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Williams L, Dery KJ, Lee WH, Li H, Shively JE, Kujawski M. Isolation and expansion of murine γδ T cells from mouse splenocytes. J Immunol Methods 2022; 508:113322. [PMID: 35843266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the function of gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) requires robust models that show how γδ T cells are commonly involved in inflammation, since very little is known about the factors that promote and control their development and function. There are few studies of murine γδ T cells primarily because these cells have proven difficult to isolate, expand and characterize. Here, we describe a simple method that utilizes key expansion elements to isolate and expand murine CD4-CD8-CD3+ γδ T cells typically found in secondary lymphoid tissues. Expansion of γδ T cells reached 150-fold by day 8 of culture, depended on exogenous IL-2, αCD3, and αCD28, and supported efficient and reproducible in vitro differentiation. These studies showed high production of cytokines IFNγ and Granzyme B, with the novel finding of IL-24 upregulation as well. Expression analysis of expanded γδ T cells, after treatment with IL-2, revealed high levels of Granzyme B, Granzyme D, and IFNγ. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assays showed that expanded γδ T cells were effective at inducing >90% cytolysis of murine MC38 colon cancer, E0771 breast cancer, and B16 melanoma cells at 10:1 effector to target ratios. These findings indicated that murine γδ T cells can be successfully isolated, expanded, and used to perform preclinical therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Williams
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth J Dery
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA; The Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wen-Hui Lee
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Harry Li
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - John E Shively
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Maciej Kujawski
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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Cruz-Adalia A, Veiga E. Close Encounters of Lymphoid Cells and Bacteria. Front Immunol 2016; 7:405. [PMID: 27774092 PMCID: PMC5053978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During infections, the first reaction of the host against microbial pathogens is carried out by innate immune cells, which recognize conserved structures on pathogens, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Afterward, some of these innate cells can phagocytose and destroy the pathogens, secreting cytokines that would modulate the immune response to the challenge. This rapid response is normally followed by the adaptive immunity, more specific and essential for a complete pathogen clearance in many cases. Some innate immune cells, usually named antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells, are able to process internalized invaders and present their antigens to lymphocytes, triggering the adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, the traditional boundary of separated roles between innate and adaptive immunity has been blurred by several studies, showing that very specialized populations of lymphocytes (cells of the adaptive immunity) behave similarly to cells of the innate immunity. These “innate-like” lymphocytes include γδ T cells, invariant NKT cells, B-1 cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, marginal zone B cells, and innate response activator cells, and together with the newly described innate lymphoid cells are able to rapidly respond to bacterial infections. Strikingly, our recent data suggest that conventional CD4+ T cells, the paradigm of cells of the adaptive immunity, also present innate-like behavior, capturing bacteria in a process called transinfection. Transinfected CD4+ T cells digest internalized bacteria like professional phagocytes and secrete large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, protecting for further bacterial challenges. In the present review, we will focus on the data showing such innate-like behavior of lymphocytes following bacteria encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Cruz-Adalia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Esteban Veiga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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3
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Nitta T, Imai H, Ogasawara Y, Nakano M. Mitogenicity of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on the T lymphocyte population bearing the γδT cell receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199400100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vitro [3H]-thymidine (TdR) uptake in T lymphocyte populations, taken and purified from proteose peptone-induced peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), spleens and thymuses of C3H/HeN mice, were investigated by stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The T cells taken from PEC (PEC-T) were purified by passing them through a nylon fiber column (Nfc) and a G-10 column. They were then treated with anti-lak, anti-Mac-1 and anti-LR-1 antibodies plus complement (C). The PEC-T cells showed an increased [ 3H]-TdR uptake in response to LPS, while the splenic T cells and thymic T cells that had been purified and treated by a similar procedure with minor modifications, poorly responded to LPS and did not respond to LPS, respectively. The response of PEC-T to LPS was abolished when the PEC-T were pretreated with anti-Thy-1 or anti-γδ antibody plus C, but not αβ, T cell receptor (TCR) antibody plus C. The thymic T cells did not show any increase of [ H]-TdR uptake in response to LPS or anti-αβ or γδTCR antibody. However, obvious uptake did occur when the cells were stimulated with LPS and anti-γδTCR antibody, but not with anti-αβTCR antibody. IL-1 did not substitute for LPS in the response. These results suggest that LPS has a mitogenic ability to respond to a T cell population bearing γδTCR in PEC, and to a γδTCR-stimulated cell population in thymic cells. The difference in response to LPS between PEC-γδT and thymic γδT cells was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Nitta
- Department of Bacteriology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken, Japan
| | - H. Imai
- Department of Bacteriology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken, Japan
| | - Y. Ogasawara
- Department of Bacteriology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken, Japan
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4
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Liu Q, Liu Q, Zhao X, Liu T, Yi J, Liang K, Kong Q. Immunogenicity and Cross-Protective Efficacy Induced by Outer Membrane Proteins from Salmonella Typhimurium Mutants with Truncated LPS in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:416. [PMID: 27011167 PMCID: PMC4813267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major virulence factor present in the outer membrane of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from Salmonella show high immunogenicity and provide protection against Salmonella infection, and truncated LPS alters the outer membrane composition of the cell wall. In our previous study, we demonstrated that Salmonella mutants carrying truncated LPS failed to induce strong immune responses and cross-reaction to other enteric bacteria, due to their high attenuation and low colonization in the host. Therefore, we plan to investigate whether outer membrane proteins from Salmonella mutants with truncated LPS resulting from a series of nonpolar mutations, including ∆waaC12, ∆waaF15, ∆waaG42, ∆rfaH49, ∆waaI43, ∆waaJ44, ∆waaL46, ∆wbaP45 and ∆wzy-48, affect immunogenicity and provide protection against diverse Salmonella challenge. In this study, the immunogenicity and cross-protection efficiency of purified OMPs from all mutants were investigated to explore a potential OMP vaccine to protect against homologous or heterologous serotype Salmonella challenge. The results demonstrated that OMPs from three Salmonella mutants (∆waaC12, ∆waaJ44 and ∆waaL46) induced higher immune responses and provided good protection against homologous S. Typhimurium. The OMPs from these three mutants were also selected to determine the cross-protective efficacy against homologous and heterologous serotype Salmonella. Our results indicated that the mutant ∆waaC12 can elicit higher cross-reactivity and can provide good protection against S. Choleraesuis and S. Enteritidis infection and that the cross-reactivity may be ascribed to an antigen of approximately 18.4–30 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Tian Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jie Yi
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Kang Liang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Qingke Kong
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Holderness J, Hedges JF, Ramstead A, Jutila MA. Comparative biology of γδ T cell function in humans, mice, and domestic animals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013; 1:99-124. [PMID: 25387013 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a functionally heterogeneous population and contribute to many early immune responses. The majority of their activity is described in humans and mice, but the immune systems of all jawed vertebrates include the γδ T cell lineage. Although some aspects of γδ T cells vary between species, critical roles in early immune responses are often conserved. Common features of γδ T cells include innate receptor expression, antigen presentation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production. Herein we compare studies describing these conserved γδ T cell functions and other, potentially unique, functions. γδ T cells are well documented for their potential immunotherapeutic properties; however, these proposed therapies are often focused on human diseases and the mouse models thereof. This review consolidates some of these studies with those in other animals to provide a consensus for the current understanding of γδ T cell function across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Holderness
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717; , , ,
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7
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Pleiotropic regulation of macrophage polarization and tumorigenesis by formyl peptide receptor-2. Oncogene 2011; 30:3887-99. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Early interferon-γ production in human lymphocyte subsets in response to nontyphoidal Salmonella demonstrates inherent capacity in innate cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13667. [PMID: 21048923 PMCID: PMC2965112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nontyphoidal Salmonellae frequently cause life-threatening bacteremia in sub-Saharan Africa. Young children and HIV-infected adults are particularly susceptible. High case-fatality rates and increasing antibiotic resistance require new approaches to the management of this disease. Impaired cellular immunity caused by defects in the T helper 1 pathway lead to intracellular disease with Salmonella that can be countered by IFNγ administration. This report identifies the lymphocyte subsets that produce IFNγ early in Salmonella infection. Methodology Intracellular cytokine staining was used to identify IFNγ production in blood lymphocyte subsets of ten healthy adults with antibodies to Salmonella (as evidence of immunity to Salmonella), in response to stimulation with live and heat-killed preparations of the D23580 invasive African isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium. The absolute number of IFNγ-producing cells in innate, innate-like and adaptive lymphocyte subpopulations was determined. Principal Findings Early IFNγ production was found in the innate/innate-like lymphocyte subsets: γδ-T cells, NK cells and NK-like T cells. Significantly higher percentages of such cells produced IFNγ compared to adaptive αβ-T cells (Student's t test, P<0.001 and ≤0.02 for each innate subset compared, respectively, with CD4+- and CD8+-T cells). The absolute numbers of IFNγ-producing cells showed similar differences. The proportion of IFNγ-producing γδ-T cells, but not other lymphocytes, was significantly higher when stimulated with live compared with heat-killed bacteria (P<0.0001). Conclusion/Significance Our findings indicate an inherent capacity of innate/innate-like lymphocyte subsets to produce IFNγ early in the response to Salmonella infection. This may serve to control intracellular infection and reduce the threat of extracellular spread of disease with bacteremia which becomes life-threatening in the absence of protective antibody. These innate cells may also help mitigate against the effect on IFNγ production of depletion of Salmonella-specific CD4+-T lymphocytes in HIV infection.
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Shimizu T, Sasaki K, Kato M, Arimitsu H, Ochi S, Shigemori N, Wasito EB, Yokochi T, Tsuji T. Induction of thymus-derived gammadelta T Cells by Escherichia coli enterotoxin b subunit in peritoneal cavities of mice. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:157-64. [PMID: 15643001 PMCID: PMC540209 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.1.157-164.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We examined the activation of intraperitoneal T cells in BALB/c mice by the Escherichia coli enterotoxin B subunit, which induced a specific Th2 type of T-cell response to intraperitoneally coadministered bovine immunoglobulin G. The numbers of both gammadelta and alphabeta T cells increased significantly after intraperitoneal administration of the B subunit in a time-dependent manner; these numbers were not affected by the B-subunit G33D mutant, which is defective in GM1 ganglioside-binding ability. Early after administration a small number of gammadelta T cells produced either interleukin-4 (IL-4) or gamma interferon, while late after administration primarily IL-10-producing gammadelta T cells were detected. gammadelta T cells induced by the B subunit did not express a characteristic V gene over the time course of the study. The induction of gammadelta T cells did not occur in athymic nu/nu mice but could be induced upon transplantation of fetal AKR thymus-like alphabeta T cells. gammadelta T cells in athymic nu/nu mice with a fetal thymic graft predominantly expressed the donor Thy-1.1 antigen but not the host Thy-1.2 antigen. The induction of these T cells, however, could not be restored by coadministration of the B subunit with peritoneal cells from normal mice. These results suggest that the B subunit activates intraperitoneal gammadelta and alphabeta T cells in a manner dependent upon its ability to bind to GM1 ganglioside. gammadelta T cells induced by the B subunit are Th2-type cells derived from the thymus. These gammadelta T cells may be functionally involved in specific Th2 responses to the B subunit, which possibly acts as an adjuvant through the influence of alphabeta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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Chiu CH, Su LH, Chu C. Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical disease, and treatment. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:311-22. [PMID: 15084503 PMCID: PMC387403 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.2.311-322.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoid Salmonella strains are important causes of reportable food-borne infection. Among more than 2,000 serotypes, Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis shows the highest predilection to cause systemic infections in humans. The most feared complication of serotype Cholearesuis bacteremia in adults is the development of mycotic aneurysm, which previously was almost uniformally fatal. The advances in diagnostic techniques, surgical care, and antimicrobial therapy have greatly improved the survival of these patients. However, the recent emergence of serotype Choleraesuis that is resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and, notably, fluoroquinolone antibiotics has aroused concern about the use of these agents for the empirical treatment of systemic infection caused by this organism. In view of the serious implications of the situation, the chain of transmission and mechanism of resistance should be carefully studied to reduce the spread of infection and threat to human health. To date, there are no vaccines available to prevent serotype Choleraesuis infections in humans. The availability, in the near future, of the genome sequence of serotype Cholearesuis will facilitate the development of effective vaccines as well as the discovery of new targets for novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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11
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Muthukkumar S, Stein KE. Immunization with meningococcal polysaccharide–tetanus toxoid conjugate induces polysaccharide-reactive T cells in mice. Vaccine 2004; 22:1290-9. [PMID: 15003659 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2003] [Revised: 08/25/2003] [Accepted: 08/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
T cell clones were generated from mice immunized with a meningococcal group C (alpha2 --> 9-sialic acid) polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid (MCPS-TT) conjugate. Many clones were found to be specific for tetanus toxoid (TT), however, clones reactive with MCPS-TT and polysaccharide (PS) were isolated. Two clones were specific for MCPS and two cross-reacted with Escherichia coli K1-PS (alpha2 --> 8-sialic acid). Both TT and PS reactive clones were CD4+ and CD8-. TT and MCPS-TT-specific T cell clones were major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted, however, the PS-reactive clones were not. Both MHC-restricted TT clones and non-restricted PS clones, however, were dependent on contact with antigen presenting cells (APC) for maximal stimulation. The data suggest that multivalent repeating epitopes on PS antigen (Ag) can overcome the need for MHC restricted interactions, but not the requirement for cell-cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Muthukkumar
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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12
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Matsuzaki G, Yamada H, Kishihara K, Yoshikai Y, Nomoto K. Mechanism of murine Vgamma1+ gamma delta T cell-mediated innate immune response against Listeria monocytogenes infection. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:928-35. [PMID: 11920558 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200204)32:4<928::aid-immu928>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Murine gamma delta T cells participate in innate immune response against infection of the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. In the present report, we analyzed the mechanism of the gamma delta T cell-mediated response against L. monocytogenes infection. gamma delta T cell-enriched spleen cells of L. monocytogenes-infected mice produced IFN-gamma in vitro in response to L. monocytogenes-infected spleen cells. The IFN-gamma production was abrogated by depletion of Vgamma1+ gamma delta T cells. IFN-gamma production of the Vgamma1+ gamma delta T cells in response to L. monocytogenes-infected spleen cells required IL-12. However, addition of Fab fragment of anti-TCR gamma delta monoclonal antibodies (mAb) failed to block the response, suggesting that the response requires no TCR-mediated antigen recognition. Interestingly, Vgamma1+ gamma delta T cells of naive mice also produced IFN-gamma in response to L. monocytogenes-infected spleen cells in an IL-12-dependent manner. Furthermore, the IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) gene was expressed on the Vgamma1+ gamma delta T cells of naive mice as well as those of L. monocytogenes-infected mice although naive alpha beta T cells lack IL-12R expression. All the results suggest that the Vgamma1+ gamma delta T cells participate in immune surveillance against intracellular bacterial infection through quick production of IFN-gamma in response to infection-induced IL-12 without antigen-driven clonal expansion and maturation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-12
- Spleen/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Matsuzaki
- Department of Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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13
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Soloski MJ, Metcalf ES. The involvement of class Ib molecules in the host response to infection with Salmonella and its relevance to autoimmunity. Microbes Infect 2001; 3:1249-59. [PMID: 11755413 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Class I molecules with limited polymorphism have been implicated in the host response to infectious agents. Following infection with Salmonella typhimurium, mice develop a CD8+ CTL response that specifically recognizes bacteria infected cells. An immunodominant component of the CTL response recognizes a peptide epitope derived from the Salmonella GroEL molecule that is presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class Ib molecule Qa-1. T cells recognizing the bacterial peptide also cross-recognize a homologous peptide from the mammalian hsp60 molecule. Since Qa-1 has a functional equivalent in humans, this observation may be relevant not only to the host response involved in clearing infection but also in understanding the link between infection with Gram-negative pathogens and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Soloski
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Abstract
Oral asaccharolytic Eubacterium saphenum, which are newly isolated gram-positive rods and one of the predominant microorganisms in human periodontal pockets, were injected intraperitoneally in mice to elucidate their pathogenicity in periodontal diseases. Infiltrating immune cells in the peritoneal exudate were quantitated and intracellular T cell (CD4+/CD8+/gammadelta+) production of cytokines IL-4 and IFN-gamma which are related to cellular and humoral immunity, respectively, was determined. Neutrophils appeared first in peritoneal exudates, followed by macrophages and lymphocytes, after the injection of either E. saphenum or Porphyromonas gingivalis. Intracellular IL-4+ and IFN-gamma+ gammadelta T cells were detected in the exudates after the injection of E. saphenum (4.6 +/- 0.8% and 10.1 +/- 1.4%, respectively) and P. gingivalis (5.3 +/- 1.6% and 10.1 +/- 2.1%, respectively). The intracellular production of IL-4/IFN-gamma in CD4+/CD8+ T cells was rather low indicating that the main response was from gammadelta T cells which initiated the immune reactions in mouse peritoneal cavities after injection of E. saphenum or P. gingivalis. Serum IgG and IgM levels were elevated in animals injected with E. saphenum and similarly with P. gingivalis. The present study showed that with slight differences, similar modes of cell response and cytokine and Ig production were observed after intraperitoneal injection of both E. saphenum and P. gingivalis, indicating that E. saphenum may play just as important a role in periodontal diseases as P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Salam
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Niigata University School of Dentistry, Niigata, Japan
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15
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Ando T, Wu H, Watson D, Hirano T, Hirakata H, Fujishima M, Knight JF. Infiltration of canonical Vgamma4/Vdelta1 gammadelta T cells in an adriamycin-induced progressive renal failure model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:3740-5. [PMID: 11564790 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported an infiltration of renal interstitial gammadelta T cells in Adriamycin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in the rat kidney. The TCR repertoire and sequences used by these gammadelta T cells have now been studied. Two injections of Adriamycin 14 days apart caused segmental glomerulosclerosis, massive interstitial infiltration of mononuclear cells, and end-stage renal failure. Flow cytometry of lymphocyte subpopulations with Abs to CD3, the gammadelta TCR, and the alphabeta TCR showed that gammadelta T cells as a proportion of CD3(+) cells were increased in Adriamycin-treated kidneys (8.5 +/- 5.4%), but not in lymph nodes (1.3 +/- 0.4%). A semiquantitative score of glomerular damage (r = 0.65; p < 0.01) and creatinine (r = 0.62; p < 0.01) correlated significantly with the presence of gammadelta T cells. TCR Vgamma repertoire analysis by RT-PCR and Southern blotting showed that Vgamma2 was the dominant subfamily in lymph nodes, whereas Vgamma4 became the predominant subfamily in advanced stages of the rat Adriamycin-treated kidney. Sequencing of the Vgamma4-Jgamma junctional region showed an invariant sequence. The amino acid sequence of the junctional region of the Vgamma4 TCR was the same as the reported mouse canonical Vgamma4 TCR sequence. Analysis of the kidney Vdelta repertoire showed dominant expression of Vdelta1, and sequencing again revealed the selective expression of a canonical Vdelta1 gene. Semiquantitative RT-PCR for cytokine gene expression showed that gammadelta T cells from the kidneys expressed TGF-beta, but not IL-4, IL-10, or IFN-gamma. These results suggest that the predominant gammadelta T cells in the Adriamycin kidney use an invariant Vgamma4/Vdelta1 receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Doxorubicin
- Flow Cytometry
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/chemically induced
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/immunology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/pathology
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/metabolism
- Kidney/immunology
- Kidney/pathology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency/chemically induced
- Renal Insufficiency/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ando
- Center for Kidney Research, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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16
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Selin LK, Santolucito PA, Pinto AK, Szomolanyi-Tsuda E, Welsh RM. Innate immunity to viruses: control of vaccinia virus infection by gamma delta T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 166:6784-94. [PMID: 11359837 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.11.6784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The existence of gammadelta T cells has been known for over 15 years, but their significance in innate immunity to virus infections has not been determined. We show here that gammadelta T cells are well suited to provide a rapid response to virus infection and demonstrate their role in innate resistance to vaccinia virus (VV) infection in both normal C57BL/6 and beta TCR knockout (KO) mice. VV-infected mice deficient in gammadelta T cells had significantly higher VV titers early postinfection (PI) and increased mortality when compared with control mice. There was a rapid and profound VV-induced increase in IFN-gamma-producing gammadelta T cells in the peritoneal cavity and spleen of VV-infected mice beginning as early as day 2 PI. This rapid response occurred in the absence of priming, as there was constitutively a significant frequency of VV-specific gammadelta T cells in the spleen in uninfected beta TCR KO mice, as demonstrated by limiting dilution assay. Also, like NK cells, another mediator of innate immunity to viruses, gammadelta T cells in uninfected beta TCR KO mice expressed constitutive cytolytic activity. This cytotoxicity was enhanced and included a broader range of targets after VV infection. VV-infected beta TCR KO mice cleared most of the virus by day 8 PI, the peak of the gammadelta T cell response, but thereafter the gammadelta T cell number declined and the virus recrudesced. Thus, gammadelta T cells can be mediators of innate immunity to viruses, having a significant impact on virus replication early in infection in the presence or absence of the adaptive immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunity, Cellular/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Kinetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Peritoneal Cavity/cytology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Survival Rate
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccinia/genetics
- Vaccinia/immunology
- Vaccinia/mortality
- Vaccinia/virology
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Virus Replication/genetics
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Selin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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17
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Umemura M, Nishimura H, Hirose K, Matsuguchi T, Yoshikai Y. Overexpression of IL-15 in vivo enhances protection against Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection via augmentation of NK and T cytotoxic 1 responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:946-56. [PMID: 11441103 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the immunomodulating effects of IL-15 in vivo on mycobacterial infection, we used IL-15-transgenic (Tg) mice, which were recently constructed with cDNA-encoding secretable isoform of IL-15 precursor protein under the control of a MHC class I promoter. The IL-15-Tg mice exhibited resistance against infection with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), as assessed by bacteria growth. IFN-gamma level in serum was significantly higher in IL-15-Tg mice than in non-Tg mice after BCG infection. NK cells were remarkably increased, and Ag-specific T cytotoxic 1 response mediated by CD8+ T cells producing IFN-gamma was significantly augmented in the IL-15-Tg mice following BCG infection. Neutralization of endogenous IFN-gamma by in vivo administration of anti-IFN-gamma mAb deteriorated the clearance of the bacteria. Depletion of of NK cells or CD8+ T cells by in vivo administration of anti-asialo-GM(1) Ab or anti-CD8 mAb hampered the exclusion of bacteria. Thus, overexpression of IL-15 in vivo enhanced protection against BCG infection via augmentation of NK and T cytotoxic 1 responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Ascitic Fluid/immunology
- Ascitic Fluid/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-15/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-15/genetics
- Interleukin-15/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Kinetics
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mycobacterium bovis/growth & development
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tuberculosis/genetics
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis/microbiology
- Tuberculosis/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- M Umemura
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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18
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Mastroeni P, Chabalgoity JA, Dunstan SJ, Maskell DJ, Dougan G. Salmonella: immune responses and vaccines. Vet J 2001; 161:132-64. [PMID: 11243685 DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella infections are a serious medical and veterinary problem world-wide and cause concern in the food industry. Vaccination is an effective tool for the prevention of Salmonella infections. Host resistance to Salmonella relies initially on the production of inflammatory cytokines leading to the infiltration of activated inflammatory cells in the tissues. Thereafter T- and B-cell dependent specific immunity develops allowing the clearance of Salmonella microorganisms from the tissues and the establishment of long-lasting acquired immunity to re-infection. The increased resistance that develops after primary infection/ vaccination requires T-cells cytokines such as IFNgamma TNFalpha and IL12 in addition to opsonising antibody. However for reasons that are not fully understood seroconversion and/or the presence of detectable T-cell memory do not always correlate with the development of acquired resistance to infection.Whole-cell killed vaccines and subunit vaccines are used in the prevention of Salmonella infection in animals and in humans with variable results. A number of early live Salmonella vaccines derived empirically by chemical or u.v. mutagenesis proved to be immunogenic and protective and are still in use despite the need for repeated parenteral administration. Recent progress in the knowledge of the genetics of Salmonella virulence and modern recombinant DNA technology offers the possibility to introduce multiple defined attenuating and irreversible mutations into the bacterial genome. This has recently allowed the development of Salmonella strains devoid of significant side effects but still capable of inducing solid immunity after single oral administration. Live attenuated Salmonella vaccines have been used for the expression of heterologous antigens/proteins that can be successfully delivered to the immune system. Furthermore Salmonella can transfer plasmids encoding foreign antigens under the control of eukaryotic promoters (DNA vaccines) to antigen-presenting cells resulting in targeted delivery of DNA vaccines to these cells. Despite the great recent advances in the development of Salmonella vaccines a large proportion of the work has been conducted in laboratory rodents and more research in other animal species is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mastroeni
- Centre for Veterinary Science, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OES, UK.
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19
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Nishimura H, Tagaya M, Tsunobuchi H, Suzuki H, Nakashima I, Yoshikai Y. Mice lacking interleukin-2 (IL-2)/IL-15 receptor beta chain are susceptible to infection with avirulent Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar choleraesuis but mice lacking IL-2 are resistant. Infect Immun 2001; 69:1226-9. [PMID: 11160028 PMCID: PMC98012 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.2.1226-1229.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2)/IL-15 receptor beta (IL-15R beta)(-/-) mice were susceptible to infection with avirulent Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis, whereas IL-2(-/-) mice were resistant. A natural killer cell response was not evident for both types of deficient mice. A Th1 response was detected in IL-2(-/-) but not in IL-2/IL-15R beta(-/-) mice infected with Salmonella, suggesting that IL-2/IL-15R beta signaling is important for the generation of protective Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nishimura
- Laboratory of Host Defense & Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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20
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Umemura M, Hirose K, Wajjwalku W, Nishimura H, Matsuguchi T, Gotoh Y, Takahashi M, Makino M, Yoshikai Y. Impaired IL‐15 production associated with susceptibility of murine AIDS to mycobacterial infection. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.1.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Umemura
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Kenji Hirose
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Worawidh Wajjwalku
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Hitoshi Nishimura
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Tetsuya Matsuguchi
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Yoshitaka Gotoh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Center of Excellence, Department of Pathology II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masahiko Makino
- Division of Human Retrovirus, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Tokyo
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21
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Tsunobuchi H, Nishimura H, Goshima F, Daikoku T, Suzuki H, Nakashima I, Nishiyama Y, Yoshikai Y. A protective role of interleukin-15 in a mouse model for systemic infection with herpes simplex virus. Virology 2000; 275:57-66. [PMID: 11017787 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To define the role of cytokine binding to the IL-2/IL-15R beta chain in protective immunity against systemic infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), IL-2/IL-15 receptor(R)beta knock-out mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with HSV-2 strain 186. IL-2/IL-15R beta-deficient mice were susceptible to systemic HSV-2 infection compared with their heterozygous littermates. The emergence of natural killer (NK) cells was impaired in IL-2/IL-15R beta knock-out mice, but CD4(+) T cell receptor (TCR) alpha beta(+) T cells were normally detected in the peritoneal cavity after infection with HSV-2. However, the generation of HSV-2-specific CD4(+) T helper (Th) 1 cells producing interferon-gamma was impaired in IL-2/IL-15R beta knock-out mice following HSV-2 infection. The serum IL-15 level in control mice was increased in the early stage after HSV-2 infection but was not detectable in IL-2/IL-15R beta knock-out mice. In vivo administration of recombinant IL-15 protected normal mice from HSV-2-induced lethality, accompanied by increases in numbers of NK cells and HSV-2-specific Th1 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-15, using the IL-2/IL15R beta chain, plays an important role in mounting protective immunity during the course of systemic HSV-2 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Ascitic Fluid/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Deletion
- Herpes Genitalis/blood
- Herpes Genitalis/drug therapy
- Herpes Genitalis/immunology
- Herpes Genitalis/virology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/physiology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-15/blood
- Interleukin-15/immunology
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Interleukin-15/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-2/blood
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Interleukin-15
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Survival Rate
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsunobuchi
- Laboratory of Host Defense & Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism & Control, Nagoya, Japan
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22
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Tanaka S, Itohara S, Sato M, Taniguchi T, Yokomizo Y. Reduced formation of granulomata in gamma(delta) T cell knockout BALB/c mice inoculated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Pathol 2000; 37:415-21. [PMID: 11055864 DOI: 10.1354/vp.37-5-415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of gamma(delta) T cells in the bovine immune response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) infection is poorly understood. Accordingly, using BALB/c mice that are innately susceptible to M. paratuberculosis, we compared wild-type and gamma(delta) T cell knockout BALB/c mice to study the protective roles of gamma(delta) T cells in M. paratuberculosis infection. Ten-week-old mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with either a low dose (4 x 10(6) colony-forming units [CFU]/mouse) or a high dose (4 x 10(9) CFU/mouse) of M. paratuberculosis strain ATCC 19698. Histopathologic and morphometric examinations showed reductions in the number and area of granulomatous lesions in the liver of the knockout mice at 18 weeks after inoculation with either the low or the high dose of the mycobacteria. Furthermore, at 18 weeks after inoculation, the bacterial load in the spleens of the knockout mice inoculated with the high dose was significantly lower than that of wild-type mice. No differences were found in bacterial load between the knockout and the wild-type mice in the low-dose groups. In contrast, in the livers of wild-type mice inoculated with either the low or high mycobacterial dose, increased areas of epithelioid granulomata were observed and the granulomata became disseminated widely during the experimental period. These findings in model mice suggest that gamma(delta) T cells, rather than restricting mycobacterial growth, may play a crucial role in development of epithelioid granulomata similar to those seen consistently in bovine paratuberculosis. The results of this study may have relevance to our understanding of the pathogenesis of paratuberculosis in ruminants, in which a prominent number of gamma(delta) T cells exist in the lymphoid system.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Granuloma/pathology
- Granuloma/veterinary
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Liver/microbiology
- Liver/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/growth & development
- Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/immunology
- Paratuberculosis/immunology
- Paratuberculosis/microbiology
- Paratuberculosis/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Rodent Diseases/immunology
- Rodent Diseases/microbiology
- Rodent Diseases/pathology
- Spleen/microbiology
- Spleen/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tanaka
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Chuzan, Kagoshima, Japan.
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23
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Naiki Y, Nishimura H, Itohara S, Yoshikai Y. gammadelta T cells may dichotomously modulate infection with avirulent Salmonella choleraesuis via IFN-gamma and IL-13 in mice. Cell Immunol 2000; 202:61-9. [PMID: 10873307 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2000.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the roles of gammadelta T cells in Salmonella infection, we examined the resolution of an intraperitoneal infection with avirulent Salmonella choleraesuis 31N-1 in mice lacking T-cell-receptor (TCR) alphabeta T cells by disruption of the TCRbeta chain gene (TCRbeta(-/-)). The bacteria in TCRbeta(-/-) mice decreased with kinetics similar to that seen in control mice (TCRbeta(+/+)) after infection. The number of natural killer (NK) cells in the peritoneal cavity increased on day 6 after infection and thereafter decreased in both TCRbeta(-/-) and TCRbeta(+/+) mice, whereas the number of gammadelta T cells, in place of alphabeta T cells, increased remarkably in the peritoneal cavity of TCRbeta(-/-) mice on day 6 after infection. The NK cells from Salmonella-infected TCRbeta(-/-) mice produced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) but neither interleukin-4 (IL-4) nor IL-13 in response to immobilized anti-NK1.1 monoclonal antibody (mAb). The gammadelta T cells produced IFN-gamma but neither IL-4 nor IL-13 in response to heat-killed Salmonella, whereas both IFN-gamma and IL-13 but no IL-4 was produced by the gammadelta T cells stimulated with immobilized anti-TCRgammadelta mAb. In vivo administration of anti-NK1.1 mAb inhibited the reduction of Salmonella, whereas anti-TCRgammadelta mAb treatment did not affect the bacterial growth in TCRbeta(-/-) mice after Salmonella infection. However, neutralization of endogenous IL-13 with anti-IL-13 mAb enhanced the bacterial clearance in TCRbeta(-/-) mice after infection. These results suggest that NK1.1(+) cells serve mainly to protect against avirulent Salmonella infection in the absence of alphabeta T cells, whereas gammadelta T cells may play dichotomous roles in Salmonella infection through IFN-gamma and IL-13 in TCRbeta(-/-) mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface
- Exudates and Transudates
- Female
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-13/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Peritoneum/immunology
- Proteins
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Salmonella/pathogenicity
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Naiki
- Laboratory of Host Defense and Germ-free Life, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-0053, Japan
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24
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Seo SH, Pei J, Briles WE, Dzielawa J, Collisson EW. Adoptive transfer of infectious bronchitis virus primed alphabeta T cells bearing CD8 antigen protects chicks from acute infection. Virology 2000; 269:183-9. [PMID: 10725210 PMCID: PMC7131381 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection and associated illness may be dramatically modified by passive transfer of immune T lymphocytes. Lymphocytes collected 10 days postinfection were transferred to naive chicks before challenge with virus. As determined by respiratory illness and viral load, transfer of syngeneic immune T lymphocytes protected chicks from challenge infection, whereas no protection was observed in the chicks receiving the MHC compatible lymphocytes from uninfected chicks. Protection following administration of T lymphocytes could be observed in chicks with three distinct MHC haplotypes: B(8)/B(8), B(12)/B(12), and B(19)/B(19). Nearly complete elimination of viral infection and illness was observed in chicks receiving cells enriched in alphabeta lymphocytes. In contrast, removal of gammadelta T lymphocytes had only a small effect on their potential to protect chicks. The adoptive transfer of enriched CD8(+) or CD4(+) T lymphocytes indicated that protection was also a function primarily of CD8-bearing cells. These results indicated that alphabeta T lymphocytes bearing CD8(+) antigens are critical in protecting chicks from IBV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Chick Embryo
- Chickens/immunology
- Chickens/virology
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Haplotypes/genetics
- Infectious bronchitis virus/immunology
- Infectious bronchitis virus/physiology
- Kidney/virology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/physiopathology
- Lung/virology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/genetics
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology
- Radiation Chimera
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Seo
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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25
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Nishimura H, Yajima T, Naiki Y, Tsunobuchi H, Umemura M, Itano K, Matsuguchi T, Suzuki M, Ohashi PS, Yoshikai Y. Differential roles of interleukin 15 mRNA isoforms generated by alternative splicing in immune responses in vivo. J Exp Med 2000; 191:157-70. [PMID: 10620614 PMCID: PMC2195806 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.1.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At least two types of interleukin (IL)-15 mRNA isoforms are generated by alternative splicing at the 5' upstream of exon 5 in mice. To elucidate the potential roles of IL-15 isoforms in immune responses in vivo, we constructed two groups of transgenic mice using originally described IL-15 cDNA with a normal exon 5 (normal IL-15 transgenic [Tg] mice) and IL-15 cDNA with an alternative exon 5 (alternative IL-15 Tg mice) under the control of an MHC class I promoter. Normal IL-15 Tg mice constitutionally produced a significant level of IL-15 protein and had markedly increased numbers of memory type (CD44(high) Ly6C(+)) of CD8(+) T cells in the LN. These mice showed resistance to Salmonella infection accompanied by the enhanced interferon (IFN)-gamma production, but depletion of CD8(+) T cells exaggerated the bacterial growth, suggesting that the IL-15-dependent CD8(+) T cells with a memory phenotype may serve to protect against Salmonella infection in normal IL-15 Tg mice. On the other hand, a large amount of intracellular IL-15 protein was detected but hardly secreted extracellularly in alternative IL-15 Tg mice. Although most of the T cells developed normally in the alternative IL-15 Tg mice, they showed impaired IFN-gamma production upon TCR engagement. The alternative IL-15 transgenic mice were susceptible to Salmonella accompanied by impaired production of endogenous IL-15 and IFN-gamma. Thus, two groups of IL-15 Tg mice may provide information concerning the different roles of IL-15 isoforms in the immune system in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nishimura
- Laboratory of Host Defense & Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya 466, Japan.
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26
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Abstract
Intraperitoneal infection of mice with Escherichia coli induced activated TCR gamma delta T cells in the peritoneal cavity. We provide evidence that the E. coli-induced gamma delta T cells are derived only from the fetal thymus on the following grounds. The gamma delta T cells were not induced in athymic nude mice and irradiated bone marrow-transferred mice which lack fetal thymus-derived T cells. However, E. coli infection of fetal thymus-grafted nude mice did induce fetal thymus-derived gamma delta T cells. These results suggest that the fetal thymus-derived gamma delta T cells colonize the periphery during early ontogeny, and are maintained until adult age. The E. coli-induced gamma delta T cells express only the Vdelta1 gene. Vgamma6 was predominantly expressed whereas anti-Vgamma1 and anti-Vgamma4 monoclonal antibodies stained less than 3 % of the cells. Direct sequencing of PCR products revealed that Vgamma6 and Vdelta1 genes expressed by the E. coli-induced gamma delta T cells were invariant sequences identical to those expressed in the fetal thymus. The antigen (Ag) specificity of a T cell hybridoma expressing the fetal type Vgamma6 / Vdelta1(+) TCR could not be identified as the cells failed to respond to lipopolysaccharide, E. coli Ag, mycobacterial heat shock protein 65, or isopentenyl pyrophosphate. These results suggest that the Vgamma6 / Vdelta1(+) gamma delta T cells derived from fetal thymus can participate in immune responses against bacterial infection through recognition of a novel class of Ag which is not yet identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Matsuzaki
- Department of Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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27
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Naiki Y, Nishimura H, Kawano T, Tanaka Y, Itohara S, Taniguchi M, Yoshikai Y. Regulatory Role of Peritoneal NK1.1+αβ T Cells in IL-12 Production During Salmonella Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.4.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
NK1.1+αβ T cells emerge in the peritoneal cavity after an i.p. infection with Salmonella choleraesuis in mice. To elucidate the role of the NK1.1+αβ T cells during murine salmonellosis, mice lacking NK1.1+αβ T cells by disruption of TCRβ (TCRβ−/−), β2m (β2m−/−), or Jα281 (Jα281−/−) gene were i.p. inoculated with S. choleraesuis. The peritoneal exudate T cells in wild type (wt) mice on day 3 after infection produced IL-4 upon TCRαβ stimulation, whereas those in TCRβ−/−, β2m−/−, or Jα281−/− mice showed no IL-4 production upon the stimulation, indicating that NK1.1+αβ T cells are the main source of IL-4 production at the early phase of Salmonella infection. Neutralization of endogenous IL-4 by administration of anti-IL-4 mAb to wt mice reduced the number of Salmonella accompanied by increased IL-12 production by macrophages after Salmonella infection. The IL-12 production by the peritoneal macrophages was significantly augmented in mice lacking NK1.1+αβ T cells after Salmonella infection accompanied by increased serum IFN-γ level. The aberrantly increased IL-12 production in infected TCRβ−/− or Jα281−/− mice was suppressed by adoptive transfer of T cells containing NK1.1+αβ T cells but not by the transfer of T cells depleted of NK1.1+αβ T cells or T cells from Jα281−/− mice. Taken together, it is suggested that NK1.1+αβ T cells eliciting IL-4 have a regulatory function in the IL-12 production by macrophages at the early phase of Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Naiki
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nishimura
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsu Kawano
- †Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation, and Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Yujiro Tanaka
- †Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation, and Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Shigeyoshi Itohara
- ‡Institute for Physical and Chemical Reseach Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaru Taniguchi
- †Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation, and Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Ishigami M, Nishimura H, Naiki Y, Yoshioka K, Kawano T, Tanaka Y, Taniguchi M, Kakumu S, Yoshikai Y. The roles of intrahepatic Valpha14(+) NK1.1(+) T cells for liver injury induced by Salmonella infection in mice. Hepatology 1999; 29:1799-808. [PMID: 10347123 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the roles of intrahepatic T cells in liver injury after Salmonella infection, we examined serum alanine transaminase (ALT), histopathology, and bacterial numbers in liver after infection with Salmonella choleraesuis strain 31N-1 in mice genetically lacking TCRalpha beta+, CD4(+), CD8(+), or NK1.1(+)T cells with C57BL/6 background. In control (+/+) mice, serum ALT reached a peak level by day 7 after an intraperitoneal inoculation of 2 x 10(6) CFU Salmonella choleraesuis 31N-1. In TCR-beta-/- mice, liver injury, as assessed by serum ALT level and histological examination, was significantly suppressed on day 7 after Salmonella infection but the numbers of bacteria in liver did not differ from those in normal mice, suggesting that alpha beta T cells are responsible for liver injury induced by Salmonella infection. To further determine which subsets in alpha beta T cells are important for the liver injury, we compared serum ALT level in mice genetically lacking CD4, CD8, beta2-microglobulin (beta2m, IAbeta, or Jalpha281 after Salmonella infection. In CD4(-/-) mice, serum ALT was significantly lower in comparison with control mice, but there was no difference in serum ALT levels in CD8(-/-) and IAbeta-/- mice from that in control mice. Notably, serum ALT levels and pathological lesions in liver were significantly decreased in beta2m-/- or Jalpha281(-/-) mice, which lacked in NK1.1(+) T cells bearing TCR Valpha14-Jalpha281 specific for beta2m-associated CD1d, following Salmonella infection. Taken together, it is suggested that alpha beta T cells bearing NK1.1 and CD4 may be main effector cells for liver injury after Salmonella infection.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine Transaminase/blood
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/physiology
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/physiology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/microbiology
- Liver/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Salmonella/growth & development
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/pathology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/physiopathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- beta 2-Microglobulin/deficiency
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
- beta 2-Microglobulin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ishigami
- Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya, Japan
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29
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Mitani A, Nishimura H, Hirose K, Washizu J, Kimura Y, Tanaka S, Yamamoto G, Noguchi T, Yoshikai Y. Interleukin-15 production at the early stage after oral infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice. Immunology 1999; 97:92-9. [PMID: 10447719 PMCID: PMC2326806 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/1998] [Revised: 12/29/1998] [Accepted: 12/29/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that exogenous interleukin-15 (IL-15) induces proliferation and activation of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IEL) in naive mice. To investigate the ability of endogenous IL-15 to stimulate i-IEL in vivo, we monitored i-IEL and intestinal epithelial cells (i-EC) in mice after an oral infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Although the populations of alphabeta and gammadelta i-IEL were not significantly changed after the oral infection, the expression level of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was increased both at transcriptional and protein levels, and a conversely marked decrease in interleukin-4 (IL-4) was detected in the i-IEL on day 1 after infection as compared with before infection. The T helper 1 (Th1)-biased response of i-IEL coincided with a peak response of IL-15 production in the i-EC after oral infection. These results suggested that IL-15 produced from i-EC may be at least partly involved in the stimulation of i-IEL to produce IFN-gamma after oral infection with L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mitani
- Laboratory of Host Defence and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Emoto M, Mittrücker HW, Schmits R, Mak TW, Kaufmann SHE. Critical Role of Leukocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 in Liver Accumulation of CD4+NKT Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In contrast to peripheral lymphoid organs, a high percentage of T cells in the liver are CD4+NKT cells. We asked whether adhesion molecules play any role in the accumulation of CD4+NKT cells in the liver. Liver CD4+NKT cells expressed ICAM-1 and high levels of LFA-1. In the livers of LFA-1-deficient mice, the number of CD4+NKT cells was markedly decreased. This reduction was restricted to the liver, and no reduction was found in the other organs analyzed. In contrast, the number of liver CD4+NKT cells in ICAM-1-deficient mice was only marginally reduced. In a reciprocal radiation thymocyte reconstitution system with LFA-1-deficient and wild-type mice, LFA-1 expressed on liver cells other than CD4+NKT cells was required for an accumulation of CD4+NKT cells in the liver. These results demonstrate a crucial role for LFA-1 in the accumulation of CD4+NKT cells in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Emoto
- *Department of Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Schmits
- †Department of Internal Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany; and
| | - Tak W. Mak
- ‡Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Ontario Cancer Institute and Amgen Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- *Department of Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Morita CT, Lee HK, Leslie DS, Tanaka Y, Bukowski JF, Märker-Hermann E. Recognition of nonpeptide prenyl pyrophosphate antigens by human γδ T cells. Microbes Infect 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(99)80032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Kodaira Y, Ikuta K, Tanaka S, Yokomuro K. Antigen-driven clonal accumulation of peritoneal gammadelta T cells in vivo. Immunol Invest 1999; 28:137-48. [PMID: 10484679 DOI: 10.3109/08820139909061143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
How the clonality of gammadelta T cells changes in response to exogenous antigens is uncertain. Here we analyzed kinetics of Vgamma1.1 and Vgamma2 T cell clonality after intraperitoneal injection of purified protein derivatives (PPD) by the heterogeneity of the third complementarity determining region (CDR3) length in Vgamma1.1-Jgamma4-Cgamma4 and Vgamma2-Jgamma1-Cgamma1 junctions. The V-J junctions were analyzed in intrahepatic lymphocytes (IHL), spleen cells, and peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gammadelta T cells expressing Vgamma1.1 and Vgamma2 genes were heterogeneous in normal mice. Accumulation of specific Vgamma1.1 T cell clones was transiently detected 7 days after the injection in PEC, but no accumulation was observed in IHL and spleen cells. The accumulated clones disappeared by 4 weeks. Transient accumulation of Vgamma2 T cell clones was also observed in PEC at the early phase after the injection. These results suggest that gammadelta T cells with specific TCR respond to PPD and temporary accumulate in the peritoneal cavity, but not in liver and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kodaira
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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Nishimura H, Washizu J, Naiki Y, Hara T, Fukui Y, Sasazuki T, Yoshikai Y. MHC Class II-Dependent NK1.1+ γδ T Cells Are Induced in Mice by Salmonella Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We observed the emergence of a novel population of γδ T cells expressing NK1.1 Ag in the peritoneal cavity of mice infected with Salmonella choleraesuis. The NK1.1+γδ T cells accounted for approximately 20% of all γδ T cells emerging in the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice and expressed preferentially rearranged Vγ4-Jγ1 and Vδ6.3-Dδ1-Dδ2-Jδ1 genes with N diversity. The γδ T cells proliferated vigorously in response to PHA-treated spleen cells and produced IFN-γ in the culture supernatant. However, spleen cells from Aβb-deficient mice were unable to stimulate the γδ T cells. Furthermore, the NK1.1+γδ T cells were stimulated not only by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing wild-type IAb but also by those expressing IAb/Eα52-68 or IAb/pigeon cytochrome c-derived analogue peptide complex. These proliferation activities were inhibited by mAb specific for IAb chain. Consistent with these findings, the emergence of NK1.1+γδ T cells was reduced in the peritoneal cavity of Aβb-deficient mice after Salmonella infection, whereas NK1.1+γδ T cells were rather abundant in the peritoneal cavity of Salmonella-infected β2m-deficient mice. Moreover, the NK1.1+γδ T cells were easily identified in the thymus of β2m-deficient but not Aβb-deficient mice. Our results indicated that MHC class II expression is essential for development and activation of NK1.1+γδ T cells in the thymus and the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nishimura
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute of Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Junji Washizu
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute of Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Yoshikazu Naiki
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute of Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Toru Hara
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute of Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Yoshinori Fukui
- †Department of Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasazuki
- †Department of Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute of Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; and
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Mukasa A, Yoshida H, Kobayashi N, Matsuzaki G, Nomoto K. Gamma delta T cells in infection-induced and autoimmune-induced testicular inflammation. Immunology 1998; 95:395-401. [PMID: 9824503 PMCID: PMC1364406 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous report, we investigated inflammatory responses induced by injecting Listeria monocytogenes into one testis of a mouse. We demonstrated that the contralateral testis also developed an orchitis despite the absence of bacteria, indicating that the inflammation on the uninfected, contralateral side was of autoimmune character. In both infected and autoimmune testes, gammadelta and alphabeta T cells infiltrated during the inflammation. In this paper, we present the data of a comparison of the character of gammadelta T cells of the infected and autoimmune testes. In both testes, gammadelta T cells appeared to be activated, as assessed by high CD44 and low l-selectin expression. Analysis of T-cell receptor (TCR) usage in both inflammation types revealed the same gammadelta TCR repertoire. Finally, the semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated that gammadelta T cells in both types of inflammation were capable of producing interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). These results imply that gammadelta T cells present in infected-induced and autoimmunity-induced inflammation have the same characteristics and could work as immunoregulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mukasa
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA, Boston, USA; Department of Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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35
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Takano M, Nishimura H, Kimura Y, Washizu J, Mokuno Y, Nimura Y, Yoshikai Y. Prostaglandin E2 Protects Against Liver Injury After Escherichia coli Infection but Hampers the Resolution of the Infection in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.6.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
cAMP-increasing agents such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are known to protect against LPS-induced liver injury by down-regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. However, the effects of such reagents on host defense against bacterial infection remain unknown. We show here that in vivo administration of PGE2 significantly protected mice against liver injury after Escherichia coli infection but hampered the resolution of the infection. PGE2 significantly suppressed circulating TNF-α and IL-12 levels but increased the IL-10 production after E. coli challenge. PGE2 inhibited the emergence of γδ T cells in the peritoneal cavity, which are important for host defense against E. coli, and deteriorated bacterial exclusion in the peritoneal cavity after E. coli challenge. These results suggested that PGE2 affects host defense mechanisms against E. coli infection through modulation of cytokine production and γδ T cell accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Takano
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, and
| | - Hitoshi Nishimura
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, and
| | - Yuki Kimura
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, and
| | - Junji Washizu
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, and
| | - Yasujii Mokuno
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, and
| | - Yuji Nimura
- †First Department of Surgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- *Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, and
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Takano M, Nishimura H, Kimura Y, Mokuno Y, Washizu J, Itohara S, Nimura Y, Yoshikai Y. Protective roles of gamma delta T cells and interleukin-15 in Escherichia coli infection in mice. Infect Immun 1998; 66:3270-8. [PMID: 9632595 PMCID: PMC108342 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.7.3270-3278.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of gamma delta T cells in the peritoneal cavity was increased after an intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection with Escherichia coli in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responsive C3H/HeN mice but not in LPS-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice. The gamma delta T cells preferentially expressed invariant Vgamma6 and Vdelta1 chains and proliferated to produce a large amount of gamma interferon in the presence of LPS. Mice depleted of gamma delta T cells by T-cell receptor delta gene mutation showed impaired resistance against E. coli as assessed by bacterial growth. Macrophages from C3H/HeN mice infected with E. coli expressed higher levels of interleukin-15 (IL-15) mRNA than those from the infected C3H/HeJ mice. Administration of anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody inhibited, albeit partially, the appearance of gamma delta T cells in C3H/HeN mice after E. coli infection and diminished the host defense against the infection. These results suggest that LPS-stimulated gamma delta T cells play an important role in the host defense against E. coli infection and that IL-15 may be partly involved in the protection via an increase in the gamma delta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takano
- Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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37
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Fritsch M, Ivars F. Gammadelta T-cell precursor-derived CD4- CD8- alphabeta T cells retain gammadelta cell function. Scand J Immunol 1998; 48:8-14. [PMID: 9714405 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that some of the DN alphabeta+ T cells arising in TcR alpha-chain transgenic mice are of gammadelta T cell origin, based on phenotypic data and on their status of TcR gene rearrangements. In the present report we investigated the impact of alphabeta TcR expression on the functional programme of the mature gammadelta precursor-derived DN alphabeta+ T cells. Our results demonstrate that both their proliferative capacity and their cytokine production profile are similar to that of gammadelta T cells. Furthermore, both transgenic DN alphabeta+ T cells and DN gammadelta+ T cells up-regulate CD8alpha expression after activation, but, in contrast to CD4+ alphabeta T cells, are unable to induce proliferation of naive B cells. Thus, our results suggest that the effector functions of mature T cells are determined independently of the TcR isotype, probably at an early stage of differentiation, and thereby have important implications for current models of T-cell lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fritsch
- Gastrointestinal Pharmacology, Astra Hässle AB, Mölndal, Sweden
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Gulig PA, Doyle TJ, Hughes JA, Matsui H. Analysis of host cells associated with the Spv-mediated increased intracellular growth rate of Salmonella typhimurium in mice. Infect Immun 1998; 66:2471-85. [PMID: 9596705 PMCID: PMC108227 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.6.2471-2485.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/1997] [Accepted: 03/07/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 90-kb virulence plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium encodes five spv genes which increase the growth rate of the bacteria within host cells within the first week of systemic infection of mice (P. A. Gulig and T. J. Doyle, Infect. Immun. 61:504-511, 1993). The presently described study was aimed at identifying the host cells associated with Spv-mediated virulence by manipulating the mouse host and the salmonellae. To test the effects of T cells and B cells on the Spv phenotype, salmonellae were orally inoculated into nude and SCID BALB/c mice. Relative to normal BALB/c mice, nude and SCID BALB/c mice were unaffected for splenic infection with either the Spv+ or Spv- S. typhimurium strains at 5 days postinoculation. When mice were pretreated with cyclophosphamide to induce granulocytopenia, there was a variable increase in total salmonella infection, but the relative splenic CFU of Spv+ versus Spv- S. typhimurium was not changed after oral inoculation. In contrast, depletion of macrophages from mice by treatment with cyclophosphamide plus liposomes containing dichloromethylene diphosphate resulted in equivalent virulence of Spv+ and Spv- salmonellae. To examine if the spv genes affected the growth of salmonellae in nonphagocytic cells, an invA::aphT mutation was transduced into Spv+ and Spv- S. typhimurium strains. InvA- Spv+ salmonellae were not significantly affected for splenic infection after subcutaneous inoculation compared with the wild-type strain, and InvA- Spv- salmonellae were only slightly attenuated relative to InvA+ Spv- salmonellae. Invasion-defective salmonellae still exhibited the Spv phenotype. Therefore, infection of nonphagocytes is not involved with the Spv virulence function. Taken together, these data demonstrate that macrophages are essential for suppressing the infection by Spv- S. typhimurium, by serving as the primary host cell for Spv-mediated intracellular replication and possibly by inhibiting the replication of salmonellae within other macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Gulig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0266, USA.
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39
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Lahn M, Kalataradi H, Mittelstadt P, Pflum E, Vollmer M, Cady C, Mukasa A, Vella AT, Ikle D, Harbeck R, O’Brien R, Born W. Early Preferential Stimulation of γδ T Cells by TNF-α. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.11.5221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Although recent findings indicate that γδ T cells influence both early innate and Ag-specific adaptive host responses, it has remained unclear what triggers γδ T cell reactivity. Investigating very early T cell activation in mouse and human models of bacterial infection, we measured CD69 expression as an indicator of early cellular activation. Both murine αβ and γδ T cells responded polyclonally to systemic bacterial infections, and to LPS. However, γδ T cells responded more strongly to the bacteria and to LPS. In vitro LPS-stimulated human T cells showed a similar differential response pattern. We identified TNF-α as mediator of the early differential T cell activation, and of differential proliferative responses. The stronger response of γδ T cells to TNF-α was correlated with higher inducible expression levels of TNF-Rp75. Among unstimulated splenocytes, more γδ T cells than αβ T cells expressed CD44 at high levels. The data suggest that TNF-Rp75 determines the differential T cell reactivity, and that most γδ T cells in the normal spleen are present in a presensitized state. As TNF-α stimulates activated T cells, it may early preferentially connect γδ T cell functions with those of cells that produce this cytokine, including activated innate effector cells and Ag-stimulated T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lahn
- *National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Pflum
- *National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | | | - Carol Cady
- *National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Akiko Mukasa
- *National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Anthony T. Vella
- §Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331; and
| | - David Ikle
- *National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
- †Division of Biostatistics and
| | - Ronald Harbeck
- *National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
- ‡Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Rebecca O’Brien
- *National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
- ‡Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Willi Born
- *National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206
- ‡Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
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Ito K, Inagaki-Ohara K, Murosaki S, Nishimura H, Shimokata T, Torii S, Matsuda T, Yoshikai Y. Murine model of IgE production with a predominant Th2-response by feeding protein antigen without adjuvants. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:3427-37. [PMID: 9464832 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830271243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of systemic antigen-specific IgE production plays an important role in the mediation of food allergy; however, the mechanism of IgE production against food antigens is not fully understood. The development of relevant animal models may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of food allergy. We here show that DBA/2 mice receiving a casein diet without any adjuvant produced high levels of IgE specific for casein, accompanied by predominant Th2-like responses in liver lymphocytes, mesenteric lymph node cells and spleen cells. This model of IgE production produced by feeding protein antigen as a constituent of the diet can be applied to investigate the mechanism of IgE production and to develop reagents for controlling food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ito
- Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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Inagaki-Ohara K, Nishimura H, Mitani A, Yoshikai Y. Interleukin-15 preferentially promotes the growth of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes bearing gamma delta T cell receptor in mice. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2885-91. [PMID: 9394814 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830271121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several cytokines including stem cell factor (SCF) and interleukin (IL)-7 are known to be required for development of gamma delta T cell receptor (TCR) intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IEL) in mice. We show here the effects of IL-15 on the proliferation and maintenance of murine gamma delta i-IEL in vitro. gamma delta i-IEL constitutively expressed a high level of IL-15 receptor alpha mRNA and proliferated in response to IL-15 more vigorously than alpha beta i-IEL. V gamma/delta repertoire analysis revealed that IL-15, like IL-2, induced polyclonal expansion of gamma delta i-IEL, whereas gamma delta i-IEL responding to IL-7 showed a V gamma/delta repertoire skewed towards V gamma 1/V delta 4, V delta 5. IL-15 efficiently prevented gamma delta i-IEL from apoptosis induced by growth factor deprivation. This rescue was accompanied by up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression. These results suggest that IL-15 plays important roles in proliferation and maintenance of gamma delta i-IEL.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/immunology
- Clone Cells
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Growth Substances/deficiency
- Interleukin-15/deficiency
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- K Inagaki-Ohara
- Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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43
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Weintraub BC, Eckmann L, Okamoto S, Hense M, Hedrick SM, Fierer J. Role of alphabeta and gammadelta T cells in the host response to Salmonella infection as demonstrated in T-cell-receptor-deficient mice of defined Ity genotypes. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2306-12. [PMID: 9169768 PMCID: PMC175320 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.6.2306-2312.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria which enter the body through the intestinal tract. We studied the roles of T cells expressing either the alpha and beta chains or the gamma and delta chains of the T-cell receptor (alphabeta T cells or gammadelta T cells, respectively) in the host defense against Salmonella using mice genetically deficient in either alphabeta T cells, gammadelta T cells, or both T-cell subsets. These mutant strains of mice were infected orally or intraperitoneally with Salmonella dublin, and the progression of the disease was monitored by determining bacterial numbers in the feces, gut wall, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Since susceptibility to Salmonella infection in mice is strongly affected by the alleles at the Ity locus, T-cell-mutant mice with either the Ity-sensitive or Ity-resistant phenotype were tested for resistance to S. dublin infection. We found that even though large numbers of intraepithelial and mucosal alphabeta and gammadelta T cells populate the normal intestine, they have no role in controlling the invasion of S. dublin into the intestine or the subsequent bacterial replication in the Peyer's patches or gut wall. Furthermore, systemic infections were equally severe for the first 6 days in normal, alphabeta T-cell-deficient, and gammadelta T-cell-deficient mice, and alphabeta but not gammadelta T cells were required for clearance of S. dublin, regardless of the Ity phenotype. However, mice that lacked both T-cell subsets had higher bacterial counts in their livers 15 to 18 days after infection than did alphabeta T-cell-deficient mice, suggesting that gammadelta T cells can contribute to acquired immunity to S. dublin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Weintraub
- Department of Biology, Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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44
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Saito K, Katsuragi H, Mikami M, Kato C, Miyamaru M, Nagaso K. Increase of heat-shock protein and induction of gamma/delta T cells in peritoneal exudate of mice after injection of live Fusobacterium nucleatum. Immunol Suppl 1997; 90:229-35. [PMID: 9135551 PMCID: PMC1456749 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1997.00143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans are Gram-negative rod periodontal pathogens. The peritoneal cavity of Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice was used as the local infection model. In vivo production of heat-shock proteins (hsp) was studied by injection of 1/10 minimum lethal dose (MLD) of each live bacteria into mice. Heat-shock proteins 70 and 60 were examined in the extract of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from mice injected intraperitoneally with either F. nucleatum or A. actinomycetemcomitans by using sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting analysis. Although hsp are present in PEC without injection of the bacteria, both hsp increased and reached a peak on day 3 after F. nucleatum injection but not after A. actinomycetemcomitans. Kinetic study of gamma/delta cells in PEC after injection of bacteria showed that the increase of gamma/delta T cells was observed only in the PEC from mice injected with F. nucleatum but not A. actinomycetemcomitans. The gamma/delta T cells in PEC were either CD3+ and CD4+ or CD3+ and CD8+. The differential cell count of PEC suggested that gamma/delta T-cell induction is related to the expansion of the macrophage population. The phagocytic and chemiluminescence responses of macrophages against the same bacteria were compared after intensive immunization with live F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Elevations of chemiluminescence response and phagocytic function by immunization were observed in the macrophages of mice immunized with F. nucleatum. These results suggest the sequential appearance of hsp, gamma/delta T cells and macrophage activation after fusobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saito
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry at Niigata, Nippon Dental University, Japan
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45
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Vincent MS, Roessner K, Lynch D, Wilson D, Cooper SM, Tschopp J, Sigal LH, Budd RC. Apoptosis of Fashigh CD4+ synovial T cells by borrelia-reactive Fas-ligand(high) gamma delta T cells in Lyme arthritis. J Exp Med 1996; 184:2109-17. [PMID: 8976167 PMCID: PMC2196368 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.6.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/1996] [Revised: 09/09/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the minor subset of T lymphocytes bearing the gamma delta T cell antigen receptor is uncertain. Although some gamma delta T cells react to microbial products, responsiveness has only rarely been demonstrated toward a bacterial antigen from a naturally occurring human infection. Synovial fluid lymphocytes from patients with Lyme arthritis contain a large proportion of gamma delta cells that proliferate in response to the causative spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Furthermore, synovial gamma delta T cell clones express elevated and sustained levels of the ligand for Fas (APO-1, CD95) compared to alpha beta T cells, and induce apoptosis of Fashigh CD4+ synovial lymphocytes. The findings suggest that gamma delta T cells contribute to defense in human infections, as well as manifest an immunoregulatory function at inflammatory sites by a Fas-dependent process.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Arthritis, Infectious/immunology
- Borrelia burgdorferi Group/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Clone Cells
- DNA Primers
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Lyme Disease/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Synovial Fluid/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- fas Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Vincent
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington 05405-0068, USA
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46
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Inagaki H, Suzuki T, Nomoto K, Yoshikai Y. Increased susceptibility to primary infection with Listeria monocytogenes in germfree mice may be due to lack of accumulation of L-selectin+ CD44+ T cells in sites of inflammation. Infect Immun 1996; 64:3280-7. [PMID: 8757865 PMCID: PMC174219 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.8.3280-3287.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The host defense of germfree (GF) mice against primary infection with Listeria monocytogenes was compared with that of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice. In SPF mice, the numbers of bacteria in the peritoneal cavity, liver, and spleen decreased gradually to undetectable levels by day 8 after intraperitoneal infection with a sublethal dose (2 X 10(3) CFU) of L. monocytogenes. On the other hand, the elimination of bacteria in these organs of GF mice was significantly impaired at this stage after inoculation. We have reported previously that T cells coexpressing L-selectin and CD44 play an important role in protection against L. monocytogenes through trafficking to sites of inflammation. Consistent with our previous findings, the number of unique L-selectin+ CD44+ T cells in the peritoneal cavity was remarkably increased on day 8 after infection in SPF mice, whereas such an increase was not evident in GF mice at this stage. Listeria-specific T-cell proliferation was normally detected in the lymph node cells of GF mice inoculated with L. monocytogenes, whereas the T-cell-proliferative response of the peritoneal exudate cells of GF mice was significantly impaired compared with that of SPF mice. These results suggest that the priming of T cells against listerial antigens normally occurs in the peripheral lymphoid organs of GF mice but the trafficking of the activated T cells to the inflamed sites may be severely impaired in GF mice, resulting in increased susceptibility to infection with L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Inagaki
- Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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47
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Guilloteau LA, Wallis TS, Gautier AV, MacIntyre S, Platt DJ, Lax AJ. The Salmonella virulence plasmid enhances Salmonella-induced lysis of macrophages and influences inflammatory responses. Infect Immun 1996; 64:3385-93. [PMID: 8757880 PMCID: PMC174234 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.8.3385-3393.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella dublin virulence plasmid mediates systemic infection in mice and cattle. Here, we analyze the interaction between wild-type and plasmid-cured Salmonella strains with phagocytes in vitro and in vivo. The intracellular recovery of S. dublin from murine peritoneal and bovine alveolar macrophages cultured in the presence of gentamicin in vitro was not related to virulence plasmid carriage. However, the virulence plasmid increased the lytic activity of S. dublin, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella choleraesuis for resident or activated mouse peritoneal macrophages. Lysis was not mediated by spv genes and was abolished by cytochalasin D treatment. Peritoneal and splenic macrophages were isolated from mice 4 days after intraperitoneal infection with wild-type or plasmid-cured S. dublin strains. The wild-type strain was recovered in significantly higher numbers than the plasmid-cured strain. However, the intracellular killing rates of such cells cultured in vitro for both S. dublin strains were not significantly different. Four days after infection, there was a lower increase of phagocyte numbers in the peritoneal cavities and spleens of mice infected with the wild-type strain compared with the plasmid-cured strain. The virulence plasmid influenced the survival of macrophages in vitro following infection in vivo as assessed by microscopy. Cells from mice infected with the plasmid-cured strain survived better than those from mice infected with the wild-type strain. This is the first report demonstrating an effect of the virulence plasmid on the interaction of Salmonella strains with macrophages. Plasmid-mediated macrophage dysfunction could influence the recruitment and/or the activation of phagocytic cells and consequently the net growth of Salmonella strains during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Guilloteau
- School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
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48
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Hisaeda H, Sakai T, Nagasawa H, Ishikawa H, Yasutomo K, Maekawa Y, Himeno K. Contribution of extrathymic gamma delta T cells to the expression of heat-shock protein and to protective immunity in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Immunology 1996; 88:551-7. [PMID: 8881756 PMCID: PMC1456633 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated that gamma delta T cells contribute to protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii by inducing the expression of a 65,000 MW heat-shock protein (hsp 65) in host macrophages. Here we examined the role of extrathymic and intrathymic gamma delta T cells in protective immunity and hsp 65 expression in mice infected with T. gondii. Intrathymic gamma delta T cells were obtained from severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice grafted with syngeneic fetal thymus (TG-SCID), in which only T cells derived from the donor thymus developed, whereas extrathymic gamma delta T cells were obtained from nude mice that lack thymus. Extrathymic gamma delta T cells from T. gondii-infected nude mice differed from intrathymic gamma delta T cells of infected TG-SCID mice, in terms of Thy1.2 expression and V-region gene usage of T-cell receptor (TCR) gamma delta. Extrathymic gamma delta T cells expressed extremely high levels of Thy1.2, and had V gamma 7 repertoire but lacked V gamma 5,6 and V delta 1,5. On the other hand, intrathymic gamma delta T cells express intermediate and low levels of Thy1,2. These cells possessed V gamma 5,6 and V delta 1,5 but failed to rearrange the V gamma 7 gene. Peritoneal macrophages from infected nude mice contained hsp 65, whereas this protein was scarcely expressed in those of infected TG-SCID mice. Transfer of extrathymic, but not of intrathymic gamma delta T cells to SCID mice enabled their macrophages to express hsp 65. Athymic nude mice were significantly resistant to the infection compared with SCID mice which lack gamma delta T as well as alpha beta T cells. The resistance was dependent upon extrathymic gamma delta T cells, since nude mice depleted of gamma delta T cells using a corresponding monoclonal antibody became extremely susceptible. These results indicated that extrathymic rather than intrathymic gamma delta T cells play some crucial roles in protection against T. gondii and in hsp 65 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hisaeda
- Department of Parasitology and Immunology, University of Tokushima, Japan
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49
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Takada H, Matsuzaki G, Yoshida H, Sumichika H, Nomoto K. Functional difference between Thy-1-positive and Thy-1-negative gamma delta T cells induced by Escherichia coli infection in mice. Immunology 1996; 88:261-8. [PMID: 8690459 PMCID: PMC1456432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.1996.tb00013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increase in number of gamma delta T cells in the peritoneal cavity after intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation with Escherichia coli. The E. coli-induced gamma delta T cells in C3H/He mice contain a large amount of Thy-1-negative population in addition to the Thy-1-positive population. We investigated the difference between the Thy-1-positive and the Thy-1-negative gamma delta T cells. Although it was found that only up to 4% of the gamma delta T cells on day 5 after infection were in cycling phase, and that the gamma delta T cells did not proliferate by immobilized anti-T-cell receptor (TCR) gamma delta monoclonal antibody stimulation, the gamma delta T cells proliferated in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-7. The Thy-1-negative gamma delta T cells showed higher proliferative response compared with the Thy-1-positive gamma delta T cells. Furthermore, the Thy-1-negative gamma delta T cells showed lower IFN-gamma mRNA expression than the Thy-1-positive gamma delta T cells. On the other hand, both the Thy-1-positive and Thy-1-negative gamma delta T cells predominantly expressed V gamma 1, V gamma 4, V gamma 5, V gamma 6 and V delta 1, and no difference of V region usage was detected between them. These results suggest that functions of Thy-1-positive gamma delta T cells differ from Thy-1-negative gamma delta T cells although Thy-1-positive and Thy-1-negative gamma delta T cells may have similar V region repertoire and, possibly, similar antigen specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takada
- Department of Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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50
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Tanaka Y, Brenner MB, Bloom BR, Morita CT. Recognition of nonpeptide antigens by T cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 1996; 74:223-31. [PMID: 8773260 DOI: 10.1007/bf00196576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Osaka Bioscience Institute, Japan
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