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Bela-Ong DB, Kim J, Thompson KD, Jung TS. Leveraging the biotechnological promise of the hagfish variable lymphocyte receptors: tools for aquatic microbial diseases. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109565. [PMID: 38636740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The jawless vertebrates (agnathans/cyclostomes) are ancestral animals comprising lampreys and hagfishes as the only extant representatives. They possess an alternative adaptive immune system (AIS) that uses leucine-rich repeats (LRR)-based variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) instead of the immunoglobulin (Ig)-based antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). The different VLR types are expressed on agnathan lymphocytes and functionally resemble gnathostome antigen receptors. In particular, VLRB is functionally similar to the B cell receptor and is expressed and secreted by B-like lymphocytes as VLRB antibodies that bind antigens with high affinity and specificity. The potential repertoire scale of VLR-based antigen receptors is believed to be at least comparable to that of Ig-based systems. VLR proteins inherently possess characteristics that render them excellent candidates for biotechnological development, including tractability to recombinant approaches. In recent years, scientists have explored the biotechnological development and utility of VLRB proteins as alternatives to conventional mammalian antibodies. The VLRB antibody platform represents a non-traditional approach to generating a highly diverse repertoire of unique antibodies. In this review, we first describe some aspects of the biology of the AIS of the jawless vertebrates, which recognizes antigens by means of unique receptors. We then summarize reports on the development of VLRB-based antibodies and their applications, particularly those from the inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri) and their potential uses to address microbial diseases in aquaculture. Hagfish VLRB antibodies (we call Ccombodies) are being developed and improved, while obstacles to the advancement of the VLRB platform are being addressed to utilize VLRBs effectively as tools in immunology. VLRB antibodies for novel antigen targets are expected to emerge to provide new opportunities to tackle various scientific questions. We anticipate a greater interest in the agnathan AIS in general and particularly in the hagfish AIS for greater elucidation of the evolution of adaptive immunity and its applications to address microbial pathogens in farmed aquatic animals and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis B Bela-Ong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Kim
- Earwynbio Co., Ltd., 206 Sungjangjiwon-dong, 991 Worasan-ro, Munsan, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52839, Republic of Korea
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea; Earwynbio Co., Ltd., 206 Sungjangjiwon-dong, 991 Worasan-ro, Munsan, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52839, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Baltazar‐Soares M, Britton JR, Pinder A, Harrison AJ, Nunn AD, Quintella BR, Mateus CS, Bolland JD, Dodd JR, Almeida PR, Dominguez Almela V, Andreou D. Seascape genomics reveals limited dispersal and suggests spatially varying selection among European populations of sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus). Evol Appl 2023; 16:1169-1183. [PMID: 37360030 PMCID: PMC10286227 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus is an anadromous and semelparous fish without homing behaviors. Despite being a freshwater, free-living organism for a large part of their life cycle, its adulthood is spent as a parasite of marine vertebrates. In their native European range, while it is well-established that sea lampreys comprise a single nearly-panmictic population, few studies have further explored the evolutionary history of natural populations. Here, we performed the first genome-wide characterization of sea lamprey's genetic diversity in their European natural range. The objectives were to investigate the connectivity among river basins and explore evolutionary processes mediating dispersal during the marine phase, with the sequencing of 186 individuals from 8 locations spanning the North Eastern Atlantic coast and the North Sea with double-digest RAD-sequencing, obtaining a total of 30,910 bi-allelic SNPs. Population genetic analyses reinforced the existence of a single metapopulation encompassing freshwater spawning sites within the North Eastern Atlantic and the North Sea, though the prevalence of private alleles at northern latitudes suggested some limits to the species' dispersal. Seascape genomics suggested a scenario where oxygen concentration and river runoffs impose spatially varying selection across their distribution range. Exploring associations with the abundance of potential hosts further suggested that hake and cod could also impose selective pressures, although the nature of such putative biotic interactions was unresolved. Overall, the identification of adaptive seascapes in a panmictic anadromous species could contribute to conservation practices by providing information for restoration activities to mitigate local extinctions on freshwater sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Baltazar‐Soares
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityDorsetUK
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences CentreISPA – Instituto UniversitárioLisbonPortugal
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - J. Robert Britton
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityDorsetUK
| | - Adrian Pinder
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityDorsetUK
| | - Andrew J. Harrison
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityDorsetUK
| | - Andrew D. Nunn
- University of HullHull International Fisheries InstituteHullUK
| | - Bernardo R. Quintella
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences CentreUniversity of ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Department of Animal BiologyFaculty of Sciences, University of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Catarina S. Mateus
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences CentreUniversity of ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
| | | | - Jamie R. Dodd
- University of HullHull International Fisheries InstituteHullUK
| | - Pedro R. Almeida
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences CentreUniversity of ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
| | - Victoria Dominguez Almela
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityDorsetUK
| | - Demetra Andreou
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityDorsetUK
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3
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Immunogenetic Predisposition to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010037. [PMID: 36671730 PMCID: PMC9855425 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we included 527 individuals from two Hospitals, Chemnitz and University-Hospital Leipzig. In total, 199 were negative for PCR and 328 were positive upon first admission. We used next generation sequencing for HLA-A, B, C, DRB1, DRB345, DQA1, DQB1, DPA1, and DPB1, and in some cases, HLA-E, F, G, and H. Furthermore, we molecularly defined 22 blood group systems comprising 26 genes and 5 platelet antigen genes. We observed a significant enrichment of homozygosity for DQA/DQB in the positive group. Within the negative subjects, HLA-B*57:01, HLA-B*55:01, DRB1*13:01, and DRB1*01:01 were enriched, and in the positive group, homozygosity for DQA/DQB, DRB1*09:01, and DRB1*15:01 was observed. DQA1*01:01, DQA1*02:01, and DQA1*01:03 were enriched in the negative group. HLA-DQB1*06:02 was enriched in the positive group, and HLA-DQB1*05:01 and HLA-DQB1*06:03 were enriched in the negative group. For the blood group systems MNS, RH, LE, FY, JK, YT, DO, and KN, enrichment was seen in both groups, depending on the antigen under observation. Homozygosity for D-positive RHD alleles, as well as the phenotypes M-N+ of the MNS blood group system and Yk(a-) of the KN system, were enriched in the positive group. All of these significances disappeared upon correction. Subjects who carried homozygous HPA-1a were more frequent in the negative group, contrasting with the finding that HPA-1ab was enriched in the positive group.
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4
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Arinda BN, Innabi YA, Grasis JA, Oviedo NJ. Non-traditional roles of immune cells in regeneration: an evolutionary perspective. Development 2022; 149:275269. [PMID: 35502784 PMCID: PMC9124569 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells are known to engage in pathogen defense. However, emerging research has revealed additional roles for immune cells, which are independent of their function in the immune response. Here, we underscore the ability of cells outside of the adaptive immune system to respond to recurring infections through the lens of evolution and cellular memory. With this in mind, we then discuss the bidirectional crosstalk between the immune cells and stem cells and present examples where these interactions regulate tissue repair and regeneration. We conclude by suggesting that comprehensive analyses of the immune system may enable biomedical applications in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beryl N Arinda
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Yacoub A Innabi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Juris A Grasis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.,Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Néstor J Oviedo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.,Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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Wang X, Chi Y, Li J, Pang Y, Li Q. Morphological characteristics and a single-cell analysis provide insights into function of immune and fat storage in the lamprey supraneural body. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 142:106131. [PMID: 34838690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The supraneural body, also known as dorsal fat body is considered from adipose progenitors, and possesses hematopoietic activity. However, in-depth knowledge of cell-type by single-cell transcriptome sequencing and physiological functions are still lacking. Here, we determined at least four types of cells, such as white adipocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and red blood cells by using 10 ×Genomics single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq), hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and histochemistry. Additionally, most immune cells contain scattered small fat droplets except for white adipocytes with one large lipid droplet. The content of triglyceride in supraneural body is the highest compared with other tissues. The mRNA expression of both lipolysis-related genes and brown adipocytes-specific marker genes were up-regulated in supraneural body cells in response to epinephrine. Taken together, these data indicate that the supraneural body may play an important role in immune and fat storage. Our findings not only provided detailed insights into the unique molecular make-up of the supraneural body tissue, but also shed new light on future analyses of physiological functions in immune or lipid regulating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Yan Chi
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
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6
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Magadán S, Mikelez-Alonso I, Borrego F, González-Fernández Á. Nanoparticles and trained immunity: Glimpse into the future. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113821. [PMID: 34087325 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidences show that innate immune cells can display changes in their functional programs after infection or vaccination, which lead to immunomodulation (increased or reduced responsiveness) upon secondary activation to the same stimuli or even to a different one. Innate cells acquire features of immunological memory, nowadays using the new term of "trained immunity" or "innate immune memory", which is different from the specific memory immune response elicited by B and T lymphocytes. The review focused on the concept of trained immunity, mostly on myeloid cells. Special attention is dedicated to the pathogen recognition along the evolution (bacteria, plants, invertebrate and vertebrate animals), and to techniques used to study epigenetic reprogramming and metabolic rewiring. Nanomaterials can be recognized by immune cells offering a very promising way to learn about trained immunity. Nanomaterials could be modified in order to immunomodulate the responses ad hoc. Many therapeutic possibilities are opened, and they should be explored.
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7
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Orend G, Tucker RP. Did Tenascin-C Co-Evolve With the General Immune System of Vertebrates? Front Immunol 2021; 12:663902. [PMID: 33912190 PMCID: PMC8071991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-C plays important roles in immunity. Toll-like receptor 4, integrin α9β1 and chemokines have already been identified as key players in executing the immune regulatory functions of tenascin-C. Tenascin-C is also found in reticular fibers in lymphoid tissues, which are major sites involved in the regulation of adaptive immunity. Did the “tool box” for reading and interpreting the immune-regulating instructions imposed by tenascins and tenascin-C co-evolve? Though the extracellular matrix is ancient, tenascins evolved relatively recently. Tenascin-like genes are first encountered in cephalochordates and urochordates, which are widely accepted as the early branching chordate lineages. Vertebrates lacking jaws like the lamprey have tenascins, but a tenascin gene that clusters in the tenascin-C clade first appears in cartilaginous fish. Adaptive immunity apparently evolved independently in jawless and jawed vertebrates, with the former using variable lymphocyte receptors for antigen recognition, and the latter using immunoglobulins. Thus, while tenascins predate the appearance of adaptive immunity, the first tenascin-C appears to have evolved in the first organisms with immunoglobulin-based adaptive immunity. While a C-X-C chemokine is present in the lamprey, C-C chemokines also appear in the first organisms with immunoglobulin-based adaptive immunity, as does the major histocompatibility complex, T-cell receptors, Toll-like receptor 4 and integrin α9β1. Given the importance of tenascin-C in inflammatory events, the co-evolution of tenascin-C and key elements of adaptive and innate immunity is suggestive of a fundamental role for this extracellular matrix glycoprotein in the immune response of jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertraud Orend
- Inserm U1109, The Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, INSERM UMR_S 1109, Faculté de Médecine, Hopital Civil, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Strasbourg, France.,Université Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard P Tucker
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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8
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The immune system of jawless vertebrates: insights into the prototype of the adaptive immune system. Immunogenetics 2020; 73:5-16. [PMID: 33159554 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Jawless vertebrates diverged from an ancestor of jawed vertebrates approximately 550 million years ago. They mount adaptive immune responses to repetitive antigenic challenges, despite lacking major histocompatibility complex molecules, immunoglobulins, T cell receptors, and recombination-activating genes. Instead of B cell and T cell receptors, agnathan lymphocytes express unique antigen receptors named variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), which generate diversity through a gene conversion-like mechanism. Although gnathostome antigen receptors and VLRs are structurally unrelated, jawed and jawless vertebrates share essential features of lymphocyte-based adaptive immunity, including the expression of a single type of receptor on each lymphocyte, clonal expansion of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes, and the dichotomy of cellular and humoral immunity, indicating that the backbone of the adaptive immune system was established in a common ancestor of all vertebrates. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that, unlike previously thought, agnathans have a unique classical pathway of complement activation where VLRB molecules act as antibodies instead of immunoglobulins. It seems likely that the last common ancestor of all vertebrates had an adaptive immune system resembling that of jawless vertebrates, suggesting that, as opposed to jawed vertebrates, agnathans have retained the prototype of vertebrate adaptive immunity.
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9
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McKitrick TR, Eris D, Mondal N, Aryal RP, McCurley N, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Antibodies from Lampreys as Smart Anti-Glycan Reagents (SAGRs): Perspectives on Their Specificity, Structure, and Glyco-genomics. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3111-3122. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R. McKitrick
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Deniz Eris
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nandini Mondal
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rajindra P. Aryal
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nathanael McCurley
- Office of Technology Transfer and Commercialization, Georgia State University, 58 Edgewood Ave Rm 341, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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10
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Sharrock J, Sun JC. Innate immunological memory: from plants to animals. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 62:69-78. [PMID: 31931432 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is defined by the ability of the host to recognise and mount a robust secondary response against a previously encountered pathogen. Classic immune memory is an evolutionary adaptation of the vertebrate immune system that has been attributed to adaptive lymphocytes, including T and B cells. In contrast, the innate immune system was known for its conserved, non-specific roles in rapid host defence, but historically was considered to be unable to generate memory. Recent studies have challenged our understanding of innate immunity and now provides a growing body of evidence for innate immune memory. However, in many species and in various cell types the underlying mechanisms of immune 'memory' formation remain poorly understood. The purpose of this review is to explore and summarise the emerging evidence for immunological 'memory' in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Sharrock
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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11
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Jung JW, Lee JS, Kim J, Im SP, Kim SW, Lazarte JMS, Kim YR, Chun JH, Ha MW, Kim HS, Thompson KD, Jung TS. Characterization of Hagfish ( Eptatretus burgeri) Variable Lymphocyte Receptor-Based Antibody and Its Potential Role in the Neutralization of Nervous Necrosis Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:718-725. [PMID: 31836656 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) mediates the humoral immune response in jawless vertebrates, including lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri). Hagfish VLRBs are composed of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules, conjugated with a superhydrophobic C-terminal tail, which contributes to low levels of expression in recombinant protein technology. In this study, we screened Ag-specific VLRBs from hagfish immunized with nervous necrosis virus (NNV). The artificially multimerized form of VLRB was constructed using a mammalian expression system. To enhance the level of expression of the Ag-specific VLRB, mutagenesis of the VLRB was achieved in vitro through domain swapping of the LRR C-terminal cap and variable LRR module. The mutant VLRB obtained, with high expression and secretion levels, was able to specifically recognize purified and progeny NNV, and the Ag binding ability of this mutant was increased by at least 250-fold to that of the nonmutant VLRB. Furthermore, preincubation of the Ag-specific VLRB with NNV reduced the infectivity of NNV in E11 cells in vitro, and in vivo experiment. Our results suggest that the newly developed Ag-specific VLRB has the potential to be used as diagnostic and therapeutic reagents for NNV infections in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Wook Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea
| | - Jaesung Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea
| | - Se Pyeong Im
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea
| | - Si Won Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea
| | - Jassy Mary S Lazarte
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea
| | - Young Rim Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea
| | - Jin Hong Chun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea
| | - Min Woo Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea
| | - Hyeong Su Kim
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Changwon 645-806, South Korea
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea; .,Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
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12
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Adaptive immune stimuli altered the cargo proteins of exosomes released by supraneural myeloid body cells in Lampetra japonica. Mol Immunol 2019; 111:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Flajnik MF. A Convergent Immunological Holy Trinity of Adaptive Immunity in Lampreys: Discovery of the Variable Lymphocyte Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 201:1331-1335. [PMID: 30127062 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201
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14
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Development of a modified yeast display system for screening antigen-specific variable lymphocyte receptor B in hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri). J Immunol Methods 2019; 466:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Chan JTH, Liu Y, Khan S, St-Germain JR, Zou C, Leung LYT, Yang J, Shi M, Grunebaum E, Campisi P, Propst EJ, Holler T, Bar-Or A, Wither JE, Cairo CW, Moran MF, Palazzo AF, Cooper MD, Ehrhardt GRA. A tyrosine sulfation-dependent HLA-I modification identifies memory B cells and plasma cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar7653. [PMID: 30417091 PMCID: PMC6221509 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar7653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Memory B cells and plasma cells are antigen-experienced cells tasked with the maintenance of humoral protection. Despite these prominent functions, definitive cell surface markers have not been identified for these cells. We report here the isolation and characterization of the monoclonal variable lymphocyte receptor B (VLRB) N8 antibody from the evolutionarily distant sea lamprey that specifically recognizes memory B cells and plasma cells in humans. Unexpectedly, we determined that VLRB N8 recognizes the human leukocyte antigen-I (HLA-I) antigen in a tyrosine sulfation-dependent manner. Furthermore, we observed increased binding of VLRB N8 to memory B cells in individuals with autoimmune disorders multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Our study indicates that lamprey VLR antibodies uniquely recognize a memory B cell- and plasma cell-specific posttranslational modification of HLA-I, the expression of which is up-regulated during B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. H. Chan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Srijit Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Chunxia Zou
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Judi Yang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mengyao Shi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eyal Grunebaum
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paolo Campisi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evan J. Propst
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Theresa Holler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joan E. Wither
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael F. Moran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Max D. Cooper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Im SP, Kim J, Lee JS, Kim SW, Jung JW, Lazarte JMS, Kim JY, Kim YR, Lee JH, Chong RSM, Jung TS. Potential Use of Genetically Engineered Variable Lymphocyte Receptor B Specific to Avian Influenza Virus H9N2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3119-3128. [PMID: 30333123 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) B of jawless vertebrates functions as a secreted Ab of jawed vertebrates and has emerged as an alternative Ab with a single polypeptide chain. After observing an upregulated VLRB response in hagfish immunized with avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2, we screened AIV H9N2-specific VLRB using a mammalian expression system. To improve the binding avidity of the Ag-specific VLRB to the Ag, we enabled multimerization of the VLRB by conjugating it with C-terminal domain of human C4b-binding protein. To dramatically enhance the expression and secretion of the Ag-specific VLRB, we introduced a glycine-serine linker and the murine Ig κ leader sequence. The practical use of the Ag-specific VLRB was also demonstrated through various immunoassays, detected by anti-VLRB Ab (11G5). Finally, we found that the Ag-specific VLRB decreased the infectivity of AIV H9N2. Together, our findings suggest that the generated Ag-specific VLRB could be used for various immunoapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Pyeong Im
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, South Korea
| | - Jaesung Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, South Korea
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, South Korea
| | - Si Won Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, South Korea
| | - Jae Wook Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, South Korea
| | - Jassy Mary S Lazarte
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, South Korea
| | - Jong Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, South Korea
| | - Young Rim Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lee
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Jinhae-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam 645-806, South Korea; and
| | - Roger S M Chong
- Veterinary Aquatic Animal Health, Veterinary Surgeons Board of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, South Korea;
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17
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Patel B, Banerjee R, Samanta M, Das S. Diversity of Immunoglobulin (Ig) Isotypes and the Role of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) in Fish. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:435-453. [PMID: 29704159 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The disparate diversity in immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire has been a subject of fascination since the emergence of prototypic adaptive immune system in vertebrates. The carboxy terminus region of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) has been well established in tetrapod lineage and is crucial for its function in class switch recombination (CSR) event of Ig diversification. The absence of CSR in the paraphyletic group of fish is probably due to changes in catalytic domain of AID and lack of cis-elements in IgH locus. Therefore, understanding the arrangement of Ig genes in IgH locus and functional facets of fish AID opens up new realms of unravelling the alternative mechanisms of isotype switching and antibody diversity. Further, the teleost AID has been recently reported to have potential of catalyzing CSR in mammalian B cells by complementing AID deficiency in them. In that context, the present review focuses on the recent advances regarding the generation of diversity in Ig repertoire in the absence of AID-regulated class switching in teleosts and the possible role of T cell-independent pathway involving B cell activating factor and a proliferation-inducing ligand in activation of CSR machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Patel
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769 008, India
| | - Rajanya Banerjee
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769 008, India
| | - Mrinal Samanta
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751 002, India
| | - Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769 008, India.
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18
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Waters EA, Shusta EV. The variable lymphocyte receptor as an antibody alternative. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 52:74-79. [PMID: 29597074 PMCID: PMC6082701 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) are leucine-rich repeat proteins in jawless vertebrates that function similarly to Ig antibodies. However, VLRs possess a distinct crescent-shaped structure and modularity that results in a concave binding interface that contrasts significantly with Ig antibodies. Antigen binding interactions result in specific, high affinity VLR binding interactions with both proteins and glycans. The natural sourcing of VLRs allows for immunization strategies, while the modularity enables a whole host of protein engineering approaches including consensus scaffolds, designed libraries and directed evolution with display technologies. VLR technologies have been recently deployed for applications in cell-specific targeting, drug delivery, tumor diagnostics and even protein stabilization. It is anticipated that the VLR field will continue to emerge to provide unique solutions for targeting glycans, evolutionarily conserved proteins and cellular specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Waters
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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19
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Globular-shaped variable lymphocyte receptors B antibody multimerized by a hydrophobic clustering in hagfish. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10801. [PMID: 30018426 PMCID: PMC6050320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29197-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In hagfish and lampreys, two representative jawless vertebrates, the humoral immunity is directly mediated by variable lymphocyte receptors B (VLRBs). Both monomeric VLRBs are structurally and functionally similar, but their C-terminal tails differ: lamprey VLRB has a Cys-rich tail that forms disulfide-linked pentamers of dimers, contributing to its multivalency, whereas hagfish VLRB has a superhydrophobic tail of unknown structure. Here, we reveal that VLRBs obtained from hagfish plasma have a globular-shaped multimerized form (approximately 0.6 to 1.7 MDa) that is generated by hydrophobic clustering instead of covalent linkage. Electron microscopy (EM) and single-particle analysis showed that the multimerized VLRBs form globular-shaped clusters with an average diameter of 28.7 ± 2.2 nm. The presence of VLRBs in the complex was confirmed by immune-EM analysis using an anti-VLRB antibody. Furthermore, the hydrophobic hagfish C-terminus (HC) was capable of triggering multimerization and directing the cellular surface localization via a glycophosphatidylinositol linkage. Our results strongly suggest that the hagfish VLRB forms a previously unknown globular-shaped antibody. This novel identification of a structurally unusual VLRB complex may suggest that the adaptive immune system of hagfish differs from that of lamprey.
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20
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Abstract
The adaptive immune system arose 500 million years ago in ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates. Classically, the adaptive immune system has been defined by the presence of lymphocytes expressing recombination-activating gene (RAG)-dependent antigen receptors and the MHC. These features are found in all jawed vertebrates, including cartilaginous and bony fish, amphibians and reptiles and are most likely also found in the oldest class of jawed vertebrates, the extinct placoderms. However, with the discovery of an adaptive immune system in jawless fish based on an entirely different set of antigen receptors - the variable lymphocyte receptors - the divergence of T and B cells, and perhaps innate-like lymphocytes, goes back to the origin of all vertebrates. This Review explores how recent developments in comparative immunology have furthered our understanding of the origins and function of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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21
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Boehm T, Hirano M, Holland SJ, Das S, Schorpp M, Cooper MD. Evolution of Alternative Adaptive Immune Systems in Vertebrates. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 36:19-42. [PMID: 29144837 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity in jawless fishes is based on antigen recognition by three types of variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) composed of variable leucine-rich repeats, which are differentially expressed by two T-like lymphocyte lineages and one B-like lymphocyte lineage. The T-like cells express either VLRAs or VLRCs of yet undefined antigen specificity, whereas the VLRB antibodies secreted by B-like cells bind proteinaceous and carbohydrate antigens. The incomplete VLR germline genes are assembled into functional units by a gene conversion-like mechanism that employs flanking variable leucine-rich repeat sequences as templates in association with lineage-specific expression of cytidine deaminases. B-like cells develop in the hematopoietic typhlosole and kidneys, whereas T-like cells develop in the thymoid, a thymus-equivalent region at the gill fold tips. Thus, the dichotomy between T-like and B-like cells and the presence of dedicated lymphopoietic tissues emerge as ancestral vertebrate features, whereas the somatic diversification of structurally distinct antigen receptor genes evolved independently in jawless and jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; , ,
| | - Masayuki Hirano
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA; , ,
| | - Stephen J Holland
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; , ,
| | - Sabyasachi Das
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA; , ,
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; , ,
| | - Max D Cooper
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA; , ,
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22
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Adams NM, O'Sullivan TE, Geary CD, Karo JM, Amezquita RA, Joshi NS, Kaech SM, Sun JC. NK Cell Responses Redefine Immunological Memory. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:2963-2970. [PMID: 27824591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory has traditionally been regarded as a unique trait of the adaptive immune system. Nevertheless, there is evidence of immunological memory in lower organisms and invertebrates, which lack an adaptive immune system. Despite their innate ability to rapidly produce effector cytokines and kill virally infected or transformed cells, NK cells also exhibit adaptive characteristics such as clonal expansion, longevity, self-renewal, and robust recall responses to antigenic or nonantigenic stimuli. In this review, we highlight the intracellular and extracellular requirements for memory NK cell generation and describe the emerging evidence for memory precursor NK cells and their derivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Adams
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | | | - Clair D Geary
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jenny M Karo
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Robert A Amezquita
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Nikhil S Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065; .,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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23
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24
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Yu C, Liu Y, Chan JTH, Tong J, Li Z, Shi M, Davani D, Parsons M, Khan S, Zhan W, Kyu S, Grunebaum E, Campisi P, Propst EJ, Jaye DL, Trudel S, Moran MF, Ostrowski M, Herrin BR, Lee FEH, Sanz I, Cooper MD, Ehrhardt GR. Identification of human plasma cells with a lamprey monoclonal antibody. JCI Insight 2016; 1:84738. [PMID: 27152361 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.84738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ab-producing plasma cells (PCs) serve as key participants in countering pathogenic challenges as well as being contributors to autoimmune and malignant disorders. Thus far, only a limited number of PC-specific markers have been identified. The characterization of the unique variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) Abs that are made by evolutionarily distant jawless vertebrates prompted us to investigate whether VLR Abs could detect novel PC antigens that have not been recognized by conventional Abs. Here, we describe a monoclonal lamprey Ab, VLRB MM3, that was raised against primary multiple myeloma cells. VLRB MM3 recognizes a unique epitope of the CD38 ectoenzyme that is present on plasmablasts and PCs from healthy individuals and on most, but not all, multiple myelomas. Binding by the VLRB MM3 Ab coincides with CD38 dimerization and NAD glycohydrolase activity. Our data demonstrate that the lamprey VLRB MM3 Ab is a unique reagent for the identification of plasmablasts and PCs, with potential applications in the diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of PC or autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Yu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center and the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Tze Ho Chan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiefei Tong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhihua Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mengyao Shi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dariush Davani
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marion Parsons
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Srijit Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Zhan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shuya Kyu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Paolo Campisi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan J Propst
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David L Jaye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center and the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Suzanne Trudel
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael F Moran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brantley R Herrin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center and the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Max D Cooper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center and the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Götz Ra Ehrhardt
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Im SP, Lee JS, Kim SW, Yu JE, Kim YR, Kim J, Lee JH, Jung TS. Investigation of variable lymphocyte receptors in the alternative adaptive immune response of hagfish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:203-210. [PMID: 26449649 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Jawless vertebrates have an alternative adaptive immune system mediated by variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), VLRA, VLRC and VLRB. In investigation on the adaptive immunity of hagfish, avian influenza virus hemagglutinin (H9N2-HA1) was used as a model antigen, with mRNA expression levels of VLRA, VLRC and Ikaros were up-regulated in the first week post-immunization. CD45 was up-regulated after the first week; and expression of VLRB progressively increased over the course of the trial. The transcriptional/translational activation of VLRB in blood was verified. The VLRBs cloned from these transcripts showed diversity in their leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). The production of specific VLRB increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner, detected by an anti-VLRB antibody (11G5). The plasma VLRB could distinguish H9N2-HA1 from unrelated proteins, but not from other HA1 subtypes. Together, our findings show that VLRs play a major role in the alternative adaptive immune system of hagfish by responding to specific foreign substances, such as H9N2-HA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Pyeong Im
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Won Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Earn Yu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rim Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, NFRDI, Changwon, 645-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Corcos D. Food-Nonfood Discrimination in Ancestral Vertebrates: Gamete Cannibalism and the Origin of the Adaptive Immune System. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:409-17. [PMID: 26286030 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is a complex system that appeared twice in vertebrates (in gnathostomes and in jawless fish) although it is not required for invertebrate defence. The adaptive immune system is tightly associated with self-non-self discrimination, and it is now clear that this interplay is not limited to the prevention of autoreactivity. Micro-organisms are usually considered for their pathogenicity or symbiotic ability, but, for most small metazoans, they mainly constitute food. Vertebrates are characterized by feeding by predation on larger preys, when compared to their ancestors who were filter feeders and ate micro-organisms. Predation gives a strong selective advantage, not only due to the availability of new food resources but also by the ability to eliminate competitors for environmental resources (intraguild predation (IGP)). Unlike size-structured IGP, intraspecific predation of juveniles, zygotes or gametes can be detrimental for species fitness in some circumstances. The ability of individuals to recognize highly polymorphic molecules on the surface of gametes present in the plankton and so distinguish self versus non-self gametes might have constituted a strong selective advantage in intraspecific competition. Here, I propose the theory that the capacity to rearrange receptors has been selected in ancestral vertebrates as a consequence of this strong need for discriminating between hetero-cannibalism versus filial cannibalism. This evolutionary origin sheds light on presently unexplained features of the immune system, including the existence of regulatory T cells and of non-pathogenic natural autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Corcos
- U1021 INSERM, Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3347, Institut National de la Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1021, Université Paris-Sud 11, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
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27
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Altman MO, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW, Herrin BR. Lamprey VLRB response to influenza virus supports universal rules of immunogenicity and antigenicity. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26252514 PMCID: PMC4552221 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) are a crown jewel of jawed vertebrate evolution. Through recombination and mutation of small numbers of genes, Igs can specifically recognize a vast variety of natural and man-made organic molecules. Jawless vertebrates evolved a parallel system of humoral immunity, which recognizes antigens not with Ig, but with a structurally unrelated receptor called the variable lymphocyte receptor B (VLRB). We exploited the convergent evolution of Ig and VLRB antibodies (Abs) to investigate if intrinsic chemical features of foreign proteins determine their antigenicity and immunogenicity. Surprisingly, we find lamprey VLRB and mouse Ig responses to influenza A virus are extremely similar. Each focuses ~80% of the response on hemagglutinin (HA), mainly through recognition of the major antigenic sites in the HA globular head domain. Our findings predict basic conservation of Ab responses to protein antigens, strongly supporting the use of animal models for understanding human Ab responses to viruses and protein immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan O Altman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, United States
| | - Jack R Bennink
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, United States
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, United States
| | - Brantley R Herrin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
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28
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Hirano M. Evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity: immune cells and tissues, and AID/APOBEC cytidine deaminases. Bioessays 2015. [PMID: 26212221 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
All surviving jawed vertebrate representatives achieve diversity in immunoglobulin-based B and T cell receptors for antigen recognition through recombinatorial rearrangement of V(D)J segments. However, the extant jawless vertebrates, lampreys and hagfish, instead generate three types of variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) through a template-mediated combinatorial assembly of different leucine-rich repeat (LRR) sequences. The clonally diverse VLRB receptors are expressed by B-like lymphocytes, while the VLRA and VLRC receptors are expressed by lymphocyte lineages that resemble αβ and γδ T lymphocytes, respectively. These findings suggest that three basic types of lymphocytes, one B-like and two T-like, are an essential feature of vertebrate adaptive immunity. Around 500 million years ago, a common ancestor of jawed and jawless vertebrates evolved a genetic program for the development of prototypic lymphoid cells as a foundation for an adaptive immune system. This acquisition preceded the convergent evolution of alternative types of clonally diverse receptors for antigens in all vertebrates, as reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Hirano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Das S, Li J, Hirano M, Sutoh Y, Herrin BR, Cooper MD. Evolution of two prototypic T cell lineages. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:87-94. [PMID: 25958271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Jawless vertebrates, which occupy a unique position in chordate phylogeny, employ leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-based variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) for antigen recognition. During the assembly of the VLR genes (VLRA, VLRB and VLRC), donor LRR-encoding sequences are copied in a step-wise manner into the incomplete germ-line genes. The assembled VLR genes are differentially expressed by discrete lymphocyte lineages: VLRA- and VLRC-producing cells are T-cell like, whereas VLRB-producing cells are B-cell like. VLRA(+) and VLRC(+) lymphocytes resemble the two principal T-cell lineages of jawed vertebrates that express the αβ or γδ T-cell receptors (TCR). Reminiscent of the interspersed nature of the TCRα/TCRδ locus in jawed vertebrates, the close proximity of the VLRA and VLRC loci facilitates sharing of donor LRR sequences during VLRA and VLRC assembly. Here we discuss the insight these findings provide into vertebrate T- and B-cell evolution, and the alternative types of anticipatory receptors they use for adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Das
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road North-East, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Jianxu Li
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road North-East, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Masayuki Hirano
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road North-East, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Yoichi Sutoh
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road North-East, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Brantley R Herrin
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road North-East, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Max D Cooper
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road North-East, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Abstract
Jawless vertebrates represented by lampreys and hagfish mount antigen-specific immune responses using variable lymphocyte receptors. These receptors generate diversity comparable to that of T-cell and B-cell receptors by assembling multiple leucine-rich repeat modules with highly variable sequences. Although it is true that jawed and jawless vertebrates have structurally unrelated antigen receptors, their adaptive immune systems have much in common. Most notable is the conservation of lymphocyte lineages. It appears that specialized lymphocyte lineages emerged in a common vertebrate ancestor and that jawed and jawless vertebrates co-opted different antigen receptors within the context of such lymphocyte lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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Genomic donor cassette sharing during VLRA and VLRC assembly in jawless vertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14828-33. [PMID: 25228758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415580111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lampreys possess two T-like lymphocyte lineages that express either variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) A or VLRC antigen receptors. VLRA(+) and VLRC(+) lymphocytes share many similarities with the two principal T-cell lineages of jawed vertebrates expressing the αβ and γδ T-cell receptors (TCRs). During the assembly of VLR genes, several types of genomic cassettes are inserted, in step-wise fashion, into incomplete germ-line genes to generate the mature forms of antigen receptor genes. Unexpectedly, the structurally variable components of VLRA and VLRC receptors often possess partially identical sequences; this phenomenon of module sharing between these two VLR isotypes occurs in both lampreys and hagfishes. By contrast, VLRA and VLRC molecules typically do not share their building blocks with the structurally analogous VLRB receptors that are expressed by B-like lymphocytes. Our studies reveal that VLRA and VLRC germ-line genes are situated in close proximity to each other in the lamprey genome and indicate the interspersed arrangement of isotype-specific and shared genomic donor cassettes; these features may facilitate the shared cassette use. The genomic structure of the VLRA/VLRC locus in lampreys is reminiscent of the interspersed nature of the TCRA/TCRD locus in jawed vertebrates that also allows the sharing of some variable gene segments during the recombinatorial assembly of TCR genes.
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Criscitiello MF. What the shark immune system can and cannot provide for the expanding design landscape of immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:725-39. [PMID: 24836096 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.920818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sharks have successfully lived in marine ecosystems, often atop food chains as apex predators, for nearly one and a half billion years. Throughout this period they have benefitted from an immune system with the same fundamental components found in terrestrial vertebrates like man. Additionally, sharks have some rather extraordinary immune mechanisms which mammals lack. AREAS COVERED In this review the author briefly orients the reader to sharks, their adaptive immunity, and their important phylogenetic position in comparative immunology. The author also differentiates some of the myths from facts concerning these animals, their cartilage, and cancer. From thereon, the author explores some of the more remarkable capabilities and products of shark lymphocytes. Sharks have an isotype of light chain-less antibodies that are useful tools in molecular biology and are moving towards translational use in the clinic. These special antibodies are just one of the several tricks of shark lymphocyte antigen receptor systems. EXPERT OPINION While shark cartilage has not helped oncology patients, shark immunoglobulins and T cell receptors do offer exciting novel possibilities for immunotherapeutics. Much of the clinical immunology developmental pipeline has turned from traditional vaccines to passively delivered monoclonal antibody-based drugs for targeted depletion, activation, blocking and immunomodulation. The immunogenetic tools of shark lymphocytes, battle-tested since the dawn of our adaptive immune system, are well poised to expand the design landscape for the next generation of immunotherapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Criscitiello
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology , Mailstop 4467, College Station, TX 77843 , USA +1 979 845 4207 ; +1 979 862 1088 ;
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Copy number and sequence variation of leucine-rich repeat modules suggests distinct functional constraints operating on variable lymphocyte receptors expressed by agnathan T cell-like and B cell-like lymphocytes. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:403-9. [PMID: 24760209 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Unlike jawed vertebrates that use T cell and B cell receptors for antigen recognition, jawless vertebrates represented by lampreys and hagfish use variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) as antigen receptors. VLRs generate high levels of diversity by assembling variable leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules. Of the three VLRs thus far identified, VLRB is expressed on B cell-like lymphocytes and functions as antibodies, whereas VLRA and VLRC are expressed on T cell-like lymphocytes and function as membrane-bound receptors. In the present study, we show that the copy number of LRRV modules in lamprey and hagfish VLRB transcripts follows a binominal distribution with the success rates of 15.5 and 22.4 %, respectively. By contrast, the copy number distribution of LRRV modules in VLRA and VLRC transcripts deviates from the binominal distribution mainly because transcripts with two or less LRRV modules occur infrequently. Notably, the second LRRV module shows distinctive sequence signatures in VLRA and VLRC, but not in VLRB transcripts. These observations suggest that distinct functional constraints operate on VLRs expressed by agnathan T cell-like and B cell-like lymphocytes.
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Abstract
Immune memory has traditionally been the domain of the adaptive immune system, present only in antigen-specific T and B cells. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence for immunological memory in lower organisms (which are not thought to possess adaptive immunity) and within specific cell subsets of the innate immune system. A special focus will be given to recent findings in both mouse and humans for specificity and memory in natural killer (NK) cells, which have resided under the umbrella of innate immunity for decades. The surprising longevity and enhanced responses of previously primed NK cells will be discussed in the context of several immunization settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Ugolini
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France Service d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
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Abstract
The evolutionary emergence of vertebrates was accompanied by major morphological and functional innovations, including the development of an adaptive immune system. Vertebrate adaptive immunity is based on the clonal expression of somatically diversifying antigen receptors on lymphocytes. This is a common feature of both the jawless and jawed vertebrates , although these two groups of extant vertebrates employ structurally different types of antigen receptors and principal mechanisms for their somatic diversification . These observations suggest that the common vertebrate ancestor must have already possessed a complex immune system, including B- and T-like lymphocyte lineages and primary lymphoid organs, such as the thymus, but possibly lacked the facilities for somatic diversification of antigen receptors. Interestingly, memory formation, previously considered to be a defining feature of adaptive immunity, also occurs in the context of innate immune responses and can even be observed in unicellular organisms, attesting to the convergent evolutionary history of distinct aspects of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; ,
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Scapigliati G. Functional aspects of fish lymphocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:200-208. [PMID: 23707785 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
After almost 40 years of studies in comparative immunology, some light has been shed on the evolutive immunobiology of vertebrates, and experimental evidences have shown that acquired immunity, defined by somatic recombination of antigen-binding molecules and memory, is an achievement as ancient as jawless vertebrates. However, the molecular processes generating antigen receptors evolved independently between jawless and jawed fishes, and produced lymphocytic cells with similar functions but employing different sets of genes. In recent years, data have been provided describing some in vitro and in vivo functional responses of fish lymphocytes. After a long gap, the number of specific markers for fish lymphocytes is increasing, thus allowing a first characterisation of lymphocyte subsets. Overall, in the near future it will be possible to open a new chapter in fish immunology and investigate functional immunity of lymphocyte responses by combining the extensive knowledge on immune gene products with markers for molecules and cells. The present review summarizes current knowledge on functional features of fish lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Dionne MS. Comparative immunology: allorecognition and variable surface receptors outside the jawed vertebrates. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:608-12. [PMID: 23890586 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Allograft rejection is one of several undesirable consequences of the adaptive nature of the mammalian immune response. This review examines adaptive immune responses and allorecognition in animals with very different immune responses - jawless vertebrates, arthropods, and two distinct colonial marine invertebrates - with the goal of understanding how immune adaptation and allograft rejection are linked, and conversely how a system works where allograft rejection is a desired outcome rather than an unforeseen consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Dionne
- Centre for the Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation and Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Kasamatsu J. Evolution of innate and adaptive immune systems in jawless vertebrates. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:1-12. [PMID: 22924515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Because jawless vertebrates are the most primitive vertebrates, they have been studied to gain understanding of the evolutionary processes that gave rise to the innate and adaptive immune systems in vertebrates. Jawless vertebrates have developed lymphocyte-like cells that morphologically resemble the T and B cells of jawed vertebrates, but they express variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) instead of the T and B cell receptors that specifically recognize antigens in jawed vertebrates. These VLRs act as antigen receptors, diversity being generated in their antigen-binding sites by assembly of highly diverse leucine-rich repeat modules. Therefore, jawless vertebrates have developed adaptive immune systems based on the VLRs. Although pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Rig-like receptors (RLRs), and their adaptor genes are conserved in jawless vertebrates, some transcription factor and inflammatory cytokine genes in the TLR and RLR pathways are not present. However, like jawed vertebrates, the initiation of adaptive immune responses in jawless vertebrates appears to require prior activation of the innate immune system. These observations imply that the innate immune systems of jawless vertebrates have a unique molecular basis that is distinct from that of jawed vertebrates. Altogether, although the molecular details of the innate and adaptive immune systems differ between jawless and jawed vertebrates, jawless vertebrates have developed versions of these immune systems that are similar to those of jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kasamatsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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40
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Dishaw LJ, Litman GW. Changing views of the evolution of immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:122. [PMID: 23734152 PMCID: PMC3659336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Dishaw
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
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41
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Deng L, Luo M, Velikovsky A, Mariuzza RA. Structural Insights into the Evolution of the Adaptive Immune System. Annu Rev Biophys 2013; 42:191-215. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-083012-130422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Deng
- Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ming Luo
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Rockville, Maryland 20850;
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Alejandro Velikovsky
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Rockville, Maryland 20850;
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Roy A. Mariuzza
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Rockville, Maryland 20850;
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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RAG-dependent and independent adaptive systems: Towards an understanding of sepsis and autoimmunity. Immunol Lett 2013; 149:68-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Takaba H, Imai T, Miki S, Morishita Y, Miyashita A, Ishikawa N, Nishizumi H, Sakano H. A major allogenic leukocyte antigen in the agnathan hagfish. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1716. [PMID: 23612706 PMCID: PMC3634110 DOI: 10.1038/srep01716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
All vertebrates, from jawless fish to mammals, possess adaptive immune systems that can detect and inactivate non-self-antigens through a vast repertoire of antigen receptors. Unlike jawed vertebrates, the hagfish utilizes variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) that are unrelated to immunoglobulin molecules but are diversified by copy-choice gene conversion mechanism. Here, we report that hagfish VLRs react with allogenic leukocyte antigens but not with self-antigens. We found that a highly polymorphic membrane protein, NICIR3, is recognized by VLRs as an allogenic leukocyte antigen (ALA). In a serological cross-reactivity test, a close correlation was observed between the amino acid differences in the protein sequences and the VLR cross-reactivities. This leukocyte antigen was predominantly expressed in phagocytic leukocytes, where it was associated with phagocytosed protein antigens. These findings suggest that a polymorphic leukocyte antigen, NICIR3/ALA, plays a pivotal role in jawless vertebrate adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takaba
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imai
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shoji Miki
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Morishita
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akihiro Miyashita
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Naoko Ishikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nishizumi
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakano
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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Purification and identification of cell surface antigens using lamprey monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2012; 386:43-9. [PMID: 22964555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) B antibodies of the evolutionary distant sea lamprey are structurally distinct from conventional mammalian antibodies. The different protein architecture and large evolutionary distance of jawless vertebrates suggest that VLR antibodies may represent promising tools for biomarker discovery. Here we report the generation of panels of monoclonal VLR antibodies from lamprey larvae immunized with human T cells and the use of a recombinant monoclonal VLR antibody for antigen purification and mass spectrometric identification. We demonstrate that despite predicted low affinity of individual VLR antigen binding units to the antigen, the high avidity resulting from decameric assembly of secreted VLR antibodies allows for efficient antigen capture and subsequent identification by mass spectometry. We show that VLR antibodies detect their antigens with high specificity and can be used in various standard laboratory application techniques. The lamprey antibodies are novel reagents that can complement conventional monoclonal antibodies in multiple scientific research disciplines.
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46
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Boehm T, Iwanami N, Hess I. Evolution of the immune system in the lower vertebrates. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2012; 13:127-49. [PMID: 22703179 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-090711-163747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary emergence of vertebrates was accompanied by the invention of adaptive immunity. This is characterized by extraordinarily diverse repertoires of somatically assembled antigen receptors and the facility of antigen-specific memory, leading to more rapid and efficient secondary immune responses. Adaptive immunity emerged twice during early vertebrate evolution, once in the lineage leading to jawless fishes (such as lamprey and hagfish) and, independently, in the lineage leading to jawed vertebrates (comprising the overwhelming majority of extant vertebrates, from cartilaginous fishes to mammals). Recent findings on the immune systems of jawless and jawed fishes (here referred to as lower vertebrates) impact on the identification of general principles governing the structure and function of adaptive immunity and its coevolution with innate defenses. The discovery of conserved features of adaptive immunity will guide attempts to generate synthetic immunological functionalities and thus provide new avenues for intervening with faulty immune functions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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47
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Boehm T, Hess I, Swann JB. Evolution of lymphoid tissues. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:315-21. [PMID: 22483556 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoid organs are integral parts of all vertebrate adaptive immune systems. Primary lymphoid tissues exhibit a remarkable functional dichotomy: T cells develop in specialized thymopoietic tissues located in the pharynx, whereas B cells develop in distinct areas of general hematopoietic areas, such as the kidney or bone marrow. Among secondary lymphoid tissues, the spleen is present in all vertebrates, whereas lymph nodes represent an innovation particular to mammals and some birds. A comparative analysis of anatomical, functional and genomic features thus reveals the core components of adaptive immune systems. Such information has guided recent attempts at reconstructing lymphopoietic functions in vivo and in the future might inspire the development of new strategies for medical interventions restoring and modulating immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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48
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Abstract
Lampreys and hagfish are primitive jawless vertebrates capable of mounting specific immune responses. Lampreys possess different types of lymphocytes, akin to T and B cells of jawed vertebrates, that clonally express somatically diversified antigen receptors termed variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), which are composed of tandem arrays of leucine-rich repeats. The VLRs appear to be diversified by a gene conversion mechanism involving lineage-specific cytosine deaminases. VLRA is expressed on the surface of T-like lymphocytes; B-like lymphocytes express and secrete VLRB as a multivalent protein. VLRC is expressed by a distinct lymphocyte lineage. VLRA-expressing cells appear to develop in a thymus-like tissue at the tip of gill filaments, and VLRB-expressing cells develop in hematopoietic tissues. Reciprocal expression patterns of evolutionarily conserved interleukins and chemokines possibly underlie cell-cell interactions during an immune response. The discovery of VLRs in agnathans illuminates the origins of adaptive immunity in early vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathanael McCurley
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Yoichi Sutoh
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Max D. Cooper
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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49
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Abstract
Both jawless vertebrates, such as lampreys and hagfish, and jawed vertebrates (encompassing species as diverse as sharks and humans) have an adaptive immune system that is based on somatically diversified and clonally expressed antigen receptors. Although the molecular nature of the antigen receptors and the mechanisms of their assembly are different, recent findings suggest that the general design principles underlying the two adaptive immune systems are surprisingly similar. The identification of such commonalities promises to further our understanding of the mammalian immune system and to inspire the development of new strategies for medical interventions targeting the consequences of faulty immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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50
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