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Eitler J, Rackwitz W, Wotschel N, Gudipati V, Murali Shankar N, Sidorenkova A, Huppa JB, Ortiz-Montero P, Opitz C, Künzel SR, Michen S, Temme A, Loureiro LR, Feldmann A, Bachmann M, Boissel L, Klingemann H, Wels WS, Tonn T. CAR-mediated targeting of NK cells overcomes tumor immune escape caused by ICAM-1 downregulation. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008155. [PMID: 38417916 PMCID: PMC10900364 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antitumor activity of natural killer (NK) cells can be enhanced by specific targeting with therapeutic antibodies that trigger antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or by genetic engineering to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Despite antibody or CAR targeting, some tumors remain resistant towards NK cell attack. While the importance of ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction for natural cytotoxicity of NK cells is known, its impact on ADCC induced by the ErbB2 (HER2)-specific antibody trastuzumab and ErbB2-CAR-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells has not been investigated. METHODS Here we used NK-92 cells expressing high-affinity Fc receptor FcγRIIIa in combination with trastuzumab or ErbB2-CAR engineered NK-92 cells (NK-92/5.28.z) as well as primary human NK cells combined with trastuzumab or modified with the ErbB2-CAR and tested cytotoxicity against cancer cells varying in ICAM-1 expression or alternatively blocked LFA-1 on NK cells. Furthermore, we specifically stimulated Fc receptor, CAR and/or LFA-1 to study their crosstalk at the immunological synapse and their contribution to degranulation and intracellular signaling in antibody-targeted or CAR-targeted NK cells. RESULTS Blockade of LFA-1 or absence of ICAM-1 significantly reduced cell killing and cytokine release during trastuzumab-mediated ADCC against ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells, but not so in CAR-targeted NK cells. Pretreatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine induced ICAM-1 upregulation and reversed NK cell resistance in ADCC. Trastuzumab alone did not sufficiently activate NK cells and required additional LFA-1 co-stimulation, while activation of the ErbB2-CAR in CAR-NK cells induced efficient degranulation independent of LFA-1. Total internal reflection fluorescence single molecule imaging revealed that CAR-NK cells formed an irregular immunological synapse with tumor cells that excluded ICAM-1, while trastuzumab formed typical peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (pSMAC) structures. Mechanistically, the absence of ICAM-1 did not affect cell-cell adhesion during ADCC, but rather resulted in decreased signaling via Pyk2 and ERK1/2, which was intrinsically provided by CAR-mediated targeting. Furthermore, while stimulation of the inhibitory NK cell checkpoint molecule NKG2A markedly reduced FcγRIIIa/LFA-1-mediated degranulation, retargeting by CAR was only marginally affected. CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of ICAM-1 on breast cancer cells is a critical escape mechanism from trastuzumab-triggered ADCC. In contrast, CAR-NK cells are able to overcome cancer cell resistance caused by ICAM-1 reduction, highlighting the potential of CAR-NK cells in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Eitler
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wiebke Rackwitz
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalie Wotschel
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
| | - Venugopal Gudipati
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nivedha Murali Shankar
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anastasia Sidorenkova
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paola Ortiz-Montero
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
| | - Corinna Opitz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan R Künzel
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Michen
- TU Dresden, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Experimental Neurosurgery and Tumor Immunology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Achim Temme
- TU Dresden, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Experimental Neurosurgery and Tumor Immunology, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
| | - Liliana Rodrigues Loureiro
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Torsten Tonn
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Cimpean M, Keppel MP, Gainullina A, Fan C, Sohn H, Schedler NC, Swain A, Kolicheski A, Shapiro H, Young HA, Wang T, Artyomov MN, Cooper MA. IL-15 Priming Alters IFN-γ Regulation in Murine NK Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1481-1493. [PMID: 37747317 PMCID: PMC10873103 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
NK effector functions can be triggered by inflammatory cytokines and engagement of activating receptors. NK cell production of IFN-γ, an important immunoregulatory cytokine, exhibits activation-specific IFN-γ regulation. Resting murine NK cells exhibit activation-specific metabolic requirements for IFN-γ production, which are reversed for activating receptor-mediated stimulation following IL-15 priming. Although both cytokine and activating receptor stimulation leads to similar IFN-γ protein production, only cytokine stimulation upregulates Ifng transcript, suggesting that protein production is translationally regulated after receptor stimulation. Based on these differences in IFN-γ regulation, we hypothesized that ex vivo IL-15 priming of murine NK cells allows a switch to IFN-γ transcription upon activating receptor engagement. Transcriptional analysis of primed NK cells compared with naive cells or cells cultured with low-dose IL-15 demonstrated that primed cells strongly upregulated Ifng transcript following activating receptor stimulation. This was not due to chromatin accessibility changes in the Ifng locus or changes in ITAM signaling, but was associated with a distinct transcriptional signature induced by ITAM stimulation of primed compared with naive NK cells. Transcriptional analyses identified a common signature of c-Myc (Myc) targets associated with Ifng transcription. Although Myc marked NK cells capable of Ifng transcription, Myc itself was not required for Ifng transcription using a genetic model of Myc deletion. This work highlights altered regulatory networks in IL-15-primed cells, resulting in distinct gene expression patterns and IFN-γ regulation in response to activating receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cimpean
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Molly P. Keppel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anastasiia Gainullina
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Changxu Fan
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hyogon Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nathan C. Schedler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amanda Swain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ana Kolicheski
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hannah Shapiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Howard A. Young
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maxim N. Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Megan A. Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Jiang D, Zhang J, Mao Z, Shi J, Ma P. Driving natural killer cell-based cancer immunotherapy for cancer treatment: An arduous journey to promising ground. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115004. [PMID: 37352703 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy represents one of the most effective strategies for cancer treatment. Recently, progress has been made in using natural killer (NK) cells for cancer therapy. NK cells can directly kill tumor cells without pre-sensitization and thus show promise in clinical applications, distinct from the use of T cells. Whereas, research and development on NK cell-based immunotherapy is still in its infancy, and enhancing the therapeutic effects of NK cells remains a key problem to be solved. An incompletely understanding of the mechanisms of action of NK cells, immune resistance in the tumor microenvironment, and obstacles associated with the delivery of therapeutic agents in vivo, represent three mountains that need to be scaled. Here, we firstly describe the mechanisms underlying the development, activity, and maturation of NK cells, and the formation of NK‑cell immunological synapses. Secondly, we discuss strategies for NK cell-based immunotherapy strategies, including adoptive transfer of NK cell therapy and treatment with cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting NK cells. Finally, we review the use of nanotechnology to overcome immune resistance, including enhancing the anti-tumor efficiency of chimeric antigen receptor-NK, cytokines and immunosuppressive-pathways inhibitors, promoting NK cell homing and developing NK cell-based nano-engagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Jingya Zhang
- Patent Examination Cooperation (Henan) Center of the Patent office, China National Intellectual Property Administration, Henan 450046, China
| | - Zhenkun Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Jinjin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Peizhi Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China.
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4
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Cimpean M, Keppel MP, Gainullina A, Fan C, Schedler NC, Swain A, Kolicheski A, Shapiro H, Young HA, Wang T, Artyomov MN, Cooper MA. IL-15 priming alters IFN-γ regulation in murine NK cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.23.537947. [PMID: 37163083 PMCID: PMC10168240 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.23.537947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) effector functions can be triggered by inflammatory cytokines and engagement of activating receptors. NK cell production of IFN-γ, an important immunoregulatory cytokine, exhibits activation-specific IFN-γ regulation. Resting murine NK cells exhibit activation-specific metabolic requirements for IFN-γ production, which are reversed for activating receptor-mediated stimulation following IL-15 priming. While both cytokine and activating receptor stimulation leads to similar IFN-γ protein production, only cytokine stimulation upregulates Ifng transcript, suggesting that protein production is translationally regulated after receptor stimulation. Based on these differences in IFN-γ regulation, we hypothesized that ex vivo IL-15 priming of murine NK cells allows a switch to IFN-γ transcription upon activating receptor engagement. Transcriptional analysis of primed NK cells compared to naïve cells or cells cultured with low-dose IL-15 demonstrated that primed cells strongly upregulated Ifng transcript following activating receptor stimulation. This was not due to chromatin accessibility changes in the Ifng locus or changes in ITAM signaling, but was associated with a distinct transcriptional signature induced by ITAM stimulation of primed compared to naïve NK cells. Transcriptional analyses identified a common signature of c-Myc (Myc) targets associated with Ifng transcription. While Myc marked NK cells capable of Ifng transcription, Myc itself was not required for Ifng transcription using a genetic model of Myc deletion. This work highlights altered regulatory networks in IL-15 primed cells, resulting in distinct gene expression patterns and IFN-γ regulation in response to activating receptor stimulation.
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5
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Wong DCP, Ding JL. The mechanobiology of NK cells- 'Forcing NK to Sense' target cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188860. [PMID: 36791921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes that recognize and kill cancer and infected cells, which makes them unique 'off-the-shelf' candidates for a new generation of immunotherapies. Biomechanical forces in homeostasis and pathophysiology accrue additional immune regulation for NK immune responses. Indeed, cellular and tissue biomechanics impact NK receptor clustering, cytoskeleton remodeling, NK transmigration through endothelial cells, nuclear mechanics, and even NK-dendritic cell interaction, offering a plethora of unexplored yet important dynamic regulation for NK immunotherapy. Such events are made more complex by the heterogeneity of human NK cells. A significant question remains on whether and how biochemical and biomechanical cues collaborate for NK cell mechanotransduction, a process whereby mechanical force is sensed, transduced, and translated to downstream mechanical and biochemical signalling. Herein, we review recent advances in understanding how NK cells perceive and mechanotransduce biophysical cues. We focus on how the cellular cytoskeleton crosstalk regulates NK cell function while bearing in mind the heterogeneity of NK cells, the direct and indirect mechanical cues for NK anti-tumor activity, and finally, engineering advances that are of translational relevance to NK cell biology at the systems level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Chen Pei Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Jeak Ling Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore; Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
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6
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Mace EM. Human natural killer cells: Form, function, and development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:371-385. [PMID: 36195172 PMCID: PMC9905317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that mediate important effector functions in the control of viral infection and malignancy. Their ability to distinguish "self" from "nonself" and lyse virally infected and tumorigenic cells through germline-encoded receptors makes them important players in maintaining human health and a powerful tool for immunotherapeutic applications and fighting disease. This review introduces our current understanding of NK cell biology, including key facets of NK cell differentiation and the acquisition and execution of NK cell effector function. Further, it addresses the clinical relevance of NK cells in both primary immunodeficiency and immunotherapy. It is intended to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of this important and interesting innate immune effector cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.
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7
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Rahman SA, Billingsley JM, Sharma AA, Styles TM, Govindaraj S, Shanmugasundaram U, Babu H, Riberio SP, Ali SA, Tharp GK, Ibegbu C, Waggoner SN, Johnson RP, Sekaly RP, Villinger F, Bosinger SE, Amara RR, Velu V. Lymph node CXCR5+ NK cells associate with control of chronic SHIV infection. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155601. [PMID: 35271506 PMCID: PMC9089783 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of virally infected cells as reservoirs despite effective antiretroviral therapy is a major barrier to an HIV/SIV cure. These reservoirs are predominately contained within cells present in the B cell follicles (BCFs) of secondary lymphoid tissues, a site that is characteristically difficult for most cytolytic antiviral effector cells to penetrate. Here, we identified a population of NK cells in macaque lymph nodes that expressed BCF-homing receptor CXCR5 and accumulated within BCFs during chronic SHIV infection. These CXCR5+ follicular NK cells exhibited an activated phenotype coupled with heightened effector functions and a unique transcriptome characterized by elevated expression of cytolytic mediators (e.g., perforin and granzymes, LAMP-1). CXCR5+ NK cells exhibited high expression of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa, suggesting a potential for elevated antibody-dependent effector functionality. Consistently, accumulation of CXCR5+ NK cells showed a strong inverse association with plasma viral load and the frequency of germinal center follicular Th cells that comprise a significant fraction of the viral reservoir. Moreover, CXCR5+ NK cells showed increased expression of transcripts associated with IL-12 and IL-15 signaling compared with the CXCR5- subset. Indeed, in vitro treatment with IL-12 and IL-15 enhanced the proliferation of CXCR5+ granzyme B+ NK cells. Our findings suggest that follicular homing NK cells might be important in immune control of chronic SHIV infection, and this may have important implications for HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Abdul Rahman
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - James M Billingsley
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashish Arunkumar Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tiffany M Styles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Uma Shanmugasundaram
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan Pereira Riberio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Syed A Ali
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - R Paul Johnson
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and.,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steve E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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8
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Chung YM, Tsai WB, Khan PP, Ma J, Berek JS, Larrick JW, Hu MCT. FOXO3-dependent suppression of PD-L1 promotes anticancer immune responses via activation of natural killer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:1241-1263. [PMID: 35411241 PMCID: PMC8984903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Boosting anticancer immunity by blocking immune checkpoints such as the programmed death-1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1) is a breakthrough anticancer therapy. However, many cancer patients do not respond well to immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) alone. Here we show that low-dose pharmacological immunoactivators (e.g., SN38, topotecan, sorafenib, etc.) notably downregulate PD-L1 and upregulate FOXO3 expression in various human and murine cancer cell lines. In a mouse tumor model, low-dose SN38 treatment markedly suppresses tumor growth, reduces PD-L1 expression, and enhances FOXO3 expression in primary tumor specimens. SN38 therapy engages the tumor-infiltrating mouse NK1.1/CD49b/NKG2D-positive natural killer (NK) cells to attack tumor cells by inducing mouse IFN-γ and granzyme-B secretion in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in vivo. SN38 treatment also promotes tumor cell apoptosis in the TME. SN38 treatment significantly decreases STAT3-pY705 and IL-6 protein levels; FOXO3 is essential for SN38-mediated PD-L1 downregulation. Collectively, these findings may contribute to future translational or clinical investigations tackling difficult-to-treat cancers with immune-activating medicines or combined with ICB immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Chung
- Panorama Institute of Molecular Medicine & Panorama Research InstituteSunnyvale, CA 94089, USA
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wen Bin Tsai
- Panorama Institute of Molecular Medicine & Panorama Research InstituteSunnyvale, CA 94089, USA
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pragya P Khan
- Panorama Institute of Molecular Medicine & Panorama Research InstituteSunnyvale, CA 94089, USA
| | - Jessica Ma
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan S Berek
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James W Larrick
- Panorama Institute of Molecular Medicine & Panorama Research InstituteSunnyvale, CA 94089, USA
| | - Mickey C-T Hu
- Panorama Institute of Molecular Medicine & Panorama Research InstituteSunnyvale, CA 94089, USA
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanford, CA 94305, USA
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9
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Ben-Shmuel A, Sabag B, Puthenveetil A, Biber G, Levy M, Jubany T, Awwad F, Roy RK, Joseph N, Matalon O, Kivelevitz J, Barda-Saad M. Inhibition of SHP-1 activity by PKC-θ regulates NK cell activation threshold and cytotoxicity. eLife 2022; 11:73282. [PMID: 35258455 PMCID: PMC8903836 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in immunity, killing virally infected and cancerous cells. The balance of signals initiated upon engagement of activating and inhibitory NK receptors with cognate ligands determines killing or tolerance. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms regulating rapid NK cell discrimination between healthy and malignant cells in a heterogeneous tissue environment are incompletely understood. The SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase is the central negative NK cell regulator that dephosphorylates key activating signaling proteins. Though the mechanism by which SHP-1 mediates NK cell inhibition has been partially elucidated, the pathways by which SHP-1 is itself regulated remain unclear. Here, we show that phosphorylation of SHP-1 in NK cells on the S591 residue by PKC-θ promotes the inhibited SHP-1 ‘folded’ state. Silencing PKC-θ maintains SHP-1 in the active conformation, reduces NK cell activation and cytotoxicity, and promotes tumor progression in vivo. This study reveals a molecular pathway that sustains the NK cell activation threshold through suppression of SHP-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviad Ben-Shmuel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Batel Sabag
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Abhishek Puthenveetil
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Guy Biber
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Moria Levy
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tammir Jubany
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Fatima Awwad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Roshan Kumar Roy
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Noah Joseph
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Omri Matalon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jessica Kivelevitz
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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10
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Wotschel N, Montero PO, Wels WS, Tonn T, Eitler J. Live-cell imaging for analysis of the NK cell immunological synapse. Methods Cell Biol 2022. [PMID: 37516519 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS) between NK cells and cancer cells is instrumental for the initiation of tumor-specific cytotoxicity. Improper function of processes at the IS can lead to NK cell unresponsiveness, contributing to tumor immune escape. Critical steps at the IS include target cell recognition, conjugation of NK cell and cancer cell, cytotoxic granule convergence to the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), granule polarization to the IS, and degranulation. Here, we describe confocal live-cell imaging methods for the analysis of these processes at the immunological synapse, with a focus on mechanisms of cancer cell resistance facilitating escape from NK cell cytotoxicity.
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11
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Johanson TM, Keenan CR, Allan RS. Shedding Structured Light on Molecular Immunity: The Past, Present and Future of Immune Cell Super Resolution Microscopy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754200. [PMID: 34975842 PMCID: PMC8715013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the two decades since the invention of laser-based super resolution microscopy this family of technologies has revolutionised the way life is viewed and understood. Its unparalleled resolution, speed, and accessibility makes super resolution imaging particularly useful in examining the highly complex and dynamic immune system. Here we introduce the super resolution technologies and studies that have already fundamentally changed our understanding of a number of central immunological processes and highlight other immunological puzzles only addressable in super resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Johanson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine R. Keenan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys S. Allan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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12
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Vergani E, Daveri E, Vallacchi V, Bergamaschi L, Lalli L, Castelli C, Rodolfo M, Rivoltini L, Huber V. Extracellular vesicles in anti-tumor immunity. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:64-79. [PMID: 34509614 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To what extent extracellular vesicles (EVs) can impact anti-tumor immune responses has only started to get unraveled. Their nanometer dimensions, their growing number of subtypes together with the difficulties in defining their origin hamper their investigation. The existence of tumor cell lines facilitated advance in cancer EV understanding, while capturing information about phenotypes and functions of immune cell EVs in this context is more complex. The advent of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has further deepened the need to dissect the impact of EVs during immune activation and response, not least to contribute unraveling and preventing the generation of resistance occurring in the majority of patients. Here we discuss the factors that influence anddrive the immune response in cancer patients in the context of cancer therapeutics and the roles or possible functions that EVs can have in this scenario. With immune cell-derived EVs as leitmotiv, we will journey from EV discovery and subtypes through physiological and pathological functions, from similarities with tumor EVs to measures to revert detrimental consequences on immune responses to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Vergani
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Daveri
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Vallacchi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Bergamaschi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Lalli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Rodolfo
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Huber
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Degranulation enhances presynaptic membrane packing, which protects NK cells from perforin-mediated autolysis. PLoS Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001328
expr 949426982 + 863878017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells kill a target cell by secreting perforin into the lytic immunological synapse, a specialized interface formed between the NK cell and its target. Perforin creates pores in target cell membranes allowing delivery of proapoptotic enzymes. Despite the fact that secreted perforin is in close range to both the NK and target cell membranes, the NK cell typically survives while the target cell does not. How NK cells preferentially avoid death during the secretion of perforin via the degranulation of their perforin-containing organelles (lytic granules) is perplexing. Here, we demonstrate that NK cells are protected from perforin-mediated autolysis by densely packed and highly ordered presynaptic lipid membranes, which increase packing upon synapse formation. When treated with 7-ketocholesterol, lipid packing is reduced in NK cells making them susceptible to perforin-mediated lysis after degranulation. Using high-resolution imaging and lipidomics, we identified lytic granules themselves as having endogenously densely packed lipid membranes. During degranulation, lytic granule–cell membrane fusion thereby further augments presynaptic membrane packing, enhancing membrane protection at the specific sites where NK cells would face maximum concentrations of secreted perforin. Additionally, we found that an aggressive breast cancer cell line is perforin resistant and evades NK cell–mediated killing owing to a densely packed postsynaptic membrane. By disrupting membrane packing, these cells were switched to an NK-susceptible state, which could suggest strategies for improving cytotoxic cell-based cancer therapies. Thus, lipid membranes serve an unexpected role in NK cell functionality protecting them from autolysis, while degranulation allows for the inherent lytic granule membrane properties to create local ordered lipid “shields” against self-destruction.
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14
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Li Y, Orange JS. Degranulation enhances presynaptic membrane packing, which protects NK cells from perforin-mediated autolysis. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001328. [PMID: 34343168 PMCID: PMC8330931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001328&set/a 870330320+893642561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells kill a target cell by secreting perforin into the lytic immunological synapse, a specialized interface formed between the NK cell and its target. Perforin creates pores in target cell membranes allowing delivery of proapoptotic enzymes. Despite the fact that secreted perforin is in close range to both the NK and target cell membranes, the NK cell typically survives while the target cell does not. How NK cells preferentially avoid death during the secretion of perforin via the degranulation of their perforin-containing organelles (lytic granules) is perplexing. Here, we demonstrate that NK cells are protected from perforin-mediated autolysis by densely packed and highly ordered presynaptic lipid membranes, which increase packing upon synapse formation. When treated with 7-ketocholesterol, lipid packing is reduced in NK cells making them susceptible to perforin-mediated lysis after degranulation. Using high-resolution imaging and lipidomics, we identified lytic granules themselves as having endogenously densely packed lipid membranes. During degranulation, lytic granule-cell membrane fusion thereby further augments presynaptic membrane packing, enhancing membrane protection at the specific sites where NK cells would face maximum concentrations of secreted perforin. Additionally, we found that an aggressive breast cancer cell line is perforin resistant and evades NK cell-mediated killing owing to a densely packed postsynaptic membrane. By disrupting membrane packing, these cells were switched to an NK-susceptible state, which could suggest strategies for improving cytotoxic cell-based cancer therapies. Thus, lipid membranes serve an unexpected role in NK cell functionality protecting them from autolysis, while degranulation allows for the inherent lytic granule membrane properties to create local ordered lipid "shields" against self-destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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15
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Li Y, Orange JS. Degranulation enhances presynaptic membrane packing, which protects NK cells from perforin-mediated autolysis. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001328. [PMID: 34343168 PMCID: PMC8330931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells kill a target cell by secreting perforin into the lytic immunological synapse, a specialized interface formed between the NK cell and its target. Perforin creates pores in target cell membranes allowing delivery of proapoptotic enzymes. Despite the fact that secreted perforin is in close range to both the NK and target cell membranes, the NK cell typically survives while the target cell does not. How NK cells preferentially avoid death during the secretion of perforin via the degranulation of their perforin-containing organelles (lytic granules) is perplexing. Here, we demonstrate that NK cells are protected from perforin-mediated autolysis by densely packed and highly ordered presynaptic lipid membranes, which increase packing upon synapse formation. When treated with 7-ketocholesterol, lipid packing is reduced in NK cells making them susceptible to perforin-mediated lysis after degranulation. Using high-resolution imaging and lipidomics, we identified lytic granules themselves as having endogenously densely packed lipid membranes. During degranulation, lytic granule-cell membrane fusion thereby further augments presynaptic membrane packing, enhancing membrane protection at the specific sites where NK cells would face maximum concentrations of secreted perforin. Additionally, we found that an aggressive breast cancer cell line is perforin resistant and evades NK cell-mediated killing owing to a densely packed postsynaptic membrane. By disrupting membrane packing, these cells were switched to an NK-susceptible state, which could suggest strategies for improving cytotoxic cell-based cancer therapies. Thus, lipid membranes serve an unexpected role in NK cell functionality protecting them from autolysis, while degranulation allows for the inherent lytic granule membrane properties to create local ordered lipid "shields" against self-destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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16
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Sajman J, Razvag Y, Schidorsky S, Kinrot S, Hermon K, Yakovian O, Sherman E. Adhering interacting cells to two opposing coverslips allows super-resolution imaging of cell-cell interfaces. Commun Biol 2021; 4:439. [PMID: 33795833 PMCID: PMC8016881 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01960-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell interfaces convey mechanical and chemical information in multicellular systems. Microscopy has revealed intricate structure of such interfaces, yet typically with limited resolution due to diffraction and unfavourable orthogonal orientation of the interface to the coverslip. We present a simple and robust way to align cell-cell interfaces in parallel to the coverslip by adhering the interacting cells to two opposing coverslips. We demonstrate high-quality diffraction-limited and super-resolution imaging of interfaces (immune-synapses) between fixed and live CD8+ T-cells and either antigen presenting cells or melanoma cells. Imaging methods include bright-field, confocal, STED, dSTORM, SOFI, SRRF and large-scale tiled images. The low background, lack of aberrations and enhanced spatial stability of our method relative to existing cell-trapping techniques allow use of these methods. We expect that the simplicity and wide-compatibility of our approach will allow its wide dissemination for super-resolving the intricate structure and molecular organization in a variety of cell-cell interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sajman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yair Razvag
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Seon Kinrot
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kobi Hermon
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oren Yakovian
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eilon Sherman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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17
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Perera Molligoda Arachchige AS. Human NK cells: From development to effector functions. Innate Immun 2021; 27:212-229. [PMID: 33761782 PMCID: PMC8054151 DOI: 10.1177/17534259211001512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are the major lymphocyte subset of the innate immune system that mediates antiviral and anti-tumor responses. It is well established that they develop mechanisms to distinguish self from non-self during the process of NK cell education. Unlike T and B cells, natural killer cells lack clonotypic receptors and are activated after recognizing their target via germline-encoded receptors through natural cytotoxicity, cytokine stimulation, and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Subsequently, they utilize cytotoxic granules, death receptor ligands, and cytokines to perform their effector functions. In this review, we provide a general overview of human NK cells, as opposed to murine NK cells, discussing their ontogeny, maturation, receptor diversity, types of responses, and effector functions. Furthermore, we also describe recent advances in human NK cell biology, including tissue-resident NK cell populations, NK cell memory, and novel approaches used to target NK cells in cancer immunotherapy.
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18
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Kritikou JS, Oliveira MM, Record J, Saeed MB, Nigam SM, He M, Keszei M, Wagner AK, Brauner H, Sendel A, Sedimbi SK, Rentouli S, Lane DP, Snapper SB, Kärre K, Vandenberghe P, Orange JS, Westerberg LS. Constitutive activation of WASp leads to abnormal cytotoxic cells with increased granzyme B and degranulation response to target cells. JCI Insight 2021; 6:140273. [PMID: 33621210 PMCID: PMC8026198 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked neutropenia (XLN) is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the actin regulator Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp). XLN patients have reduced numbers of cytotoxic cells in peripheral blood; however, their capacity to kill tumor cells remains to be determined. Here, we examined NK and T cells from 2 patients with XLN harboring the activating WASpL270P mutation. XLN patient NK and T cells had increased granzyme B content and elevated degranulation and IFN-γ production when compared with healthy control cells. Murine WASpL272P NK and T cells formed stable synapses with YAC-1 tumor cells and anti-CD3/CD28-coated beads, respectively. WASpL272P mouse T cells had normal degranulation and cytokine response whereas WASpL272P NK cells showed an enhanced response. Imaging experiments revealed that while WASpL272P CD8+ T cells had increased accumulation of actin upon TCR activation, WASpL272P NK cells had normal actin accumulation at lytic synapses triggered through NKp46 signaling but had impaired response to lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 engagement. When compared with WT mice, WASpL272P mice showed reduced growth of B16 melanoma and increased capacity to reject MHC class I-deficient cells. Together, our data suggest that cytotoxic cells with constitutively active WASp have an increased capacity to respond to and kill tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julien Record
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | - Mezida B. Saeed
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | - Saket M. Nigam
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | - Minghui He
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | - Marton Keszei
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | - Arnika K. Wagner
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | - Hanna Brauner
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Sendel
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | | | | | - David P. Lane
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | - Scott B. Snapper
- Gastroenterology Division, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Klas Kärre
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | | | - Jordan S. Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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19
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Lazki-Hagenbach P, Klein O, Sagi-Eisenberg R. The actin cytoskeleton and mast cell function. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:27-33. [PMID: 33765561 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of high and super-resolution microscopy techniques has extended the possibilities of studying actin dynamics in mast cells (MCs). These studies demonstrated the close correlation between actin-driven changes in cell morphology and the functions that MC perform during their life cycle. Dynamic conversions between actin polymerization and depolymerization support MC degranulation and leading to the release of the preformed, secretory granule (SG)-contained, inflammatory mediators. Cell flattening inflicting an actin porous geometry and clearing of cortical actin, characterize the secretory actin phenotype. In contrast, pericentral actin clusters, that entrap the SGs, characterize the migratory actin phenotype, which supports MC migration, but restricts MC degranulation. Multiple actin binding and actin interacting proteins regulate these actin rearrangements, in compliance with the signals elicited by the respective activating receptors. Here, we review recent findings on the interplay between the actin cytoskeleton and MC migration and degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Lazki-Hagenbach
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ofir Klein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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20
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Kopf A, Kiermaier E. Dynamic Microtubule Arrays in Leukocytes and Their Role in Cell Migration and Immune Synapse Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635511. [PMID: 33634136 PMCID: PMC7900162 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of microtubule arrays in immune cells is critically important for a properly operating immune system. Leukocytes are white blood cells of hematopoietic origin, which exert effector functions of innate and adaptive immune responses. During these processes the microtubule cytoskeleton plays a crucial role for establishing cell polarization and directed migration, targeted secretion of vesicles for T cell activation and cellular cytotoxicity as well as the maintenance of cell integrity. Considering this large spectrum of distinct effector functions, leukocytes require flexible microtubule arrays, which timely and spatially reorganize allowing the cells to accommodate their specific tasks. In contrast to other specialized cell types, which typically nucleate microtubule filaments from non-centrosomal microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), leukocytes mainly utilize centrosomes for sites of microtubule nucleation. Yet, MTOC localization as well as microtubule organization and dynamics are highly plastic in leukocytes thus allowing the cells to adapt to different environmental constraints. Here we summarize our current knowledge on microtubule organization and dynamics during immune processes and how these microtubule arrays affect immune cell effector functions. We particularly highlight emerging concepts of microtubule involvement during maintenance of cell shape and physical coherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aglaja Kopf
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Kiermaier
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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21
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Ben-Shmuel A, Sabag B, Biber G, Barda-Saad M. The Role of the Cytoskeleton in Regulating the Natural Killer Cell Immune Response in Health and Disease: From Signaling Dynamics to Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:609532. [PMID: 33598461 PMCID: PMC7882700 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.609532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells, which play key roles in elimination of virally infected and malignant cells. The balance between activating and inhibitory signals derived from NK surface receptors govern the NK cell immune response. The cytoskeleton facilitates most NK cell effector functions, such as motility, infiltration, conjugation with target cells, immunological synapse assembly, and cytotoxicity. Though many studies have characterized signaling pathways that promote actin reorganization in immune cells, it is not completely clear how particular cytoskeletal architectures at the immunological synapse promote effector functions, and how cytoskeletal dynamics impact downstream signaling pathways and activation. Moreover, pioneering studies employing advanced imaging techniques have only begun to uncover the architectural complexity dictating the NK cell activation threshold; it is becoming clear that a distinct organization of the cytoskeleton and signaling receptors at the NK immunological synapse plays a decisive role in activation and tolerance. Here, we review the roles of the actin cytoskeleton in NK cells. We focus on how actin dynamics impact cytolytic granule secretion, NK cell motility, and NK cell infiltration through tissues into inflammatory sites. We will also describe the additional cytoskeletal components, non-muscle Myosin II and microtubules that play pivotal roles in NK cell activity. Furthermore, special emphasis will be placed on the role of the cytoskeleton in assembly of immunological synapses, and how mutations or downregulation of cytoskeletal accessory proteins impact NK cell function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviad Ben-Shmuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Batel Sabag
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Guy Biber
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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22
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Eitler J, Wotschel N, Miller N, Boissel L, Klingemann HG, Wels W, Tonn T. Inability of granule polarization by NK cells defines tumor resistance and can be overcome by CAR or ADCC mediated targeting. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001334. [PMID: 33468562 PMCID: PMC7817806 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background On encountering a susceptible target, natural killer (NK) cells mediate cytotoxicity through highly regulated steps of directed degranulation. Cytotoxic granules converge at the microtubule organizing center and are polarized toward the immunological synapse (IS), followed by granule exocytosis. NK cell retargeting by chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or mAbs represents a promising strategy for overcoming tumor cell resistance. However, little is known about the lytic granule dynamics of such retargeted NK cells toward NK-cell-resistant tumors. Methods Here, we used spinning disk confocal microscopy for live-cell imaging to analyze granule-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity in ErbB2-targeted CAR-expressing NK-92 cells (NK-92/5.28.z) and high-affinity FcR transgenic NK-92 cells plus Herceptin toward ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-453), which are resistant to parental NK-92. Results Unmodified NK-92 cells cocultured with resistant cancer cells showed stable conjugate formation and granule clustering, but failed to polarize granules to the IS. In contrast, retargeting by CAR or FcR+Herceptin toward the MDA-MB-453 cells enabled granule polarization to the IS, resulting in highly effective cytotoxicity. We found that in NK-92 the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway was activated after contact with resistant MDA-MB-453, while phospholipase C-γ (PLCγ) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were not activated. In contrast, retargeting by CAR or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) provided the missing PLCγ and MEK/ERK signals. Conclusions These observations suggest that NK cells can create conjugates with resistant cancer cells and respond by granule clustering, but the activation signals are insufficient to induce granule polarization and consequent release of lytic enzymes. Retargeting by CAR and/or the FcR/mAb (ADCC) axis provide the necessary signals, leading to granule polarization and thereby overcoming tumor cell resistance. Keywords: NK cells, NK-92, haNK, ADCC, Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR), breast cancer, cancer immunotherapy, live-cell imaging, granule polarization
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Eitler
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalie Wotschel
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Miller
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Winfried Wels
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Torsten Tonn
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany .,Institute for Transfusion Medicine, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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23
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Mattei F, Andreone S, Marone G, Gambardella AR, Loffredo S, Varricchi G, Schiavoni G. Eosinophils in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1273:1-28. [PMID: 33119873 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49270-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are rare blood-circulating and tissue-infiltrating immune cells studied for decades in the context of allergic diseases and parasitic infections. Eosinophils can secrete a wide array of soluble mediators and effector molecules, with potential immunoregulatory activities in the tumor microenvironment (TME). These findings imply that these cells may play a role in cancer immunity. Despite these cells were known to infiltrate tumors since many years ago, their role in TME is gaining attention only recently. In this chapter, we will review the main biological functions of eosinophils that can be relevant within the TME. We will discuss how these cells may undergo phenotypic changes acquiring pro- or antitumoricidal properties according to the surrounding stimuli. Moreover, we will analyze canonical (i.e., degranulation) and unconventional mechanisms (i.e., DNA traps, exosome secretion) employed by eosinophils in inflammatory contexts, which can be relevant for tumor immune responses. Finally, we will review the available preclinical models that could be employed for the study of the role in vivo of eosinophils in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Andreone
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali dei Colli - Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. .,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy. .,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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24
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Patel KR, Rodriguez Benavente MC, Lorenz WW, Mace EM, Barb AW. Fc γ receptor IIIa/CD16a processing correlates with the expression of glycan-related genes in human natural killer cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100183. [PMID: 33310702 PMCID: PMC7948478 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies require binding to Fc γ receptors (FcγRs) for full effect and increasing the binding affinity increases efficacy. Preeminent among the five activating human FcγRs is FcγRIIIa/CD16a expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. CD16a is heavily processed, and recent reports indicate that the composition of the five CD16a asparagine(N)-linked carbohydrates (glycans) impacts affinity. These observations indicate that specific manipulation of CD16a N-glycan composition in CD16a-expressing effector cells including NK cells may improve treatment efficacy. However, it is unclear if modifying the expression of select genes that encode processing enzymes in CD16a-expressing effector cells is sufficient to affect N-glycan composition. We identified substantial processing differences using a glycoproteomics approach by comparing CD16a isolated from two NK cell lines, NK92 and YTS, with CD16a expressed by HEK293F cells and previous reports of CD16a from primary NK cells. Gene expression profiling by RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR revealed expression levels for glycan-modifying genes that correlated with CD16a glycan composition. These results identified a high degree of variability between the processing of the same human protein by different human cell types. N-glycan processing correlated with the expression of glycan-modifying genes and thus explained the substantial differences in CD16a processing by NK cells of different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashyap R Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - W Walter Lorenz
- Georgia Genomics and Bioinformatics Core and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam W Barb
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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25
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Xu Q, Tang Y, Huang G. Innate immune responses in RNA viral infection. Front Med 2020; 15:333-346. [PMID: 33263837 PMCID: PMC7862985 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses cause a multitude of human diseases, including several pandemic events in the past century. Upon viral invasion, the innate immune system responds rapidly and plays a key role in activating the adaptive immune system. In the innate immune system, the interactions between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and host pattern recognition receptors activate multiple signaling pathways in immune cells and induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons to elicit antiviral responses. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells are the principal innate immune components that exert antiviral activities. In this review, the current understanding of innate immunity contributing to the restriction of RNA viral infections was briefly summarized. Besides the main role of immune cells in combating viral infection, the intercellular transfer of pathogen and host-derived materials and their epigenetic and metabolic interactions associated with innate immunity was discussed. This knowledge provides an enhanced understanding of the innate immune response to RNA viral infections in general and aids in the preparation for the existing and next emerging viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Divisions of Pathology and Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuting Tang
- Divisions of Pathology and Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Gang Huang
- Divisions of Pathology and Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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26
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Andreone S, Gambardella AR, Mancini J, Loffredo S, Marcella S, La Sorsa V, Varricchi G, Schiavoni G, Mattei F. Anti-Tumorigenic Activities of IL-33: A Mechanistic Insight. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571593. [PMID: 33329534 PMCID: PMC7734277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is an epithelial-derived cytokine that can be released upon tissue damage, stress, or infection, acting as an alarmin for the immune system. IL-33 has long been studied in the context of Th2-related immunopathologies, such as allergic diseases and parasitic infections. However, its capacity to stimulate also Th1-type of immune responses is now well established. IL-33 binds to its specific receptor ST2 expressed by most immune cell populations, modulating a variety of responses. In cancer immunity, IL-33 can display both pro-tumoral and anti-tumoral functions, depending on the specific microenvironment. Recent findings indicate that IL-33 can effectively stimulate immune effector cells (NK and CD8+ T cells), eosinophils, basophils and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) promoting direct and indirect anti-tumoral activities. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances on anti-tumor immune mechanisms operated by IL-33, including the modulation of immune checkpoint molecules, with the aim to understand its potential as a therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Andreone
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Jacopo Mancini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Marcella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina La Sorsa
- Research Coordination and Support Service, CoRI, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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27
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Mastio J, Saeed MB, Wurzer H, Krecke M, Westerberg LS, Thomas C. Higher Incidence of B Cell Malignancies in Primary Immunodeficiencies: A Combination of Intrinsic Genomic Instability and Exocytosis Defects at the Immunological Synapse. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581119. [PMID: 33240268 PMCID: PMC7680899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital defects of the immune system called primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) describe a group of diseases characterized by a decrease, an absence, or a malfunction of at least one part of the immune system. As a result, PID patients are more prone to develop life-threatening complications, including cancer. PID currently include over 400 different disorders, however, the variety of PID-related cancers is narrow. We discuss here reasons for this clinical phenotype. Namely, PID can lead to cell intrinsic failure to control cell transformation, failure to activate tumor surveillance by cytotoxic cells or both. As the most frequent tumors seen among PID patients stem from faulty lymphocyte development leading to leukemia and lymphoma, we focus on the extensive genomic alterations needed to create the vast diversity of B and T lymphocytes with potential to recognize any pathogen and why defects in these processes lead to malignancies in the immunodeficient environment of PID patients. In the second part of the review, we discuss PID affecting tumor surveillance and especially membrane trafficking defects caused by altered exocytosis and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. As an impairment of these membrane trafficking pathways often results in dysfunctional effector immune cells, tumor cell immune evasion is elevated in PID. By considering new anti-cancer treatment concepts, such as transfer of genetically engineered immune cells, restoration of anti-tumor immunity in PID patients could be an approach to complement standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Mastio
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Mezida B Saeed
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannah Wurzer
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Max Krecke
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clément Thomas
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
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28
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Integrins Control Vesicular Trafficking; New Tricks for Old Dogs. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 46:124-137. [PMID: 33020011 PMCID: PMC7531435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that transduce biochemical and mechanical signals across the plasma membrane and promote cell adhesion and migration. In addition, integrin adhesion complexes are functionally and structurally linked to components of the intracellular trafficking machinery and accumulating data now reveal that they are key regulators of endocytosis and exocytosis in a variety of cell types. Here, we highlight recent insights into integrin control of intracellular trafficking in processes such as degranulation, mechanotransduction, cell–cell communication, antibody production, virus entry, Toll-like receptor signaling, autophagy, and phagocytosis, as well as the release and uptake of extracellular vesicles. We discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms and the implications for a range of pathophysiological contexts, including hemostasis, immunity, tissue repair, cancer, and viral infection. Integrin adhesion complexes control polarized targeting of the intracellular trafficking machinery via microtubules. Integrin adhesions are exocytic hubs for a variety of vesicles, including lytic and dense granules, lysosome-related organelles, and biosynthetic vesicles. Integrin-dependent adhesion and signaling is required for degranulation of platelets and leukocytes and controls hemostasis and immunity. Specialized adhesion complexes containing integrin αvβ5 and clathrin are sites of frustrated endocytosis and hubs for mechanotransduction. Integrin control of endocytosis regulates Toll-like receptor signaling and autophagy in immune cells. Integrins control intercellular communication and viral transfer through extracellular vesicles.
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29
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Duvall MG, Fuhlbrigge ME, Reilly RB, Walker KH, Kılıç A, Levy BD. Human NK Cell Cytoskeletal Dynamics and Cytotoxicity Are Regulated by LIM Kinase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:801-810. [PMID: 32641387 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NK cells provide immune surveillance and host protection against viruses and tumors through their cytotoxic effector function. Cytoskeletal rearrangement is necessary for NK cell lytic granule trafficking and immune synapse formation to trigger apoptosis of targeted cells. LIM kinase (LIMK) regulates F-actin remodeling by phosphorylating cofilin to inhibit actin severing and depolymerization. In this study, in human NK cells, the glucocorticoid dexamethasone downregulated LIMK expression, F-actin accumulation at the immune synapse, lytic granule trafficking, and cytotoxicity. In contrast, the specialized proresolving mediator lipoxin A4 promoted NK cell LIMK expression, lytic granule polarization to the immune synapse and cytotoxicity. Using a LIMK inhibitor, we show that LIMK activity is necessary for NK cell cytotoxicity, including lipoxin A4's proresolving actions. Together, our findings identify LIMK as an important control mechanism for NK cell cytoskeletal rearrangement that is differentially regulated by glucocorticoids and specialized proresolving mediators to influence NK cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody G Duvall
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Mary E Fuhlbrigge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Roisin B Reilly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Katherine H Walker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ayşe Kılıç
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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30
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Bello-Gamboa A, Velasco M, Moreno S, Herranz G, Ilie R, Huetos S, Dávila S, Sánchez A, Bernardino De La Serna J, Calvo V, Izquierdo M. Actin reorganization at the centrosomal area and the immune synapse regulates polarized secretory traffic of multivesicular bodies in T lymphocytes. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1759926. [PMID: 32939232 PMCID: PMC7480611 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1759926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor stimulation induces the convergence of multivesicular bodies towards the microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) and the polarization of the MTOC to the immune synapse (IS). These events lead to exosome secretion at the IS. We describe here that upon IS formation centrosomal area F-actin decreased concomitantly with MTOC polarization to the IS. PKCδ-interfered T cell clones showed a sustained level of centrosomal area F-actin associated with defective MTOC polarization. We analysed the contribution of two actin cytoskeleton-regulatory proteins, FMNL1 and paxillin, to the regulation of cortical and centrosomal F-actin networks. FMNL1β phosphorylation and F-actin reorganization at the IS were inhibited in PKCδ-interfered clones. F-actin depletion at the central region of the IS, a requirement for MTOC polarization, was associated with FMNL1β phosphorylation at its C-terminal, autoregulatory region. Interfering all FMNL1 isoforms prevented MTOC polarization; nonetheless, FMNL1β re-expression restored MTOC polarization in a centrosomal area F-actin reorganization-independent manner. Moreover, PKCδ-interfered clones exhibited decreased paxillin phosphorylation at the MTOC, which suggests an alternative actin cytoskeleton regulatory pathway. Our results infer that PKCδ regulates MTOC polarization and secretory traffic leading to exosome secretion in a coordinated manner by means of two distinct pathways, one involving FMNL1β regulation and controlling F-actin reorganization at the IS, and the other, comprising paxillin phosphorylation potentially controlling centrosomal area F-actin reorganization. Abbreviations Ab, antibody; AICD, activation-induced cell death; AIP, average intensity projection; APC, antigen-presenting cell; BCR, B-cell receptor for antigen; C, centre of mass; cent2, centrin 2; cIS, central region of the immune synapse; CMAC, CellTracker™ Blue (7-amino-4-chloromethylcoumarin); cSMAC, central supramolecular activation cluster; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; DAG, diacylglycerol; DGKα, diacylglycerol kinase α; Dia1, Diaphanous-1; dSMAC, distal supramolecular activation cluster; ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for traffic; F-actin, filamentous actin; Fact-low cIS, F-actin-low region at the centre of the immune synapse; FasL, Fas ligand; FMNL1, formin-like 1; fps, frames per second; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; ILV, intraluminal vesicles; IS, immune synapse; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; MIP, maximal intensity projection; MVB, multivesicular bodies; MTOC, microtubule-organizing centre; NS, not significant; PBL, peripheral blood lymphocytes; PKC, protein kinase C; PKCδ, protein kinase C δ isoform; PLC, phospholipase C; PMA, phorbol myristate acetate; Pol. Index, polarization index; pSMAC, peripheral supramolecular activation cluster; PSF, point spread function; ROI, region of interest; SD, standard deviation; shRNA, short hairpin RNA; SEE, Staphylococcus enterotoxin E; SMAC, supramolecular activation cluster; TCR, T-cell receptor for antigen; T-helper (Th); TRANS, transmittance; WB, Western blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bello-Gamboa
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Velasco
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Solange Moreno
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Herranz
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain.,Centro De Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma De Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roxana Ilie
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Huetos
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Dávila
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain.,Nanostructured Functional Surfaces Program, IMDEA Nanociencia, Universidad Autónoma De Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Sánchez
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Puerta De Hierro-Segovia De Arana Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Bernardino De La Serna
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.,Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation. Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell-Oxford, UK
| | - Víctor Calvo
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Izquierdo
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
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31
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Nikzad R, Angelo LS, Aviles-Padilla K, Le DT, Singh VK, Bimler L, Vukmanovic-Stejic M, Vendrame E, Ranganath T, Simpson L, Haigwood NL, Blish CA, Akbar AN, Paust S. Human natural killer cells mediate adaptive immunity to viral antigens. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/35/eaat8116. [PMID: 31076527 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat8116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses are defined as antigen sensitization-dependent and antigen-specific responses leading to establishment of long-lived immunological memory. Although natural killer (NK) cells have traditionally been considered cells of the innate immune system, mounting evidence in mice and nonhuman primates warrants reconsideration of the existing paradigm that B and T cells are the sole mediators of adaptive immunity. However, it is currently unknown whether human NK cells can exhibit adaptive immune responses. We therefore tested whether human NK cells mediate adaptive immunity to virally encoded antigens using humanized mice and human volunteers. We found that human NK cells displayed vaccination-dependent, antigen-specific recall responses in vitro, when isolated from livers of humanized mice previously vaccinated with HIV-encoded envelope protein. Furthermore, we discovered that large numbers of cytotoxic NK cells with a tissue-resident phenotype were recruited to sites of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) skin test antigen challenge in VZV-experienced human volunteers. These NK-mediated recall responses in humans occurred decades after initial VZV exposure, demonstrating that NK memory in humans is long-lived. Our data demonstrate that human NK cells exhibit adaptive immune responses upon vaccination or infection. The existence of human memory NK cells may allow for the development of vaccination-based approaches capable of establishing potent NK-mediated memory functions contributing to host protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Nikzad
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura S Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Aviles-Padilla
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Duy T Le
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vipul K Singh
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lynn Bimler
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Elena Vendrame
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thanmayi Ranganath
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Simpson
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Silke Paust
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Meza Guzman LG, Keating N, Nicholson SE. Natural Killer Cells: Tumor Surveillance and Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040952. [PMID: 32290478 PMCID: PMC7226588 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in cancer immunotherapy due to their innate ability to detect and kill tumorigenic cells. The decision to kill is determined by the expression of a myriad of activating and inhibitory receptors on the NK cell surface. Cell-to-cell engagement results in either self-tolerance or a cytotoxic response, governed by a fine balance between the signaling cascades downstream of the activating and inhibitory receptors. To evade a cytotoxic immune response, tumor cells can modulate the surface expression of receptor ligands and additionally, alter the conditions in the tumor microenvironment (TME), tilting the scales toward a suppressed cytotoxic NK response. To fully harness the killing power of NK cells for clinical benefit, we need to understand what defines the threshold for activation and what is required to break tolerance. This review will focus on the intracellular signaling pathways activated or suppressed in NK cells and the roles signaling intermediates play during an NK cytotoxic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth G. Meza Guzman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (L.G.M.G.); (S.E.N.); Tel.: +61-9345-2555 (S.E.N.)
| | - Narelle Keating
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sandra E. Nicholson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (L.G.M.G.); (S.E.N.); Tel.: +61-9345-2555 (S.E.N.)
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Inducible Polarized Secretion of Exosomes in T and B Lymphocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072631. [PMID: 32290050 PMCID: PMC7177964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EV) of endosomal origin (multivesicular bodies, MVB) constitutively released by many different eukaryotic cells by fusion of MVB to the plasma membrane. However, inducible exosome secretion controlled by cell surface receptors is restricted to very few cell types and a limited number of cell surface receptors. Among these, exosome secretion is induced in T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes when stimulated at the immune synapse (IS) via T-cell receptors (TCR) and B-cell receptors (BCR), respectively. IS formation by T and B lymphocytes constitutes a crucial event involved in antigen-specific, cellular, and humoral immune responses. Upon IS formation by T and B lymphocytes with antigen-presenting cells (APC), the convergence of MVB towards the microtubule organization center (MTOC), and MTOC polarization to the IS, are involved in polarized exosome secretion at the synaptic cleft. This specialized mechanism provides the immune system with a finely-tuned strategy to increase the specificity and efficiency of crucial secretory effector functions of B and T lymphocytes. As inducible exosome secretion by antigen-receptors is a critical and unique feature of the immune system this review considers the study of the traffic events leading to polarized exosome secretion at the IS and some of their biological consequences.
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Lam MT, Mace EM, Orange JS. A research-driven approach to the identification of novel natural killer cell deficiencies affecting cytotoxic function. Blood 2020; 135:629-637. [PMID: 31945148 PMCID: PMC7046607 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cell deficiencies (NKDs) are an emerging phenotypic subtype of primary immune deficiency. NK cells provide a defense against virally infected cells using a variety of cytotoxic mechanisms, and patients who have defective NK cell development or function can present with atypical, recurrent, or severe herpesviral infections. The current pipeline for investigating NKDs involves the acquisition and clinical assessment of patients with a suspected NKD followed by subsequent in silico, in vitro, and in vivo laboratory research. Evaluation involves initially quantifying NK cells and measuring NK cell cytotoxicity and expression of certain NK cell receptors involved in NK cell development and function. Subsequent studies using genomic methods to identify the potential causative variant are conducted along with variant impact testing to make genotype-phenotype connections. Identification of novel genes contributing to the NKD phenotype can also be facilitated by applying the expanding knowledge of NK cell biology. In this review, we discuss how NKDs that affect NK cell cytotoxicity can be approached in the clinic and laboratory for the discovery of novel gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, and
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
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Bednarczyk M, Stege H, Grabbe S, Bros M. β2 Integrins-Multi-Functional Leukocyte Receptors in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1402. [PMID: 32092981 PMCID: PMC7073085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β2 integrins are heterodimeric surface receptors composed of a variable α (CD11a-CD11d) and a constant β (CD18) subunit and are specifically expressed by leukocytes. The α subunit defines the individual functional properties of the corresponding β2 integrin, but all β2 integrins show functional overlap. They mediate adhesion to other cells and to components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), orchestrate uptake of extracellular material like complement-opsonized pathogens, control cytoskeletal organization, and modulate cell signaling. This review aims to delineate the tremendous role of β2 integrins for immune functions as exemplified by the phenotype of LAD-I (leukocyte adhesion deficiency 1) patients that suffer from strong recurrent infections. These immune defects have been largely attributed to impaired migratory and phagocytic properties of polymorphonuclear granulocytes. The molecular base for this inherited disease is a functional impairment of β2 integrins due to mutations within the CD18 gene. LAD-I patients are also predisposed for autoimmune diseases. In agreement, polymorphisms within the CD11b gene have been associated with autoimmunity. Consequently, β2 integrins have received growing interest as targets in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, β2 integrin activity on leukocytes has been implicated in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (H.S.); (S.G.)
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Saeed MB, Record J, Westerberg LS. Two sides of the coin: Cytoskeletal regulation of immune synapses in cancer and primary immune deficiencies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:1-97. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Schloemer NJ, Abel AM, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. In Vivo Assessment of NK Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity by Adoptively Transferred Splenocyte Rejection. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2097:115-123. [PMID: 31776923 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0203-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphocytes that are vital to clearance of virally infected or malignantly transformed cells. Assessment of the cytotoxic response is an important component of NK cell research and investigation of human disease. Standard assays of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity of CD107a degranulation or 51Cr release assay utilize cultured or freshly isolated NK cell populations in vitro. In addition to requirements to maintain multiple target cell lines and radioactivity precautions in the case of 51Cr, these are in vitro evaluations of a complex in vivo function. Here, we describe the in vivo assessment of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity through the adoptive transfer of splenocytes and their subsequent rejection. This protocol offers rapid, quantitative, and concurrent assessment of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against the prototypic NK stimulations of "missing-self" and "nonself."
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Schloemer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alex M Abel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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17-Hydroxyprogesterone caproate improves T cells and NK cells in response to placental ischemia; new mechanisms of action for an old drug. Pregnancy Hypertens 2019; 19:226-232. [PMID: 31806502 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is new onset hypertension during pregnancy associated with increased uterine artery resistance (UARI) and an imbalance among CD4 + T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. We have shown an important role for 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) to improve hypertension and fetal demise in the RUPP rat model of PE. However we have not examined a role for 17-OHPC to improve NK cells and CD4+TH2 cells as possible mechanisms for improved fetal weight and hypertension. Therefore, we hypothesized that 17-OHPC lowers NK cells while improving the T cell ratio in the RUPP rat. RUPP was surgically induced on gestational day 14 in pregnant rats. 17-OHPC (3.32 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneal on day 15, UARI was measured on day 18. Blood pressure (MAP), blood and tissues were collected on GD 19. MAP in NP rats (n = 9) was 100 ± 2, 104 ± 6 in Sham rats (n = 8), 128 ± 2 in RUPP (n = 11) and 115 ± 3 mmHg in RUPP + 17-OHPC (n = 10), p < 0.05. Pup weight and UARI were improved after 17-OHPC. Total and cytolytic placental NK cells were 38 ± 5, and 12 ± 2% gate in RUPP rats which decreased to 1.6 ± 0.5 and 0.4 ± 0.2% gate in RUPP + 17OHPC rats. CD4+ T cells were 40 ± 3 in RUPP rats, which significantly decreased to 7 ± 1 RUPP + 17-OHPC rats. Circulating and placental TH2 cells were 6.0 ± 1, 0.3 ± 0.1% gate in RUPP rats and 12 ± 1%, 2 ± 0.5% gate in RUPP + 17-OHPC rats, p < 0.05 This study identifies new mechanisms whereby 17-OHPC improves outcomes in response to placental ischemia.
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Ogbomo H, Timm-McCann M, Barnes T, Xiang RF, Jamil K, Ganguly A, Stack D, Huston SM, Li SS, Colarusso P, Mody CH. Granule-Dependent NK Cell Killing of Cryptococcus Requires Kinesin to Reposition the Cytolytic Machinery for Directed Cytotoxicity. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3017-3032. [PMID: 30208325 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus is the most important cause of fungal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals. Host defense against Cryptococcus involves direct killing by NK cells. That NK cells from HIV-infected patients fail to polarize perforin to the microbial synapse and kill C. neoformans led us to explore the mechanisms used to reposition and polarize the cytolytic granules to the synapse. Using live-cell imaging, we observed microtubule and granule movements in response to Cryptococcus that revealed a kinesin-dependent event. Eg5-kinesin bound to perforin-containing granules and was required for association with the microtubules. Inhibition of Eg5-kinesin abrogated dynein-dependent granule convergence to the MTOC and granule and MTOC polarization to the synapse and suppressed NK cell killing of Cryptococcus. In contrast, Eg5-kinesin was dispensable for tumor killing. This reveals an alternative mechanism of MTOC repositioning and granule polarization, not used in tumor cytotoxicity, in which Eg5-kinesin is required to initiate granule movement, leading to microbial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Ogbomo
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Martina Timm-McCann
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tavish Barnes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Richard F Xiang
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Khusraw Jamil
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anutosh Ganguly
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Danuta Stack
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shaunna M Huston
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shu Shun Li
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pina Colarusso
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Rautela J, Dagley LF, Kratina T, Anthony A, Goh W, Surgenor E, Delconte RB, Webb AI, Elwood N, Groom JR, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Corcoran L, Huntington ND. Generation of novel Id2 and E2-2, E2A and HEB antibodies reveals novel Id2 binding partners and species-specific expression of E-proteins in NK cells. Mol Immunol 2019; 115:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Andreone S, Spadaro F, Buccione C, Mancini J, Tinari A, Sestili P, Gambardella AR, Lucarini V, Ziccheddu G, Parolini I, Zanetti C, D’Urso MT, De Ninno A, Businaro L, Afferni C, Mattei F, Schiavoni G. IL-33 Promotes CD11b/CD18-Mediated Adhesion of Eosinophils to Cancer Cells and Synapse-Polarized Degranulation Leading to Tumor Cell Killing. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111664. [PMID: 31717819 PMCID: PMC6895824 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are major effectors of Th2-related pathologies, frequently found infiltrating several human cancers. We recently showed that eosinophils play an essential role in anti-tumor responses mediated by immunotherapy with the ‘alarmin’ intereukin-33 (IL-33) in melanoma mouse models. Here, we analyzed the mechanisms by which IL-33 mediates tumor infiltration and antitumor activities of eosinophils. We show that IL-33 recruits eosinophils indirectly, via stimulation of tumor cell-derived chemokines, while it activates eosinophils directly, up-regulating CD69, the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and CD11b/CD18, and the degranulation marker CD63. In co-culture experiments with four different tumor cell lines, IL-33-activated eosinophils established large numbers of stable cell conjugates with target tumor cells, with the polarization of eosinophil effector proteins (ECP, EPX, and granzyme-B) and CD11b/CD18 to immune synapses, resulting in efficient contact-dependent degranulation and tumor cell killing. In tumor-bearing mice, IL-33 induced substantial accumulation of degranulating eosinophils within tumor necrotic areas, indicating cytotoxic activity in vivo. Blocking of CD11b/CD18 signaling significantly reduced IL-33-activated eosinophils’ binding and subsequent killing of tumor cells, indicating a crucial role for this integrin in triggering degranulation. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights for eosinophil-mediated anti-tumoral function driven by IL-33. Treatments enabling tumor infiltration and proper activation of eosinophils may improve therapeutic response in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Andreone
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesca Spadaro
- Microscopy Unit, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Carla Buccione
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Jacopo Mancini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Antonella Tinari
- Center for Gender Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy;
| | - Paola Sestili
- Microscopy Unit, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Adriana Rosa Gambardella
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Valeria Lucarini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Giovanna Ziccheddu
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Isabella Parolini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Cristiana Zanetti
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa D’Urso
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Adele De Ninno
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR), 00156 Rome, Italy; (A.D.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Luca Businaro
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR), 00156 Rome, Italy; (A.D.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Claudia Afferni
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649906099
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Human signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b) mutation causes dysregulated human natural killer cell maturation and impaired lytic function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:345-357.e9. [PMID: 31600547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b) deficiency have impairment in T-cell homeostasis and natural killer (NK) cells which leads to autoimmunity, recurrent infections, and combined immune deficiency. OBJECTIVE In this study we characterized the NK cell defect in STAT5b-deficient human NK cells, as well as Stat5b-/- mice. METHODS We used multiparametric flow cytometry, functional NK cell assays, microscopy, and a Stat5b-/- mouse model to elucidate the effect of impaired and/or absent STAT5b on NK cell development and function. RESULTS This alteration generated a nonfunctional CD56bright NK cell subset characterized by low cytokine production. The CD56dim NK cell subset had decreased expression of perforin and CD16 and a greater frequency of cells expressing markers of immature NK cells. We observed low NK cell numbers and impaired NK cell maturation, suggesting that STAT5b is involved in terminal NK cell maturation in Stat5b-/- mice. Furthermore, human STAT5b-deficient NK cells had low cytolytic capacity, and fixed-cell microscopy showed poor convergence of lytic granules. This was accompanied by decreased expression of costimulatory and activating receptors. Interestingly, granule convergence and cytolytic function were restored after IL-2 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that in addition to the impaired terminal maturation of NK cells, human STAT5b mutation leads to impairments in early activation events in NK cell lytic synapse formation. Our data provide further insight into NK cell defects caused by STAT5b deficiency.
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Klein O, Krier-Burris RA, Lazki-Hagenbach P, Gorzalczany Y, Mei Y, Ji P, Bochner BS, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Mammalian diaphanous-related formin 1 (mDia1) coordinates mast cell migration and secretion through its actin-nucleating activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1074-1090. [PMID: 31279009 PMCID: PMC7278082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actin remodeling is a key regulator of mast cell (MC) migration and secretion. However, the precise mechanism underlying the coordination of these processes has remained obscure. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the actin rearrangements that occur during MC secretion or chemotactic migration and identify the underlying mechanism of their coordination. METHODS Using high-resolution microscopy, we analyzed the dynamics of actin rearrangements in MCs triggered to migration by IL-8 or prostaglandin E2 or to FcεRI-stimulated secretion. RESULTS We show that a major feature of the actin skeleton in MCs stimulated to migration is the buildup of pericentral actin clusters that prevent cell flattening and converge the secretory granules (SGs) in the cell center. This migratory phenotype is replaced on encounter of an IgE cross-linking antigen that stimulates secretion through a secretory phenotype characterized by cell flattening, reduction of actin mesh density, ruffling of cortical actin, and mobilization of SGs. Furthermore, we show that knockdown of mammalian diaphanous-related formin 1 (mDia1) inhibits chemotactic migration and its typical actin rearrangements, whereas expression of an active mDia1 mutant recapitulates the migratory actin phenotype and enhances cell migration while inhibiting FcεRI-triggered secretion. However, mice deficient in mDia1 appear to have normal numbers of MCs in various organs at baseline. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate a unique role of actin rearrangements in clustering the SGs and inhibiting their secretion during MC migration. We identify mDia1 as a novel regulator of MC response that coordinates MC chemotaxis and secretion through its actin-nucleating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Klein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rebecca A Krier-Burris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Pia Lazki-Hagenbach
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yaara Gorzalczany
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yang Mei
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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44
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Maguire M, Maguire G. Gut dysbiosis, leaky gut, and intestinal epithelial proliferation in neurological disorders: towards the development of a new therapeutic using amino acids, prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:179-201. [PMID: 30173208 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here we offer a review of the evidence for a hypothesis that a combination of ingestible probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and amino acids will help ameliorate dysbiosis and degeneration of the gut, and therefore promote restoration of nervous system function in a number of neurological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Maguire
- BioRegenerative Sciences, Inc., 505 Coast Blvd South, #208, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Greg Maguire
- BioRegenerative Sciences, Inc., 11588 Sorrento Valley Rd. #18, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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45
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Duan T, Smith AJ, Verkman AS. Complement-independent bystander injury in AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica produced by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:112. [PMID: 31296268 PMCID: PMC6621951 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular injury in AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis spectrum disorder (herein called NMO) involves AQP4-IgG binding to astrocytes, resulting in astrocyte injury by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanisms. The rapid disease progression, severe tissue damage, and abundant leukocyte infiltration seen in some NMO patients suggest a more direct mechanism for demyelination and neurologic deficit than secondary injury from astrocyte loss. Here, we report evidence for an ‘ADCC bystander mechanism’ in NMO involving injury to nearby cells by leukocytes following their activation by AQP4-bound AQP4-IgG on astrocytes. In model cocultures containing AQP4-expressing and null CHO cells, AQP4-IgG and complement killed bystander null cells to ~ 100 μm away from AQP4-expressing cells; AQP4-IgG and NK cells produced bystander killing to ~ 300 μm, with perforin deposition seen on injured null cells. Bystander cytotoxicity was also seen with neutrophil-mediated ADCC and in astrocyte-neuron cocultures. Mechanistic studies, including real-time imaging, suggested that leukocytes activated by an AQP4-dependent ADCC mechanism injure bystander cells by direct targeted exocytosis on neighboring cells and not by diffusion of soluble granule contents. In support of this conclusion, ADCC bystander injury was preferentially reduced by an RGDS peptide that inhibits integrin adhesion. Evidence for ADCC bystander injury to oligodendrocytes and neurons was also found in mice following intracerebral injection of AQP4-IgG and NK cells, which was inhibited by RGDS peptide. These results establish a novel cellular pathogenesis mechanism in AQP4-IgG seropositive NMO and provide evidence that inflammatory mechanisms can cause widespread tissue damage in NMO independently of the secondary effects from astrocyte loss.
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46
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Spatial distribution of IL4 controls iNKT cell-DC crosstalk in tumors. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:496-506. [PMID: 31160756 PMCID: PMC7192838 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal distribution of cytokines orchestrates immune responses in vivo, yet the underlying mechanisms remain to be explored. We showed here that the spatial distribution of interleukin-4 (IL4) in invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells regulated crosstalk between iNKT cells and dendritic cells (DCs) and controlled iNKT cell-mediated T-helper type 1 (Th1) responses. The persistent polarization of IL4 induced by strong lipid antigens, that is, α-galactosylceramide (αGC), caused IL4 accumulation at the immunological synapse (IS), which promoted the activation of the IL4R-STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) pathway and production of IL12 in DCs, which enhanced interferon-γ (IFNγ) production in iNKT cells. Conversely, the nonpolarized secretion of IL4 induced by Th2 lipid antigens with a short or unsaturated chain was incapable of enhancing this iNKT cell-DC crosstalk and thus shifted the immune response to a Th2-type response. The nonpolarized secretion of IL4 in response to Th2 lipid antigens was caused by the degradation of Cdc42 in iNKT cells. Moreover, reduced Cdc42 expression was observed in tumor-infiltrating iNKT cells, which impaired IL4 polarization and disturbed iNKT cell-DC crosstalk in tumors.
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47
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Wu J, Mishra HK, Walcheck B. Role of ADAM17 as a regulatory checkpoint of CD16A in NK cells and as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1297-1303. [PMID: 30786043 PMCID: PMC6792391 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr1218-501r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human NK cell antitumor activities involve Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), which is a key mechanism of action for several clinically successful tumor-targeting therapeutic mAbs. Human NK cells exclusively recognize these Abs by the Fcγ receptor CD16A (FcγRIIIA), one of their most potent activating receptors. Unlike other activating receptors on NK cells, CD16A undergoes a rapid down-regulation in expression by a proteolytic process following NK cell activation with various stimuli. In this review, the role of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM17) in CD16A cleavage and as a regulatory checkpoint is discussed. Several studies have examined the effects of inhibiting ADAM17 or CD16A cleavage directly during NK cell engagement of Ab-coated tumor cells, which resulted in strengthened Ab tethering, decreased tumor cell detachment, and enhanced CD16A signaling and cytokine production. However, the effects of either manipulation on ADCC have varied between studies, which may be due to dissimilar assays and the contribution of different killing processes by NK cells. Of importance is that NK cells under various circumstances, including in the tumor microenvironment of patients, down-regulate CD16A and this appears to impair their function. Considerable progress has been made in the development of ADAM17 inhibitors, including human mAbs that have advantages of high specificity and increased half-life in vivo. These inhibitors may provide a therapeutic means of increasing ADCC potency and/or antitumor cytokine production by NK cells in an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and if used in combination with tumor-targeting Abs or NK cell-based adoptive immunotherapies may improve their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hemant K Mishra
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruce Walcheck
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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48
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Prager I, Watzl C. Mechanisms of natural killer cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1319-1329. [PMID: 31107565 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0718-269r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cytotoxicity, the ability to kill other cells, is an important effector mechanism of the immune system to combat viral infections and cancer. Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are the major mediators of this activity. Here, we summarize the cytotoxic mechanisms of NK cells. NK cells can kill virally infected of transformed cells via the directed release of lytic granules or by inducing death receptor-mediated apoptosis via the expression of Fas ligand or TRAIL. The biogenesis of perforin and granzymes, the major components of lytic granules, is a highly regulated process to prevent damage during the synthesis of these cytotoxic molecules. Additionally, NK cells have developed several strategies to protect themselves from the cytotoxic activity of granular content upon degranulation. While granule-mediated apoptosis is a fast process, death receptor-mediated cytotoxicity requires more time. Current data suggest that these 2 cytotoxic mechanisms are regulated during the serial killing activity of NK cells. As many modern approaches of cancer immunotherapy rely on cellular cytotoxicity for their effectiveness, unraveling these pathways will be important to further progress these therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Prager
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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49
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Herranz G, Aguilera P, Dávila S, Sánchez A, Stancu B, Gómez J, Fernández-Moreno D, de Martín R, Quintanilla M, Fernández T, Rodríguez-Silvestre P, Márquez-Expósito L, Bello-Gamboa A, Fraile-Ramos A, Calvo V, Izquierdo M. Protein Kinase C δ Regulates the Depletion of Actin at the Immunological Synapse Required for Polarized Exosome Secretion by T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:851. [PMID: 31105694 PMCID: PMC6499072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivesicular bodies (MVB) are endocytic compartments that enclose intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) formed by inward budding from the limiting membrane of endosomes. In T lymphocytes, ILVs are secreted as Fas ligand-bearing, pro-apoptotic exosomes following T cell receptor (TCR)-induced fusion of MVB with the plasma membrane at the immune synapse (IS). In this study we show that protein kinase C δ (PKCδ), a novel PKC isotype activated by diacylglycerol (DAG), regulates TCR-controlled MVB polarization toward the IS and exosome secretion. Concomitantly, we demonstrate that PKCδ-interfered T lymphocytes are defective in activation-induced cell death. Using a DAG sensor based on the C1 DAG-binding domain of PKCδ and a GFP-PKCδ chimera, we reveal that T lymphocyte activation enhances DAG levels at the MVB endomembranes which mediates the association of PKCδ to MVB. Spatiotemporal reorganization of F-actin at the IS is inhibited in PKCδ-interfered T lymphocytes. Therefore, we propose PKCδ as a DAG effector that regulates the actin reorganization necessary for MVB traffic and exosome secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Herranz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Aguilera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Dávila
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bianca Stancu
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Moreno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl de Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Quintanilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Rodríguez-Silvestre
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Márquez-Expósito
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Bello-Gamboa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fraile-Ramos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Calvo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Izquierdo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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50
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Using chemical inhibitors to probe AAA protein conformational dynamics and cellular functions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 50:45-54. [PMID: 30913482 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The AAA proteins are a family of enzymes that play key roles in diverse dynamic cellular processes, ranging from proteostasis to directional intracellular transport. Dysregulation of AAA proteins has been linked to several diseases, including cancer, suggesting a possible therapeutic role for inhibitors of these enzymes. In the past decade, new chemical probes have been developed for AAA proteins including p97, dynein, midasin, and ClpC1. In this review, we discuss how these compounds have been used to study the cellular functions and conformational dynamics of AAA proteins. We discuss future directions for inhibitor development and early efforts to utilize AAA protein inhibitors in the clinical setting.
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