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CD300f:IL-5 cross-talk inhibits adipose tissue eosinophil homing and subsequent IL-4 production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5922. [PMID: 28725048 PMCID: PMC5517555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils and their associated cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 are emerging as central orchestrators of the immune-metabolic axis. Herein, we demonstrate that cross-talk between the Ig-superfamily receptor CD300f and IL-5 is a key checkpoint that modifies the ability of eosinophils to regulate metabolic outcomes. Generation of Il5 Tg /Cd300f -/- mice revealed marked and distinct increases in eosinophil levels and their production of IL-4 in the white and brown adipose tissues. Consequently, Il5 Tg /Cd300f -/- mice had increased alternatively activated macrophage accumulation in the adipose tissue. Cd300f -/- mice displayed age-related accumulation of eosinophils and macrophages in the adipose tissue and decreased adipose tissue weight, which was associated with decreased diet-induced weight gain and insulin resistance. Notably, Il5 Tg /CD300f -/- were protected from diet-induced weight gain and glucose intolerance. These findings highlight the cross-talk between IL-5 receptor and CD300f as a novel pathway regulating adipose tissue eosinophils and offer new entry points for therapeutic intervention for obesity and its complications.
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2
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Smith SG, Hill M, Oliveria JP, Watson BM, Baatjes AJ, Dua B, Howie K, Campbell H, Watson RM, Sehmi R, Gauvreau GM. Evaluation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists on interleukin-5-induced eosinophil differentiation. Immunology 2014; 142:484-91. [PMID: 24628018 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists have been suggested as novel therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory lung disease, such as allergic asthma. Treatment with PPAR agonists has been shown to inhibit airway eosinophilia in murine models of allergic asthma, which can occur through several mechanisms including attenuated generation of chemoattractants (e.g. eotaxin) and decreased eosinophil migrational responses. In addition, studies report that PPAR agonists can inhibit the differentiation of several cell types. To date, no studies have examined the effects of PPAR agonists on interleukin-5 (IL-5) -induced eosinophil differentiation from haemopoietic progenitor cells. Non-adherent mononuclear cells or CD34(+) cells isolated from the peripheral blood of allergic subjects were grown for 2 weeks in Methocult(®) cultures with IL-5 (10 ng/ml) and IL-3 (25 ng/ml) in the presence of 1-1000 nm PPARα agonist (GW9578), PPARβ/δ agonist (GW501516), PPARγ agonist (rosiglitazone) or diluent. The number of eosinophil/basophil colony-forming units (Eo/B CFU) was quantified by light microscopy. The signalling mechanism involved was assessed by phosphoflow. Blood-extracted CD34(+) cells cultured with IL-5 or IL-5 + IL-3 formed Eo/B CFU, which were significantly inhibited by rosiglitazone (100 nm, P < 0·01) but not GW9578 or GW501516. In addition, rosglitazone significantly inhibited IL-5-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. We observed an inhibitory effect of rosiglitazone on eosinophil differentiation in vitro, mediated by attenuation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signalling pathway. These findings indicate that the PPARγ agonist can attenuate tissue eosinophilia by interfering with local differentiative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Smith
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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3
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Halwani R, Vazquez-Tello A, Sumi Y, Pureza MA, Bahammam A, Al-Jahdali H, Soussi-Gounni A, Mahboub B, Al-Muhsen S, Hamid Q. Eosinophils induce airway smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Clin Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23180361 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by eosinophilic airway inflammation and remodeling of the airway wall. Features of airway remodeling include increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass. However, little is known about the interaction between inflammatory eosinophils and ASM cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of eosinophils on ASM cell proliferation. Eosinophils were isolated from peripheral blood of mild asthmatics and non-asthmatic subjects and co-cultured with human primary ASM cells. ASM proliferation was estimated using Ki-67 expression assay. The expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) mRNA in ASM cells was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. The role of eosinophil derived Cysteinyl Leukotrienes (CysLTs) in enhancing ASM proliferation was estimated by measuring the release of leukotrienes from eosinophils upon their direct contact with ASM cells using ELISA. This role was confirmed either by blocking eosinophil-ASM contact or co-culturing them in the presence of leukotrienes antagonist. ASM cells co-cultured with eosinophils, isolated from asthmatics, but not non-asthmatics, had a significantly higher rate of proliferation compared to controls. This increase in ASM proliferation was independent of their release of ECM proteins but dependent upon eosinophils release of CysLTs. Eosinophil-ASM cell to cell contact was required for CysLTs release. Preventing eosinophil contact with ASM cells using anti-adhesion molecules antibodies, or blocking the activity of eosinophil derived CysLTs using montelukast inhibited ASM proliferation. Our results indicated that eosinophils contribute to airway remodeling during asthma by enhancing ASM cell proliferation and hence increasing ASM mass. Direct contact of eosinophils with ASM cells triggers their release of CysLTs which enhance ASM proliferation. Eosinophils, and their binding to ASM cells, constitute a potential therapeutic target to interfere with the series of biological events leading to airway remodeling and Asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Halwani
- Asthma Research Chair and Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Gauvreau GM, Ellis AK, Denburg JA. Haemopoietic processes in allergic disease: eosinophil/basophil development. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1297-306. [PMID: 19622087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Haemopoietic myeloid progenitors contribute to the ongoing recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils and basophils (Eo/B), to target tissue sites in allergic diseases. It is apparent that the development of allergic inflammation is critically dependent on the ability of the bone marrow to support the proliferation, differentiation and mobilization of haemopoietic progenitors. The haemopoietic inductive microenvironment in the bone marrow is crucial for providing signals necessary for maintenance of progenitor populations at varying stages of lineage commitment and permitting these cells to circulate in the bloodstream. Progenitors demonstrate responsiveness to specific cytokines, which varies with stage of differentiation. Pro-inflammatory signals, Th2 cytokines in particular, generated following allergen challenge, can impact on haemopoietic progenitor differentiation and mobilization, leading to accelerated Eo/B production. Allergen inhalation by allergic asthmatics induces a time-dependent change in cytokine levels within the bone marrow compartment, influencing differentiation of Eo/B progenitors, as evidenced by the relationship between increased bone marrow IL-5 levels and Eo/B production. It is proposed that inhaled allergen induces trafficking of IL-5-producing T lymphocytes to the bone marrow, further promoting eosinophilopoiesis through IL-5R signalling. In this manner, Th2 lymphocyte trafficking from the airway may regulate events occurring in the bone marrow. Negative regulators of Eo/B differentiation, including Th1 cytokines, may prove to be important for restoring homeostasis. Eo/B progenitors are also altered in cord blood of infants at risk of atopy and asthma, offering a potential biomarker for, and raising the possibility that Eo/B progenitors are directly involved in the development of allergic disease. For example, changes in the expression of haemopoietic cytokine receptors on cord blood progenitor cells are associated with maternal allergic sensitization, atopic risk and its development, suggesting that haemopoietic processes underlying the allergic phenotype may begin to evolve in the perinatal period.
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5
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Johansson MW, Kelly EAB, Busse WW, Jarjour NN, Mosher DF. Up-regulation and activation of eosinophil integrins in blood and airway after segmental lung antigen challenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7622-35. [PMID: 18490765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that there are clinically relevant differences in eosinophil integrin expression and activation in patients with asthma. To evaluate this, surface densities and activation states of integrins on eosinophils in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of 19 asthmatic subjects were studied before and 48 h after segmental Ag challenge. At 48 h, there was increased expression of alpha(D) and the N29 epitope of activated beta(1) integrins on blood eosinophils and of alpha(M), beta(2), and the mAb24 epitope of activated beta(2) integrins on airway eosinophils. Changes correlated with the late-phase fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) after whole-lung inhalation of the Ag that was subsequently used in segmental challenge and were greater in subjects defined as dual responders. Increased surface densities of alpha(M) and beta(2) and activation of beta(2) on airway eosinophils correlated with the concentration of IL-5 in BAL fluid. Activation of beta(1) and beta(2) on airway eosinophils correlated with eosinophil percentage in BAL. Thus, eosinophils respond to an allergic stimulus by activation of integrins in a sequence that likely promotes eosinophilic inflammation of the airway. Before challenge, beta(1) and beta(2) integrins of circulating eosinophils are in low-activation conformations and alpha(D)beta(2) surface expression is low. After Ag challenge, circulating eosinophils adopt a phenotype with activated beta(1) integrins and up-regulated alpha(D)beta(2), changes that are predicted to facilitate eosinophil arrest on VCAM-1 in bronchial vessels. Finally, eosinophils present in IL-5-rich airway fluid have a hyperadhesive phenotype associated with increased surface expression of alpha(M)beta(2) and activation of beta(2) integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats W Johansson
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706, USA.
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6
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Furuta GT, Nieuwenhuis EES, Karhausen J, Gleich G, Blumberg RS, Lee JJ, Ackerman SJ. Eosinophils alter colonic epithelial barrier function: role for major basic protein. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G890-7. [PMID: 16227527 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00015.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal eosinophils increase in a number of gastrointestinal diseases that are often associated with altered epithelial barrier function, including food allergic enteropathies and inflammatory bowel diseases. Although eosinophils are known to secrete biologically active mediators including granule proteins, their role in gastrointestinal diseases is uncertain. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of eosinophils on intestinal barrier function. Epithelial barrier function was determined in a coculture of eosinophils and T84 epithelial cells and in a murine model of T helper (Th) type 2-mediated colitis. Coculture conditions resulted in decreased transepithelial resistance (TER) and increased transepithelial flux. Cell-free coculture supernatants contained a > or =5-kDa soluble factor that also diminished TER; these supernatants contained the eosinophil-granule proteins major basic protein (MBP) and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). T84 barrier function decreased significantly when basolateral surfaces were exposed to native human MBP but not EDN. Additional studies identified downregulation of the tight junctional molecule occludin as at least one mechanism for MBP action. MBP-null mice were protected from inflammation associated with oxazolone colitis compared with wild-type mice. In conclusion, MBP decreases epithelial barrier function and in this manner contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T Furuta
- Combined Program in Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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Dewachi O, Joubert P, Hamid Q, Lavoie JP. Expression of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-9 receptors on neutrophils of horses with heaves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 109:31-6. [PMID: 16159669 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2004] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Heaves, a condition associated with airway neutrophilia, is believed to result from an allergic response to environmental dust particles. However, the contribution of neutrophils to the allergic response is poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that Th2-type cytokines can directly activate neutrophils to produce pro-inflammatory mediators. The present study focused on the presence of receptors for the Th2-type cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-9 on peripheral blood neutrophils of horses with heaves. Neutrophils were isolated from peripheral blood of horses with heaves (n=7), and normal control (n=5) before (pasture) and 3 weeks following a continuous natural allergen challenge (stabling). Horses with heaves had significantly increased numbers of neutrophils expressing IL-5 and IL-9 receptors compared to control while in pasture, and further increased during stabling in heaves affected horses but not in control animals. These results provide a possible mechanism by which Th2-type cytokines may activate neutrophils in equine heaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oday Dewachi
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 3650 St-Urbain, Montreal, Que., Canada
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9
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Matsuwaki Y, Ueki S, Adachi T, Oyamada H, Kamada Y, Yamaguchi K, Kanda A, Hamada K, Kayaba H, Chihara J. The synthetic PPARgamma agonist troglitazone inhibits IL-5-induced CD69 upregulation and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin release from eosinophils. Pharmacology 2005; 74:169-73. [PMID: 15818060 DOI: 10.1159/000085034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is a nuclear receptor that regulates lipid metabolism. Recently, PPARgamma was reported to be a negative regulator in the immune system. Eosinophils also express PPARgamma, however, the role of PPARgamma in eosinophil functions is not well understood. Surface expression of CD69 and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) release are well-known activation markers of eosinophils. We investigated the effect of a PPARgamma agonist on human eosinophil functions such as IL-5-induced CD69 surface expression and EDN release. IL-5 significantly induced eosinophil CD69 surface expression analyzed using flow cytometry and EDN release measured by ELISA. IL-5-induced eosinophil CD69 surface expression and EDN release were significantly inhibited by the synthetic PPARgamma agonist troglitazone, and these effects were reversed by a PPARgamma antagonist. The PPARgamma agonist troglitazone has a potent inhibitory effect on activation and degranulation of eosinophils, and it may be a therapeutic modality for the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Matsuwaki
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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10
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Lamkhioued B, Abdelilah SG, Hamid Q, Mansour N, Delespesse G, Renzi PM. The CCR3 receptor is involved in eosinophil differentiation and is up-regulated by Th2 cytokines in CD34+ progenitor cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:537-47. [PMID: 12496441 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of chemokines in eosinophil recruitment during inflammation and allergic reactions is well established. However, a functional role for chemokines in eosinophil differentiation has not been investigated. Using in situ RT-PCR, immunostaining, and flow cytometric analysis, we report that human CD34+ cord blood progenitor cells contain CCR3 mRNA and protein. Activation of CD34+ progenitor cells under conditions that promote Th2 type differentiation up-regulated surface expression of the CCR3. In contrast, activation with IL-12 and IFN-gamma resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of CCR3. Eotaxin induced Ca2+ mobilization in CD34+ progenitor cells, which could explain the in vitro and in vivo chemotactic responsiveness to eotaxin. We also found that eotaxin induced the differentiation of eosinophils from cord blood CD34+ progenitor cells. The largest number of mature eosinophils was found in cultures containing eotaxin and IL-5. The addition of neutralizing anti-IL-3, anti-IL-5, and anti-GM-CSF Abs to culture medium demonstrated that the differentiation of eosinophils in the presence of eotaxin was IL-3-, IL-5-, and GM-CSF-independent. These results could explain how CD34+ progenitor cells accumulate and persist in the airways and peripheral blood of patients with asthma and highlight an alternative mechanism by which blood and tissue eosinophilia might occur in the absence of IL-5.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/biosynthesis
- Calcium Signaling/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL11
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemokines, CC/pharmacology
- Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil/metabolism
- Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Cytokines/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Drug Combinations
- Eosinophils/cytology
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Fetal Blood/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Sera/pharmacology
- Interleukin-3/immunology
- Interleukin-5/immunology
- Kinetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchaib Lamkhioued
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, Research Center, Notre Dame Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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11
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Upham JW, Sehmi R, Hayes LM, Howie K, Lundahl J, Denburg JA. Retinoic acid modulates IL-5 receptor expression and selectively inhibits eosinophil-basophil differentiation of hemopoietic progenitor cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:307-13. [PMID: 11842302 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.121527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-5 plays a central role in eosinophil and basophil differentiation, exerting its effects through the IL-5 receptor (IL-5Ralpha). Currently, little is known concerning regulation of IL-5Ralpha expression in the context of commitment of hemopoietic progenitor cells to the eosinophil and basophil lineages. OBJECTIVE Because all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is known to modulate some aspects of hemopoietic differentiation, we examined the effects of ATRA on eosinophil-basophil differentiation and IL-5Ralpha expression. METHODS Progenitor cells were obtained from bone marrow aspirates and cord blood samples. Enriched populations of CD34(+) cells were isolated by means of positive immunomagnetic selection with MACS beads. RESULTS In semisolid methylcellulose cultures of normal human bone marrow, ATRA (10(-6) mol/L) selectively suppressed eosinophil-basophil colony-forming units but had no effect on granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units. Similarly, ATRA (10(-6) mol/L) inhibited eosinophil-basophil differentiation of cord blood CD34(+) cells in liquid culture, whereas neutrophil differentiation proceeded without impediment. Most importantly, these effects of ATRA (10(-8) to 10(-6) mol/L) on CD34(+) cells were associated with a dose-dependent inhibition of IL-5Ralpha but no change in GM-CSF receptor expression, as detected with flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that retinoids can differentially regulate expression of IL-5Ralpha, but not GM-CSF receptor, and that these effects have functional consequences in vitro on eosinophil and basophil differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Upham
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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12
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Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders. To examine the interaction between IL-9 and eosinophils, we evaluated mature peripheral blood eosinophils for their expression of the specific α-subunit of the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R–α). The expression of IL-9R–α by human eosinophils was detected at the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), flow cytometry, and immunocytochemical analysis, respectively. Functional analyses demonstrated that recombinant human (rh)IL-9 inhibited in vitro peripheral blood human eosinophil apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. We then examined the role of IL-9 in eosinophil differentiation using the human cord blood CD34+cells and human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60). The addition of IL-9 to CD34+ cells cultured in IL-3 and IL-5 enhanced eosinophil development, and IL-9 alone induced the expression of IL-5R–α. IL-9 also up-regulated the IL-5R–α chain cell surface expression during terminal eosinophil differentiation of the HL-60 cell line. Our findings suggest that IL-9 may potentiate in vivo eosinophil function by increasing their survival and IL-5–mediated differentiation and maturation. Taken together, these results suggest a mechanism by which IL-9 potentiates airway and tissue eosinophilia.
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13
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Interleukin-9 enhances interleukin-5 receptor expression, differentiation, and survival of human eosinophils. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.6.2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInterleukin-9 (IL-9) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders. To examine the interaction between IL-9 and eosinophils, we evaluated mature peripheral blood eosinophils for their expression of the specific α-subunit of the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R–α). The expression of IL-9R–α by human eosinophils was detected at the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), flow cytometry, and immunocytochemical analysis, respectively. Functional analyses demonstrated that recombinant human (rh)IL-9 inhibited in vitro peripheral blood human eosinophil apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. We then examined the role of IL-9 in eosinophil differentiation using the human cord blood CD34+cells and human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60). The addition of IL-9 to CD34+ cells cultured in IL-3 and IL-5 enhanced eosinophil development, and IL-9 alone induced the expression of IL-5R–α. IL-9 also up-regulated the IL-5R–α chain cell surface expression during terminal eosinophil differentiation of the HL-60 cell line. Our findings suggest that IL-9 may potentiate in vivo eosinophil function by increasing their survival and IL-5–mediated differentiation and maturation. Taken together, these results suggest a mechanism by which IL-9 potentiates airway and tissue eosinophilia.
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Chihara J, Kakazu T, Higashimoto I, Saito N, Honda K, Sannohe S, Kayaba H, Urayama O. Signaling through the beta2 integrin prolongs eosinophil survival. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106:S99-103. [PMID: 10887341 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.106884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, adhesion molecules have been suggested to play an important role in allergic inflammatory diseases such as bronchial asthma. It is unclear whether eosinophil activation and paracrine or autocrine synthesis of eosinophilopoietic growth cytokines is mediated through signaling by intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the beta2 integrin family. OBJECTIVE We examined whether signaling by ICAM-1 and its ligands (beta2 integrins) could prolong eosinophil survival. METHODS Eosinophils were isolated from patients with hypereosinophilia by modified CD16 negative selection. After culture with or without recombinant soluble ICAM-1, eosinophil viability was measured by trypan blue dye exclusion. RESULTS Eosinophil survival was prolonged in cultures with recombinant soluble ICAM-1 compared with cultures without it (P <.01 on days 2, 4, and 6); this effect was dose-dependent. Eosinophil survival in cultures with recombinant soluble ICAM-1 was significantly inhibited by antibodies against ICAM-1 (P <.01), complement receptor 3 (P <.01), and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1beta (P <.01). Anti-IL-3 showed no effect on eosinophil survival, whereas anti-IL-5 caused partial inhibition of survival. Interestingly, anti-granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor caused the complete inhibition of eosinophil survival in cultures with recombinant soluble ICAM-1. CONCLUSION These results suggested the importance of the beta2 integrins in eosinophil-mediated allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chihara
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan
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15
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Scott CW, Logsdon NJ, Wilkins DE, Norris TE, Sobotka-Briner C, Hubbs S, Graham A. Molecular cloning of the guinea-pig IL-5 receptor alpha and beta subunits and reconstitution of a high affinity receptor. Cytokine 2000; 12:858-66. [PMID: 10880229 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.1999.0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The functional IL-5 receptor is a heteromeric complex consisting of an alpha and beta subunit. The cloning, sequencing and expression of guinea-pig IL-5Ralpha and beta subunits is described. The guinea-pig IL-5Ralpha subunit cDNA encodes a protein of M(r)47 kDa, which is 72 and 66% homologous to the human and murine orthologs, respectively. Three guinea-pig IL-5Rbeta subunit cDNA clones were isolated, which differ in the N-terminus and are 56-64% homologous to the human and murine IL-5Rbeta subunits. Expressing human IL-5Ralphabeta and guinea-pig IL-5Ralphabeta(1)in the baculovirus-insect cell system resulted in recombinant receptors which bound hIL-5 with high affinity (K(d)=0.19 and 0.11 nM, respectively). Expressing just gpIL-5Ralpha was not sufficient to demonstrate binding. This contrasts with the human receptor, where hIL-5Ralpha alone can bind hIL-5 with high affinity. gpIL-5Ralphabeta(1)bound both hIL-5 and mIL-5 with comparable affinity (K(i)=0.10 and 0.06 nM), similar to that seen with hIL-5Ralphabeta. Thus, both the heteromeric hIL-5R and gpIL-5Ralphabeta(1)can bind multiple IL-5 orthologs with high affinity whereas the murine IL-5R is selective for the murine ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Scott
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Neuroscience Department, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE 19850, USA
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Scott CW, Budzilowicz C, Hubbs SJ, Stein M, Sobotka-Briner C, Wilkins DE. Expression and in vitro properties of guinea pig IL-5: comparison to human and murine orthologs. Mediators Inflamm 2000; 9:181-7. [PMID: 11132776 PMCID: PMC1781754 DOI: 10.1080/09629350020008709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is a key mediator of eosinophilic inflammation. The biological role of this cytokine in an allergic airway inflammatory response has been widely demonstrated in guinea pigs, yet the interaction of guinea pig IL-5 (gpIL-5) with its receptor has not been studied. Experiments were performed to quantitate the interaction of gpIL-5 with gpIL-5r and to compare this affinity with that of hIL-5 and mIL-5 and their cognate receptors. The cross-species affinity and agonist efficacy were evaluated to see if gpIL-5r had a restricted species reactivity (as is the case with mIL-5r) or did not distinguish between IL-5 orthologs (similar to hIL-5r). gpIL-5 was cloned using mRNA isolated from cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. Recombinant gpIL-5 was expressed in T. ni insect cells and purified from spent media. Binding assays were performed using insect cells expressing hIL-5ralphabeta or gpIL-5ralphabeta1 as previously described (Cytokine, 12:858-866, 2000) or using B13 cells which express mIL-5r. The agonist potency and efficacy properties of each IL-5 ortholog were evaluated by quantitating the proliferative response of human TF-1 cells and murine B13 cells. gpIL-5 bound with high affinity to recombinant gpIL-5r as demonstrated by displacing [125I]hIL-5 (Ki = 160 pM). gpIL-5 also bound to hIL-5r with high affinity (Ki = 750 pM). hIL-5 and mIL-5 showed similar, high-affinity binding profiles to both gpIL-5r and hIL-5r. In contrast, gpIL-5 and hIL-5 did not bind to the mIL-5r as demonstrated by an inability to displace [125I]mIL-5, even at 1000-fold molar excess. These differences in affinity for IL-5r orthologs correlated with bioassay results: human TF-1 cells showed roughly comparable proliferative responses to guinea pig, human and murine IL-5 whereas murine B13 cells showed a strong preference for murine over guinea pig and human IL-5 (EC50 = 1.9, 2200 and 720 pM, respectively). Recombinant gpIL-5 binds to the gpIL-5r with high affinity, similar to that seen with the human ligand-receptor pair. gpIL-5r and hIL-5r do not distinguish between the three IL-5 orthologs whereas mIL-5r has restricted specificity for its cognate ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Scott
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, CNS Discovery Research, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA.
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17
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Honda K, Chihara J. Eosinophil activation by eotaxin--eotaxin primes the production of reactive oxygen species from eosinophils. Allergy 1999; 54:1262-9. [PMID: 10688429 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CC chemokine eotaxin has been shown to possess selective chemotactic activity for eosinophils, the major effector cells in allergic inflammation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) from eosinophils may damage cells or tissue, such as the mucosal epithelium. In this study, we examined the effect of eotaxin on ROS from eosinophils and compared its activity with RANTES and interleukin (IL)-5. Moreover, we examined the signal transduction of eotaxin and the effect of dexamethasone on ROS from eosinophils. METHODS Eosinophils were isolated by modified CD16-negative selection. ROS in luminol-dependent or lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence reaction were examined. Calcium ionophore A23187 was added to the mixture of eosinophils with luminol or lucigenin, and then ROS were determined. RESULTS Eotaxin primed the production of ROS in a dose-dependent manner. ROS from untreated eosinophils evoked with calcium ionophore A23187 in luminol-dependent chemiluminescence gave a maximal value of 4957+/-1035 intensity counts (IC) (mean+/-SE, n=7) and an integral value of 15.75+/-3.14 IC (x10(-4)), while eosinophils that were treated with eotaxin gave maximal values of 11 142+/-2300 IC (10 nM) and 29165+/-3718 IC (100 nM) and integral values of 41.07+5.44 IC (x10(-4)) (10 nM) and 152.90+/-22.38 IC (x10(-4))(100 nM). Moreover, eotaxin was less effective as a priming agent with lucigenin-sensitive pathways than luminol-sensitive pathways. Among several kinds of eosinophils activating cytokines and chemokines, the priming effect of eotaxin on RO5 was the most potent. Eotaxin-primed ROS were inhibited by pertussis toxin, which ADP-ribolysates G proteins; wortmannin, a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor; and genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, suggesting the involvement of pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, and tyrosine kinase in the signal transduction of eotaxin. Moreover, dexamethasone inhibited ROS from not only untreated eosinophils but also eosinophils treated with eotaxin. CONCLUSION Eotaxin may play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation through eosinophil activation by priming of eosinophil oxidative metabolism, as well as by involvement in selective eosinophil chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Honda
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Hondo, Japan
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18
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Geijsen N, Spaargaren M, Raaijmakers JA, Lammers JW, Koenderman L, Coffer PJ. Association of RACK1 and PKCbeta with the common beta-chain of the IL-5/IL-3/GM-CSF receptor. Oncogene 1999; 18:5126-30. [PMID: 10490850 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3) and interleukin-5 (IL-5 belong to a family of cytokines that regulate proliferation, differentiation and function of haematopoietic cells. Their receptor consists of a ligand specific alpha-chain and a signal transducing beta-chain (betac). While, the role of phosphotyrosine residues in the betac as mediators of downstream signalling cascades has been established, little is known about non-phosphotyrosine mediated events. To identify proteins interacting with betac, we screened a yeast two-hybrid library with the intracellular domain of betac. We found that RACK1, a molecule associating with activated PKC, PLCgamma and Src kinases, associated with the membrane proximal region of betac in both yeast two-hybrid, immunoprecipitation and GST-pull-down assays. The association of RACK1 was constitutive, demonstrating no alteration upon cellular stimulation. Furthermore, upon stimulation of cells with IL-5 or PMA, a complex of betac and PKCbeta was found. Together, these findings suggest a novel role for RACK1 as a possible adapter molecule associating with the intracellular domain of cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Geijsen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Cowburn AS, Holgate ST, Sampson AP. IL-5 Increases Expression of 5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Protein and Translocates 5-Lipoxygenase to the Nucleus in Human Blood Eosinophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cysteinyl-leukotrienes are potent bronchoconstrictor mediators synthesized by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway. Eosinophilopoietic cytokines such as IL-5 enhance cysteinyl-leukotriene synthesis in eosinophils in vitro, mimicking changes in eosinophils from asthmatic patients, but the mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that IL-5 induces the expression of 5-LO and/or its activating protein FLAP in eosinophils, and that this might be modulated by anti-inflammatory corticosteroids. Compared with control cultures, IL-5 increased the proportion of normal blood eosinophils immunostaining for FLAP (65 ± 4 vs 34 ± 4%; p < 0.0001), enhanced immunoblot levels of FLAP by 51 ± 14% (p = 0.03), and quadrupled ionophore-stimulated leukotriene C4 synthesis from 5.7 to 20.8 ng/106 cells (p < 0.02). IL-5 effects persisted for 24 h and were abolished by cycloheximide and actinomycin D. The proportion of FLAP+ eosinophils was also increased by dexamethasone (p < 0.0001). Neither IL-5 nor dexamethasone altered 5-LO expression, but IL-5 significantly increased 5-LO immunofluorescence localizing to eosinophil nuclei. Compared with normal subjects, allergic asthmatic patients had a greater proportion of circulating FLAP+ eosinophils (46 ± 6 vs 27 ± 3%; p < 0.03) and a smaller IL-5-induced increase in FLAP immunoreactivity (p < 0.05). Thus, IL-5 increases FLAP expression and translocates 5-LO to the nucleus in normal blood eosinophils in vitro. This is associated with an enhanced capacity for cysteinyl-leukotriene synthesis and mimics in vivo increases in FLAP expression in eosinophils from allergic asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Cowburn
- University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T. Holgate
- University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P. Sampson
- University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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20
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Zhang J, Wu P, Kuvelkar R, Schwartz JL, Egan RW, Billah MM, Wang P. A scintillation proximity assay for human interleukin-5 (hIL-5) high-affinity binding in insect cells coexpressing hIL-5 receptor alpha and beta subunits. Anal Biochem 1999; 268:134-42. [PMID: 10036172 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.3058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The high-affinity receptor for human interleukin-5 (hIL-5) is composed of alpha and beta subunits. A baculovirus expression system was established in Sf9 cells capable of expressing hIL-5 receptor alpha and beta subunits simultaneously. By using wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-coated scintillation proximity assay (SPA) beads to capture 125I-labeled hIL-5-bound Sf9 cells, a SPA was developed and used to measure hIL-5 high-affinity binding. The hIL-5 receptors expressed in the Sf9 cells represented a single class of high-affinity binding sites with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0. 24 nM and a density of 2.95 x 10(5) sites/cell. This is the first study in which the high-affinity Kd value similar to that for hIL-5 binding to human eosinophils was achieved using a recombinant expression system. The SPA compared favorably with the filter binding assay with regard to various binding parameters. We also found that several lectins, when coated on SPA beads, were even more effective than WGA-coated SPA beads for capturing the insect cells. We conclude that the baculovirus expression system was highly efficient in producing the high-affinity hIL-5 receptors and that the SPA was a simple and sensitive assay that could be readily adapted into a high-throughput screening format. The SPA described here could be a prototype for binding assays for other multimeric receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Allergy, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033, USA
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21
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Chihara J, Urayama O, Kayaba H, Honda K, Saito N, Hayashi N, Kurachi D, Yamamoto T. Inhibitory effect of ibudilast (KC-404) on the expression of the beta2 integrin family on an eosinophilic cell line (EoL-1). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998; 81:448-50. [PMID: 9860039 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adhesion molecules are thought to play a key role in inflammatory processes in bronchial asthma. We previously observed an increased expression of the beta2-integrin family on an eosinophilic cell line (EoL-1) by platelet-activating factor (PAF). OBJECTIVE In the present study, we examined the effect of ibudilast (KC-404), a novel anti-asthma agent, on beta2 integrin expression induced by PAF. MATERIAL AND METHODS EoL-1 cells (1x10(6)/mL) were incubated in the presence or absence of 10(-6) M ibudilast (KC-404), then cells were cultured in the presence or absence of PAF (10(-7) M) for 45 minutes. Flow cytometric analysis for CD11a, CD11b, and CD18 expression was examined. RESULTS Ibudilast had an inhibitory effect on beta2 integrin expression induced by PAF [CD11a: 84.8% versus 73.1% (preincubation with ibudilast), CD11b: 35.8% versus 26.2%, CD18 74.9% versus 65.6%]. CONCLUSIONS Ibudilast (KC-404) has anti-inflammatory activities through its inhibitory effect on the expression of adhesion molecules on eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chihara
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Hondo, Japan
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22
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Dubois GR, Schweizer RC, Versluis C, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Bruijnzeel PL. Human eosinophils constitutively express a functional interleukin-4 receptor: interleukin-4 -induced priming of chemotactic responses and induction of PI-3 kinase activity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 19:691-9. [PMID: 9761767 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.19.4.3208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-5, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-4 can be secreted by several cell types involved in allergic inflammatory reactions, and therefore can affect eosinophil function similarly. In this study, we investigated the presence of an IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) on human eosinophils. When two different monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the IL-4R alpha-chain (IL-4Ralpha) were used, fluorescent-activated cell sorter analysis revealed the presence of an IL-4Ralpha on both eosinophils of normal donors and atopic dermatitis patients. In addition, the expression of the IL-2R gamma-chain, a functional component of the IL-4R in some cell types, was demonstrated. The IL-4Ralpha appeared to be expressed constitutively, and stimulation with cytokines IL-2, IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF, and interferon-gamma did not further increase IL-4Ralpha expression. Evidence for an IL-4Ralpha was further substantiated by mRNA analysis. Both Northern blot analysis and reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of mRNA for the IL-4Ralpha in eosinophils from normal individuals and AD patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that both IL-4 and IL-13 were capable of inducing PI-3 kinase activity in human eosinophils. Because this activation could be inhibited by an IL-4Ralpha mAb, we conclude that both cytokines can activate human eosinophils through binding to a receptor complex comprising the IL-4Ralpha and-yet to be identified-associated proteins. In addition, the involvement of IL-4 in functional responses was studied. IL-4 appeared to "prime" eosinophils to respond chemotactically toward regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted, but did not affect platelet-activating factor-induced chemotaxis. Taken together, these data show the presence of a functional IL-4R on human eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Dubois
- Departments of Dermatology/Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Rioux JD, Stone VA, Daly MJ, Cargill M, Green T, Nguyen H, Nutman T, Zimmerman PA, Tucker MA, Hudson T, Goldstein AM, Lander E, Lin AY. Familial eosinophilia maps to the cytokine gene cluster on human chromosomal region 5q31-q33. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:1086-94. [PMID: 9758611 PMCID: PMC1377485 DOI: 10.1086/302053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial eosinophilia (FE) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by peripheral hypereosinophilia of unidentifiable cause with or without other organ involvement. To localize the gene for FE, we performed a genomewide search in a large U.S. kindred, using 312 different polymorphic markers. Seventeen affected subjects, 28 unaffected bloodline relatives, and 8 spouses were genotyped. The initial linkage results from the genome scan provided evidence for linkage on chromosome 5q31-q33. Additional genotyping of genetic markers located in this specific region demonstrated significant evidence that the FE locus is situated between the chromosome 5q markers D5S642 and D5S816 (multipoint LOD score of 6.49). Notably, this region contains the cytokine gene cluster, which includes three genes-namely, those for interleukin (IL)-3, IL-5, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-whose products play important roles in the development and proliferation of eosinophils. These three cytokine genes were screened for potential disease-specific mutations by resequencing of a subgroup of individuals from the present kindred. No functional sequence polymorphisms were found within the promoter, the exons, or the introns of any of these genes or within the IL-3/GM-CSF enhancer, suggesting that the primary defect in FE is not caused by a mutation in any one of these genes but, rather, is caused by another gene in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Rioux
- Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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24
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Wang P, Wu P, Cheewatrakoolpong B, Myers JG, Egan RW, Billah MM. Selective Inhibition of IL-5 Receptor α-Chain Gene Transcription by IL-5, IL-3, and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Human Blood Eosinophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.9.4427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
High affinity receptor for IL-5 (IL-5R), a predominant eosinophil maturation factor, is composed of an IL-5-binding α-chain (IL-5Rα) and a signal-transducing β-chain that is shared by IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) receptors (IL-3R and GM-CSFR). By Northern blot analysis of mRNAs obtained from normal human blood eosinophils, we show in this report that the hematopoietic cytokines IL-5, IL-3, and GM-CSF down-regulate IL-5Rα mRNA while up-regulating α-chain mRNAs for both IL-3R and GM-CSFR as well as the β-chain mRNA. More detailed characterization reveals that the down-regulation of IL-5Rα mRNA is specific to IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF; occurs very rapidly (reaching maximum inhibition within 2 h); is cytokine dose dependent; and does not require protein synthesis. Nuclear run-on and mRNA stability experiments demonstrate that cytokine-induced inhibition of IL-5Rα mRNA accumulation occurs at the level of IL-5Rα gene transcription, whereas enhanced accumulation of mRNAs for IL-3Rα and the β-chain results from reduced mRNA degradation. We suggest from these experiments that in human blood eosinophils, IL-5Rα gene transcription and IL-5Rα mRNA metabolism can be regulated by mechanisms that are distinct from those used for IL-3Rα and GM-CSFRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Allergy Department, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Ping Wu
- Allergy Department, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | | | - Joyce G. Myers
- Allergy Department, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Robert W. Egan
- Allergy Department, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - M. Motasim Billah
- Allergy Department, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
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25
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Okada S, Hagan JB, Kato M, Bankers-Fulbright JL, Hunt LW, Gleich GJ, Kita H. Lidocaine and its Analogues Inhibit IL-5-Mediated Survival and Activation of Human Eosinophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.8.4010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Eosinophils and cytokines active on eosinophils, especially IL-5, are believed to be critically involved in chronic allergic diseases. IL-5 activates eosinophils and enhances their survival in vitro by delaying apoptosis. In this study, we found that lidocaine and six analogues blunt responses of eosinophils to IL-5. Lidocaine and its derivatives inhibit IL-5-mediated eosinophil survival in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 110 μM for 30 pg/ml IL-5). At suboptimal lidocaine concentrations, the eosinophil survival response to IL-5 shifts and more IL-5 is required to maintain survival. The inhibitory effect requires at least 24-h exposure of eosinophils to lidocaine, and the protein kinase C activator, PMA, completely reverses the inhibition. A multiparameter flow-cytometric analysis shows that lidocaine hastens the apoptosis of eosinophils normally delayed by IL-5. Lidocaine does not affect IL-5R expression or IL-5-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Lidocaine also inhibits eosinophil survival mediated by IL-3 or granulocyte-macrophage CSF, although less potently than that mediated by IL-5. Furthermore, lidocaine inhibits eosinophil superoxide production stimulated by IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage CSF, or IL-3, but not that stimulated by platelet-activating factor, immobilized IgG, or PMA. Lidocaine and its derivatives show novel immunomodulatory properties and are able to blunt eosinophil responses to cytokines in addition to their local anesthetic or antiarrhythmic properties. Thus, lidocaine and its derivatives may represent a new class of therapeutic agents to treat patients with allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Okada
- Departments of Immunology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - John B. Hagan
- Departments of Immunology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Masahiko Kato
- Departments of Immunology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Loren W. Hunt
- Departments of Immunology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Gerald J. Gleich
- Departments of Immunology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Departments of Immunology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
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van der Bruggen T, Kanters D, Tool AT, Raaijmakers JA, Lammers JW, Verhoeven AJ, Koenderman L. Cytokine-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation is essential for cytokine priming of human eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 101:103-9. [PMID: 9449508 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human eosinophils are strongly modulated by the eosinophilotrophic cytokines IL-5, IL-3, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). A clear intracellular effect of these cytokines is the induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple cellular substrates. However, the relevance of tyrosine phosphorylation for eosinophil functioning has not been established. OBJECTIVE In this study we have investigated dose-response and time curves of IL-5-, IL-3-, and GM-CSF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in eosinophils. Moreover, we have evaluated the importance of IL-5-induced tyrosine phosphorylation for priming of human eosinophils. METHODS Cytokine-induced tyrosine phosphorylation was monitored on western blot with an antiphosphotyrosine antibody (4G10). To probe the relevance of tyrosine phosphorylation for priming, eosinophils were primed with IL-5 in the presence of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A. Platelet activating factor (PAF) was used as a control priming agent. Subsequently, the eosinophils were incubated with serum-treated zymosan (STZ) to activate the respiratory burst. Binding of STZ was determined by FACS analysis. RESULTS IL-5-, IL-3-, and GM-CSF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation was found at concentrations that primed eosinophil effector mechanism (median effective dose values: approximately 5.10(-11) mol/L, approximately 5.10(-10) mol/L, and approximately 5.10(-12) mol/L for IL-5, IL-3, and GM-CSF, respectively). Cytokine-induced tyrosine phosphorylation was transient with an optimum value at 15 minutes. IL-5 priming of STZ-induced activation of the respiratory burst was blocked by herbimycin A, whereas PAF still primed this response. In fact, herbimycin A inhibited IL-5 priming of STZ binding to human eosinophils. On the other hand, PAF priming of STZ binding was not affected by herbimycin A. Both IL-5-induced and PAF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation were inhibited by herbimycin A. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate for the first time that IL-5 priming of opsonized particle-induced responses is mediated by tyrosine kinase activity in human eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- T van der Bruggen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Yamada H, Chihara J, Hamada K, Matsukura M, Yudate T, Maeda K, Tubaki K, Tezuka T. Immunohistology of skin and oral biopsies in graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation and cytokine therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100:S73-6. [PMID: 9440549 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early diagnosis of graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) after bone marrow transplantation is often difficult, particularly when the patients are immunosuppressed by chemotherapy or irradiation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of cytokines on skin lesions after bone marrow transplantation. METHODS Biopsy specimens of skin and oral mucosa were obtained from bone marrow transplant patients with GVHD and were subjected to histologic and immunohistochemical examination. RESULTS Administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor caused atopic dermatitis-like lesions in two patients, who had infiltration of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes around the hair follicles of the skin and no signs of GVHD in other organs. Only patients who were treated with cytokines developed acute GVHD. Immunohistochemical examination of skin biopsies from 18 patients with acute GVHD and 11 patients with chronic GVHD after cyclophosphamide administration or irradiation showed that the maculopapular skin lesions characteristic of acute GVHD contained infiltrates of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. There was also an increase in numbers of epidermal keratinocytes expressing intercellular adhesion molecule-I and HLA-DR antigens. CONCLUSION These findings support the involvement of cytokines in GVHD and suggest that immunostaining of skin biopsies may be useful for the early diagnosis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamada
- Department of Dermatology, Kinki University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Sehmi R, Wood LJ, Watson R, Foley R, Hamid Q, O'Byrne PM, Denburg JA. Allergen-induced increases in IL-5 receptor alpha-subunit expression on bone marrow-derived CD34+ cells from asthmatic subjects. A novel marker of progenitor cell commitment towards eosinophilic differentiation. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:2466-75. [PMID: 9366561 PMCID: PMC508447 DOI: 10.1172/jci119789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have proposed previously that hemopoietic myeloid progenitors contribute to the ongoing recruitment of proinflammatory cells, namely eosinophils, to sites of allergen challenge in allergic diseases such as asthma. In this study, we investigated the involvement of bone marrow-derived progenitors in the development of allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation in mild asthmatic subjects. By flow cytometry, we enumerated the level of expression of CD34, a hemopoietic progenitor cell marker, on bone marrow aspirates taken before and 24 h after allergen challenge. In addition, the coexpression of the alpha-subunits of IL-3 receptor (IL-3R) and IL-5 receptor (IL-5R) on CD34+ cells was investigated. After allergen-challenge, although no significant change in total BM CD34+ cell numbers was observed, a significant increase in the proportion of CD34+ cells expressing IL-5R alpha, but not IL-3R alpha, was detected in the 24-h post-allergen, compared with the pre-allergen bone marrow. This was associated with a significant blood and sputum eosinophilia and increased methacholine airway responsiveness, 24 h post-allergen. Using simultaneous in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, we colocalized the expression of messenger RNA for membrane-bound IL-5R alpha to CD34+ cells. In summary, our data suggest that increased expression of IL-5R alpha on CD34+ cells favors eosinophilopoiesis and may thus contribute to the subsequent development of blood and tissue eosinophilia, a hallmark of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sehmi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Ventura MT, Bruno LM, Iacobelli A, Tursi A. Eosinophils in allergic diseases: immunopharmacological regulation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1997; 19:405-23. [PMID: 9436042 DOI: 10.3109/08923979709007664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils (EOS) are cells that have excited great interest among researchers because of their involvement in many phenomena, and particularly those of defence against parasitic infestations and of modulation of allergic inflammatory reactions. The ontogenesis, morphology and functions of EOS are described, and especially the receptors and chemical mediators they synthesize. Particular attention is paid to the EOS role as a central element in allergic inflammation processes, able to maintain the inflammatory state by producing specific cytokines and to cause tissue damage by producing free radicals. The cell's role in the defence against parasitic infestations is also considered. Finally, emphasis is placed on EOS capacity for immunopharmacological regulation by means both of active secretion of regulating substances and of modulation of other substances, able to inhibit certain phases of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Ventura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Italy
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30
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van Dijk TB, Caldenhoven E, Raaijmakers JA, Lammers JW, Koenderman L, de Groot RP. Multiple tyrosine residues in the intracellular domain of the common beta subunit of the interleukin 5 receptor are involved in activation of STAT5. FEBS Lett 1997; 412:161-4. [PMID: 9257712 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the general model of cytokine-induced JAK/STAT signaling, tyrosine phosphorylation of the IL-5R beta chain seems to be dispensable for STAT activation in cells overexpressing exogenous STAT proteins. In this study we expressed IL-5 receptor mutants in 293 cells and studied IL-5-induced endogenous STAT-dependent transcription. Our results indicate that: (a) tyrosine phosphorylation of the IL-5R beta chain is required for endogenous STAT5 activation, (b) multiple tyrosine residues are phosphorylated upon IL-5 stimulation, including Tyr577, Tyr612, Tyr695, and Tyr750, and (c) Tyr612, Tyr695, and Tyr750 are all capable of inducing activation of STAT5, demonstrating a high level of functional redundancy within the IL-5R beta chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B van Dijk
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Utrecht, Netherlands
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31
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Hankard GF, Brousse N, Cézard JP, Emilie D, Peuchmaur M. In situ interleukin 5 gene expression in pediatric Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997; 24:568-72. [PMID: 9161954 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199705000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils contribute to the intestinal inflammatory infiltrate in Crohn's disease (CD). Eosinophilic infiltration occurs early in Crohn's recurrences, and a release of eosinophil cationic proteins has been observed in active CD. The proliferation, differentiation, and activation of eosinophils are highly dependent on the cytokine interleukin 5 (IL5). In the present study, we used in situ hybridization (ISH) to investigate the expression of the IL5 gene in intestinal specimens from patients with CD. METHODS We studied 14 intestinal samples from eight children who had undergone ileocolectomy for advanced CD. The samples were examined for the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate. Normal pediatric intestine specimens served as controls. In situ hybridization was performed on frozen tissue using radiolabeled IL5 mRNA probes. RESULTS Positive signal with the IL5 antisense probe was observed within numerous cells infiltrating the specimens involved with CD. The number of IL5-expressing cells correlated with the histological grade of inflammation. Most of the labeled cells were eosinophils, characterized by their bilobed nuclei. Rare IL5-positive cells were detected in the control tissues. No positive signal was obtained with the IL5 sense probe. CONCLUSION These results suggest that IL5 can be produced by eosinophils at the sites of inflammation in active CD and could be involved in the immune response by activating eosinophils, at least in part through an autocrine pathway, and perhaps by interacting with B and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Hankard
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
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32
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de Groot RP, van Dijk TB, Caldenhoven E, Coffer PJ, Raaijmakers JA, Lammers JW, Koenderman L. Activation of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response element- and dyad symmetry element-dependent transcription by interleukin-5 is mediated by Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase kinases. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:2319-25. [PMID: 8999940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.4.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is one of the major regulators of eosinophilic granulocytes in vivo. IL-5 exerts its pleiotropic effects by binding to the IL-5 receptor, which is composed of an IL-5-specific alpha chain and a common betac chain shared with the receptors for IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Previous studies have shown that binding of IL-5 to its receptor triggers the activation of multiple signaling cascades, including the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase, the phosphatidyl -3'-kinase, and the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways. Here we describe that IL-5 activates the serine/threonine protein kinase Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) pathway. We show that IL-5 activates TPA response element (TRE)-dependent transcription in transfection experiments. TRE activation by IL-5 is mediated by a region of the betac (577-581) that is also responsible for activation of JNK/SAPK and for activation of dyad symmetry element (DSE)-dependent transcription. Dominant-negative SAPK or ERK kinase-1 was used to demonstrate that JNK/SAPK activation is necessary for induction of DSE- and TRE-dependent transcription by IL-5, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 was not essential for TRE- and DSE-dependent transcription. By contrast, IL-5-induced activation of the tyrosine kinase Janus kinase 2 seems to be a prerequisite for TRE- and DSE-dependent transcription. Taken together, we show for the first time that IL-5 activates kinases of the JNK/SAPK family, and that this activation is linked to IL-5-induced TRE- and DSE-dependent transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P de Groot
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, G03.550, University Hospital Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Lamkhioued B, Gounni AS, Aldebert D, Delaporte E, Prin L, Capron A, Capron M. Synthesis of type 1 (IFN gamma) and type 2 (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10) cytokines by human eosinophils. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 796:203-8. [PMID: 8906227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb32582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are not only the source of cytotoxic and proinflammatory mediators but they can also generate cytokines and growth factors, including their own factors of differentiation, namely IL-3, GM-CSF, and IL-5. Synthesis of IL-5 by eosinophils was demonstrated by in situ hybridization and immunostaining in a variety of diseases, such as coeliac disease, asthma, hypereosinophilic syndrome, or skin diseases. However, IL-5 synthesis by eosinophils was not shown in Crohn's disease, whereas in other diseases, it was restricted to a subpopulation of eosinophils, suggesting some heterogeneity in cytokine-producing eosinophils. Here, we report that human eosinophils, in addition to the synthesis of IL-5, and Th2 cytokine, can synthesize IFN gamma, a Th1 cytokine, as well as IL-10 and IL-4, known to be mainly produced by Th2 cells. Double immunostaining procedures reveal the coexpression of IL-5, IL-4, and IL-10 by the same eosinophil populations, different from IFN gamma-producing eosinophils. We propose that distinct subpopulations of human eosinophils express Th2 or Th1 cytokines. These results point to the importance of cytokines derived from non T cells in the regulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lamkhioued
- Centre d'Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unité INSERM U167 Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Molecular Immunology, SmithKline Beecham, King of Prussia PA 19406, USA
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35
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Horie S, Gleich GJ, Kita H. Cytokines directly induce degranulation and superoxide production from human eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98:371-81. [PMID: 8757214 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(96)70161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines are implicated in allergic diseases and can modulate effector functions of eosinophils stimulated by another agonist. However, little is known about the capacity of cytokines to directly trigger eosinophil degranulation. OBJECTIVES We attempted to determine whether cytokines can directly induce degranulation and superoxide production from eosinophils. METHODS Eosinophils from normal donors were incubated with various cytokines in albumin-coated tissue culture plates for 4 hours. To quantitate degranulation, the amounts of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin in supernatants were measured by radioimmunoassay. In addition, superoxide production was measured by superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome c. RESULTS IL-5, IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor- alpha, and RANTES all induced eosinophil degranulation. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was the most potent and induced eosinophil-derived neurotoxin release comparable to that induced by secretory IgA beads, one of the most potent secretagogues for eosinophils. In addition, IL-5 and tumor necrosis factor- alpha were synergistic in their induction of eosinophil degranulation. In contrast, IL-1, IL-8, interferon- gamma, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha did not induce degranulation. Finally, IL-5, IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor- alpha, but not RANTES, also induced superoxide production from eosinophils. CONCLUSIONS Certain cytokines directly induce eosinophil degranulation and superoxide production in vitro. Therefore these cytokines may be important in the release of toxic granule proteins from eosinophils in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Horie
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Caldenhoven E, van Dijk TB, Solari R, Armstrong J, Raaijmakers JA, Lammers JW, Koenderman L, de Groot RP. STAT3beta, a splice variant of transcription factor STAT3, is a dominant negative regulator of transcription. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:13221-7. [PMID: 8675499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.22.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 89-kDa STAT3 protein is a latent transcription factor which is activated in response to cytokines (interleukin (IL)-5 and -6) and growth factors (epidermal growth factor). Binding of IL-5 to its specific receptor activates JAK2 which leads to the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 proteins. Here we report the cloning of a cDNA encoding a variant of the transcription factor STAT3 (named STAT3beta) which was isolated by screening an eosinophil cDNA library. Compared to wild-type STAT3, STAT3beta lacks an internal domain of 50 base pairs located near the C terminus. This splice product is a naturally occurring isoform of STAT3 and encodes a 80-kDa protein. We found by reconstitution of the human IL-5R in COS cells that like STAT3, STAT3beta is phosphorylated on tyrosine and binds to the pIRE from the ICAM-1 promoter after IL-5 stimulation. However, STAT3beta fails to activate a pIRE containing promoter in transient transfection assays. Instead, co-expression of STAT3beta inhibits the transactivation potential of STAT3. These results suggests that STAT3beta functions as a negative regulator of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Caldenhoven
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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37
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The Role of Interleukin 5 in the Production and Function of Eosinophils. BLOOD CELL BIOCHEMISTRY 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-585-31728-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Caldenhoven E, van Dijk T, Raaijmakers JA, Lammers JW, Koenderman L, De Groot RP. Activation of the STAT3/acute phase response factor transcription factor by interleukin-5. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:25778-84. [PMID: 7592760 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.43.25778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor for interleukin-5 (IL-5R) is composed of a unique alpha chain (IL-5R alpha) expressed on eosinophils and basophils, associated with a beta c subunit, which is shared by the receptors for IL-3 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor. One of the molecular events activated via the IL-5R is the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Recent reports have shown that IL-5 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 followed by the subsequent cell type-specific activation of either STAT1 alpha or STAT5. To identify additional STAT proteins activated by IL-5, we co-transfected the IL-5R with STAT cDNAs in COS cells. We found that IL-5 induces binding of STAT3 to the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 pIRE, and activates STAT3-dependent transcription. Moreover, endogenous STAT3 was tyrosine phosphorylated and activated in human IL-5-stimulated BaF3 cells ectopically expressing the human IL-5R (BaF3/IL5R). These data imply that multiple STAT proteins are involved in gene regulation by IL-5 in a cell type-specific manner. We further demonstrate using C-terminal truncations of the alpha and beta c subunits of the IL-5R that the membrane-proximal STAT activation. Interestingly, a beta c receptor mutant lacking intracellular tyrosine residues is able to mediate STAT3 activation, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation of the beta c receptor is not essential for STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Caldenhoven
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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39
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Karawajczyk M, Pauksen K, Peterson CG, Eklund E, Venge P. The differential release of eosinophil granule proteins. Studies on patients with acute bacterial and viral infections. Clin Exp Allergy 1995; 25:713-9. [PMID: 7584682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb00008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier in vitro studies have suggested that the eosinophil may release its granule proteins selectively depending on the stimulus to which the cell is exposed. OBJECTIVE The object of the present study was to study the question of selective release in vivo by means of serum measurements of the two eosinophil granule proteins eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) in acute infections. METHODS Fourty-six subjects with acute infections were studied before treatment, 20 with bacterial infections and 26 with viral infections. Serum ECP, EPO and MPO were measured by specific RIA. RESULTS In acute bacterial infections ECP, but not EPO, was significantly raised in serum (P < 0.0001) compared with non-infected healthy subjects. In acute bacterial infections ECP was significantly correlated to the levels of the neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase (MPO) (rs = 0.96, P < 0.0001) but not to EPO. In acute viral infections neither ECP nor EPO were on average raised. However, almost 20% the patients had elevated levels of bot proteins. In the viral infections the serum-levels of ECP and EPO were correlated (rs = 0.63, P < 0.001), but no correlation was found with MPO. CONCLUSION It is concluded that eosinophils are activated during acute bacterial infections and that this activation results in the preferential mobilisation of ECP. The simultaneous assay of the two eosinophil proteins, ECP and EPO, may give new insight into the role of the eosinophil in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karawajczyk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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40
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Desreumaux P, Janin A, Delaporte E, Dubucquoi S, Piette F, Cortot A, Capron M, Colombel JF. Parallel interleukin 5 synthesis by eosinophils in duodenal and skin lesions of a patient with dermatitis herpetiformis. Gut 1995; 37:132-5. [PMID: 7672663 PMCID: PMC1382784 DOI: 10.1136/gut.37.1.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A 59 year old man is presented with a diagnosis of dermatitis herpetiformis. Duodenal and skin biopsy specimens from blisters of both recent and late onset were collected before treatment. Electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridisation were performed to analyse the presence of activated eosinophils and the local synthesis of interleukin 5 (IL5). Parallel state of eosinophil activation and IL5 synthesis was found in the duodenal mucosa with total flat mucosa and in skin vesicles of recent onset. It is suggested that duodenal and cutaneous eosinophils can synthesise IL5 and then participate in small bowel and skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Desreumaux
- Clinique des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU), Lille, France
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41
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Chihara J, Kurachi D, Yamamoto T, Yamada H, Hayashi N, Nakajima S. Possible involvement of mononuclear cells stimulated with specific allergen from asthmatic patients in ICAM-1 expression on the eosinophilic cell line. Immunol Lett 1995; 46:241-4. [PMID: 7590942 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(95)00053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules, particularly intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), recently have been considered to play a key role in inflammatory processes in asthma. Thus, from the point of view of cell interactions between mononuclear cells and eosinophils, we examined whether the supernatant of mononuclear cells (MNC) obtained from mite-allergic asthmatic patients cultured with specific allergen is involved in ICAM-1 expression using an eosinophilic cell line (EoL). ICAM-1 expression was induced by the supernatant of MNC from mite-allergic asthmatic patients stimulated with mite allergen as well as by a combination of IL-3, GM-CSF, and IL-5. Thus, we could conclude that some cytokines produced by specific allergen-stimulated MNC in asthmatics might be involved in allergic inflammation through the induction of adhesion molecule expression such as ICAM-1 on eosinophils in asthma or allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chihara
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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42
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Johanson K, Appelbaum E, Doyle M, Hensley P, Zhao B, Abdel-Meguid SS, Young P, Cook R, Carr S, Matico R. Binding interactions of human interleukin 5 with its receptor alpha subunit. Large scale production, structural, and functional studies of Drosophila-expressed recombinant proteins. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:9459-71. [PMID: 7721873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.16.9459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human interleukin 5 (hIL5) and soluble forms of its receptor alpha subunit were expressed in Drosophila cells and purified to homogeneity, allowing a detailed structural and functional analysis. B cell proliferation confirmed that the hIL5 was biologically active. Deglycosylated hIL5 remained active, while similarly deglycosylated receptor alpha subunit lost activity. The crystal structure of the deglycosylated hIL5 was determined to 2.6-A resolution and found to be similar to that of the protein produced in Escherichia coli. Human IL5 was shown by analytical ultracentrifugation to form a 1:1 complex with the soluble domain of the hIL5 receptor alpha subunit (shIL5R alpha). Additionally, the relative abundance of ligand and receptor in the hIL5.shIL5R alpha complex was determined to be 1:1 by both titration calorimetry and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of dissolved cocrystals of the complex. Titration microcalorimetry yielded equilibrium dissociation constants of 3.1 and 2.0 nM, respectively, for the binding of hIL5 to shIL5R alpha and to a chimeric form of the receptor containing shIL5R alpha fused to the immunoglobulin Fc domain (shIL5R alpha-Fc). Analysis of the binding thermodynamics of IL5 and its soluble receptor indicates that conformational changes are coupled to the binding reaction. Kinetic analysis using surface plasmon resonance yielded data consistent with the Kd values from calorimetry and also with the possibility of conformational isomerization in the interaction of hIL5 with the receptor alpha subunit. Using a radioligand binding assay, the affinity of hIL5 with full-length hIL5R alpha in Drosophila membranes was found to be 6 nM, in accord with the affinities measured for the soluble receptor forms. Hence, most of the binding energy of the alpha receptor is supplied by the soluble domain. Taken with other aspects of hIL5 structure and biological activity, the data obtained allow a prediction for how 1:1 stoichiometry and conformational change can lead to the formation of hIL5.receptor alpha beta complex and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Johanson
- Department of Protein Biochemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Silberstein
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wardlaw
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart & Lung Institute, London, England, United Kingdom
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45
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Chihara J, Kurachi D, Yamamoto T, Yamada H, Wada T, Yasukawa A, Nakajima S. A comparative study of eosinophil isolation by different procedures of CD16-negative depletion. Allergy 1995; 50:11-4. [PMID: 7741183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb02477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils were isolated by the three methods of CD16-negative depletion: 1) magnetic beads, 2) fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), and 3) complement reaction. Their purity, yield, and viability were compared. The second procedure produced well purity and viability (94.65 +/- 1.51% and 94.98 +/- 1.40%, respectively) but low yield of eosinophils (65.47 +/- 2.47%). The viability of cells obtained by the third procedure was not efficient (80.83 +/- 2.85%), while the purity and the yield were efficient (96.23 +/- 1.09% and 90.75 +/- 1.72%, respectively). In conclusion, the magnetic beads method (purity: 98.02 +/- 0.45%, yield: 91.05 +/- 2.43%, viability: 97.57 +/- 0.37%) was the most advantageous of these three procedures. Moreover, in the functional assay, radical oxygen products from eosinophils isolated by the procedure with complement reaction were less than with the magnetic beads or FACS procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chihara
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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46
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Fukuda T, Nakajima H, Fukushima Y, Akutsu I, Numao T, Majima K, Motojima S, Sato Y, Takatsu K, Makino S. Detection of interleukin-5 messenger RNA and interleukin-5 protein in bronchial biopsies from asthma by nonradioactive in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 94:584-93. [PMID: 8083466 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently direct evidence for the role of interleukin-5 (IL-5) in eosinophilic inflammation in the airways of persons with asthma has been provided by an in situ hybridization study that used radioisotope-labeled IL-5 complementary RNA probes. Radioisotope-labeled probes, although sensitive, require autoradiographic detection, which is time-consuming. In the most recent study we attempted to detect IL-5 messenger RNA in the bronchial biopsy specimens from patients with asthma using nonradioactive in situ hybridization, which gives rapid results. Bronchial biopsy specimens were obtained from eight patients with asthma and seven diseased control subjects. IL-5 complementary DNA probes were labeled with digoxigenin-deoxyuridine triphosphate and hybridized to permeabilized sections. Hybridization signals were visualized by an immunohistochemistry technique. Positive hybridization signals were observed in six of the eight biopsy specimens from patients with asthma. Pretreatment with ribonuclease or hybridization with an unrelated probe produced negative results. Immunohistochemical staining of serial sections with a monoclonal antibody to IL-5 revealed that a few cells within the mucosa positively stained, suggesting active synthesis of IL-5. Biopsy results from the seven diseased control subjects did not show any hybridization signal. These results confirm and extend previous observations of IL-5 messenger RNA expression in the airways of patients with asthma, and suggest that digoxigenin-labeled IL-5 complementary DNA probes would be a powerful research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fukuda
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi-ken, Japan
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47
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Chihara J, Kurachi D, Yamamoto T, Higashimoto I, Kakazu T, Nakajima S. Induction of beta 2 integrin expression on an eosinophilic cell line (EoL-1) by the supernatant of mononuclear cells stimulated with specific allergen from asthmatic patients. Immunol Lett 1994; 42:25-9. [PMID: 7829126 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(94)90030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules recently have been considered to play an important role in inflammatory processes in bronchial asthma. Our previous study revealed high expression of beta 2-integrin family (CR3, LFA-1 alpha, CD18) on hypodense eosinophils. Thus, from the point of view of cell-to-cell interaction between mononuclear cells and eosinophils, we examined whether the supernatant of mononuclear cells obtained from mite-allergic asthmatic patients cultured with specific allergen mite-allergen is involved in adhesion molecule expression using an eosinophilic cell line (EoL-1). These characteristics of beta 2-integrin family expression (high expression of beta 2 integrin) were induced by the supernatant of mononuclear cells from mite-allergic asthmatic patients stimulated with mite-allergen as well as with a combination of the recombinant eosinophilopoietic growth cytokines (IL-3, GM-CSF and IL-5). Thus, we could conclude that some cytokines produced by specific allergen stimulated mononuclear cells in asthmatics might be involved in allergic inflammation through the induction of adhesion molecule expression on eosinophils in asthma or allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chihara
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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48
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Abstract
Hypercosinophilia was previously considered as a biological marker, particularly useful for diagnostic investigation. However, it can also appear as a marker of disease activity since fundamental studies have revealed the potent pathogenic role of human eosinophils. This new appreciation is related to a better definition of the molecular and cellular basis of eosinophil functions. Thus, eosinophils were identified as inflammatory and/or cytotoxic cells after the characterization of the role of surface molecules (adhesion molecules, Fc receptor of immunoglobulins) and mediators. The molecular components which endow the eosinophil with certain of its functional characteristics are primarily the cationic proteins of the specific granules and the phospholipid mediators that are newly formed during cellular activation. Some of these effector molecules are also directly involved in the induction of deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Prin
- Unité d'immunologie, service de bactériologie-immunologie, CHU, hôpital Nord, Amiens, France
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Håkansson L, Venge P. Priming of eosinophil and neutrophil migratory responses by interleukin 3 and interleukin 5. APMIS 1994; 102:308-16. [PMID: 8011308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1994.tb04880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the influence of interleukin 3 and interleukin 5 on the migration of normal eosinophil and neutrophil granulocytes has been investigated. LTB4, PAF, f-MLP, C5a and ZAS were used as chemoattractants, and HSA and pooled normal human serum were used as chemokinetic agents. Recombinant human IL-5 (rh-IL5) at a concentration of 4 x 10(-12) mol/l was chemotactic for eosinophils, while recombinant mouse IL-5 (rm-IL5) attracted both eosinophils and neutrophils. IL-3 (rh-IL3) at a concentration around 10(-12) mol/l exerted a priming effect on eosinophil and neutrophil migration, i.e. chemotactic and chemokinetic responses to all agents tested. Human IL-5 at a concentration of 2 to 20 x 10(-12) mol/l primed the chemotactic and chemokinetic responses of eosinophils to all agents tested. The migration of neutrophils was also primed by rh-IL5, but at higher concentrations, i.e. around 10(-10) mol/l. IL-5 of mouse origin primed the migration of both eosinophils and neutrophils. In conclusion, IL-3 primed the migratory function of both eosinophils and neutrophils, while IL-5 was a more potent primer of eosinophil than of neutrophil migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Håkansson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Yamaoka KA, Miyasaka N, Inuo G, Saito I, Kolb JP, Fujita K, Kashiwazaki S. 1,1'-Ethylidenebis(tryptophan) (Peak E) induces functional activation of human eosinophils and interleukin 5 production from T lymphocytes: association of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome with a L-tryptophan contaminant. J Clin Immunol 1994; 14:50-60. [PMID: 8132737 DOI: 10.1007/bf01541175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to clarify the important association between eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) and the L-tryptophan contaminant, "Peak E." To determine the functional activation of eosinophils induced by Peak E, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) release was examined. Peak E augumented the release of ECP from peripheral blood normodense eosinophils by degranulation. Proliferative analysis using the human eosinophilic leukemia cell line EoL-3 showed prominent cellular replication in the presence of Peak E. Moreover, Peak E upregulated interleukin 5 (IL-5) receptor levels on normodense eosinophils. Of particular interest, Peak E-stimulated human splenic T cells produced bioactive and immunoreactive IL-5. Marked induction of IL-5 mRNA in Peak E-stimulated T cells was also shown by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In contrast, L-tryptophan without the contaminant showed none of these effects. Thus, these data suggest that Peak E might be involved in the pathogenesis of EMS through bimodal mechanism including IL-5 generation by T cells and potentiation of eosinophil functional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Yamaoka
- U365-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Interférons et Cytokines, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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