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Santiago ML, Montano M, Benitez R, Messer RJ, Yonemoto W, Chesebro B, Hasenkrug KJ, Greene WC. Apobec3 encodes Rfv3, a gene influencing neutralizing antibody control of retrovirus infection. Science 2008; 321:1343-6. [PMID: 18772436 PMCID: PMC2701658 DOI: 10.1126/science.1161121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recovery from Friend virus 3 (Rfv3) is a single autosomal gene encoding a resistance trait that influences retroviral neutralizing antibody responses and viremia. Despite extensive research for 30 years, the molecular identity of Rfv3 has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that Rfv3 is encoded by Apobec3. Apobec3 maps to the same chromosome region as Rfv3 and has broad inhibitory activity against retroviruses, including HIV. Not only did genetic inactivation of Apobec3 convert Rfv3-resistant mice to a susceptible phenotype, but Apobec3 was also found to be naturally disabled by aberrant messenger RNA splicing in Rfv3-susceptible strains. The link between Apobec3 and neutralizing antibody responses highlights an Apobec3-dependent mechanism of host protection that might extend to HIV and other human retroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario L. Santiago
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Mauricio Montano
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Robert Benitez
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Ronald J. Messer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Wes Yonemoto
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Bruce Chesebro
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1230
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1230
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Lee SH, Dimock K, Gray DA, Beauchemin N, Holmes KV, Belouchi M, Realson J, Vidal SM. Maneuvering for advantage: the genetics of mouse susceptibility to virus infection. Trends Genet 2003; 19:447-57. [PMID: 12902163 PMCID: PMC7127612 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9525(03)00172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies of host susceptibility to infection contribute to our understanding of an organism's response to pathogens at the immunological, cellular, and molecular levels. In this review we describe how the study of host genetics in mouse models has helped our understanding of host defense mechanisms against viral infection, and how this knowledge can be extended to human infections. We focus especially on the innate mechanisms that function as the host's first line of defense against infection. We also discuss the main issues that confront this field, as well as its future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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3
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Peterson KE, Stromnes I, Messer R, Hasenkrug K, Chesebro B. Novel role of CD8(+) T cells and major histocompatibility complex class I genes in the generation of protective CD4(+) Th1 responses during retrovirus infection in mice. J Virol 2002; 76:7942-8. [PMID: 12133998 PMCID: PMC155146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.16.7942-7948.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) Th1 responses to virus infections are often necessary for the development and maintenance of virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. However, in the present study with Friend murine retrovirus (FV), the reverse was also found to be true. In the absence of a responder H-2(b) allele at major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II loci, a single H-2D(b) MHC class I allele was sufficient for the development of a CD4(+) Th1 response to FV. This effect of H-2D(b) on CD4(+) T-cell responses was dependent on CD8(+) T cells, as demonstrated by depletion studies. A direct effect of CD8(+) T-cell help in the development of CD4(+) Th1 responses to FV was also shown in vaccine studies. Vaccination of nonresponder H-2(a/a) mice induced FV-specific responses of H-2D(d)-restricted CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Adoptive transfer of vaccine-primed CD8(+) T cells to naive H-2(a/a) mice prior to infection resulted in the generation of FV-specific CD4(+) Th1 responses. This novel helper effect of CD8(+) T cells could be an important mechanism in the development of CD4(+) Th1 responses following vaccinations that induce CD8(+) CTL responses. The ability of MHC class I genes to facilitate CD4(+) Th1 development could also be considerable evolutionary advantage by allowing a wider variety of MHC genotypes to generate protective immune responses against intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
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Peterson KE, Iwashiro M, Hasenkrug KJ, Chesebro B. Major histocompatibility complex class I gene controls the generation of gamma interferon-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells important for recovery from friend retrovirus-induced leukemia. J Virol 2000; 74:5363-7. [PMID: 10799615 PMCID: PMC110893 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.11.5363-5367.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery from leukemia induced by Friend virus complex (FV) requires strong CD4(+) helper, CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte, and B-cell responses. The development of these immune responses is dependent on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (H-2) genotype of the mouse. In H-2(b/b) mice, which spontaneously recover from FV-induced erythroleukemia, neutralization of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in vivo inhibited recovery, which indicated that IFN-gamma was a necessary component of the immune response to FV. Furthermore, in H-2(b/b) mice, high numbers of IFN-gamma-producing cells were detected after FV infection, whereas in H-2(a/b) mice, which have a low-recovery phenotype, only low numbers of IFN-gamma-producing cells were detected. Similarly, H-2(bm14/b) mice, which cannot recover from FV infection due to a point mutation in one allele of the H-2D(b) gene, also had low numbers of IFN-gamma-producing T cells. Surprisingly, this effect was observed for both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. These findings reveal a novel influence of MHC class I genes on CD4(+) T-cell responses to viral infection. Furthermore, the influence of MHC class I genotype on the generation of both IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells helps explain the major impact of the H-2D gene on recovery from FV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
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Super HJ, Brooks D, Hasenkrug K, Chesebro B. Requirement for CD4(+) T cells in the Friend murine retrovirus neutralizing antibody response: evidence for functional T cells in genetic low-recovery mice. J Virol 1998; 72:9400-3. [PMID: 9765497 PMCID: PMC110369 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.11.9400-9403.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery from infection with the Friend murine leukemia retrovirus complex (FV) requires T-helper cells and cytotoxic T cells as well as neutralizing antibodies. Several host genes, including genes of the major histocompatibility complex (H-2) and an H-2-unlinked gene, Rfv-3, influence these FV-specific immune responses. (B10.A x A/Wy)F1 mice, which have the H-2(a/a) Rfv-3(r/s) genotype, fail to mount a detectable FV-specific T-cell proliferative response but nevertheless produce FV-specific neutralizing immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies and can eliminate FV viremia. Thus, this IgM response, primarily influenced by the Rfv-3 gene, may be T-cell independent. To test this idea, mice were depleted of either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell populations in vivo and were monitored for the effect on the neutralizing antibody response following FV infection. Surprisingly, mice in which CD4(+) cells were depleted showed undetectable FV-neutralizing antibody responses and high viremia levels compared to nondepleted or CD8-depleted animals. In addition to knocking out the FV antibody response, CD4(+) T-cell depletion reduced survival time significantly, further indicating the importance of CD4(+) T cells. These studies revealed the first evidence for a functional T-cell response following FV infection in these low-recovery mice and showed that CD4(+) T-helper cells are required for the Rfv-3-controlled FV antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Super
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
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6
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Hasenkrug KJ, Chesebro B. Immunity to retroviral infection: the Friend virus model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:7811-6. [PMID: 9223268 PMCID: PMC33712 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.15.7811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Friend virus infection of adult immunocompetent mice is a well established model for studying genetic resistance to infection by an immunosuppressive retrovirus. This paper reviews both the genetics of immune resistance and the types of immune responses required for recovery from infection. Specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II alleles are necessary for recovery, as is a non-MHC gene, Rfv-3, which controls virus-specific antibody responses. In concordance with these genetic requirements are immunological requirements for cytotoxic T lymphocyte, T helper, and antibody responses, each of which provides essential nonoverlapping functions. The complexity of responses necessary for recovery from Friend virus infection has implications for both immunotherapies and vaccines. For example, it is shown that successful passive antibody therapy is dependent on MHC type because of the requirement for T cell responses. For vaccines, successful immunization requires priming of both T cell and B cell responses. In vivo depletion experiments demonstrate different requirements for CD8(+) T cells depending on the vaccine used. The implications of these studies for human retroviral diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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7
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Hasenkrug KJ, Brooks DM, Chesebro B. Passive immunotherapy for retroviral disease: influence of major histocompatibility complex type and T-cell responsiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:10492-5. [PMID: 7479826 PMCID: PMC40637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.23.10492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of virus-specific antibodies is known to be an effective early treatment for some viral infections. Such immunotherapy probably acts by antibody-mediated neutralization of viral infectivity and is often thought to function independently of T-cell-mediated immune responses. In the present experiments, we studied passive antibody therapy using Friend murine leukemia virus complex as a model for an immunosuppressive retroviral disease in adult mice. The results showed that antibody therapy could induce recovery from a well-established retroviral infection. However, the success of therapy was dependent on the presence of both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Thus, cell-mediated responses were required for recovery from infection even in the presence of therapeutic levels of antibody. The major histocompatibility type of the mice was also an important factor determining the relative success of antibody therapy in this system, but it was less critical for low-dose than for high-dose infections. Our results imply that limited T-cell responsiveness as dictated by major histocompatibility genes and/or stage of disease may have contributed to previous immunotherapy failures in AIDS patients. Possible strategies to improve the efficacy of future therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Green WR, Green KA, Crassi KM. Adoptive transfer of polyclonal and cloned cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for mouse AIDS-associated tumors is effective in preserving CTL responses: a measure of protection against LP-BM5 retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency. J Virol 1994; 68:4679-84. [PMID: 8207844 PMCID: PMC236398 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.7.4679-4684.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) can be raised against C57BL/6 B-cell lymphomas from mice with LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus-induced AIDS (MAIDS). Adoptive transfer of polyclonal anti-MAIDS tumor CTL or two CTL clones specific for the B6-1710 MAIDS lymphoma caused preservation of major histocompatibility complex-restricted and allogeneic CTL responses, which may be interpreted as indices of protection from LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus-induced immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Green
- Department of Microbiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
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Hasenkrug KJ, Sprangrude GJ, Nishio J, Brooks DM, Chesebro B. Recovery from Friend disease in mice with reduced major histocompatibility complex class I expression. J Virol 1994; 68:2059-64. [PMID: 8138991 PMCID: PMC236679 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.4.2059-2064.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice homozygous for the b allele of the MHC gene, H-2D, have a high incidence of recovery from Friend virus infections, while mice heterozygous for the b allele at H-2D have a very low incidence of recovery. Previous experiments indicated that the low recovery rates associated with heterozygosity at H-2D might be related to a gene dosage effect requiring the expression of two H-2Db alleles for high recovery. We investigated the effects of reduced H-2Db expression on recovery from Friend disease by using H-2b homozygous mice carrying a single beta 2-microglobulin gene disruption. These mice had reductions in cell surface H-2Db expression comparable to those of H-2Da/b heterozygotes. Numerous cell types with various levels of H-2Db expression were examined, and in each case, the expression levels in the beta 2-microglobulin mutants closely reflected those observed in the H-2Da/b heterozygotes. We found, however, that reduced expression did not affect recovery from Friend disease, indicating that heterozygous levels of H-2Db expression are sufficient for the high-recovery phenotype previously associated only with H-2Db homozygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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10
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Apt AS, Avdienko VG, Nikonenko BV, Kramnik IB, Moroz AM, Skamene E. Distinct H-2 complex control of mortality, and immune responses to tuberculosis infection in virgin and BCG-vaccinated mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 94:322-9. [PMID: 8222323 PMCID: PMC1534249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied the impact of distinct haplotypes and of different alleles at specific H-2 loci on: (i) the susceptibility to lethal form of experimental tuberculosis; (ii) the level of DTH to mycobacterial antigens; (iii) the efficacy of vaccination with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG); and (iv) the IgG production and T cell proliferative response to H37Rv antigens. On the basis of median survival time (MST) following primary inoculation with lethal dose of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, susceptibility to infection associated with I-Ab and Db alleles, host resistance associated with I-Ak and Dd alleles. Mice bearing a disease-resistant phenotype also developed a vigorous DTH response. Vaccination with BCG before H37Rv infection significantly prolonged the survival time of both resistant and susceptible animals, except in B10.M (H-2f) mice. The latter exhibited intermediate resistance to infection before but slight decrease in the MST following a high-dose BCG vaccination. Distinct H-2 regulation of susceptibility to lethal infection and of BCG vaccination efficacy was confirmed in another relatively resistant H-2f-bearing strain A.CA, in which mortality occurred more rapidly in vaccinated compared with primarily infected animals. The expression of the H-2f haplotype was associated with a low DTH response to tuberculin following vaccination and subsequent lethal infection. The lack of BCG protection against Myco, tuberculosis challenge in B10.M mice associated with the high titre of specific IgG. In addition, these mice exhibited a unique ability to respond to 65-kD antigen by both IgG synthesis and T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Apt
- Experimental Immunogenetics Laboratory, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
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Sidwell RW, Morrey JD, Okleberry KM, Burger RA, Warren RP. Immunomodulator effects on the Friend virus infection in genetically defined mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 685:432-46. [PMID: 8363251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb35904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The disease induced by the Friend virus complex (FV) in F1 hybrid mice containing the Rfv-3r/s genotype in the presence of H-2a/a was used to evaluate a variety of immunomodulating substances. In these genetically defined mice, the FV disease results in splenomegaly, early production of high titers of cell-associated and plasma virus, high levels of splenic viral RNA, increased hematocrit, and eventual death. As the disease progresses, reduced levels of infectious virus correlate with development of specific antibody; reduction in T cell populations, increase in B cells, and decrease in T-cell function also occur. The following immunomodulators were evaluated, listed in the order of their ability to inhibit the FV disease: imexon > MVE-2 > human recombinant IFN-alpha A/D > AS101 > ampligen > AM-3 = oxamisole > ImuVert > bropirimine. In fact, bropirimine, used with certain treatment regimens, appeared to enhance the FV disease. These data suggest that certain immunomodulators may have potential value in the treatment of HIV disease, but also indicate that caution should be exercised in their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Sidwell
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan 84322-5600
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12
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Miyazawa M, Nishio J, Wehrly K, Jay G, Melvold RW, Chesebro B. Detailed mapping of the Rfv-1 gene that influences spontaneous recovery from Friend retrovirus-induced leukaemia. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 1992; 19:159-64. [PMID: 1627536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1992.tb00054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Using H-2 recombinant and mutant mice, the Rfv-1 gene influencing spontaneous recovery from Friend retrovirus (FV)-induced leukaemia was mapped in the D locus. Two Db alleles were required for full recovery, and a single Dd transgene did not convey increased susceptibility to FV in the presence of homozygous Db/b genotype. The results suggest that an increase in the expression of Db may lead to more effective stimulation of FV-specific CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases, Hamilton, MT
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13
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Robertson MN, Spangrude GJ, Hasenkrug K, Perry L, Nishio J, Wehrly K, Chesebro B. Role and specificity of T-cell subsets in spontaneous recovery from Friend virus-induced leukemia in mice. J Virol 1992; 66:3271-7. [PMID: 1374804 PMCID: PMC241104 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.6.3271-3277.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous recovery from Friend virus complex-induced leukemic splenomegaly in H-2Db/b mice correlated with the appearance of Friend virus complex-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) detectable directly in spleen cell populations. By testing CTL on target cells containing expression vectors encoding individual retroviral structural proteins, the main viral protein recognized was shown to be the Friend murine leukemia helper virus envelope glycoprotein. In vivo depletion of CD8-positive T cells drastically reduced the incidence of recovery, providing direct evidence for the role of CD8-positive CTL in the spontaneous recovery process. In vivo depletion of CD4-positive cells had little effect on the early stages of recovery but did cause a marked reduction in the final incidence of recovery at 60 to 90 days. Thus, CD8-positive cells were required for the initiation of the recovery process, whereas CD4-positive cells appeared to be required for maintenance of the recovered status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Robertson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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14
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Morrey JD, Mead JR, Warren RP, Okleberry KM, Burger RA, Sidwell RW. Elucidation of mode of retroviral-inhibitory effects of imexon through use of immune competent and severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice. Antiviral Res 1992; 17:223-33. [PMID: 1314537 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(92)90043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mice infected with various tumor retroviruses have been used as models for evaluating therapeutic substances for the treatment of some cancers, and more recently, for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Consequently, there is a need to determine the ability of biological response modifiers (BRMs) to specifically reduce virus-infected cells, as compared to their non-specific anti-proliferative effects. To address this need, a BRM, imexon, was evaluated in this study using three strains of mice having different Friend virus (FV)-specific immunological capabilities. The first strain, (B10.A x A/WySn)F1, was genetically capable of producing FV-specific neutralization and cytotoxic antibodies, the second, Balb/c, was not, and the third, SCID mice, lacked functional T and B cell immunity. Imexon treatment reduced virally-induced splenomegaly in all 3 strains; however, the concentration of splenic viral infectious centers (IC) were not affected. Since imexon was efficacious in reducing splenomegaly in SCID mice, the mode of action was concluded to not require functional T or B cell immunity. The observation that imexon did not affect splenic IC titers also suggested that imexon did not specifically eliminate virally infected cells, but may have functioned by other mechanisms. This study also demonstrated the use of various mouse strains as a strategy for delineating the modes of action of BRMs against murine retroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Morrey
- AIDS Research Program, Utah State University, Logan 84322-5600
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15
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Tsichlis PN, Lazo PA. Virus-host interactions and the pathogenesis of murine and human oncogenic retroviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1991; 171:95-171. [PMID: 1667631 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-76524-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genes, Viral
- Genetic Markers
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Growth Substances/genetics
- Growth Substances/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/pathogenicity
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/physiology
- Mice/genetics
- Mice/microbiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/microbiology
- Neoplasms/veterinary
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/microbiology
- Oncogenes
- Proto-Oncogenes
- Proviruses/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Retroviridae/pathogenicity
- Retroviridae/physiology
- Rodent Diseases/genetics
- Rodent Diseases/microbiology
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Integration
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Tsichlis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
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16
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Hom RC, Finberg RW, Mullaney S, Ruprecht RM. Protective cellular retroviral immunity requires both CD4+ and CD8+ immune T cells. J Virol 1991; 65:220-4. [PMID: 1898666 PMCID: PMC240508 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.1.220-224.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have found previously that postexposure chemoprophylaxis with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (also known as zidovudine or AZT) in combination with recombinant human alpha A/D interferon fully protected mice exposed to a lethal dose of Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RLV) against viremia and disease. After cessation of therapy, over 90% of these mice were able to resist rechallenge with live RLV, thus demonstrating an acquired immunity. Adoptive cell transfer of 4 x 10(7) cells from immunized mice fully protected naive recipients from viremia and splenomegaly after RLV challenge. However, when these immune T cells were fractionated into CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations, only partial protection was found when 4 x 10(7) T cells of either subset were given. Full protection against RLV challenge was seen again when the T-cell subsets from immunized mice were recombined and transferred at the same number into naive mice. We conclude that cellular immunity alone is protective and that both CD4+ and CD8+ cell types are required for conferring full protection against live virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Hom
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Coppola MA, Thomas CY. A host gene regulates the structure of the transmembrane envelope protein of murine leukemia viruses. J Exp Med 1990; 171:1739-52. [PMID: 2159051 PMCID: PMC2187913 DOI: 10.1084/jem.171.5.1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity in the structure of the envelope proteins has been observed in many human and animal retroviruses and may influence pathogenicity. However, the biological significance of this heterogeneity and the mechanisms by which it is generated are poorly understood. We have studied a mouse model in which the envelope gene structure of lymphoma-associated viruses appears to be controlled by a single host gene. The inoculation of HRS and CWD mice with a leukemogenic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) results in recombination between the injected virus and envelope gene sequences of endogenous retroviruses. The genomes of HRS (class I) env recombinants and CWD (class II) env recombinants differ in the sequences encoding the NH2-terminal portion of the transmembrane envelope protein (TM). We have shown that an HRS gene linked to the MHC on chromosome 17 mediates a dominant selection for recombinant retroviruses with the class I envelope gene structure. CBA mice, which share the H-2k haplotype with HRS, also carry the dominant allele at this locus. This system provides a useful model for studies of host factors involved in the selection of specific variants of pathogenic retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Coppola
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908
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18
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Hamelin-Bourassa D, Skamene E, Gervais F. Susceptibility to a mouse acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is influenced by the H-2. Immunogenetics 1989; 30:266-72. [PMID: 2551819 DOI: 10.1007/bf02421330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of a mouse acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS) induced following LP-BM5 MuLV infection depends on host genetic factors. Susceptible mice, such as C57BL/6J mice, develop a profound impairment of lymphoproliferative response to mitogens and hyperplasia of lymphoid organs and succumb to infection within 6 months. These changes do not occur in resistant mice, such as A/J mice. Resistance to MAIDS is a dominant trait since (C57BL/6J x A/J)F1 hybrid mice did not develop any immune dysfunctions following infection. Genetic regulation of the trait of resistance/susceptibility to MAIDS was determined in AXB/BXA recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains (derived from resistant A/J and susceptible C57BL/6J progenitors). Two different criteria were used to determine their resistance or susceptibility to developing MAIDS: the gross pathologic evaluation of lymphoid organs at 13-15 weeks of infection, and survival. RI mouse strains segregated into two non-overlapping groups. The first group did not develop any significant pathology, and these mouse strains were considered as resistant to MAIDS. The second group showed the virus-induced pathological changes as well as an immunological dysfunction as seen in C57BL/6J progenitor mice, and these strains were thus considered as susceptible to MAIDS. This bimodal strain distribution pattern of resistance/susceptibility to MAIDS among the RI strains suggests that this phenotype is controlled by a single gene. Linkage analysis with other allelic markers showed a strong association between resistance/susceptibility to MAIDS and the H-2 complex. Possession of the H-2b haplotype derived from C57BL/6J mice was associated with susceptibility to MAIDS, while the H-2a haplotype conferred resistance to the disease. This finding was confirmed by demonstrating that H-2a congenics on the susceptible C57BL/10 background were as resistant to MAIDS as A/J mice which donated the H-2a locus. Gene(s) within the H-2 complex thus represent the major regulatory mechanism of resistance/susceptibility to MAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hamelin-Bourassa
- McGill Centre for the Study of the Host Resistance, Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Quebec, Canada
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19
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Gangemi JD, Matter A, Poncioni B, Hochkeppel HK. Significant differences in therapeutic responses to a human interferon-alpha B/D hybrid in Rauscher or Friend murine leukemia virus infections. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1989; 9:275-83. [PMID: 2473142 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1989.9.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of mice infected with Rauscher (RMLV) or Friend (FMLV) murine leukemia viruses at an early stage of disease (beginning at day 0 and continuing every other day for 21 days) with 5 x 10(7) units/kg body weight of a cross-species-active recombinant human interferon-alpha B/D hybrid (rHuIFN-alpha B/D) was more effective in FMLV than in RMLV infections. In contrast, treatment with 5 x 10(7) units/kg body weight of IFN beginning as late as 15 days postinfection and continuing every other day for 21 days was more effective in RMLV than in FMLV infections. These differences were consistent with observed changes in circulating white blood cells, spleen weight, and reverse transcriptase levels. Additionally, biweekly long-term administration (beginning at day 0) of 5 x 10(6) units/kg of rHuIFN-alpha B/D (an ineffective treatment in short-term therapy) significantly prolonged the mean survival time of RMLV-infected mice, but only weakly prolonged that of FMLV-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Gangemi
- Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Division, CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Miyazawa M, Nishio J, Chesebro B. Genetic control of T cell responsiveness to the Friend murine leukemia virus envelope antigen. Identification of class II loci of the H-2 as immune response genes. J Exp Med 1988; 168:1587-605. [PMID: 3141552 PMCID: PMC2189107 DOI: 10.1084/jem.168.5.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells primed specifically for the envelope glycoprotein of Friend murine leukemia helper virus (F-MuLV) were prepared by immunizing mice with a recombinant vaccinia virus that expressed the entire env gene of F-MuLV. Significant proliferative responses of F-MuLV envelope-specific, H-2a/b T cells were observed when the T cells were stimulated with antigen-pulsed peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) having the b allele at the K, A beta, A alpha, and E beta loci of the H-2. On the other hand, PEC having only the kappa allele at these loci did not induce the envelope-specific T cell proliferation, even when the PEC had the b allele at the E alpha, S, or D loci. F-MuLV envelope-specific proliferation of H-2a/b T cells under the stimulation of antigen-pulsed, H-2a/b PEC was specifically blocked with anti-I-Ab and anti-I-Ek mAbs but not with anti-Kb, anti-Kk, or anti-I-Ak mAbs. Moreover, (B10.MBR x A/WySn)F1 mice that have the b allele only at the K locus but not in I-A subregion were nonresponders to the envelope glycoprotein, and the bm12 mutation at the A beta locus completely abolished the T cell responsiveness to this antigen. These results indicate that proliferative T cells recognize a limited number of epitopes on F-MuLV envelope protein in the context of I-Ab, hybrid I-Ak/b, and/or hybrid I-Ek/b class II MHC molecules but fail to recognize the same envelope protein in the context of I-Ak or I-Ek molecules. This influence of the H-2I region on T cell recognition of the envelope glycoprotein appeared to control in vivo induction of protective immunity against Friend virus complex after immunization with the vaccinia-F-MuLV env vaccine. Thus, these results provide, for the first time, direct evidence for Ir gene-controlled responder/nonresponder phenotypes influencing the immune response to a pathogenic virus of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyazawa
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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21
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Chesebro B, Wehrly K. Development of a sensitive quantitative focal assay for human immunodeficiency virus infectivity. J Virol 1988; 62:3779-88. [PMID: 3047430 PMCID: PMC253522 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.10.3779-3788.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and sensitive quantitation of infectious human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been difficult to achieve. In this report, a quantitative focal immunoassay (FIA) for HIV was developed using human HeLa cells rendered susceptible to HIV infection by introduction of the CD4 gene via a retrovirus vector. Infected cells were identified by using human anti-HIV antibodies or mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for HIV together with secondary fluorescein- or peroxidase-conjugated antibody specific for mouse or human immunoglobulins. The assay identified cells infected with either wild-type or culture-adapted HIV isolates and was capable of detecting 1 positive cell in 10(6) cells. The FIA was also effective at detecting cell-free HIV, and in contrast to assays using A3.01, CEM, and other human leukemia cells, the FIA detected most wild-type HIV isolates. HIV neutralization could be determined by using the FIA, and two monoclonal antibodies reactive with HIV gp120 were found to neutralize only the LAV-IIIB strain of HIV. These monoclonal antibodies, as well as antibodies in serum samples from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, were able to inhibit the spread of HIV infection in human lymphocyte suspension cultures but not in CD4-positive HeLa cells growing attached to plastic dishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chesebro
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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22
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Vasmel WL, Zijlstra M, Radaszkiewicz T, Leupers CJ, de Goede RE, Melief CJ. Major histocompatibility complex class II-regulated immunity to murine leukemia virus protects against early T- but not late B-cell lymphomas. J Virol 1988; 62:3156-66. [PMID: 2841468 PMCID: PMC253433 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.9.3156-3166.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the relative importance of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) immunoregulation in the control of T- and B-cell lymphomas induced by murine leukemia virus. Previously, we have described a mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) murine leukemia virus, MCF 1233, which induces not only lymphoblastic T-cell lymphomas but also follicle center cell or lymphoblastic B-cell lymphomas. We now report that the outcome of neonatal infection with MCF 1233 in H-2-congenic C57BL/10 and C57BL/6 mice is decisively influenced by the H-2 I-A locus. A total of 64% of H-2 I-Ak, d mice [B10.BR, B10.D2, B10.A(2R), B10.A(4R), and B10.MBR] developed T-cell lymphomas after MCF 1233 infection (mean latency, 37 weeks). In contrast, H-2 I-Ab [B10, B10.A(5R), B6], H-2 I-Ab/k [(B10.A x B10)F1 and (B10 x B10.A)F1], and H-2 I-Abm12 (bm12) mice were resistant against T-cell lymphomagenesis, but 65% of these H-2 I-Ab, b/k, bm12 animals developed B-cell lymphomas (mean latency, 71 weeks). Animals of T-cell lymphoma-susceptible strains that escaped from T-cell lymphomagenesis developed B-cell lymphomas with similar frequency as animals of T-cell lymphoma-resistant strains, but with a shorter latency. H-2 class II-determined regulation of antiviral immunity was reflected in the presence of high titers of antiviral envelope antibodies in T-cell lymphoma-resistant B-cell lymphoma-susceptible H-2 I-Ab, b/k, bm12 mice, whereas in T-cell lymphoma-susceptible H-2 I-Ak,d mice no antiviral antibodies were found. At week 4 after neonatal MCF 1233 infection, a high percentage of thymocytes were virally infected in both T-cell lymphoma-susceptible and -resistant mice. However, T-cell lymphoma-resistant animals cleared the thymic infection between weeks 4 and 10 of age, coinciding with a sharp rise in serum levels of antiviral antibodies. We conclude that the pleiotropic effects of MCF 1233 infection in H-2-congenic mice result from MHC class II I-A-determined T-cell response differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Vasmel
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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23
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Green WR, Rich RF. Genetic control of CTL responses to AKR/Gross virus: effect of inheritance of Akv proviruses. Immunogenetics 1988; 27:304-12. [PMID: 2833435 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier observations suggested that the AKR/Gross leukemia virus-specific C57BL/6 cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) response was directed to Akv-1, but not Akv-3 or Akv-4, provirus-associated determinants. Based on these data, the present experiments were performed with various AKXL RI mouse strains of the responder H-2b haplotype which had inherited different combinations of the Akv-1, -3, and -4 proviruses, to determine whether these strains were able to mount specific antiviral CTL responses. In a comparison with control responder C57BL/6 mice, a clear pattern emerged. Akv-negative mice of the AKXL-29 strain were fully responsive, but five other AKXL strains which had inherited the Akv-1 provirus failed to mount significant antiviral CTL responses (less than or equal to 10% of control). In contrast, an Akv-1-negative but Akv-4-positive strain (AKXL-5) was partially responsive (approximately 24% of the C57BL/6 control). These results were consistent with a direct relationship between the Akv-1 provirus and the nominal antigens recognized by antiviral CTL, and with an inverse correlation between in vivo expression of viral antigens by normal cells and the ability to generate antiviral CTL. The possible mechanisms accounting for this unresponsiveness are discussed along with the utility of this system for investigating the interactions of retroviruses with the immune system.
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MESH Headings
- AKR murine leukemia virus/genetics
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Disease Susceptibility
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- Immune Tolerance
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/immunology
- Leukemia, Experimental/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/microbiology
- Mice, Inbred Strains/genetics
- Mice, Inbred Strains/immunology
- Mice, Inbred Strains/microbiology
- Proviruses/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Green
- Department of Microbiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03756
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24
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Morrison RP, Earl PL, Nishio J, Lodmell DL, Moss B, Chesebro B. Different H-2 subregions influence immunization against retrovirus and immunosuppression. Nature 1987; 329:729-32. [PMID: 2823142 DOI: 10.1038/329729a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Friend murine leukaemia virus complex (FV) causes an immunosuppressive retrovirus-induced disease. In certain mouse strains, FV shows striking similarities to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in man in that infected mice have severe T-cell immunosuppression but also develop virus-neutralizing antibodies incapable of eliminating infected cells. Previously we noted the influence of mouse major histocompatibility complex (H-2) genes on both FV-induced immunosuppression and on ability to protect mice against FV by immunizing with a vaccinia-Friend murine leukaemia helper virus (F-MuLV) envelope (env) recombinant virus. Here we show that different subregions of H-2 are involved in susceptibility to virus-induced immunosuppression (H-2D subregion) and protective immunization with a recombinant vaccinia virus (H-2K or I-A subregions). Thus, susceptibility to virus-induced immunosuppression does not preclude protection by vaccinia-Friend immunization. The mechanism of protection seems to involve priming of immune T cells, and not initial induction of neutralizing antibodies or cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) (ref.2). Subsequent virus challenge generates a secondary response, resulting in appearance of IgG antibodies and CTL. In human HIV infection there could also be host genetic influences on elements of disease pathogenesis, such as immunosuppression, and on the success of T-cell priming by potential protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Morrison
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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25
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Earl PL, Moss B, Morrison RP, Wehrly K, Nishio J, Chesebro B. T-lymphocyte priming and protection against Friend leukemia by vaccinia-retrovirus env gene recombinant. Science 1986; 234:728-31. [PMID: 3490689 DOI: 10.1126/science.3490689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The current prevalence of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome in humans has provoked renewed interest in methods of protective immunization against retrovirus-induced diseases. In this study, a vaccinia-retrovirus recombinant vector was constructed to study mechanisms of immune protection against Friend virus leukemia in mice. The envelope (env) gene from Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) was inserted into the genome of a vaccinia virus expression vector. Infected cells synthesized gp85, the glycosylated primary product of the env gene. Processing to gp70 and p15E, and cell surface localization, were similar to that occurring in cells infected with F-MuLV. Mice inoculated with live recombinant vaccinia virus had an envelope-specific T-cell proliferative response and, after challenge with Friend virus complex, developed neutralizing antibody and cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and were protected against leukemia. In contrast, unimmunized and control groups developed a delayed neutralizing antibody response, but no detectable CTL, and succumbed to leukemia. Genes of the major histocompatibility complex influenced protection induced by the vaccinia recombinant but not that induced by attenuated N-tropic Friend virus.
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26
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Zijlstra M, Melief CJ. Virology, genetics and immunology of murine lymphomagenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 865:197-231. [PMID: 3021223 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(86)90028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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27
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Yarchoan R, Guo HG, Reitz M, Maluish A, Mitsuya H, Broder S. Alterations in cytotoxic and helper T cell function after infection of T cell clones with human T cell leukemia virus, type I. J Clin Invest 1986; 77:1466-73. [PMID: 3009545 PMCID: PMC424547 DOI: 10.1172/jci112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
HTLV-I is a transforming human retrovirus that is an etiologic agent of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. To investigate the effects of this virus on T cell functions, two OKT3+, OKT4+, OKT8- cytotoxic clones (8.7 and 8.8) specific for allogeneic cells bearing DPw2, a class II histocompatibility antigen, were studied before and after infection with HTLV-I. The clones retained cytotoxic function for up to 70 d after exposure to HTLV-I, even without subsequent antigenic stimulation, but then lost their cytotoxic activity. Prior to infection with HTLV-I, clone 8.8 also lysed OKT3 hybridoma cells; after infection, cytotoxic activity against these OKT3-antibody bearing cells was lost in parallel with the loss of activity against DPw2-bearing target cells. In addition, expression of T3 surface antigen by HTLV-I-infected 8.8 cells was decreased at a time when they lost their cytotoxic activity, possibly contributing to the loss of cytotoxic function. Finally, clone 8.8 could provide help for nonspecific IgG production by autologous B cells when stimulated with irradiated DPw2-bearing non-T cells. After infection with HTLV-I, this helper function became independent of DPw2-stimulation and persisted even when the cytotoxic activity was lost. An OKT4+ T cell clone thus could simultaneously manifest both cytotoxic and helper T cell activities, and these activities were differentially affected after HTLV-I infection.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Clone Cells
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Deltaretrovirus/genetics
- Gene Products, gag
- HLA Antigens/analysis
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/analysis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2
- Retroviridae Infections/immunology
- Retroviridae Proteins/analysis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
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28
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Zijlstra M, Vasmel WL, Voormanns M, de Goede RE, Schoenmakers HJ, Nieland J, Slater RM, Melief CJ. Imbalanced MHC class II molecule expression at surface of murine B cell lymphomas. J Exp Med 1986; 163:1213-26. [PMID: 3486245 PMCID: PMC2188097 DOI: 10.1084/jem.163.5.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the role of class II MHC expression in mouse lymphomagenesis, we examined the cell surface expression of I-A/E antigens on 24 spontaneous or murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-induced mouse B10.A (I-Ak, I-Ek) B cell lymphomas. Two primary B10.A B cell lymphomas were observed with strong I-Ek expression but with only minimal cell surface I-Ak expression. Both tumors are readily transplantable in syngeneic mice, with maintenance of their I-A-, I-E+ phenotype. Strikingly, one I-A-, I-E+ B cell lymphoma contains a (11; 17) translocation with a breakpoint on chromosome 17 that is localized within or very close to the H-2 complex. DNA of both tumors contains normal restriction enzyme fragments of the A alpha and A beta genes. Northern blot analyses indicated that one I-A-, I-E+ tumor strongly expressed A alpha, E alpha, and E beta mRNAs but possessed only a weak expression of A beta mRNA. The other B cell lymphoma showed A beta, E alpha, and E beta mRNA expression but only minimal A alpha mRNA expression. In 11 primary B10.A B cell lymphomas with a normal I-A+, I-E+ phenotype, no imbalances in A alpha/A beta mRNA levels were observed. The implications of these findings for the role of class II MHC expression in mouse B cell lymphoma-genesis are discussed.
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29
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Zijlstra M, Vasmel WL, Radaskiewicz T, Matthews E, Melief CJ. The H-2 complex regulates both the susceptibility to mouse viral lymphomagenesis and the phenotype of the virus-induced lymphomas. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS 1986; 13:69-76. [PMID: 3029234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1986.tb01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal infection of C57BL/10 mice with cloned ecotropic and/or dualtropic mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) mouse leukaemia viruses (MuLV), induces a wide spectrum of different lymphomas of T, B, and non-T/non-B cell types. The H-2 complex has a marked influence on both the development of lymphoma incidence and lymphoma type. A study using the oncogenic MCF 1233 virus and a series of B10 congenic mice enabled the mapping of the following: Resistance to the early development of T cell lymphoma is controlled by the H-2I-A locus. Susceptibility to early T cell lymphomagenesis is associated with an I-A-regulated low anti-MCF 1233 envelope antibody response and persistent infection of the thymus. B10 (H-2b) mice, which are resistant to early T cell lymphomagenesis induced by MCF 1233 or other MuLV isolates, have high anti-MuLV envelope antibody responses which are I-A-regulated. These mice develop more B cell lymphomas late in life in contrast to the early development of T cell lymphoma in B10.A (H-2a) mice. The possible response mechanisms which underlie these observations, including: I-A-regulated immunoselection against MuLV antigens expressed by (pre) leukaemic T cells, aberrant expression of class II MHC antigens on some B cell lymphomas and I-A-regulated chronic immunostimulation of MuLV-expressing (pre) leukaemic B cells, are discussed.
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30
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Morrison RP, Nishio J, Chesebro B. Influence of the murine MHC (H-2) on Friend leukemia virus-induced immunosuppression. J Exp Med 1986; 163:301-14. [PMID: 3456010 PMCID: PMC2188032 DOI: 10.1084/jem.163.2.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Friend murine leukemia virus complex (FV)-induced immunosuppression was studied by assaying splenic anti-SRBC PFC responses and plasma antibody titers in mice at various times after FV inoculation. Genes located within the H-2 complex were found to influence resistance to FV-induced immunosuppression. Near normal responses were observed in mice having the H-2a/b or H-2b/b genotype, whereas mice having the H-2a/a genotype were suppressed. This H-2 effect was observed not only in mice having heterozygous C57BL/10 X A background genes, including Rfv-3r/s, but also was apparent in mice having homozygous A-strain background genes, including Rfv-3s/s. Therefore, the Rfv-3 gene did not appear to convey resistance to FV-induced immunosuppression. The suppression in susceptible H-2a/a mice was characterized by a partial suppression of the IgM response and a profound suppression of both the primary and secondary IgG responses. Neither splenomegaly nor viremia alone appeared to be sufficient for the induction or maintenance of the immunosuppression. The mechanism of suppression was unclear, but both B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte functions appeared to be altered.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Formation
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- Friend murine leukemia virus/physiology
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/etiology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/complications
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Experimental/complications
- Leukemia, Experimental/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C/genetics
- Mice, Inbred BALB C/immunology
- Mice, Inbred Strains/genetics
- Mice, Inbred Strains/immunology
- Splenomegaly/immunology
- Viremia/immunology
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31
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32
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Mitsuya H, Broder S. Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma viruses (HTLV): a unique family of pathogenic retroviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1985; 115:33-51. [PMID: 2983945 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-70113-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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33
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Mitsuya H, Matis LA, Megson M, Cohen OJ, Mann DL, Gallo RC, Broder S. Immune T cells reactive against human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus. Lancet 1984; 1:649-52. [PMID: 6142349 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Six patients with malignant disorders associated with human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) were studied to see whether long-term cultures of immune T cells reactive against HTLV-infected tumour cells could be achieved. Immune T-cell lines could not be developed from the cells of five patients who died or eventually had a relapse of disease, but in one patient who had an unusually long remission of his disease after therapy, immune T-cell lines were propagated that could produce their own T-cell growth factor and proliferate upon stimulation with autologous tumour cells and also specifically lyse HTLV-infected target cells. These immune T cells recognised the presence of circulating HTLV-bearing neoplastic cells in another patient with HTLV-associated T-cell leukaemia, who had been in clinical remission after chemotherapy when this study started, thereby providing early evidence of relapse.
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