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Schlaepfer DD, Ojalill M, Stupack DG. Focal adhesion kinase signaling - tumor vulnerabilities and clinical opportunities. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261723. [PMID: 39034922 PMCID: PMC11298715 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK; encoded by PTK2) was discovered over 30 years ago as a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that is localized to cell adhesion sites, where it is activated by integrin receptor binding to extracellular matrix proteins. FAK is ubiquitously expressed and functions as a signaling scaffold for a variety of proteins at adhesions and in the cell cytoplasm, and with transcription factors in the nucleus. FAK expression and intrinsic activity are essential for mouse development, with molecular connections to cell motility, cell survival and gene expression. Notably, elevated FAK tyrosine phosphorylation is common in tumors, including pancreatic and ovarian cancers, where it is associated with decreased survival. Small molecule and orally available FAK inhibitors show on-target inhibition in tumor and stromal cells with effects on chemotherapy resistance, stromal fibrosis and tumor microenvironment immune function. Herein, we discuss recent insights regarding mechanisms of FAK activation and signaling, its roles as a cytoplasmic and nuclear scaffold, and the tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic effects of FAK inhibitors. We also discuss results from ongoing and advanced clinical trials targeting FAK in low- and high-grade serous ovarian cancers, where FAK acts as a master regulator of drug resistance. Although FAK is not known to be mutationally activated, preventing FAK activity has revealed multiple tumor vulnerabilities that support expanding clinical combinatorial targeting possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Schlaepfer
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, CA 92098, USA
| | - Marjaana Ojalill
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, CA 92098, USA
| | - Dwayne G. Stupack
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, CA 92098, USA
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Ji K, Chen Y, Pan X, Chen L, Wang X, Wen B, Bao J, Zhong J, Lv Z, Zheng Z, Liu H. Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveal alterations in trophoblasts at invasion sites and disturbed myometrial immune microenvironment in placenta accreta spectrum disorders. Biomark Res 2024; 12:55. [PMID: 38831319 PMCID: PMC11149369 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placenta accreta spectrum disorders (PAS) are a severe complication characterized by abnormal trophoblast invasion into the myometrium. The underlying mechanisms of PAS involve a complex interplay of various cell types and molecular pathways. Despite its significance, both the characteristics and intricate mechanisms of this condition remain poorly understood. METHODS Spatial transcriptomics (ST) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), were performed on the tissue samples from four PAS patients, including invasive tissues (ST, n = 3; scRNA-seq, n = 4), non-invasive normal placenta samples (ST, n = 1; scRNA-seq, n = 2). Three healthy term pregnant women provided normal myometrium samples (ST, n = 1; scRNA-seq, n = 2). ST analysis characterized the spatial expression landscape, and scRNA-seq was used to identify specific cellular components in PAS. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to validate the findings. RESULTS ST slices distinctly showed the myometrium in PAS was invaded by three subpopulations of trophoblast cells, extravillous trophoblast cells, cytotrophoblasts, and syncytiotrophoblasts, especially extravillous trophoblast cells. The pathways enriched by genes in trophoblasts, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and immune cells of PAS were mainly associated with immune and inflammation. We identified elevated expression of the angiogenesis-stimulating gene PTK2, alongside the cell proliferation-enhancing gene EGFR, within the trophoblasts of PAS group. Trophoblasts mainly contributed the enhancement of HLA-G and EBI3 signaling, which is crucial in establishing immune escape. Meanwhile, SMC regions in PAS exhibited upregulation of immunomodulatory markers such as CD274, HAVCR2, and IDO1, with CD274 expression experimentally verified to be increased in the invasive SMC areas of the PAS group. CONCLUSIONS This study provided information of cellular composition and spatial organization in PAS at single-cell and spatial level. The dysregulated expression of genes in PAS revealed a complex interplay between enhanced immune escape in trophoblasts and immune tolerance in SMCs during invasion in PAS. These findings will enhance our understanding of PAS pathogenesis for developing potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Ji
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Reproductive Health and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunshan Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyu Pan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Reproductive Health and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bolun Wen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Bao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junmin Zhong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi Lv
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Huishu Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China.
- Institute of Reproductive Health and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Liao Y, Remsing Rix LL, Li X, Fang B, Izumi V, Welsh EA, Monastyrskyi A, Haura EB, Koomen JM, Doebele RC, Rix U. Differential network analysis of ROS1 inhibitors reveals lorlatinib polypharmacology through co-targeting PYK2. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:284-297.e10. [PMID: 37848034 PMCID: PMC10922442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are often developed for the same indication. However, their relative overall efficacy is frequently incompletely understood and they may harbor unrecognized targets that cooperate with the intended target. We compared several ROS1 TKIs for inhibition of ROS1-fusion-positive lung cancer cell viability, ROS1 autophosphorylation and kinase activity, which indicated disproportionately higher cellular potency of one TKI, lorlatinib. Quantitative chemical and phosphoproteomics across four ROS1 TKIs and differential network analysis revealed that lorlatinib uniquely impacted focal adhesion signaling. Functional validation using pharmacological probes, RNA interference, and CRISPR-Cas9 knockout uncovered a polypharmacology mechanism of lorlatinib by dual targeting ROS1 and PYK2, which form a multiprotein complex with SRC. Rational multi-targeting of this complex by combining lorlatinib with SRC inhibitors exhibited pronounced synergy. Taken together, we show that systems pharmacology-based differential network analysis can dissect mixed canonical/non-canonical polypharmacology mechanisms across multiple TKIs enabling the design of rational drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lily L Remsing Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xueli Li
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Victoria Izumi
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eric A Welsh
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Andrii Monastyrskyi
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Robert C Doebele
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Uwe Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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Jeon M, Hong S, Cho H, Park H, Lee SM, Ahn S. Targeting FAK/PYK2 with SJP1602 for Anti-Tumor Activity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7058-7074. [PMID: 37754230 PMCID: PMC10528299 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45090446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents significant challenges due to its aggressive nature and limited treatment options. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has emerged as a critical factor promoting tumor growth and metastasis in TNBC. Despite encouraging results from preclinical and early clinical trials with various FAK inhibitors, none have yet achieved clinical success in TNBC treatment. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a novel dual inhibitor of FAK and PYK2, named SJP1602, for TNBC. In vitro experiments demonstrate that SJP1602 effectively inhibits FAK and PYK2 activities, showing potent effects on both kinases. SJP1602 shows concentration-dependent inhibition of cell growth, migration, invasion, and 3D spheroid formation in TNBC cell lines, surpassing the efficacy of other FAK inhibitors. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats indicate favorable bioavailability and sustained plasma concentrations of SJP1602, supporting its potential as a therapeutic agent. Furthermore, in TNBC xenograft models, SJP1602 exhibits significant dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth. These promising results emphasize the potential of SJP1602 as a potent dual inhibitor of FAK and PYK2, deserving further investigation in clinical trials for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongjin Jeon
- Research Center, Samjin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (H.C.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Sungpyo Hong
- Institute for New Drug Development, Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyoungmin Cho
- Research Center, Samjin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (H.C.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Hanbyeol Park
- Institute for New Drug Development, Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Soo-Min Lee
- Research Center, Samjin Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (H.C.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Soonkil Ahn
- Institute for New Drug Development, Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (H.P.)
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Pang Y, Thomas P. mPRα and PR co-operate in progesterone inhibition of endothelial cell focal adhesion. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 70:JME-22-0073. [PMID: 36099054 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone causes vascular smooth muscle cell relaxation through membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs), which are members of the progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family, and nuclear PRs (nPRs). However, beneficial vascular effects of progesterone in preventing pre-atherosclerosis and the involvement of mPRs and nPRs remain unclear. The results show short- to long-term treatments with 100 nM progesterone (P4) and specific agonists for mPRs, OD 02-0, and nPRs, R5020, inhibited pre-atherosclerotic events in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), decreasing focal adhesion (FA) by monocytes, FA signaling, HUVEC migration and invasion, and vinculin expression. Progesterone and OD 02-0, but not R5020, inhibited phosphorylation of Src and focal adhesion kinase, critical kinases of FA signaling, within 20 min and migration and invasion of HUVECs and monocyte adhesion after 3 h. These inhibitory P4 and 02-0 effects were attenuated with MAP kinase and Pi3k inhibitors, indicating involvement of these kinases in this mPR-mediated action. However, after 16 h, OD 02-0 was no longer effective in inhibiting FA signaling, while both progesterone and R5020 decreased the activity of the two kinases. Knockdown of receptor expression with siRNA confirmed that mPRα mediates short-term and nPR long-term inhibitory effects of progesterone on FA signaling. Thus, progesterone inhibition of FA signaling and pre-atherosclerosis is coordinated through mPRα and nPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefei Pang
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Thomas
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, USA
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Lee D, Hong JH. Activated PyK2 and Its Associated Molecules Transduce Cellular Signaling from the Cancerous Milieu for Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415475. [PMID: 36555115 PMCID: PMC9779422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PyK2 is a member of the proline-rich tyrosine kinase and focal adhesion kinase families and is ubiquitously expressed. PyK2 is mainly activated by stimuli, such as activated Src kinases and intracellular acidic pH. The mechanism of PyK2 activation in cancer cells has been addressed extensively. The up-regulation of PyK2 through overexpression and enhanced phosphorylation is a key feature of tumorigenesis and cancer migration. In this review, we summarized the cancer milieu, including acidification and cancer-associated molecules, such as chemical reagents, interactive proteins, chemokine-related molecules, calcium channels/transporters, and oxidative molecules that affect the fate of PyK2. The inhibition of PyK2 leads to a beneficial strategy to attenuate cancer cell development, including metastasis. Thus, we highlighted the effect of PyK2 on various cancer cell types and the distribution of molecules that affect PyK2 activation. In particular, we underlined the relationship between PyK2 and cancer metastasis and its potential to treat cancer cells.
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Blair AB, Wang J, Davelaar J, Baker A, Li K, Niu N, Wang J, Shao Y, Funes V, Li P, Pachter JA, Maneval DC, Dezem F, Plummer J, Chan KS, Gong J, Hendifar AE, Pandol SJ, Burkhart R, Zhang Y, Zheng L, Osipov A. Dual Stromal Targeting Sensitizes Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma for Anti-Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Therapy. Gastroenterology 2022; 163:1267-1280.e7. [PMID: 35718227 PMCID: PMC9613523 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The stroma in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contributes to its immunosuppressive nature and therapeutic resistance. Herein we sought to modify signaling and enhance immunotherapy efficacy by targeting multiple stromal components through both intracellular and extracellular mechanisms. METHODS A murine liver metastasis syngeneic model of PDAC was treated with focal adhesion kinase inhibitor (FAKi), anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody, and stromal hyaluronan (HA) degradation by PEGylated recombinant human hyaluronidase (PEGPH20) to assess immune and stromal modulating effects of these agents and their combinations. RESULTS The results showed that HA degradation by PEGPH20 and reduction in phosphorylated FAK expression by FAKi leads to improved survival in PDAC-bearing mice treated with anti-PD-1 antibody. HA degradation in combination with FAKi and anti-PD-1 antibody increases T-cell infiltration and alters T-cell phenotype toward effector memory T cells. FAKi alters the expression of T-cell modulating cytokines and leads to changes in T-cell metabolism and increases in effector T-cell signatures. HA degradation in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody and FAKi treatments reduces granulocytes, including granulocytic- myeloid-derived suppressor cells and decreases C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)-expressing myeloid cells, particularly the CXCR4-expressing granulocytes. Anti-CXCR4 antibody combined with FAKi and anti-PD-1 antibody significantly decreases metastatic rates in the PDAC liver metastasis model. CONCLUSIONS This represents the first preclinical study to identify synergistic effects of targeting both intracellular and extracellular components within the PDAC stroma and supports testing anti-CXCR4 antibody in combination with FAKi as a PDAC treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Blair
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Multidisciplinary Gastrointestinal Cancer Laboratories Program, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Davelaar
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew Baker
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Keyu Li
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nan Niu
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Junke Wang
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yingkuan Shao
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vanessa Funes
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Multidisciplinary Gastrointestinal Cancer Laboratories Program, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Felipe Dezem
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jasmine Plummer
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Keith Syson Chan
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew E Hendifar
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Richard Burkhart
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Multidisciplinary Gastrointestinal Cancer Laboratories Program, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Multidisciplinary Gastrointestinal Cancer Laboratories Program, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Arsen Osipov
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Multidisciplinary Gastrointestinal Cancer Laboratories Program, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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Cai G, Zou R, yang H, Xie J, Chen X, Zheng C, Luo S, Wei N, Liu S, Chen R. Circ_0084043-miR-134-5p axis regulates PCDH9 to suppress melanoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:891476. [PMID: 36387162 PMCID: PMC9641620 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.891476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The low survival rates, poor responses, and drug resistance of patients with melanoma make it urgent to find new therapeutic targets. This study investigated whether the circ_0084043-miR-134-5p axis regulates the antitumor effect of protocadherin 9 (PCDH9) in melanoma. Ectopic expression or knock down (KD) of PCDH9 with a lentivirus vector, we explored its effects on the proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis of melanoma and verified its regulatory effect on ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1), proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), Cyclin D1, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), and MMP9. We further observed the effect of KD circ_0084043 on the malignant behavior of melanoma and studied whether circ_0084043 sponged miR-134-5p and regulated PCDH9. We found that circ_0084043 was overexpressed in melanoma and associated with the malignant phenotype. PCDH9 was poorly expressed in human melanoma tissues, and overexpression of PCDH9 inhibited melanoma progression. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting results showed that overexpression of PCDH9 could downregulate RAC1, MMP2, and MMP9 and upregulate Pyk2 and Cyclin D1. Circ_0084043 KD inhibited invasion and promoted apoptosis in melanoma cells. Circ_0084043 could sponge miR-134-5p and thus indirectly regulate PCDH9. Furthermore, we discovered that inhibiting circ_0084043 had an anti–PD-Ll effect. In vivo, PCDH9 overexpression inhibited melanoma tumor growth, but PCDH9 KD promoted it. In conclusion, PCDH9, which is regulated by the circ 0084043-miR-134-5p axis, can suppress malignant biological behavior in melanoma and influence the expression levels of Pyk2, RAC1, Cyclin D1, MMP2, and MMP9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyue Cai
- Dermatology Department, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ruitao Zou
- Dermatology Department, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Huizhi yang
- Dermatology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Xie
- Dermatology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- Clinical School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chunchan Zheng
- Dermatology Department, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sujun Luo
- Dermatology Department, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Wei
- Dermatology Department, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Dermatology Department, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuang Liu, ; Rongyi Chen,
| | - Rongyi Chen
- Dermatology Department, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuang Liu, ; Rongyi Chen,
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9
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Wu X, Wang J, Liang Q, Tong R, Huang J, Yang X, Xu Y, Wang W, Sun M, Shi J. Recent progress on FAK inhibitors with dual targeting capabilities for cancer treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113116. [PMID: 35598365 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK, also known as PTK2) is a tyrosine kinase that regulates integrin and growth factor signaling pathways and is involved in the migration, proliferation and survival of cancer cells. FAK is a promising target for cancer treatment. Many small molecule FAK inhibitors have been identified and proven in both preclinical and clinical studies to be effective inhibitors of tumor growth and metastasis. There are many signaling pathways, such as those involving FAK, Src, AKT, MAPK, PI3K, and EGFR/HER-2, that provide survival signals in cancer cells. Dual inhibitors that simultaneously block FAK and another factor can significantly improve efficacy and overcome some of the shortcomings of single-target inhibitors, including drug resistance. In this review, the antitumor mechanisms and research status of dual inhibitors of FAK and other targets, such as Pyk2, IGF-IR, ALK, VEGFR-3, JAK2, EGFR, S6K1, and HDAC2, are summarized, providing new ideas for the development of effective FAK dual-target preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Wu
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Qi Liang
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Jianli Huang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Xinwei Yang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yihua Xu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Minghan Sun
- Central of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China.
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10
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Alves GF, Aimaretti E, Einaudi G, Mastrocola R, de Oliveira JG, Collotta D, Porchietto E, Aragno M, Cifani C, Sordi R, Thiemermann C, Fernandes D, Collino M. Pharmacological Inhibition of FAK-Pyk2 Pathway Protects Against Organ Damage and Prolongs the Survival of Septic Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837180. [PMID: 35178052 PMCID: PMC8843946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock are associated with high mortality and are considered one of the major public health concerns. The onset of sepsis is known as a hyper-inflammatory state that contributes to organ failure and mortality. Recent findings suggest a potential role of two non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases, namely Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), in the inflammation associated with endometriosis, cancer, atherosclerosis and asthma. Here we investigate the role of FAK-Pyk2 in the pathogenesis of sepsis and the potential beneficial effects of the pharmacological modulation of this pathway by administering the potent reversible dual inhibitor of FAK and Pyk2, PF562271 (PF271) in a murine model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. Five-month-old male C57BL/6 mice underwent CLP or Sham surgery and one hour after the surgical procedure, mice were randomly assigned to receive PF271 (25 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle. Twenty-four hours after surgery, organs and plasma were collected for analyses. In another group of mice, survival rate was assessed every 12 h over the subsequent 5 days. Experimental sepsis led to a systemic cytokine storm resulting in the formation of excessive amounts of both pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17 and IL-6) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The systemic inflammatory response was accompanied by high plasma levels of ALT, AST (liver injury), creatinine, (renal dysfunction) and lactate, as well as a high, clinical severity score. All parameters were attenuated following PF271 administration. Experimental sepsis induced an overactivation of FAK and Pyk2 in liver and kidney, which was associated to p38 MAPK activation, leading to increased expression/activation of several pro-inflammatory markers, including the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin and the enzyme NOS-2 and myeloperoxidase. Treatment with PF271 inhibited FAK-Pyk2 activation, thus blunting the inflammatory abnormalities orchestrated by sepsis. Finally, PF271 significantly prolonged the survival of mice subjected to CLP-sepsis. Taken together, our data show for the first time that the FAK-Pyk2 pathway contributes to sepsis-induced inflammation and organ injury/dysfunction and that the pharmacological modulation of this pathway may represents a new strategy for the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ferreira Alves
- Department of Neurosciences (Rita Levi Montalcini), University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eleonora Aimaretti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giacomo Einaudi
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mastrocola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Debora Collotta
- Department of Neurosciences (Rita Levi Montalcini), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Porchietto
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Manuela Aragno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Regina Sordi
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Neurosciences (Rita Levi Montalcini), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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11
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Pomella S, Cassandri M, Braghini MR, Marampon F, Alisi A, Rota R. New Insights on the Nuclear Functions and Targeting of FAK in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041998. [PMID: 35216114 PMCID: PMC8874710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase over-expressed and activated in both adult and pediatric cancers, where it plays important roles in the regulation of pathogenesis and progression of the malignant phenotype. FAK exerts its functions in cancer by two different ways: a kinase activity in the cytoplasm, mainly dependent on the integrin signaling, and a scaffolding activity into the nucleus by networking with different gene expression regulators. For this reason, FAK has to be considered a target with high therapeutic values. Indeed, evidence suggests that FAK targeting could be effective, either alone or in combination, with other already available treatments. Here, we propose an overview of the novel insights about FAK’s structure and nuclear functions, with a special focus on the recent findings concerning the roles of this protein in cancer. Additionally, we provide a recent update on FAK inhibitors that are currently in clinical trials for patients with cancer, and discuss the challenge and future directions of drug-based anti-FAK targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pomella
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Cassandri
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Rita Braghini
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Alisi
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (R.R.); Tel.: +39-06-68592186 (A.A.); +39-06-68592648 (R.R.)
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (R.R.); Tel.: +39-06-68592186 (A.A.); +39-06-68592648 (R.R.)
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12
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FAK in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031726. [PMID: 35163650 PMCID: PMC8836199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed and activated in many cancer types. FAK regulates diverse cellular processes, including growth factor signaling, cell cycle progression, cell survival, cell motility, angiogenesis, and the establishment of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments through kinase-dependent and kinase-independent scaffolding functions in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Mounting evidence has indicated that targeting FAK, either alone or in combination with other agents, may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for various cancers. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying FAK-mediated signaling networks during tumor development. We also summarize the recent progress of FAK-targeted small-molecule compounds for anticancer activity from preclinical and clinical evidence.
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13
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Zhao M, Finlay D, Kwong E, Liddington R, Viollet B, Sasaoka N, Vuori K. Cell adhesion suppresses autophagy via Src/FAK-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of AMPK. Cell Signal 2022; 89:110170. [PMID: 34673141 PMCID: PMC8602780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a multi-step process regulated in part by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Phosphorylation of threonine 172 on the AMPK α-subunit enhances AMPK kinase activity, resulting in activation of downstream signaling. Integrin-mediated cell adhesion activates Src/ Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) signaling complex, which regulates multiple cellular processes including cell survival. We show here that Src signaling leads to direct phosphorylation of the AMPK-α subunit on a novel site, tyrosine 179, resulting in suppression of AMPK-T172 phosphorylation and autophagy upon integrin-mediated cell adhesion. By using chemical inhibitors, genetic cell models and targeted mutagenesis, we confirm an important role for Src and FAK in suppressing AMPK signaling and autophagy induced by various additional stimuli, including glucose starvation. Furthermore, we found that autophagy suppression by hydroxychloroquine promotes apoptosis in a cancer cell model that had been treated with Src inhibitors. Our findings reveal a link between the Src/ FAK complex and AMPK/ autophagy regulation, which may play an important role in the maintenance of normal cellular homeostasis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Darren Finlay
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kwong
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert Liddington
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Norio Sasaoka
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Correpsonding author.
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14
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Olivera GC, Ross EC, Peuckert C, Barragan A. Blood-brain barrier-restricted translocation of Toxoplasma gondii from cortical capillaries. eLife 2021; 10:e69182. [PMID: 34877929 PMCID: PMC8700292 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular barriers of the central nervous system proficiently protect the brain parenchyma from infectious insults. Yet, the single-celled parasite Toxoplasma gondii commonly causes latent cerebral infection in humans and other vertebrates. Here, we addressed the role of the cerebral vasculature in the passage of T. gondii to the brain parenchyma. Shortly after inoculation in mice, parasites mainly localized to cortical capillaries, in preference over post-capillary venules, cortical arterioles or meningeal and choroidal vessels. Early invasion to the parenchyma (days 1-5) occurred in absence of a measurable increase in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, perivascular leukocyte cuffs or hemorrhage. However, sparse focalized permeability elevations were detected adjacently to replicative parasite foci. Further, T. gondii triggered inflammatory responses in cortical microvessels and endothelium. Pro- and anti-inflammatory treatments of mice with LPS and hydrocortisone, respectively, impacted BBB permeability and parasite loads in the brain parenchyma. Finally, pharmacological inhibition or Cre/loxP conditional knockout of endothelial focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a BBB intercellular junction regulator, facilitated parasite translocation to the brain parenchyma. The data reveal that the initial passage of T. gondii to the central nervous system occurs principally across cortical capillaries. The integrity of the microvascular BBB restricts parasite transit, which conversely is exacerbated by the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C Olivera
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Emily C Ross
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Christiane Peuckert
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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15
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Dai Z, Cheng J, Liu B, Yi D, Feng A, Wang T, An L, Gao C, Wang Y, Zhu MM, Zhang X, Zhao YY. Loss of Endothelial Hypoxia Inducible Factor-Prolyl Hydroxylase 2 Induces Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e022077. [PMID: 34743552 PMCID: PMC8751916 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis are common adaptive responses to injury and stress, eventually leading to heart failure. Hypoxia signaling is important to the (patho)physiological process of cardiac remodeling. However, the role of endothelial PHD2 (prolyl-4 hydroxylase 2)/hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure remains elusive. Methods and Results Mice with Egln1Tie2Cre (Tie2-Cre-mediated deletion of Egln1 [encoding PHD2]) exhibited left ventricular hypertrophy evident by increased thickness of anterior and posterior wall and left ventricular mass, as well as cardiac fibrosis. Tamoxifen-induced endothelial Egln1 deletion in adult mice also induced left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. Additionally, we observed a marked decrease of PHD2 expression in heart tissues and cardiovascular endothelial cells from patients with cardiomyopathy. Moreover, genetic ablation of Hif2a but not Hif1a in Egln1Tie2Cre mice normalized cardiac size and function. RNA sequencing analysis also demonstrated HIF-2α as a critical mediator of signaling related to cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Pharmacological inhibition of HIF-2α attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in Egln1Tie2Cre mice. Conclusions The present study defines for the first time an unexpected role of endothelial PHD2 deficiency in inducing cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in an HIF-2α-dependent manner. PHD2 was markedly decreased in cardiovascular endothelial cells in patients with cardiomyopathy. Thus, targeting PHD2/HIF-2α signaling may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Dai
- Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine-PhoenixUniversity of Arizona Phoenix AZ.,Translational Cardiovascular Research CenterCollege of Medicine-PhoenixUniversity of Arizona Phoenix AZ
| | - Jianding Cheng
- Department of Forensic Pathology Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China.,Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research CenterSun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine-PhoenixUniversity of Arizona Phoenix AZ.,Translational Cardiovascular Research CenterCollege of Medicine-PhoenixUniversity of Arizona Phoenix AZ
| | - Dan Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine-PhoenixUniversity of Arizona Phoenix AZ.,Translational Cardiovascular Research CenterCollege of Medicine-PhoenixUniversity of Arizona Phoenix AZ
| | - Anlin Feng
- Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine-PhoenixUniversity of Arizona Phoenix AZ.,Department of Environmental Health Science and Center of Translational Science Florida International University Port Saint Lucie FL
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine-PhoenixUniversity of Arizona Phoenix AZ.,Department of Environmental Health Science and Center of Translational Science Florida International University Port Saint Lucie FL
| | - Lingling An
- Department of Biosystems Engineering Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of Arizona Tucson AZ
| | - Chen Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology Cardiovascular Research Laboratories David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA
| | - Yibin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology Cardiovascular Research Laboratories David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA
| | - Maggie M Zhu
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology Stanley Manne Children's Research InstituteAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Chicago IL.,Section for Injury Repair and Regeneration Research Stanley Manne Children's Research InstituteAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Chicago IL.,Department of Pediatrics Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology Stanley Manne Children's Research InstituteAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Chicago IL.,Section for Injury Repair and Regeneration Research Stanley Manne Children's Research InstituteAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Chicago IL.,Department of Pediatrics Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - You-Yang Zhao
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology Stanley Manne Children's Research InstituteAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Chicago IL.,Section for Injury Repair and Regeneration Research Stanley Manne Children's Research InstituteAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Chicago IL.,Department of Pediatrics Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL.,Department of Pharmacology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL.,Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL.,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research InstituteNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
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16
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Cho H, Shin I, Yoon H, Jeon E, Lee J, Kim Y, Ryu S, Song C, Kwon NH, Moon Y, Kim S, Kim ND, Choi HG, Sim T. Identification of Thieno[3,2- d]pyrimidine Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of Focal Adhesion Kinase and FMS-like Tyrosine Kinase 3. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11934-11957. [PMID: 34324343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is overexpressed in highly invasive and metastatic cancers. To identify novel FAK inhibitors, we designed and synthesized various thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives. An intensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) study led to the identification of 26 as a lead. Moreover, 26, a multitargeted kinase inhibitor, possesses excellent potencies against FLT3 mutants as well as FAK. Gratifyingly, 26 remarkably inhibits recalcitrant FLT3 mutants, including F691L, that cause drug resistance. Importantly, 26 is superior to PF-562271 in terms of apoptosis induction, anchorage-independent growth inhibition, and tumor burden reduction in the MDA-MB-231 xenograft mouse model. Also, 26 causes regression of tumor growth in the MV4-11 xenograft mouse model, indicating that it could be effective against acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Finally, in an orthotopic mouse model using MDA-MB-231, 26 remarkably prevents metastasis of orthotopic tumors to lymph nodes. Taken together, the results indicate that 26 possesses potential therapeutic value against highly invasive cancers and relapsed AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Cho
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojong Yoon
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarangro14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Jeon
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - SeongShick Ryu
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiman Song
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarangro14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kwon
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research, College of Pharmacy & College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngji Moon
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research, College of Pharmacy & College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- Voronoibio Inc., 32 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21984, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Geun Choi
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarangro14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- B2Sbio Inc., 32 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21984, Republic of Korea
| | - Taebo Sim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarangro14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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17
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Dawson JC, Serrels A, Stupack DG, Schlaepfer DD, Frame MC. Targeting FAK in anticancer combination therapies. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:313-324. [PMID: 33731845 PMCID: PMC8276817 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is both a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and an adaptor protein that primarily regulates adhesion signalling and cell migration, but FAK can also promote cell survival in response to stress. FAK is commonly overexpressed in cancer and is considered a high-value druggable target, with multiple FAK inhibitors currently in development. Evidence suggests that in the clinical setting, FAK targeting will be most effective in combination with other agents so as to reverse failure of chemotherapies or targeted therapies and enhance efficacy of immune-based treatments of solid tumours. Here, we discuss the recent preclinical evidence that implicates FAK in anticancer therapeutic resistance, leading to the view that FAK inhibitors will have their greatest utility as combination therapies in selected patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Alan Serrels
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dwayne G Stupack
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Centre, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Centre, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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18
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Nikolopoulou PA, Koufaki MA, Kostourou V. The Adhesome Network: Key Components Shaping the Tumour Stroma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:525. [PMID: 33573141 PMCID: PMC7866493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the conventional perception of solid tumours as mere masses of cancer cells, advanced cancer research focuses on the complex contributions of tumour-associated host cells that are known as "tumour microenvironment" (TME). It has been long appreciated that the tumour stroma, composed mainly of blood vessels, cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells, together with the extracellular matrix (ECM), define the tumour architecture and influence cancer cell properties. Besides soluble cues, that mediate the crosstalk between tumour and stroma cells, cell adhesion to ECM arises as a crucial determinant in cancer progression. In this review, we discuss how adhesome, the intracellular protein network formed at cell adhesions, regulate the TME and control malignancy. The role of adhesome extends beyond the physical attachment of cells to ECM and the regulation of cytoskeletal remodelling and acts as a signalling and mechanosensing hub, orchestrating cellular responses that shape the tumour milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vassiliki Kostourou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, Institute of Bioinnovation, 34 Fleming Str., 16672 Vari-Athens, Greece; (P.A.N.); (M.A.K.)
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19
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Zhang Y, Liu S, Zhou S, Yu D, Gu J, Qin Q, Cheng Y, Sun X. Focal adhesion kinase: Insight into its roles and therapeutic potential in oesophageal cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 496:93-103. [PMID: 33038490 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oesophageal cancer is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates because it is highly invasive and prone to recurrence and metastasis, with a five-year survival rate of <20%. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new methods aimed at improving therapeutic intervention. Several studies have shown that targeted therapy may be effective for the treatment of oesophageal cancer. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase with kinase activity and scaffolding function, could be overexpressed in a variety of solid tumours, including oesophageal cancer. FAK participates in survival, proliferation, progression, adhesion, invasion, migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, DNA damage repair, and other biological processes through multiple signalling pathways in cancer cells. It plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumours and has been linked to the prognosis of oesophageal cancer. FAK has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target in oesophageal cancer; thus, the combination of FAK inhibitors with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy is expected to prolong the survival of patients. This paper presents a brief overview of the structure of FAK and its potential role in oesophageal cancer, providing a rationale for the future application of FAK inhibitors in the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Junjie Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Xinchen Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu province, China.
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20
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Balaji Ragunathrao VA, Anwar M, Akhter MZ, Chavez A, Mao DY, Natarajan V, Lakshmikanthan S, Chrzanowska-Wodnicka M, Dudek AZ, Claesson-Welsh L, Kitajewski JK, Wary KK, Malik AB, Mehta D. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Activity Promotes Tumor Growth by Amplifying VEGF-VEGFR2 Angiogenic Signaling. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3472-3487.e4. [PMID: 31825830 PMCID: PMC6927555 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A)-VEGFR2 pathway drives tumor vascularization by activating proangiogenic signaling in endothelial cells (ECs). Here, we show that EC-sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) amplifies VEGFR2-mediated angiogenic signaling to enhance tumor growth. We show that cancer cells induce S1PR1 activity in ECs, and thereby, conditional deletion of S1PR1 in ECs (EC-S1pr1−/− mice) impairs tumor vascularization and growth. Mechanistically, we show that S1PR1 engages the heterotrimeric G-protein Gi, which amplifies VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling due to an increase in the activity of the tyrosine kinase c-Abl1. c-Abl1, by phosphorylating VEGFR2 at tyrosine-951, prolongs VEGFR2 retention on the plasmalemma to sustain Rac1 activity and EC migration. Thus, S1PR1 or VEGFR2 antagonists, alone or in combination, reverse the tumor growth in control mice to the level seen in EC-S1pr1−/− mice. Our findings suggest that blocking S1PR1 activity in ECs has the potential to suppress tumor growth by preventing amplification of VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling. Vijay Avin et al. demonstrate an essential role of endothelial cell (EC)-S1PR1 signaling in amplifying VEGFR2-mediated tumor growth. S1PR1 by Gi and c-Abl1 phosphorylates VEGFR2 at Y951, which retains VEGFR2 at EC plasmalemma, thus enabling EC migration, tumor angiogenesis, and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Avin Balaji Ragunathrao
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mumtaz Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Md Zahid Akhter
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alejandra Chavez
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - De Yu Mao
- Department of Physiology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | - Arkadiusz Z Dudek
- Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan K Kitajewski
- Department of Physiology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kishore K Wary
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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21
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Murphy JM, Jeong K, Lim STS. FAK Family Kinases in Vascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103630. [PMID: 32455571 PMCID: PMC7279255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In various vascular diseases, extracellular matrix (ECM) and integrin expression are frequently altered, leading to focal adhesion kinase (FAK) or proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) activation. In addition to the major roles of FAK and Pyk2 in regulating adhesion dynamics via integrins, recent studies have shown a new role for nuclear FAK in gene regulation in various vascular cells. In particular, FAK primarily localizes within the nuclei of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of healthy arteries. However, vessel injury increased FAK localization back to adhesions and elevated FAK activity, leading to VSMC hyperplasia. The study suggested that abnormal FAK or Pyk2 activation in vascular cells may cause pathology in vascular diseases. Here we will review several studies of FAK and Pyk2 associated with integrin signaling in vascular diseases including restenosis, atherosclerosis, heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension, aneurysm, and thrombosis. Despite the importance of FAK family kinases in vascular diseases, comprehensive reviews are scarce. Therefore, we summarized animal models involving FAK family kinases in vascular diseases.
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22
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Goka ET, Chaturvedi P, Lopez DTM, Lippman ME. Rac Signaling Drives Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma Tumor Growth by Priming the Tumor Microenvironment for an Angiogenic Switch. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1462-1473. [PMID: 32371578 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains a common cause of cancer mortality. Better understanding of ccRCC molecular drivers resulted in the development of antiangiogenic therapies that block the blood vessels that supply tumors with nutrients for growth and metastasis. Unfortunately, most ccRCC patients eventually become resistant to initial treatments, creating a need for alternative treatment options. We investigated the role of the small GTPase Rac1 in ccRCC. Analysis of ccRCC clinical samples indicates that Rac signaling drives disease progression and predicts patients with poorer outcomes. Investigation of Rac1 identifies multiple roles for Rac1 in the pathogenesis of ccRCC. Rac1 is overexpressed in RCC cell lines and drives proliferation and migratory/metastatic potential. Rac1 is also critical for endothelial cells to grow and form endothelial tubular networks potentiated by angiogenic factors. Importantly, Rac1 controls paracrine signaling of angiogenic factors including VEGF from renal carcinoma cells to surrounding blood vessels. A novel Rac1 inhibitor impaired the growth and migratory potential of both renal carcinoma cells and endothelial cells and reduced VEGF production by RCC cells, thereby limiting paracrine signaling both in vitro and in vivo Lastly, Rac1 was shown to be downstream of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) signaling and required for activation of MAPK signaling. In combination with VEGFR2 inhibitors, Rac inhibition provides enhanced suppression of angiogenesis. Therefore, targeting Rac in ccRCC has the potential to block the growth of tumor cells, endothelial cell recruitment, and paracrine signaling from tumor cells to other cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc E Lippman
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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23
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Mohanty A, Pharaon RR, Nam A, Salgia S, Kulkarni P, Massarelli E. FAK-targeted and combination therapies for the treatment of cancer: an overview of phase I and II clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:399-409. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1740680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atish Mohanty
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca R Pharaon
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Arin Nam
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Erminia Massarelli
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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24
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Demircioglu F, Wang J, Candido J, Costa ASH, Casado P, de Luxan Delgado B, Reynolds LE, Gomez-Escudero J, Newport E, Rajeeve V, Baker AM, Roy-Luzarraga M, Graham TA, Foster J, Wang Y, Campbell JJ, Singh R, Zhang P, Schall TJ, Balkwill FR, Sosabowski J, Cutillas PR, Frezza C, Sancho P, Hodivala-Dilke K. Cancer associated fibroblast FAK regulates malignant cell metabolism. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1290. [PMID: 32157087 PMCID: PMC7064590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that cancer cell metabolism can be regulated by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), but the mechanisms are poorly defined. Here we show that CAFs regulate malignant cell metabolism through pathways under the control of FAK. In breast and pancreatic cancer patients we find that low FAK expression, specifically in the stromal compartment, predicts reduced overall survival. In mice, depletion of FAK in a subpopulation of CAFs regulates paracrine signals that increase malignant cell glycolysis and tumour growth. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis in our mouse model identifies metabolic alterations which are reflected at the transcriptomic level in patients with low stromal FAK. Mechanistically we demonstrate that FAK-depletion in CAFs increases chemokine production, which via CCR1/CCR2 on cancer cells, activate protein kinase A, leading to enhanced malignant cell glycolysis. Our data uncover mechanisms whereby stromal fibroblasts regulate cancer cell metabolism independent of genetic mutations in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fevzi Demircioglu
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Juliana Candido
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ana S H Costa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Pedro Casado
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Beatriz de Luxan Delgado
- Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer and Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Louise E Reynolds
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jesus Gomez-Escudero
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Emma Newport
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Vinothini Rajeeve
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Baker
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Marina Roy-Luzarraga
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Trevor A Graham
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Julie Foster
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Yu Wang
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA94043, USA
| | | | - Rajinder Singh
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA94043, USA
| | - Penglie Zhang
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA94043, USA
| | - Thomas J Schall
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA94043, USA
| | - Frances R Balkwill
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jane Sosabowski
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Pedro R Cutillas
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Patricia Sancho
- Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer and Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- IIS Aragon, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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25
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Aboubakar Nana F, Vanderputten M, Ocak S. Role of Focal Adhesion Kinase in Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1683. [PMID: 31671774 PMCID: PMC6895835 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents 15% of all lung cancers and it is clinically the most aggressive type, being characterized by a tendency for early metastasis, with two-thirds of the patients diagnosed with an extensive stage (ES) disease and a five-year overall survival (OS) as low as 5%. There are still no effective targeted therapies in SCLC despite improved understanding of the molecular steps leading to SCLC development and progression these last years. After four decades, the only modest improvement in OS of patients suffering from ES-SCLC has recently been shown in a trial combining atezolizumab, an anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, with carboplatin and etoposide, chemotherapy agents. This highlights the need to pursue research efforts in this field. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed and activated in several cancers, including SCLC, and contributing to cancer progression and metastasis through its important role in cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, spreading, migration, and invasion. FAK also plays a role in tumor immune evasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, DNA damage repair, radioresistance, and regulation of cancer stem cells. FAK is of particular interest in SCLC, being known for its aggressiveness. The inhibition of FAK in SCLC cell lines demonstrated significative decrease in cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In this review, we will focus on the role of FAK in cancer cells and their microenvironment, and its potential as a therapeutic target in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Aboubakar Nana
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Division of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, UCL, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marie Vanderputten
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sebahat Ocak
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie (PNEU), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Division of Pneumology, CHU UCL Namur (Godinne Site), UCL, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium.
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26
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Gao C, Chen G, Zhang DH, Zhang J, Kuan SF, Hu W, Esni F, Gao X, Guan JL, Chu E, Hu J. PYK2 Is Involved in Premalignant Acinar Cell Reprogramming and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Maintenance by Phosphorylating β-Catenin Y654. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:561-578. [PMID: 31330317 PMCID: PMC6889497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Identification and validation of new functionally relevant and pharmacologically actionable targets for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a great challenge. Premalignant acinar cell reprogramming (acinar-to-ductal metaplasia [ADM]) is a precursor of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions that can progress to PDAC. This study investigated the role of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) in mutant Kras-induced and pancreatitis-associated ADM and PanIN formation, as well as in PDAC maintenance. METHODS Genetically engineered mouse models of mutant Kras (glycine 12 to aspartic acid) and Pyk2 deletion were used for investigating the role of PYK2 in PDAC genesis in mice. In vitro ADM assays were conducted using primary pancreatic acinar cells isolated from mice. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and a series of biochemical experiments were used to investigate upstream regulators/downstream targets of PYK2 in pancreatic carcinogenesis. PDAC cell line xenograft experiments were performed to study the role of PYK2 and its downstream target in PDAC maintenance. RESULTS PYK2 was increased substantially in ADM lesions induced by mutant Kras or inflammatory injury. Pyk2 deletion remarkably suppressed ADM and PanIN formation in a mutant Kras-driven and pancreatitis-associated PDAC model, whereas PYK2 knockdown substantially inhibited PDAC cell growth in vitro and in nude mice. This study uncovered a novel yes-associated protein 1/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ binding motif/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/PYK2/β-catenin regulation axis in PDAC. Our results suggest that PYK2 contributes to PDAC genesis and maintenance by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through directly phosphorylating β-cateninY654. CONCLUSIONS The current study uncovers PYK2 as a novel downstream effector of mutant KRAS signaling, a previously unrecognized mediator of pancreatitis-induced ADM and a novel intervention target for PDAC.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Carcinoma in Situ/genetics
- Carcinoma in Situ/metabolism
- Carcinoma in Situ/pathology
- Carcinoma, Acinar Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Acinar Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Acinar Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cellular Reprogramming/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 2/genetics
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 2/metabolism
- Male
- Metaplasia
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/metabolism
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/metabolism
- Wnt Signaling Pathway
- YAP-Signaling Proteins
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; UPMC, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Guangming Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; UPMC, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis Han Zhang
- Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Judy Zhang
- Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shih-Fan Kuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wenhuo Hu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Farzad Esni
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; UPMC, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Edward Chu
- UPMC, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; UPMC, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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27
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FAK and Pyk2 activity promote TNF-α and IL-1β-mediated pro-inflammatory gene expression and vascular inflammation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7617. [PMID: 31110200 PMCID: PMC6527705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity has been implicated in pro-inflammatory gene expression following tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or interkeukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulation. However, the identity of responsible PTK(s) in cytokine signaling have not been elucidated. To evaluate which PTK is critical to promote the cytokine-induced inflammatory cell adhesion molecule (CAM) expression including VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin in human aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs), we have tested pharmacological inhibitors of major PTKs: Src and the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family kinases - FAK and proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2). We found that a dual inhibitor of FAK/Pyk2 (PF-271) most effectively reduced all three CAMs upon TNF-α or IL-1β stimulation compared to FAK or Src specific inhibitors (PF-228 or Dasatinib), which inhibited only VCAM-1 expression. In vitro inflammation assays showed PF-271 reduced monocyte attachment and transmigration on HAoECs. Furthermore, FAK/Pyk2 activity was not limited to CAM expression but was also required for expression of various pro-inflammatory molecules including MCP-1 and IP-10. Both TNF-α and IL-1β signaling requires FAK/Pyk2 activity to activate ERK and JNK MAPKs leading to inflammatory gene expression. Knockdown of either FAK or Pyk2 reduced TNF-α-stimulated ERK and JNK activation and CAM expression, suggesting that activation of ERK or JNK is specific through FAK and Pyk2. Finally, FAK/Pyk2 activity is required for VCAM-1 expression and macrophage recruitment to the vessel wall in a carotid ligation model in ApoE-/- mice. Our findings define critical roles of FAK/Pyk2 in mediating inflammatory cytokine signaling and implicate FAK/Pyk2 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents to treat vascular inflammatory disease such as atherosclerosis.
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28
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Jeong K, Kim JH, Murphy JM, Park H, Kim SJ, Rodriguez YAR, Kong H, Choi C, Guan JL, Taylor JM, Lincoln TM, Gerthoffer WT, Kim JS, Ahn EYE, Schlaepfer DD, Lim STS. Nuclear Focal Adhesion Kinase Controls Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Neointimal Hyperplasia Through GATA4-Mediated Cyclin D1 Transcription. Circ Res 2019; 125:152-166. [PMID: 31096851 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neointimal hyperplasia is characterized by excessive accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) leading to occlusive disorders, such as atherosclerosis and stenosis. Blood vessel injury increases growth factor secretion and matrix synthesis, which promotes SMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia via FAK (focal adhesion kinase). OBJECTIVE To understand the mechanism of FAK action in SMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS Using combined pharmacological FAK catalytic inhibition (VS-4718) and SMC-specific FAK kinase-dead (Myh11-Cre-ERT2) mouse models, we report that FAK regulates SMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia in part by governing GATA4- (GATA-binding protein 4) cyclin D1 signaling. Inhibition of FAK catalytic activity facilitates FAK nuclear localization, which is required for proteasome-mediated GATA4 degradation in the cytoplasm. Chromatin immunoprecipitation identified GATA4 binding to the mouse cyclin D1 promoter, and loss of GATA4-mediated cyclin D1 transcription diminished SMC proliferation. Stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor or serum activated FAK and redistributed FAK from the nucleus to cytoplasm, leading to concomitant increase in GATA4 protein and cyclin D1 expression. In a femoral artery wire injury model, increased neointimal hyperplasia was observed in parallel with elevated FAK activity, GATA4 and cyclin D1 expression following injury in control mice, but not in VS-4718-treated and SMC-specific FAK kinase-dead mice. Finally, lentiviral shGATA4 knockdown in the wire injury significantly reduced cyclin D1 expression, SMC proliferation, and neointimal hyperplasia compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear enrichment of FAK by inhibition of FAK catalytic activity during vessel injury blocks SMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia through regulation of GATA4-mediated cyclin D1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuho Jeong
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Mitchell Cancer Institute (J.-H.K., H.K., E.-Y.E.A), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - James M Murphy
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Hyeonsoo Park
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Yelitza A R Rodriguez
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Hyunkyung Kong
- Mitchell Cancer Institute (J.-H.K., H.K., E.-Y.E.A), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Chungsik Choi
- Department of Physiology (C.C., T.M.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (J.-L.G.)
| | - Joan M Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.M.T.)
| | - Thomas M Lincoln
- Department of Physiology (C.C., T.M.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - William T Gerthoffer
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Jun-Sub Kim
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile.,Department of Biotechnology, Korea National Transportation University, Chungbuk (J.-S.K.)
| | - Eun-Young Erin Ahn
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile.,Mitchell Cancer Institute (J.-H.K., H.K., E.-Y.E.A), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (D.D.S.)
| | - Ssang-Taek Steve Lim
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
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Sharma J, Larkin J. Therapeutic Implication of SOCS1 Modulation in the Treatment of Autoimmunity and Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:324. [PMID: 31105556 PMCID: PMC6499178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of intracellular proteins has a vital role in the regulation of the immune system and resolution of inflammatory cascades. SOCS1, also called STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI) or JAK-binding protein (JAB), is a member of the SOCS family with actions ranging from immune modulation to cell cycle regulation. Knockout of SOCS1 leads to perinatal lethality in mice and increased vulnerability to cancer, while several SNPs associated with the SOCS1 gene have been implicated in human inflammation-mediated diseases. In this review, we describe the mechanism of action of SOCS1 and its potential therapeutic role in the prevention and treatment of autoimmunity and cancer. We also provide a brief outline of the other JAK inhibitors, both FDA-approved and under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joseph Larkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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30
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Targeting Focal Adhesion Kinase Using Inhibitors of Protein-Protein Interactions. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090278. [PMID: 30134553 PMCID: PMC6162372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed and activated in many human cancers. FAK transmits signals to a wide range of targets through both kinase-dependant and independent mechanism thereby playing essential roles in cell survival, proliferation, migration and invasion. In the past years, small molecules that inhibit FAK kinase function have been developed and show reduced cancer progression and metastasis in several preclinical models. Clinical trials have been conducted and these molecules display limited adverse effect in patients. FAK contain multiple functional domains and thus exhibit both important scaffolding functions. In this review, we describe the major FAK interactions relevant in cancer signalling and discuss how such knowledge provide rational for the development of Protein-Protein Interactions (PPI) inhibitors.
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31
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Counterbalance: modulation of VEGF/VEGFR activities by TNFSF15. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:21. [PMID: 30101034 PMCID: PMC6085396 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular hyperpermeability occurs in angiogenesis and several pathobiological conditions, producing elevated interstitial fluid pressure and lymphangiogenesis. How these closely related events are modulated is a fundamentally important question regarding the maintenance of vascular homeostasis and treatment of disease conditions such as cancer, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Signals mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, noticeably VEGFR-1, −2, and −3, are centrally involved in the promotion of both blood vessel and lymphatic vessel growth. These signaling pathways are counterbalanced or, in the case of VEGFR3, augmented by signals induced by tumor necrosis factor superfamily-15 (TNFSF15). TNFSF15 can simultaneously downregulate membrane-bound VEGFR1 and upregulate soluble VEGFR1, thus changing VEGF/VEGFR1 signals from pro-angiogenic to anti-angiogenic. In addition, TNFSF15 inhibits VEGF-induced VEGFR2 phosphorylation, thereby curbing VEGFR2-mediated enhancement of vascular permeability. Third, and perhaps more interestingly, TNFSF15 is capable of stimulating VEGFR3 gene expression in lymphatic endothelial cells, thus augmenting VEGF-C/D-VEGFR3-facilitated lymphangiogenesis. We discuss the intertwining relationship between the actions of TNFSF15 and VEGF in this review. The ability of tumor necrosis factor superfamily-15 (TNFSF15) protein to balance the actions of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) highlights new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diseases that disrupt the circulatory system. Gui-Li Yang at the Tianjin Neurological Institute and Lu-Yuan Li at Nankai University describe the mechanisms through which TNFSF15 inhibits blood vessel growth mediated by VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR1) and counterbalances the increase in vascular permeability mediated by VEGFR2. Interestingly, TNFSF15 enhances the effects of VEGFR3 on the formation of lymphatic vessels by promoting VEGFR3 gene expression in lymphatic endothelial cells. Further research will determine whether TNFSF15′s unique capacity to regulate the properties of both blood and lymph vessels can be harnessed to improve the treatment of conditions such as cancer, stroke, myocardial infarction and lymphoedema.
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32
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Naser R, Aldehaiman A, Díaz-Galicia E, Arold ST. Endogenous Control Mechanisms of FAK and PYK2 and Their Relevance to Cancer Development. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E196. [PMID: 29891810 PMCID: PMC6025627 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and its close paralogue, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2), are key regulators of aggressive spreading and metastasis of cancer cells. While targeted small-molecule inhibitors of FAK and PYK2 have been found to have promising antitumor activity, their clinical long-term efficacy may be undermined by the strong capacity of cancer cells to evade anti-kinase drugs. In healthy cells, the expression and/or function of FAK and PYK2 is tightly controlled via modulation of gene expression, competing alternatively spliced forms, non-coding RNAs, and proteins that directly or indirectly affect kinase activation or protein stability. The molecular factors involved in this control are frequently deregulated in cancer cells. Here, we review the endogenous mechanisms controlling FAK and PYK2, and with particular focus on how these mechanisms could inspire or improve anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Naser
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah Aldehaiman
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Escarlet Díaz-Galicia
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Stefan T Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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33
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Cook JH, Ueno N, Lodoen MB. Toxoplasma gondii disrupts β1 integrin signaling and focal adhesion formation during monocyte hypermotility. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3374-3385. [PMID: 29295815 PMCID: PMC5836128 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The motility of blood monocytes is orchestrated by the activity of cell-surface integrins, which translate extracellular signals into cytoskeletal changes to mediate adhesion and migration. Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that infects migratory cells and enhances their motility, but the mechanisms underlying T. gondii-induced hypermotility are incompletely understood. We investigated the molecular basis for the hypermotility of primary human peripheral blood monocytes and THP-1 cells infected with T. gondii Compared with uninfected monocytes, T. gondii infection of monocytes reduced cell spreading and the number of activated β1 integrin clusters in contact with fibronectin during settling, an effect not observed in monocytes treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Escherichia coli Furthermore, T. gondii infection disrupted the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at tyrosine 397 (Tyr-397) and Tyr-925 and of the related protein proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2) at Tyr-402. The localization of paxillin, FAK, and vinculin to focal adhesions and the colocalization of these proteins with activated β1 integrins were also impaired in T. gondii-infected monocytes. Using time-lapse confocal microscopy of THP-1 cells expressing enhanced GFP (eGFP)-FAK during settling on fibronectin, we found that T. gondii-induced monocyte hypermotility was characterized by a reduced number of enhanced GFP-FAK-containing clusters over time compared with uninfected cells. This study demonstrates an integrin conformation-independent regulation of the β1 integrin adhesion pathway, providing further insight into the molecular mechanism of T. gondii-induced monocyte hypermotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Cook
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and the Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Norikiyo Ueno
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and the Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Melissa B Lodoen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and the Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
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34
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Yu H, Gao M, Ma Y, Wang L, Shen Y, Liu X. Inhibition of cell migration by focal adhesion kinase: Time-dependent difference in integrin-induced signaling between endothelial and hepatoblastoma cells. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2573-2588. [PMID: 29484384 PMCID: PMC5846670 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays an important role in the development and progression of tumors, and it involves a series of signaling pathways contributing to the migration of endothelial cells for vascularization and to the invasion of cancer cells for secondary tumor formation. Among these pathways, the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling cascade has been implicated in a variety of human cancers in connection with cell adhesion and migration events leading to tumor angiogenesis, metastasis and invasion. Therefore, the inhibition of FAK in endothelial and/or cancer cells is a potential target for anti-angiogenic therapy. In the present study, a small-molecule FAK inhibitor, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetramine tetrahydrochloride (Y15), was used to study the effects of FAK inhibition on the adhesion and migration behaviors of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and human hepatoblastoma cells. Furthermore, the time-dependent differences in proteins associated with the integrin-mediated FAK/Rho GTPases signaling pathway within 2 h were examined. The results indicated that the inhibition of FAK significantly decreased the migration ability of VECs and human hepatoblastoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of FAK promoted cell detachment by decreasing the expression of focal adhesion components, and blocked cell motility by reducing the level of Rho GTPases. However, the expression of crucial proteins involved in integrin-induced signaling in two cell lines exhibited a time-dependent difference with increased duration of FAK inhibitor treatment, suggesting different mechanisms of FAK-mediated cell migration behavior. These results suggest that the mechanism underlying FAK-mediated adhesion and migration behavior differs among various cells, which is expected to provide evidence for future FAK therapy targeted against tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchi Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Min Gao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Nuclear FAK and its kinase activity regulate VEGFR2 transcription in angiogenesis of adult mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2550. [PMID: 29416084 PMCID: PMC5803223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is essential in embryonic angiogenesis by regulating endothelial cell (EC) survival and barrier functions through its kinase-independent and -dependent activities. Here, we generated EC-specific tamoxifen-inducible FAK knockout and FAK kinase-defective (KD) mutant knockin mice to investigate the role of FAK and its kinase activity in angiogenesis of adult animals. Unlike previous observations of their differential defects in embryonic vascular development, both FAK ablation and inactivation of its kinase activity resulted in deficient angiogenesis in wound-healing as well as retinal angiogenesis models. Consistent with these phenotypes, loss of FAK or its kinase activity decreased EC proliferation and migration to similar extents, suggesting FAK primarily acts as a kinase for the regulation of adult EC-mediated angiogenesis. Further mechanistic analyses were carried out using an established mouse EC line MS1 cells. Interestingly, we found that FAK regulated the expression of VEGFR2, a central mediator of various EC functions and angiogenesis, which requires both FAK kinase activity and its translocation into the nucleus. Moreover, nuclear FAK was detected in the RNA polymerase II complex associated with VEGFR2 promoter, suggesting its direct participation in the transcriptional regulation of VEGFR2. Together, our results provide significant insights into the signaling mechanisms of FAK in angiogenesis that may contribute to future design of more effective angiogenesis related therapy.
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Mashreghi M, Azarpara H, Bazaz MR, Jafari A, Masoudifar A, Mirzaei H, Jaafari MR. Angiogenesis biomarkers and their targeting ligands as potential targets for tumor angiogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2949-2965. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mashreghi
- NanotechnologyResearch Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Hassan Azarpara
- School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mahere R. Bazaz
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - Arash Jafari
- School of Medicine; Birjand University of Medical Sciences; Birjand Iran
| | - Aria Masoudifar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Biotechnology; ACECR Isfahan Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Mahmoud R. Jaafari
- NanotechnologyResearch Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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Meirson T, Samson AO, Gil-Henn H. An in silico high-throughput screen identifies potential selective inhibitors for the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:1535-1557. [PMID: 28572720 PMCID: PMC5441678 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s136150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The non-receptor tyrosine kinase proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a critical mediator of signaling from cell surface growth factor and adhesion receptors to cell migration, proliferation, and survival. Emerging evidence indicates that signaling by Pyk2 regulates hematopoietic cell response, bone density, neuronal degeneration, angiogenesis, and cancer. These physiological and pathological roles of Pyk2 warrant it as a valuable therapeutic target for invasive cancers, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and inflammatory cellular response. Despite its potential as a therapeutic target, no potent and selective inhibitor of Pyk2 is available at present. As a first step toward discovering specific potential inhibitors of Pyk2, we used an in silico high-throughput screening approach. A virtual library of six million lead-like compounds was docked against four different high-resolution Pyk2 kinase domain crystal structures and further selected for predicted potency and ligand efficiency. Ligand selectivity for Pyk2 over focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was evaluated by comparative docking of ligands and measurement of binding free energy so as to obtain 40 potential candidates. Finally, the structural flexibility of a subset of the docking complexes was evaluated by molecular dynamics simulation, followed by intermolecular interaction analysis. These compounds may be considered as promising leads for further development of highly selective Pyk2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Meirson
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Abraham O Samson
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Hava Gil-Henn
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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38
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Kleinschmidt EG, Schlaepfer DD. Focal adhesion kinase signaling in unexpected places. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 45:24-30. [PMID: 28213315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase first identified at extracellular matrix and integrin receptor cell adhesion sites and is a key regulator of cell movement. FAK is activated by a variety of stimuli. Herein, we discuss advances in conformational-associated FAK activation and dimerization mechanisms. Additionally, new roles have emerged for FAK signaling at cell adhesions, adherens junctions, endosomes, and the nucleus. In light of these new findings, we review how FAK activation at these sites is connected to the regulation of integrin recycling-activation, vascular permeability, cell survival, and transcriptional regulation, respectively. Studies uncovering FAK signaling connections in unexpected places within cells have yielded important new regulatory insights in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Kleinschmidt
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC 0983, La Jolla, CA 92093-0983, United States
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC 0983, La Jolla, CA 92093-0983, United States.
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Yang GL, Zhao Z, Qin TT, Wang D, Chen L, Xiang R, Xi Z, Jiang R, Zhang ZS, Zhang J, Li LY. TNFSF15 inhibits VEGF-stimulated vascular hyperpermeability by inducing VEGFR2 dephosphorylation. FASEB J 2017; 31:2001-2012. [PMID: 28183800 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600800r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular hyperpermeability is critical in ischemic diseases, including stroke and myocardial infarction, as well as in inflammation and cancer. It is well known that the VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling pathways are pivotal in promoting vascular permeability; however, counterbalancing mechanisms that restrict vascular permeability to maintain the integrity of blood vessels are not yet fully understood. We report that TNF superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15), a cytokine largely produced by vascular endothelial cells and a specific inhibitor of the proliferation of these same cells, can inhibit VEGF-induced vascular permeability in vitro and in vivo, and that death receptor 3 (DR3), a cell surface receptor of TNFSF15, mediates TNFSF15-induced dephosphorylation of VEGFR2. Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) becomes associated with DR3 upon TNFSF15 interaction with the latter. In addition, a protein complex consisting of VEGFR2, DR3, and SHP-1 is formed in response to the effects of TNFSF15 and VEGF on endothelial cells. It is plausible that this protein complex provides a structural basis for the molecular mechanism in which TNFSF15 induces the inhibition of VEGF-stimulated vascular hyperpermeability.-Yang, G.-L., Zhao, Z., Qin, T.-T., Wang, D., Chen, L., Xiang, R., Xi, Z., Jiang, R., Zhang, Z.-S., Zhang, J., Li. L.-Y. TNFSF15 inhibits VEGF-stimulated vascular hyperpermeability by inducing VEGFR2 dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Ting-Ting Qin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Immunology, Medical School of Nankai University, and
| | - Zhen Xi
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Zhi-Song Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research,
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Lu-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research,
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40
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Toutounchian JJ, Pagadala J, Miller DD, Baudry J, Park F, Chaum E, Morales-Tirado V, Yates CR. Novel Small Molecule JP-153 Targets the Src-FAK-Paxillin Signaling Complex to Inhibit VEGF-Induced Retinal Angiogenesis. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 91:1-13. [PMID: 27913654 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.105031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a common treatment strategy for neovascular eye disease, a major cause of vision loss in diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. However, the decline in clinical efficacy over time in many patients suggests that monotherapy of anti-VEGF protein therapeutics may benefit from adjunctive treatments. Our previous work has shown that through decreased activation of the cytoskeletal protein paxillin, growth factor-induced ischemic retinopathy in the murine oxygen-induced retinopathy model could be inhibited. In this study, we demonstrated that VEGF-dependent activation of the Src/FAK/paxillin signalsome is required for human retinal endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Specifically, the disruption of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin interactions using the small molecule JP-153 inhibited Src-dependent phosphorylation of paxillin (Y118) and downstream activation of Akt (S473), resulting in reduced migration and proliferation of retinal endothelial cells stimulated with VEGF. However, this effect did not prevent the initial activation of either Src or FAK. Furthermore, topical application of a JP-153-loaded microemulsion affected the hallmark features of pathologic retinal angiogenesis, reducing neovascular tuft formation and increased avascular area, in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results suggest that using small molecules to modulate the focal adhesion protein paxillin is an effective strategy for treating pathologic retinal neovascularization. To our knowledge, this is the first paradigm validating modulation of paxillin to inhibit angiogenesis. As such, we have identified and developed a novel class of small molecules aimed at targeting focal adhesion protein interactions that are essential for pathologic neovascularization in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Toutounchian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.J.T., J.P., D.D.M., F.P., C.R.Y.) and Department of Ophthalmology (E.C., C.R.Y.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee; and UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (J.B.)
| | - Jayaprakash Pagadala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.J.T., J.P., D.D.M., F.P., C.R.Y.) and Department of Ophthalmology (E.C., C.R.Y.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee; and UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (J.B.)
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.J.T., J.P., D.D.M., F.P., C.R.Y.) and Department of Ophthalmology (E.C., C.R.Y.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee; and UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (J.B.)
| | - Jerome Baudry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.J.T., J.P., D.D.M., F.P., C.R.Y.) and Department of Ophthalmology (E.C., C.R.Y.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee; and UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (J.B.)
| | - Frank Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.J.T., J.P., D.D.M., F.P., C.R.Y.) and Department of Ophthalmology (E.C., C.R.Y.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee; and UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (J.B.)
| | - Edward Chaum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.J.T., J.P., D.D.M., F.P., C.R.Y.) and Department of Ophthalmology (E.C., C.R.Y.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee; and UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (J.B.)
| | | | - Charles R Yates
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.J.T., J.P., D.D.M., F.P., C.R.Y.) and Department of Ophthalmology (E.C., C.R.Y.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee; and UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (J.B.)
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FAK deletion accelerates liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34316. [PMID: 27677358 PMCID: PMC5039626 DOI: 10.1038/srep34316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of liver regeneration is essential to improve the survival rate of patients after surgical resection of large amounts of liver tissue. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates different cellular functions, including cell survival, proliferation and cell migration. The role of FAK in liver regeneration remains unknown. In this study, we found that Fak is activated and induced during liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PHx). We used mice with liver-specific deletion of Fak and investigated the role of Fak in liver regeneration in 2/3 PHx model (removal of 2/3 of the liver). We found that specific deletion of Fak accelerates liver regeneration. Fak deletion enhances hepatocyte proliferation prior to day 3 post-PHx but attenuates hepatocyte proliferation 3 days after PHx. Moreover, we demonstrated that the deletion of Fak in liver transiently increases EGFR activation by regulating the TNFα/HB-EGF axis during liver regeneration. Furthermore, we found more apoptosis in Fak-deficient mouse livers compared to WT mouse livers after PHx. Conclusion: Our data suggest that Fak is involved in the process of liver regeneration, and inhibition of FAK may be a promising strategy to accelerate liver regeneration in recipients after liver transplantation.
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42
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Roy-Luzarraga M, Hodivala-Dilke K. Molecular Pathways: Endothelial Cell FAK-A Target for Cancer Treatment. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3718-24. [PMID: 27262114 PMCID: PMC5386133 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase, focal adhesion kinase (FAK, also known as PTK2), is a key mediator of signal transduction downstream of integrins and growth factor receptors in a variety of cells, including endothelial cells. FAK is upregulated in several advanced-stage solid tumors and has been described to promote tumor progression and metastasis through effects on both tumor cells and stromal cells. This observation has led to the development of several FAK inhibitors, some of which have entered clinical trials (GSK2256098, VS-4718, VS-6062, VS-6063, and BI853520). Resistance to chemotherapy is a serious limitation of cancer treatment and, until recently, most studies were restricted to tumor cells, excluding the possible roles performed by the tumor microenvironment. A recent report identified endothelial cell FAK (EC-FAK) as a major regulator of chemosensitivity. By dysregulating endothelial cell-derived paracrine (also known as angiocrine) signals, loss of FAK solely in the endothelial cell compartment is able to induce chemosensitization to DNA-damaging therapies in the malignant cell compartment and thereby reduce tumor growth. Herein, we summarize the roles of EC-FAK in cancer and development and review the status of FAK-targeting anticancer strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3718-24. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Roy-Luzarraga
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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43
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Vascular growth responses to chronic arterial occlusion are unaffected by myeloid specific focal adhesion kinase (FAK) deletion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27029. [PMID: 27244251 PMCID: PMC4886679 DOI: 10.1038/srep27029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Arteriogenesis, or the lumenal expansion of pre-existing arterioles in the presence of an upstream occlusion, is a fundamental vascular growth response. Though alterations in shear stress stimulate arteriogenesis, the migration of monocytes into the perivascular space surrounding collateral arteries and their differentiation into macrophages is critical for this vascular growth response to occur. Focal adhesion kinase’s (FAK) role in regulating cell migration has recently been expanded to primary macrophages. We therefore investigated the effect of the myeloid-specific conditional deletion of FAK on vascular remodeling in the mouse femoral arterial ligation (FAL) model. Using laser Doppler perfusion imaging, whole mount imaging of vascular casted gracilis muscles, and immunostaining for CD31 in gastrocnemius muscles cross-sections, we found that there were no statistical differences in perfusion recovery, arteriogenesis, or angiogenesis 28 days after FAL. We therefore sought to determine FAK expression in different myeloid cell populations. We found that FAK is expressed at equally low levels in Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo blood monocytes, however expression is increased over 2-fold in bone marrow derived macrophages. Ultimately, these results suggest that FAK is not required for monocyte migration to the perivascular space and that vascular remodeling following arterial occlusion occurs independently of myeloid specific FAK.
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Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 via enhancing signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-dependent cJun expression mediates retinal neovascularization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26480. [PMID: 27210483 PMCID: PMC4876476 DOI: 10.1038/srep26480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the involvement of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) in endothelial cell angiogenic responses, its role in pathological retinal angiogenesis is not known. In the present study, we show that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) induces Pyk2 activation in mediating human retinal microvascular endothelial cell (HRMVEC) migration, sprouting and tube formation. Downstream to Pyk2, VEGFA induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation and cJun expression in the modulation of HRMVEC migration, sprouting and tube formation. Consistent with these observations, hypoxia induced activation of Pyk2-STAT3-cJun signaling axis and siRNA-mediated downregulation of Pyk2, STAT3 or cJun levels substantially inhibited hypoxia-induced retinal endothelial cell proliferation, tip cell formation and neovascularization. Together, these observations suggest that activation of Pyk2-mediated STAT3-cJun signaling is required for VEGFA-induced HRMVEC migration, sprouting and tube formation in vitro and hypoxia-induced retinal endothelial cell proliferation, tip cell formation and neovascularization in vivo.
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45
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Stability and function of adult vasculature is sustained by Akt/Jagged1 signalling axis in endothelium. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10960. [PMID: 26971877 PMCID: PMC4793084 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The signalling pathways operational in quiescent, post-development vasculature remain enigmatic. Here we show that unlike neovascularization, endothelial Akt signalling in established vasculature is crucial not for endothelial cell (EC) survival, but for sustained interactions with pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) regulating vascular stability and function. Inducible endothelial-specific Akt1 deletion in adult global Akt2KO mice triggers progressive VSMC apoptosis. In hearts, this causes a loss of arteries and arterioles and, despite a high capillary density, diminished vascular patency and severe cardiac dysfunction. Similarly, endothelial Akt deletion induces retinal VSMC loss and basement membrane deterioration resulting in vascular regression and retinal atrophy. Mechanistically, the Akt/mTOR axis controls endothelial Jagged1 expression and, thereby, Notch signalling regulating VSMC maintenance. Jagged1 peptide treatment of Akt1ΔEC;Akt2KO mice and Jagged1 re-expression in Akt-deficient endothelium restores VSMC coverage. Thus, sustained endothelial Akt1/2 signalling is critical in maintaining vascular stability and homeostasis, thereby preserving tissue and organ function. The Akt pathway integrates multiple signals, but whether it affects vasculature function is debatable. Here the authors show that Akt pathway shutdown in adult mouse endothelium causes destabilization of vasculature leading to cardiac and retinal dysfunction, due to decreased levels of Jagged1 and impaired Notch signaling.
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46
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Vanarotti MS, Finkelstein DB, Guibao CD, Nourse A, Miller DJ, Zheng JJ. Structural Basis for the Interaction between Pyk2-FAT Domain and Leupaxin LD Repeats. Biochemistry 2016; 55:1332-45. [PMID: 26866573 PMCID: PMC4843776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Proline-rich
tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a nonreceptor tyrosine
kinase and belongs to the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family. Like
FAK, the C-terminal focal adhesion-targeting (FAT) domain of Pyk2
binds to paxillin, a scaffold protein in focal adhesions; however,
the interaction between the FAT domain of Pyk2 and paxillin is dynamic
and unstable. Leupaxin is another member in the paxillin family and
was suggested to be the native binding partner of Pyk2; Pyk2 gene
expression is strongly correlated with that of leupaxin in many tissues
including primary breast cancer. Here, we report that leupaxin interacts
with Pyk2-FAT. Leupaxin has four leucine–aspartate (LD) motifs.
The first and third LD motifs of leupaxin preferably target the two
LD-binding sites on the Pyk2-FAT domain, respectively. Moreover, the
full-length leupaxin binds to Pyk2-FAT as a stable one-to-one complex.
Together, we propose that there is an underlying selectivity between
leupaxin and paxillin for Pyk2, which may influence the differing
behavior of the two proteins at focal adhesion sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jie J Zheng
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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47
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Yurdagul A, Sulzmaier FJ, Chen XL, Pattillo CB, Schlaepfer DD, Orr AW. Oxidized LDL induces FAK-dependent RSK signaling to drive NF-κB activation and VCAM-1 expression. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1580-91. [PMID: 26906414 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.182097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) accumulates early in atherosclerosis and promotes endothelial nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, proinflammatory gene expression and monocyte adhesion. Like for other atherogenic factors, oxLDL-induced proinflammatory responses requires integrin-dependent focal adhesion kinase (FAK, also known as PTK2) signaling; however, the mechanism by which FAK mediates oxLDL-dependent NF-κB signaling has yet to be revealed. We now show that oxLDL induces NF-κB activation and VCAM-1 expression through FAK-dependent IκB kinase β (IKKβ, also known as IKBKB) activation. We further identify FAK-dependent activation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase family proteins (RSK) as a crucial mediator of oxLDL-dependent IKKβ and NF-κB signaling, as inhibiting RSK blocks oxLDL-induced IKKβ and NF-κB activation, VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion. Finally, transgenic mice containing a kinase-dead mutation in FAK specifically in the endothelial cells show reduced RSK activity, decreased VCAM-1 expression and reduced macrophage accumulation in regions of early atherosclerosis. Taken together, our data elucidates a new mechanism whereby oxLDL-induced endothelial FAK signaling drives an ERK-RSK pathway to activate IKKβ and NF-κB signaling and proinflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Florian J Sulzmaier
- UCSD San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 0803 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiao L Chen
- UCSD San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 0803 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Christopher B Pattillo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- UCSD San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 0803 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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48
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Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a member of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases and plays an important role in diverse cellular events downstream of the integrin-family of receptors, including cell migration, proliferation and survival. Here, we have identified a novel role for Src kinase in priming Pyk2 phosphorylation and subsequent activation upon cell attachment on the integrin-ligand fibronectin. By using complementary methods, we show that Src activity is indispensable for the initial Pyk2 phosphorylation on the Y402 site observed in response to cell attachment. In contrast, the initial fibronectin-induced autophosphorylation of FAK in the homologous Y397 site occurs in a Src-independent manner. We demonstrate that the SH2-domain of Src is required for Src binding to Pyk2 and for Pyk2 phosphorylation at sites Y402 and Y579. Moreover, Y402 phosphorylation is a prerequisite for the subsequent Y579 phosphorylation. While this initial phosphorylation of Pyk2 by Src is independent of Pyk2 kinase activity, subsequent autophosphorylation of Pyk2 in trans is required for full Pyk2 phosphorylation and activation. Collectively, our studies reveal a novel function of Src in priming Pyk2 (but not FAK) phosphorylation and subsequent activation downstream of integrins, and shed light on the signaling events that regulate the function of Pyk2.
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49
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Rabiej VK, Pflanzner T, Wagner T, Goetze K, Storck SE, Eble JA, Weggen S, Mueller-Klieser W, Pietrzik CU. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 mediated endocytosis of β1-integrin influences cell adhesion and cell migration. Exp Cell Res 2015; 340:102-15. [PMID: 26610862 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) has been shown to interact with β1-integrin and regulate its surface expression. LRP1 knock-out cells exhibit altered cytoskeleton organization and decreased cell migration. Here we demonstrate coupled endocytosis of LRP1 and β1-integrin and the involvement of the intracellular NPxY2 motif of LRP1 in this process. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts harboring a knock in replacement of the NPxY2 motif of LRP1 by a multiple alanine cassette (AAxA) showed elevated surface expression of β1-integrin and decreased β1-integrin internalization rates. As a consequence, cell spreading was altered and adhesion rates were increased in our cell model. Cells formed more focal adhesion complexes, whereby in vitro cell migration rates were decreased. Similar results could be observed in a corresponding mouse model, the C57Bl6 LRP1 NPxYxxL knock in mice, therefore, the biochemistry of cellular adhesion was altered in primary cortical neurons. In vivo cell migration experiments demonstrated a disturbance of neuroblast cell migration along the rostral migratory stream. In summary, our results indicate that LRP1 interacts with β1-integrin mediating integrin internalization and thus correlates with downstream signaling of β1-integrin such as focal adhesion dynamics. Consequently, the disturbance of this interaction resulted in a dysfunction in in vivo and in vitro cell adhesion and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena K Rabiej
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pflanzner
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Timo Wagner
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Goetze
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen E Storck
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Mueller-Klieser
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
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50
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Moen I, Gebre M, Alonso-Camino V, Chen D, Epstein D, McDonald DM. Anti-metastatic action of FAK inhibitor OXA-11 in combination with VEGFR-2 signaling blockade in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:799-817. [PMID: 26445848 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study sought to determine the anti-tumor effects of OXA-11, a potent, novel small-molecule amino pyrimidine inhibitor (1.2 pM biochemical IC(50)) of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). In studies of cancer cell lines, OXA-11 inhibited FAK phosphorylation at phospho-tyrosine 397 with a mechanistic IC(50) of 1 nM in TOV21G tumor cells, which translated into functional suppression of proliferation in 3-dimensional culture with an EC(50) of 9 nM. Studies of OXA-11 activity in TOV21G tumor-cell xenografts in mice revealed a pharmacodynamic EC(50) of 1.8 nM, indicative of mechanistic inhibition of pFAK [Y397] in these tumors. OXA-11 inhibited TOV21G tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner and also potentiated effects of cisplatin on tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis in vitro and on tumor growth in mice. Studies of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in RIP-Tag2 transgenic mice revealed OXA-11 suppression of pFAK [Y397] and pFAK [Y861] in tumors and liver. OXA-11 given daily from age 14 to 17 weeks reduced tumor vascularity, invasion, and when given together with the anti-VEGFR-2 antibody DC101 reduced the incidence, abundance, and size of liver metastases. Liver micrometastases were found in 100 % of mice treated with vehicle, 84 % of mice treated with OXA-11, and 79 % of mice treated with DC101 (19-24 mice per group). In contrast, liver micrometastases were found in only 52 % of 21 mice treated with OXA-11 plus DC101, and those present were significantly smaller and less numerous. Together, these findings indicate that OXA-11 is a potent and selective inhibitor of FAK phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. OXA-11 slows tumor growth, potentiates the anti-tumor actions of cisplatin and--when combined with VEGFR-2 blockade--reduces metastasis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in RIP-Tag2 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Moen
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Anatomy, University of California - San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room S1349, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0452, USA.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Oxy Solutions, Parkveien 33B, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew Gebre
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Anatomy, University of California - San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room S1349, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0452, USA.,School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Vanesa Alonso-Camino
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Anatomy, University of California - San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room S1349, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0452, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Debbie Chen
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Anatomy, University of California - San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room S1349, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0452, USA.,School of Medicine, University of California - Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - David Epstein
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Donald M McDonald
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Anatomy, University of California - San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room S1349, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0452, USA.
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