST-1 and the individual N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase domains. Structurally defined oligosaccharide substrates were synthesized to test the substrate specificities of the enzymes. We discovered that N-deacetylation is the limiting step and that interplay between the N-sulfotransferase and N-deacetylase accelerates the reaction. Furthermore, combining the individually expressed N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase domains produced different sulfation patterns when compared with that made by the NDST-1 enzyme. Our data demonstrate the essential role of domain cooperation within NDST-1 in producing HS with specific domain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Dou
- From the Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China, and
| | - Yongmei Xu
- From the Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Vijayakanth Pagadala
- From the Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lars C Pedersen
- the Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Jian Liu
- From the Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599,
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Qiu H, Xiao W, Yue J, Wang L. Heparan sulfate modulates Slit3-induced endothelial cell migration. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1229:549-55. [PMID: 25325980 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1714-3_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a long, linear polysaccharide with sulfation modifications and belongs to the glycosaminoglycan family. Our recent studies elucidated that the axon guidance molecule Slit3 is a new heparan sulfate-binding protein and a novel angiogenic factor by interacting with its cognate receptor Robo4, which is specifically expressed in endothelial cells. Here we describe using heparan sulfate-deficient mouse endothelial cells to determine the co-reception function of heparan sulfate in Slit3-induced endothelial cell migration in a Boyden chamber trans-well migration assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602-4712, USA
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Guo C, Fan X, Qiu H, Xiao W, Wang L, Xu B. High-resolution probing heparan sulfate-antithrombin interaction on a single endothelial cell surface: single-molecule AFM studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:13301-6. [PMID: 25921251 PMCID: PMC4431915 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01305d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) plays diverse functions in multiple biological processes by interacting with a wide range of important protein ligands, such as the key anticoagulant factor, antithrombin (AT). The specific interaction of HS with a protein ligand is determined mainly by the sulfation patterns on the HS chain. Here, we reported the probing single-molecule interaction of AT and HS (both wild type and mutated) expressed on the endothelial cell surface under near-physiological conditions by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Functional AFM imaging revealed the uneven distribution of HS on the endothelial cell surface though they are highly expressed. Force spectroscopy measurements using an AT-functionalized AFM tip revealed that AT interacts with endothelial HS on the cell surface through multiple binding sites. The interaction essentially requires HS to be N-, 2-O- and/or 6-O-sulfated. This work provides a new tool to probe the HS-protein ligand interaction at a single-molecular level on the cell surface to elucidate the functional roles of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunlan Guo
- Single Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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A Heparan Sulfate-Binding Cell Penetrating Peptide for Tumor Targeting and Migration Inhibition. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:237969. [PMID: 26064887 PMCID: PMC4433633 DOI: 10.1155/2015/237969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are known as co-receptors to interact with numerous growth factors and then modulate downstream biological activities, overexpression of HS/HSPG on cell surface acts as an increasingly reliable prognostic factor in tumor progression. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short-chain peptides developed as functionalized vectors for delivery approaches of impermeable agents. On cell surface negatively charged HS provides the initial attachment of basic CPPs by electrostatic interaction, leading to multiple cellular effects. Here a functional peptide (CPPecp) has been identified from critical HS binding region in hRNase3, a unique RNase family member with in vitro antitumor activity. In this study we analyze a set of HS-binding CPPs derived from natural proteins including CPPecp. In addition to cellular binding and internalization, CPPecp demonstrated multiple functions including strong binding activity to tumor cell surface with higher HS expression, significant inhibitory effects on cancer cell migration, and suppression of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, different from conventional highly basic CPPs, CPPecp facilitated magnetic nanoparticle to selectively target tumor site in vivo. Therefore, CPPecp could engage its capacity to be developed as biomaterials for diagnostic imaging agent, therapeutic supplement, or functionalized vector for drug delivery.
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Abstract
Studies aimed at the identification of biomarkers and treatment targets of cancer have focused on mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins expressed by malignant cells, while glycoproteins mainly produced by stromal cells remain relatively unexplored. Glycans lack a given template for their biosynthesis that involves the concerted action of several, sometimes >15 different enzymes. This fact complicates the analysis at the genomic level of the role of glycoproteins in clinical oncology. The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) stand out as highly polyanionic components at the surface of malignant and stromal tumor cells as well as their surrounding matrix. Published data thus describe a multifaceted regulatory role of GAGs and GAG-conjugated proteins, proteoglycans, in e.g. tumor associated angiogenesis, coagulation, invasion, and metastasis. Relatively small, randomized clinical trials suggest that heparin, an over-sulfated variant of the GAG heparan sulfate, may have direct, anti-tumor effects. Several ongoing trials aim at establishing whether heparin and its derivatives should be added to standard treatment of cancer patients or not, based on progression free- and overall survival end-point data. Given the potential bleeding complications with this treatment, other strategies to block GAG function should provide interesting alternatives. In the emerging era of personalized medicine, one can foresee the development of predictive biomarkers to select patients that may benefit from GAG-targeted treatments, aiming at individualized prevention of thromboembolic complications as well as inhibition of tumor development and progression. Here, the role of GAGs as targets and vehicles of cancer treatment is discussed with special emphasis on angiogenesis and coagulation associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Belting
- Lund University Cancer Center (LUCC), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology-Pathology, Barngatan 2B, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Abstract
Angiogenesis has emerged as a novel target for anti-cancer therapies through randomized clinical trials that tested the benefit of adding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors to conventional cytotoxic therapies. However, despite improvements in the progression-free survival, the benefit in overall survival is modest. Tumour angiogenesis is regulated by a number of angiogenic cytokines. Thus innate or acquired resistance to VEGF inhibitors can be caused, at least in part, through expression of other angiogenic cytokines, including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and stromal-cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α), which make tumours insensitive to VEGF signalling pathway inhibition. The majority of angiogenic cytokines, including VEGF-A, FGF2, IL-8 and SDF-1α, manifest an obligate dependence on heparan sulfate (HS) for their biological activity. This mandatory requirement of angiogenic cytokines for HS identifies HS as a potential target for novel anti-angiogenic therapy. Targeting multiple angiogenic cytokines with HS mimetics may represent an opportunity to inhibit tumour angiogenesis more efficiently. Our published studies and unpublished work have demonstrated the feasibility of generating synthetic HS fragments of defined structure with biological activity against a number of angiogenic cytokines.
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He DX, Gu XT, Li YR, Jiang L, Jin J, Ma X. Methylation-regulated miR-149 modulates chemoresistance by targeting GlcNAc N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 in human breast cancer. FEBS J 2014; 281:4718-30. [PMID: 25156775 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of microRNA is strongly implicated in the chemoresistance of cancer. In this study, we found that miR-149 was downregulated and involved in chemoresistance in adriamycin (ADM)-resistant human breast cancer cells (MCF-7/ADM). Downregulation of miR-149 was related to hypermethylation of its 5'-UTR; this methylation also affected the expression of the glypican 1 gene, which is both the host and the target gene of miR-149. Furthermore, we found that miR-149 modulated chemoresistance through targeting the expression of GlcNAc N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (NDST1). With downregulated miR-149, NDST1 expression was increased in chemoresistant MCF-7/ADM cells versus control MCF-7 wild-type cells. The increased NDST1 then activated a heparan sulfate-related pathway involving activation of heparanase. Finally, expression of miR-149 and NDST1 was confirmed in clinical chemoresistant samples of breast cancers receiving anthracycline/taxane-based chemotherapies. The high expression of NDST1 was also an unfavorable predictor for distant relapse-free survival in Her2 and basal breast cancers. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that miR-149 is regulated by methylation, and is a modulator of cancer chemoresistance by targeting NDST1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xu He
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S, Sugahara K. Human genetic disorders and knockout mice deficient in glycosaminoglycan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:495764. [PMID: 25126564 PMCID: PMC4122003 DOI: 10.1155/2014/495764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are constructed through the stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by various glycosyltransferases and maturated by epimerases and sulfotransferases. The structural diversity of GAG polysaccharides, including their sulfation patterns and sequential arrangements, is essential for a wide range of biological activities such as cell signaling, cell proliferation, tissue morphogenesis, and interactions with various growth factors. Studies using knockout mice of enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the GAG side chains of proteoglycans have revealed their physiological functions. Furthermore, mutations in the human genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and related enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of GAGs cause a number of genetic disorders including chondrodysplasia, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. This review focused on the increasing number of glycobiological studies on knockout mice and genetic diseases caused by disturbances in the biosynthetic enzymes for GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genomic Science and Technology, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, West-11, North-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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Ge XN, Ha SG, Rao A, Greenberg YG, Rushdi MN, Esko JD, Rao SP, Sriramarao P. Endothelial and leukocyte heparan sulfates regulate the development of allergen-induced airway remodeling in a mouse model. Glycobiology 2014; 24:715-27. [PMID: 24794009 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (HSPGs) participate in several aspects of inflammation because of their ability to bind to growth factors, chemokines, interleukins and extracellular matrix proteins as well as promote inflammatory cell trafficking and migration. We investigated whether HSPGs play a role in the development of airway remodeling during chronic allergic asthma using mice deficient in endothelial- and leukocyte-expressed N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1), an enzyme involved in modification reactions during HS biosynthesis. Ndst1-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice exposed to repetitive allergen (ovalbumin [OVA]) challenge were evaluated for the development of airway remodeling. Chronic OVA-challenged WT mice exhibited increased HS expression in the lungs along with airway eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, peribronchial fibrosis, increased airway epithelial thickness and smooth muscle mass. In OVA-challenged Ndst1-deficient mice, lung eosinophil and macrophage infiltration as well as airway mucus accumulation, peribronchial fibrosis and airway epithelial thickness were significantly lower than in allergen-challenged WT mice along with a trend toward decreased airway smooth muscle mass. Leukocyte and endothelial Ndst 1 deficiency also resulted in significantly decreased expression of IL-13 as well as remodeling-associated mediators such as VEGF, FGF-2 and TGF-β1 in the lung tissue. At a cellular level, exposure to eotaxin-1 failed to induce TGF-β1 expression by Ndst1-deficient eosinophils relative to WT eosinophils. These studies suggest that leukocyte and endothelial Ndst1-modified HS contribute to the development of allergen-induced airway remodeling by promoting recruitment of inflammatory cells as well as regulating expression of pro-remodeling factors such as IL-13, VEGF, TGF-β1 and FGF-2 in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Na Ge
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sung Gil Ha
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Amrita Rao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yana G Greenberg
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Muaz Nik Rushdi
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Savita P Rao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - P Sriramarao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Modulation of heparan sulfate in the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx decreases leukocyte influx during experimental glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2014; 86:932-42. [PMID: 24759151 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The glomerular endothelial glycocalyx is postulated to be an important modulator of permeability and inflammation. The glycocalyx consists of complex polysaccharides, the main functional constituent of which, heparan sulfate (HS), is synthesized and modified by multiple enzymes. The N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase (Ndst) enzymes initiate and dictate the modification process. Here we evaluated the effects of modulation of HS in the endothelial glycocalyx on albuminuria and glomerular leukocyte influx using mice deficient in endothelial and leukocyte Ndst1 (TEKCre+/Ndst1flox/flox). In these mice, glomerular expression of a specific HS domain was significantly decreased, whereas the expression of other HS domains was normal. In the endothelial glycocalyx, this specific HS structure was not associated with albuminuria or with changes in renal function. However, glomerular leukocyte influx was significantly reduced during antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis, which was associated with less glomerular injury and better renal function. In vitro decreased adhesion of wild-type and Ndst1-deficient granulocytes to Ndst1-silenced glomerular endothelial cells was found, accompanied by a decreased binding of chemokines and L-selectin. Thus, modulation of HS in the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx significantly reduced the inflammatory response in antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis.
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Cole CL, Rushton G, Jayson GC, Avizienyte E. Ovarian cancer cell heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferases regulate an angiogenic program induced by heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor/EGF receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10488-10501. [PMID: 24563483 PMCID: PMC4036170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.534263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a component of cell surface and extracellular matrix proteoglycans that regulates numerous signaling pathways by binding and activating multiple growth factors and chemokines. The amount and pattern of HS sulfation are key determinants for the assembly of the trimolecular, HS-growth factor-receptor, signaling complex. Here we demonstrate that HS 6-O-sulfotransferases 1 and 2 (HS6ST-1 and HS6ST-2), which perform sulfation at 6-O position in glucosamine in HS, impact ovarian cancer angiogenesis through the HS-dependent HB-EGF/EGFR axis that subsequently modulates the expression of multiple angiogenic cytokines. Down-regulation of HS6ST-1 or HS6ST-2 in human ovarian cancer cell lines results in 30-50% reduction in glucosamine 6-O-sulfate levels in HS, impairing HB-EGF-dependent EGFR signaling and diminishing FGF2, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA and protein levels in cancer cells. These cancer cell-related changes reduce endothelial cell signaling and tubule formation in vitro. In vivo, the development of subcutaneous tumor nodules with reduced 6-O-sulfation is significantly delayed at the initial stages of tumor establishment with further reduction in angiogenesis occurring throughout tumor growth. Our results show that in addition to the critical role that 6-O-sulfate moieties play in angiogenic cytokine activation, HS 6-O-sulfation level, determined by the expression of HS6ST isoforms in ovarian cancer cells, is a major regulator of angiogenic program in ovarian cancer cells impacting HB-EGF signaling and subsequent expression of angiogenic cytokines by cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Cole
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Rushton
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon C Jayson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Egle Avizienyte
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom.
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The involvement of proteoglycans in the human plasma prekallikrein interaction with the cell surface. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91280. [PMID: 24621563 PMCID: PMC3951348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of human plasma prekallikrein assembly and processing in cells and to determine whether proteoglycans, along with high molecular weight kininogen (H-kininogen), influence this interaction. METHODS We used the endothelial cell line ECV304 and the epithelial cell lines CHO-K1 (wild type) and CHO-745 (deficient in proteoglycans). Prekallikrein endocytosis was studied using confocal microscopy, and prekallikrein cleavage/activation was determined by immunoblotting using an antibody directed to the prekallikrein sequence C364TTKTSTR371 and an antibody directed to the entire H-kininogen molecule. RESULTS At 37°C, prekallikrein endocytosis was assessed in the absence and presence of exogenously applied H-kininogen and found to be 1,418.4±0.010 and 1,070.3±0.001 pixels/cell, respectively, for ECV304 and 1,319.1±0.003 and 631.3±0.001 pixels/cell, respectively, for CHO-K1. No prekallikrein internalization was observed in CHO-745 in either condition. Prekallikrein colocalized with LysoTracker in the absence and presence of exogenous H-kininogen at levels of 76.0% and 88.5%, respectively, for ECV304 and at levels of 40.7% and 57.0%, respectively, for CHO-K1. After assembly on the cell surface, a plasma kallikrein fragment of 53 kDa was predominant in the incubation buffer of all the cell lines studied, indicating specific proteolysis; plasma kallikrein fragments of 48-44 kDa and 34-32 kDa were also detected in the incubation buffer, indicating non-specific cleavage. Bradykinin free H-kininogen internalization was not detected in CHO-K1 or CHO-745 cells at 37°C. CONCLUSION The prekallikrein interaction with the cell surface is temperature-dependent and independent of exogenously applied H-kininogen, which results in prekallikrein endocytosis promoted by proteoglycans. Prekallikrein proteolysis/activation is influenced by H-kininogen/glycosaminoglycans assembly and controls plasma kallikrein activity.
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Zhang B, Xiao W, Qiu H, Zhang F, Moniz HA, Jaworski A, Condac E, Gutierrez-Sanchez G, Heiss C, Clugston RD, Azadi P, Greer JJ, Bergmann C, Moremen KW, Li D, Linhardt RJ, Esko JD, Wang L. Heparan sulfate deficiency disrupts developmental angiogenesis and causes congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Clin Invest 2013; 124:209-21. [PMID: 24355925 DOI: 10.1172/jci71090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common birth malformation with a heterogeneous etiology. In this study, we report that ablation of the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme NDST1 in murine endothelium (Ndst1ECKO mice) disrupted vascular development in the diaphragm, which led to hypoxia as well as subsequent diaphragm hypoplasia and CDH. Intriguingly, the phenotypes displayed in Ndst1ECKO mice resembled the developmental defects observed in slit homolog 3 (Slit3) knockout mice. Furthermore, introduction of a heterozygous mutation in roundabout homolog 4 (Robo4), the gene encoding the cognate receptor of SLIT3, aggravated the defect in vascular development in the diaphragm and CDH. NDST1 deficiency diminished SLIT3, but not ROBO4, binding to endothelial heparan sulfate and attenuated EC migration and in vivo neovascularization normally elicited by SLIT3-ROBO4 signaling. Together, these data suggest that heparan sulfate presentation of SLIT3 to ROBO4 facilitates initiation of this signaling cascade. Thus, our results demonstrate that loss of NDST1 causes defective diaphragm vascular development and CDH and that heparan sulfate facilitates angiogenic SLIT3-ROBO4 signaling during vascular development.
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Vempati P, Popel AS, Mac Gabhann F. Extracellular regulation of VEGF: isoforms, proteolysis, and vascular patterning. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 25:1-19. [PMID: 24332926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) is critical to neovascularization in numerous tissues under physiological and pathological conditions. VEGF has multiple isoforms, created by alternative splicing or proteolytic cleavage, and characterized by different receptor-binding and matrix-binding properties. These isoforms are known to give rise to a spectrum of angiogenesis patterns marked by differences in branching, which has functional implications for tissues. In this review, we detail the extensive extracellular regulation of VEGF and the ability of VEGF to dictate the vascular phenotype. We explore the role of VEGF-releasing proteases and soluble carrier molecules on VEGF activity. While proteases such as MMP9 can 'release' matrix-bound VEGF and promote angiogenesis, for example as a key step in carcinogenesis, proteases can also suppress VEGF's angiogenic effects. We explore what dictates pro- or anti-angiogenic behavior. We also seek to understand the phenomenon of VEGF gradient formation. Strong VEGF gradients are thought to be due to decreased rates of diffusion from reversible matrix binding, however theoretical studies show that this scenario cannot give rise to lasting VEGF gradients in vivo. We propose that gradients are formed through degradation of sequestered VEGF. Finally, we review how different aspects of the VEGF signal, such as its concentration, gradient, matrix-binding, and NRP1-binding can differentially affect angiogenesis. We explore how this allows VEGF to regulate the formation of vascular networks across a spectrum of high to low branching densities, and from normal to pathological angiogenesis. A better understanding of the control of angiogenesis is necessary to improve upon limitations of current angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Vempati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Aleksander S Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Feilim Mac Gabhann
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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46
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Pan Y, Carbe C, Kupich S, Pickhinke U, Ohlig S, Frye M, Seelige R, Pallerla SR, Moon AM, Lawrence R, Esko JD, Zhang X, Grobe K. Heparan sulfate expression in the neural crest is essential for mouse cardiogenesis. Matrix Biol 2013; 35:253-65. [PMID: 24200809 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Impaired heparan sulfate (HS) synthesis in vertebrate development causes complex malformations due to the functional disruption of multiple HS-binding growth factors and morphogens. Here, we report developmental heart defects in mice bearing a targeted disruption of the HS-generating enzyme GlcNAc N-deacetylase/GlcN N-sulfotransferase 1 (NDST1), including ventricular septal defects (VSD), persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA), double outlet right ventricle (DORV), and retroesophageal right subclavian artery (RERSC). These defects closely resemble cardiac anomalies observed in mice made deficient in the cardiogenic regulator fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8). Consistent with this, we show that HS-dependent FGF8/FGF-receptor2C assembly and FGF8-dependent ERK-phosphorylation are strongly reduced in NDST1(-/-) embryonic cells and tissues. Moreover, WNT1-Cre/LoxP-mediated conditional targeting of NDST function in neural crest cells (NCCs) revealed that their impaired HS-dependent development contributes strongly to the observed cardiac defects. These findings raise the possibility that defects in HS biosynthesis may contribute to congenital heart defects in humans that represent the most common type of birth defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pan
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Christian Carbe
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sabine Kupich
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ute Pickhinke
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ohlig
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maike Frye
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ruth Seelige
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Srinivas R Pallerla
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anne M Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Roger Lawrence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kay Grobe
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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47
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van Wijk XMR, van Kuppevelt TH. Heparan sulfate in angiogenesis: a target for therapy. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:443-62. [PMID: 24146040 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS), a long linear polysaccharide of alternating disaccharide residues, interacts with a wide variety of proteins, including many angiogenic factors. The involvement of HS in signaling of pro-angiogenic factors (e.g. vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2), as well as interaction with anti-angiogenic factors (e.g. endostatin), warrants its role as an important modifier of (tumor) angiogenesis. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of HS in angiogenic growth factor signaling, and discusses therapeutic strategies to target HS and modulate angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xander M R van Wijk
- Department of Biochemistry (280), Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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48
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Kasza Z, Fredlund Fuchs P, Tamm C, Eriksson AS, O'Callaghan P, Heindryckx F, Spillmann D, Larsson E, Le Jan S, Eriksson I, Gerwins P, Kjellén L, Kreuger J. MicroRNA-24 suppression of N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (NDST1) reduces endothelial cell responsiveness to vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25956-25963. [PMID: 23884416 PMCID: PMC3764800 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans, present at the plasma membrane of vascular endothelial cells, bind to the angiogenic growth factor VEGFA to modulate its signaling through VEGFR2. The interactions between VEGFA and proteoglycan co-receptors require sulfated domains in the HS chains. To date, it is essentially unknown how the formation of sulfated protein-binding domains in HS can be regulated by microRNAs. In the present study, we show that microRNA-24 (miR-24) targets NDST1 to reduce HS sulfation and thereby the binding affinity of HS for VEGFA. Elevated levels of miR-24 also resulted in reduced levels of VEGFR2 and blunted VEGFA signaling. Similarly, suppression of NDST1 using siRNA led to a reduction in VEGFR2 expression. Consequently, not only VEGFA binding, but also VEGFR2 protein expression is dependent on NDST1 function. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-24, or siRNA-mediated reduction of NDST1, reduced endothelial cell chemotaxis in response to VEGFA. These findings establish NDST1 as a target of miR-24 and demonstrate how such NDST1 suppression in endothelial cells results in reduced responsiveness to VEGFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Kasza
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Peder Fredlund Fuchs
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Christoffer Tamm
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Anna S Eriksson
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Paul O'Callaghan
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Femke Heindryckx
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Dorothe Spillmann
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Erik Larsson
- the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, and
| | - Sébastien Le Jan
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Inger Eriksson
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Pär Gerwins
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala,; the Department of Radiology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Johan Kreuger
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala,.
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49
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Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) polysaccharides are covalently attached to the core proteins of various proteoglycans at cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix. They are composed of alternating units of hexuronic acid and glucosamine, with sulphate substituents in complex and variable yet cell-specific patterns. Whereas HS is produced by virtually all cells in the body, heparin, a highly sulphated HS variant, is confined to connective-tissue-type mast cells. The polysaccharides interact with a multitude of proteins, mainly through ionic binding, and thereby control key processes in development and homoeostasis. Similar interactions also implicate HS in various pathophysiological settings, including cancer, amyloid diseases, infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions and some developmental disorders. Prospects for the development of HS-based drugs, which are still largely unrealized, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lindahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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50
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Qiu H, Jiang JL, Liu M, Huang X, Ding SJ, Wang L. Quantitative phosphoproteomics analysis reveals broad regulatory role of heparan sulfate on endothelial signaling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2160-73. [PMID: 23649490 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.026609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear, abundant, highly sulfated polysaccharide that expresses in the vasculature. Recent genetic studies documented that HS critically modulates various endothelial cell functions. However, elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanism has been challenging because of the presence of a large number of HS-binding ligands found in the examined experimental conditions. In this report, we used quantitative phosphoproteomics to examine the global HS-dependent signaling by comparing wild type and HS-deficient endothelial cells that were cultured in a serum-containing medium. A total of 7222 phosphopeptides, corresponding to 1179 proteins, were identified. Functional correlation analysis identified 25 HS-dependent functional networks, and the top five are related to cell morphology, cellular assembly and organization, cellular function and maintenance, cell-to-cell communication, inflammatory response and disorder, cell growth and proliferation, cell movement, and cellular survival and death. This is consistent with cell function studies showing that HS deficiency altered endothelial cell growth and mobility. Mining for the underlying molecular mechanisms further revealed that HS modulates signaling pathways critically related to cell adhesion, migration, and coagulation, including ILK, integrin, actin cytoskeleton organization, tight junction and thrombin signaling. Intriguingly, this analysis unexpectedly determined that the top HS-dependent signaling is the IGF-1 signaling pathway, which has not been known to be modulated by HS. In-depth analysis of growth factor signaling identified 22 HS-dependent growth factor/cytokine/growth hormone signaling pathways, including those both previously known, such as HGF and VEGF, and those unknown, such as IGF-1, erythropoietin, angiopoietin/Tie, IL-17A and growth hormones. Twelve of the identified 22 growth factor/cytokine/growth hormone signaling pathways, including IGF-1 and angiopoietin/Tie signaling, were alternatively confirmed in phospho-receptor tyrosine kinase array analysis. In summary, our SILAC-based quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis confirmed previous findings and also uncovered novel HS-dependent functional networks and signaling, revealing a much broader regulatory role of HS on endothelial signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qiu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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