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Xiao MT, Ellsworth CR, Qin X. Emerging role of complement in COVID-19 and other respiratory virus diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:94. [PMID: 38368584 PMCID: PMC10874912 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The complement system, a key component of innate immunity, provides the first line of defense against bacterial infection; however, the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed that it may also engender severe complications in the context of viral respiratory disease. Here, we review the mechanisms of complement activation and regulation and explore their roles in both protecting against infection and exacerbating disease. We discuss emerging evidence related to complement-targeted therapeutics in COVID-19 and compare the role of the complement in other respiratory viral diseases like influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. We review recent mechanistic studies and animal models that can be used for further investigation. Novel knockout studies are proposed to better understand the nuances of the activation of the complement system in respiratory viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Xiao
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Calder R Ellsworth
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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2
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Vlaicu SI, Tatomir A, Cuevas J, Rus V, Rus H. COVID, complement, and the brain. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1216457. [PMID: 37533859 PMCID: PMC10391634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The brains of COVID-19 patients are affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and these effects may contribute to several COVID-19 sequelae, including cognitive dysfunction (termed "long COVID" by some researchers). Recent advances concerning the role of neuroinflammation and the consequences for brain function are reviewed in this manuscript. Studies have shown that respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice and humans is associated with selective microglial reactivity in the white matter, persistently impaired hippocampal neurogenesis, a decrease in the number of oligodendrocytes, and myelin loss. Brain MRI studies have revealed a greater reduction in grey matter thickness in the orbitofrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus, associated with a greater reduction in global brain size, in those with SARS-CoV-2 and a greater cognitive decline. COVID-19 can directly infect endothelial cells of the brain, potentially promoting clot formation and stroke; complement C3 seems to play a major role in this process. As compared to controls, the brain tissue of patients who died from COVID-19 have shown a significant increase in the extravasation of fibrinogen, indicating leakage in the blood-brain barrier; furthermore, recent studies have documented the presence of IgG, IgM, C1q, C4d, and C5b-9 deposits in the brain tissue of COVID-19 patients. These data suggest an activation of the classical complement pathway and an immune-mediated injury to the endothelial cells. These findings implicate both the classical and alternative complement pathways, and they indicate that C3b and the C5b-9 terminal complement complex (membrane attack complex, MAC) are acting in concert with neuroinflammatory and immune factors to contribute to the neurological sequelae seen in patients with COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia I. Vlaicu
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical Clinic Nr. 1, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Tatomir
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jacob Cuevas
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Violeta Rus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Horea Rus
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Neurology Service, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
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3
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Tamargo CL, Kant S. Pathophysiology of Rejection in Kidney Transplantation. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4130. [PMID: 37373823 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12124130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation has been the optimal treatment for end-stage kidney disease for almost 70 years, with increasing frequency over this period. Despite the prevalence of the procedure, allograft rejection continues to impact transplant recipients, with consequences ranging from hospitalization to allograft failure. Rates of rejection have declined over time, which has been largely attributed to developments in immunosuppressive therapy, understanding of the immune system, and monitoring. Developments in these therapies, as well as an improved understanding of rejection risk and the epidemiology of rejection, are dependent on a foundational understanding of the pathophysiology of rejection. This review explains the interconnected mechanisms behind antibody-mediated and T-cell-mediated rejection and highlights how these processes contribute to outcomes and can inform future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Tamargo
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sam Kant
- Division of Nephrology & Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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4
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Stasi A, Franzin R, Caggiano G, Losapio R, Fiorentino M, Alfieri C, Gesualdo L, Stallone G, Castellano G. New Frontiers in Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Blood Purification Therapies: The Role of Polymethylmethacrylate Membrane Hemofilter. Blood Purif 2023; 52:1-14. [PMID: 36693337 PMCID: PMC10210082 DOI: 10.1159/000528685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common consequence of sepsis with a mortality rate of up to 40%. The pathogenesis of septic AKI is complex and involves several mechanisms leading to exacerbated inflammatory response associated with renal injury. A large body of evidence suggests that inflammation is tightly linked to AKI through bidirectional interaction between renal and immune cells. Preclinical data from our and other laboratories have identified in complement system activation a crucial mediator of AKI. Partial recovery following AKI could lead to long-term consequences that predispose to chronic dysfunction and may also accelerate the progression of preexisting chronic kidney disease. Recent findings have revealed striking morphological and functional changes in renal parenchymal cells induced by mitochondrial dysfunction, cell cycle arrest via the activation of signaling pathways involved in aging process, microvascular rarefaction, and early fibrosis. Although major advances have been made in our understanding of the pathophysiology of AKI, there are no available preventive and therapeutic strategies in this field. The identification of ideal clinical biomarkers for AKI enables prompt and effective therapeutic strategy that could prevent the progression of renal injury and promote repair process. Therefore, the use of novel biomarkers associated with clinical and functional criteria could provide early interventions and better outcome. Several new drugs for AKI are currently being investigated; however, the complexity of this disease might explain the failure of pharmacological intervention targeting just one of the many systems involved. The hypothesis that blood purification could improve the outcome of septic AKI has attracted much attention. New relevant findings on the role of polymethylmethacrylate-based continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in septic AKI have been reported. Herein, we provide a comprehensive literature review on advances in the pathophysiology of septic AKI and potential therapeutic approaches in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stasi
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rossana Franzin
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianvito Caggiano
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Losapio
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Fiorentino
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Alfieri
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
The complement and hemostatic systems are complex systems, and both involve enzymatic cascades, regulators, and cell components-platelets, endothelial cells, and immune cells. The two systems are ancestrally related and are defense mechanisms that limit infection by pathogens and halt bleeding at the site of vascular injury. Recent research has uncovered multiple functional interactions between complement and hemostasis. On one side, there are proteins considered as complement factors that activate hemostasis, and on the other side, there are coagulation proteins that modulate complement. In addition, complement and coagulation and their regulatory proteins strongly interact each other to modulate endothelial, platelet and leukocyte function and phenotype, creating a potentially devastating amplifying system that must be closely regulated to avoid unwanted damage and\or disseminated thrombosis. In view of its ability to amplify all complement activity through the C3b-dependent amplification loop, the alternative pathway of complement may play a crucial role in this context. In this review, we will focus on available and emerging evidence on the role of the alternative pathway of complement in regulating hemostasis and vice-versa, and on how dysregulation of either system can lead to severe thromboinflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Noris
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Miriam Galbusera
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
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6
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Vlaicu SI, Tatomir A, Fosbrink M, Nguyen V, Boodhoo D, Cudrici C, Badea TC, Rus V, Rus H. RGC-32′ dual role in smooth muscle cells and atherogenesis. Clin Immunol 2022; 238:109020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kamel MH, Jaberi A, Gordon CE, Beck LH, Francis J. The Complement System in the Modern Era of Kidney Transplantation: Mechanisms of Injury and Targeted Therapies. Semin Nephrol 2022; 42:14-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Dai S, Liu F, Ren M, Qin Z, Rout N, Yang XF, Wang H, Tomlinson S, Qin X. Complement Inhibition Targeted to Injury Specific Neoepitopes Attenuates Atherogenesis in Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:731315. [PMID: 34651027 PMCID: PMC8505745 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.731315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Previous studies have indicated an important role for complement in atherosclerosis, a lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease associated to oxidative stress in the vessel wall. However, it remains unclear how complement is activated in the process of atherogenesis. An accepted general model for complement activation in the context of ischemia reperfusion injury is that ischemia induces the exposure of neoepitopes that are recognized by natural self-reactive IgM antibodies, and that in turn activate complement. Objective: We investigated whether a similar phenomenon may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and whether interfering with this activation event, together with inhibition of subsequent amplification of the cascade at the C3 activation step, can provide protection against atherogenesis. Methods and Results: We utilized C2scFv-Crry, a novel construct consisting of a single chain antibody (scFv) linked to Crry, a complement inhibitor that functions at C3 activation. The scFv moiety was derived from C2 IgM mAb that specifically recognizes phospholipid neoepitopes known to be expressed after ischemia. C2scFv-Crry targeted to the atherosclerotic plaque of Apoe -/- mice, demonstrating expression of the C2 neoepitope. C2scFv-Crry administered twice per week significantly attenuated atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta and aortic root of Apoe -/- mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for either 2 or 4 months, and treatment reduced C3 deposition and membrane attack complex formation as compared to vehicle treated mice. C2scFv-Crry also inhibited the uptake of oxidized low-density-lipoprotein (oxLDL) by peritoneal macrophages, which has been shown to play a role in pathogenesis, and C2scFv-Crry-treated mice had decreased lipid content in the lesion with reduced oxLDL levels in serum compared to vehicle-treated mice. Furthermore, C2scFv-Crry reduced the deposition of endogenous total IgM in the plaque, although it did not alter serum IgM levels, further indicating a role for natural IgM in initiating complement activation. Conclusion: Neoepitope targeted complement inhibitors represent a novel therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Dai
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fengming Liu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mi Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Zhongnan Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Namita Rout
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Østergaard JA, Jansson Sigfrids F, Forsblom C, Dahlström EH, Thorn LM, Harjutsalo V, Flyvbjerg A, Thiel S, Hansen TK, Groop PH. The pattern-recognition molecule H-ficolin in relation to diabetic kidney disease, mortality, and cardiovascular events in type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8919. [PMID: 33903634 PMCID: PMC8076270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
H-ficolin recognizes patterns on microorganisms and stressed cells and can activate the lectin pathway of the complement system. We aimed to assess H-ficolin in relation to the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), all-cause mortality, diabetes-related mortality, and cardiovascular events. Event rates per 10-unit H-ficolin-increase were compared in an observational follow-up of 2,410 individuals with type 1 diabetes from the FinnDiane Study. DKD progression occurred in 400 individuals. The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for progression was 1.29 (1.18–1.40) and 1.16 (1.05–1.29) after adjustment for diabetes duration, sex, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, and smoking status. After adding triglycerides to the model, the HR decreased to 1.07 (0.97–1.18). In all, 486 individuals died, including 268 deaths of cardiovascular causes and 192 deaths of complications to diabetes. HRs for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were 1.13 (1.04–1.22) and 1.05 (0.93–1.17), respectively, in unadjusted analyses. These estimates lost statistical significance in adjusted models. However, the unadjusted HR for diabetes-related mortality was 1.19 (1.05–1.35) and 1.18 (1.02–1.37) with the most stringent adjustment level. Our results, therefore, indicate that H-ficolin predicts diabetes-related mortality, but neither all-cause mortality nor fatal/non-fatal cardiovascular events. Furthermore, H-ficolin is associated with DKD progression, however, not independently of the fully adjusted model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Appel Østergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fanny Jansson Sigfrids
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma H Dahlström
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lena M Thorn
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valma Harjutsalo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Allan Flyvbjerg
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, The Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland. .,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. .,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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10
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Hoffmann-Petersen IT, Holt CB, Jensen L, Hage C, Mellbin LG, Thiel S, Hansen TK, Østergaard JA. Effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on complement activation. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3385. [PMID: 32662092 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse activation of the complement cascade in the innate immune system appears to be involved in development of vascular complications in diabetes. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a cell surface serine protease expressed in a variety of tissues. DPP-4 inhibitors are widely used in treatment of type 2 diabetes and appear to yield beneficial pleiotropic effects beyond their glucose-lowering action, for example, renoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, but the exact mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesised that DPP-4 inhibitors block adverse complement activation by inhibiting complement-activating serine proteases. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analysed the effects of 7 different DPP-4 inhibitors on the lectin and classical pathway of the complement system in vitro by quantifying complement factor C4b deposition onto mannan or IgG coated surfaces, respectively. Furthermore, plasma concentrations of mannan-binding lectin (MBL), soluble membrane attack complex (sMAC), and C4b deposition were quantified in 71 patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome and glucose disturbances, randomly assigned to sitagliptin 100 mg (n = 34) or placebo (n = 37) for 12 weeks. RESULTS All the 7 DPP-4 inhibitors tested in the study directly inhibited functional activity of the lectin pathway in a dose-dependent manner with varying potency in vitro. In vivo, MBL, sMAC, and C4b declined significantly during follow-up in both groups without significant effect of sitagliptin. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated an inhibitory effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on the lectin pathway in vitro. The clinical relevance of this effect of DPP-4 inhibitors remains to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg T Hoffmann-Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Regional Hospital of Northern Jutland, Hjørring, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte B Holt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Camilla Hage
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda G Mellbin
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Troels K Hansen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob A Østergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Complement-mediated release of fibroblast growth factor 2 from human RPE cells. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108471. [PMID: 33516764 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Complement activation is associated with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and membrane attack complex (MAC) are present in eyes of patients with CNV. Herein, we investigated the effect of complement activation on FGF2 release in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS Cultured human RPE cells were primed with an anti-RPE antibody and then treated with C1q-depleted human serum in the presence or absence of Tec kinases inhibitor (LFM-A13). 38 cytokines/chemokines levels were measured by Luminex technology. Secretion of FGF2 and interleukin (IL)-6 was assessed by ELISA. Tec protein was measured by Western blot. mRNA expression of FGF2, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL-1), and family members of Tec kinases was evaluated by qPCR. Cell viability and MAC deposition were determined by WST-1 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS Complement activation caused increased FGF2 and IL-6 release. FGF2 was released when C6-depleted human serum was reconstituted with C6. Anti-C5 antibody significantly attenuated complement-mediated FGF2 release, but not IL-6. FGF2 mRNA levels were not affected, while CXCL-1 mRNA levels were increased by complement activation. FGF2-containing extracellular vesicles were detected in response to complement challenge. Tec mRNA and protein were expressed in RPE cells. In the presence of LFM-A13, secretion of FGF2, but not IL-6, and MAC deposition were significantly decreased and cell viability was significantly increased in complement-treated cells when compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Complement plays an important role to release FGF2 from RPE cells. Tec kinase is involved in MAC formation and complement-mediated FGF2 release. This information suggests a role for complement activation to mediate neovascularization in conditions such as AMD, and may elucidate potential therapeutic targets.
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12
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Franzin R, Stasi A, Fiorentino M, Stallone G, Cantaluppi V, Gesualdo L, Castellano G. Inflammaging and Complement System: A Link Between Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Graft Damage. Front Immunol 2020; 11:734. [PMID: 32457738 PMCID: PMC7221190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant activation of complement system in several kidney diseases suggests that this pillar of innate immunity has a critical role in the pathophysiology of renal damage of different etiologies. A growing body of experimental evidence indicates that complement activation contributes to the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) such as delayed graft function (DGF) in transplant patients. AKI is characterized by the rapid loss of the kidney's excretory function and is a complex syndrome currently lacking a specific medical treatment to arrest or attenuate progression in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent evidence suggests that independently from the initial trigger (i.e., sepsis or ischemia/reperfusions injury), an episode of AKI is strongly associated with an increased risk of subsequent CKD. The AKI-to-CKD transition may involve a wide range of mechanisms including scar-forming myofibroblasts generated from different sources, microvascular rarefaction, mitochondrial dysfunction, or cell cycle arrest by the involvement of epigenetic, gene, and protein alterations leading to common final signaling pathways [i.e., transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), p16 ink4a , Wnt/β-catenin pathway] involved in renal aging. Research in recent years has revealed that several stressors or complications such as rejection after renal transplantation can lead to accelerated renal aging with detrimental effects with the establishment of chronic proinflammatory cellular phenotypes within the kidney. Despite a greater understanding of these mechanisms, the role of complement system in the context of the AKI-to-CKD transition and renal inflammaging is still poorly explored. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings describing the role of complement in AKI-to-CKD transition. We will also address how and when complement inhibitors might be used to prevent AKI and CKD progression, therefore improving graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Franzin
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stasi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Fiorentino
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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13
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Huang C, Fisher KP, Hammer SS, Busik JV. Extracellular Vesicle-Induced Classical Complement Activation Leads to Retinal Endothelial Cell Damage via MAC Deposition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051693. [PMID: 32121610 PMCID: PMC7084203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that there is a link between membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition in the retina and the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Our recent investigation demonstrated that circulating IgG-laden extracellular vesicles contribute to an increase in retinal vascular permeability in DR through activation of the complement system. However, the mechanism through which extracellular vesicle-induced complement activation contributes to retinal vascular cytolytic damage in DR is not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that IgG-laden extracellular vesicles in rat plasma activate the classical complement pathway, and in vitro Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat diabetic plasma results in MAC deposition and cytolytic damage in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs). Moreover, removal of the plasma extracellular vesicles reduced the MAC deposition and abrogated cytolytic damage seen in HRECs. Together, the results of this study demonstrate that complement activation by IgG-laden extracellular vesicles in plasma could lead to MAC deposition and contribute to endothelium damage and progression of DR.
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14
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Complement Activation in Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:423-441. [PMID: 31399977 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem worldwide, with increasing incidence and prevalence. The mechanisms underlying the progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is not fully understood. The complement system was traditionally regarded as an important part of innate immunity required for host protection against infection and for maintaining host hemostasis. However, compelling evidence from both clinical and experimental studies has strongly incriminated complement activation as a pivotal pathogenic mediator of the development of multiple renal diseases and progressive replacement of functioning nephrons by fibrosis. Both anaphylatoxins, i.e., C3a and C5a, and membrane attack complex (MAC) contribute to the damage that occurs during chronic renal progression through various mechanisms including direct proinflammatory and fibrogenic activity, chemotactic effect, activation of the renal renin-angiotensin system, and enhancement of T-cell immunity. Evolving understanding of the mechanisms of complement-mediated renal injury has led to the emergence of complement-targeting therapeutics. A variety of specific antibodies and inhibitors targeting complement components have shown efficacy in reducing disease in animal models. Moreover, building on these advances, targeting complement has gained encouraging success in treating patients with renal diseases such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). Nevertheless, it still requires a great deal of effort to develop inhibitors that can be applied to treat more patients effectively in routine clinical practice.
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15
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Control of growth factor signalling by MACPF proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:801-810. [PMID: 31209154 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the membrane attack complex/perforin-like (MACPF) protein superfamily have long captured interest because of their unique ability to assemble into large oligomeric pores on the surfaces of cells. The best characterised of these act in vertebrate immunity where they function to deliver pro-apoptotic factors or induce the cytolysis and death of targeted cells. Less appreciated, however, is that rather than causing cell death, MACPF proteins have also evolved to control cellular signalling pathways and influence developmental programmes such as pattern formation and neurogenesis. Torso-like (Tsl) from the fruit fly Drosophila, for example, functions to localise the activity of a growth factor for patterning its embryonic termini. It remains unclear whether these developmental proteins employ an attenuated form of the classical MACPF lytic pore, or if they have evolved to function via alternative mechanisms of action. In this minireview, we examine the evidence that links pore-forming MACPF proteins to the control of growth factor and cytokine signalling. We will then attempt to reconcile how the MACPF domain may have been repurposed during evolution for developmental events rather than cell killing.
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16
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Kumar-Singh R. The role of complement membrane attack complex in dry and wet AMD - From hypothesis to clinical trials. Exp Eye Res 2019; 184:266-277. [PMID: 31082363 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Data from human dry and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes support the hypothesis that constant 'tickover' of the alternative complement pathway results in chronic deposition of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) on the choriocapillaris and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Sub-lytic levels of MAC lead to cell signaling associated with tissue remodeling and the production of cytokines and inflammatory molecules. Lytic levels of MAC lead to cell death. CD59 is a naturally occurring inhibitor of the assembly of MAC. CD59 may thus be therapeutically efficacious against the pathophysiology of dry and wet AMD. The first gene therapy clinical trial for geographic atrophy - the advanced form of dry AMD has recently completed recruitment. This trial is studying the safety and tolerability of expressing CD59 from an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector injected once into the vitreous. A second clinical trial assessing the efficacy of CD59 in wet AMD patients is also under way. Herein, the evidence for the role of MAC in the pathophysiology of dry as well as wet AMD and the scientific rationale underlying the use of AAV- delivered CD59 for the treatment of dry and wet AMD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Kumar-Singh
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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17
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Kassa E, Ciulla TA, Hussain RM, Dugel PU. Complement inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in retinal disorders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:335-342. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1575358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Kassa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Rehan M. Hussain
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Pravin U. Dugel
- Retinal Consultants of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona; USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Bouwens van der Vlis TAM, Kros JM, Mustafa DAM, van Wijck RTA, Ackermans L, van Hagen PM, van der Spek PJ. The complement system in glioblastoma multiforme. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:91. [PMID: 30208949 PMCID: PMC6134703 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human complement system is represents the main effector arm of innate immunity and its ambivalent function in cancer has been subject of ongoing dispute. Glioma stem-like cells (GSC) residing in specific niches within glioblastomas (GBM) are capable of self-renewal and tumor proliferation. Recent data are indicative of the influence of the complement system on the maintenance of these cells. It appears that the role of the complement system in glial tumorigenesis, particularly its influence on GSC niches and GSC maintenance, is significant and warrants further exploration for therapeutic interventions.
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19
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Ghali MGZ, Srinivasan VM, Johnson J, Kan P, Britz G. Therapeutically Targeting Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-Mediated Signaling Underlying the Pathogenesis of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Related Vasospasm. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:2289-2295. [PMID: 30037648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vasospasm accounts for a large fraction of the morbidity and mortality burden in patients sustaining subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-β levels rise following SAH and correlate with incidence and severity of vasospasm. METHODS The literature was reviewed for studies investigating the role of PDGF in the pathogenesis of SAH-related vasospasm and efficacy of pharmacological interventions targeting the PDGF pathway in ameliorating the same and improving clinical outcomes. RESULTS Release of blood under high pressure into the subarachnoid space activates the complement cascade, which results in release of PDGF. Abluminal contact of blood with cerebral vessels increases their contractile response to PDGF-β and thrombin, with the latter upregulating PDGF-β receptors and augmenting effects of PDGF-β. PDGF-β figures prominently in the early and late phases of post-SAH vasospasm. PDGF-β binding to the PDGF receptor-β results in receptor tyrosine kinase domain activation and consequent stimulation of intracellular signaling pathways, including p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, Rho-associated protein kinase, and extracellular regulated kinase 1 and 2. Consequent increases in intracellular calcium and increased expression of genes mediating cellular growth and proliferation mediate PDGF-induced augmentation of vascular smooth muscle cell contractility, hypertrophy, and proliferation. CONCLUSION Treatments with statins, serine protease inhibitors, and small molecular pathway inhibitors have demonstrated varying degrees of efficacy in prevention of cerebral vasospasm, which is improved with earlier institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael George Zaki Ghali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas.
| | | | - Jeremiah Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter Kan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Gavin Britz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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20
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Linetsky M, Bondelid KS, Losovskiy S, Gabyak V, Rullo MJ, Stiadle TI, Munjapara V, Saxena P, Ma D, Cheng YS, Howes AM, Udeigwe E, Salomon RG. 4-Hydroxy-7-oxo-5-heptenoic Acid Lactone Is a Potent Inducer of the Complement Pathway in Human Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:666-679. [PMID: 29883119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We previously discovered that oxidative cleavage of docosahexaenoate (DHA), which is especially abundant in the retinal photoreceptor rod outer segments and retinal pigmented endothelial (RPE) cells, generates 4-hydroxy-7-oxo-5-heptenoate (HOHA) lactone, and that HOHA lactone can enter RPE cells that metabolize it through conjugation with glutathione (GSH). The consequent depletion of GSH results in oxidative stress. We now find that HOHA lactone induces upregulation of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 in ARPE-19 cells. This leads to expression of GCLM, HO1, and NQO1, three known Nrf2-responsive antioxidant genes. Besides this protective response, HOHA lactone also triggers a countervailing inflammatory activation of innate immunity. Evidence for a contribution of the complement pathway to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathology includes the presence of complement proteins in drusen and Bruch's membrane from AMD donor eyes, and the identification of genetic susceptibility loci for AMD in the complement pathway. In eye tissues from a mouse model of AMD, accumulation of complement protein in Bruch's membrane below the RPE suggested that the complement pathway targets this interface, where lesions occur in the RPE and photoreceptor rod outer segments. In animal models of AMD, intravenous injection of NaIO3 to induce oxidative injury selectively destroys the RPE and causes secretion of factor C3 from the RPE into areas directly adjacent to sites of RPE damage. However, a molecular-level link between oxidative injury and complement activation remained elusive. We now find that sub-micromolar concentrations of HOHA lactone foster expression of C3, CFB, and C5 in ARPE-19 cells and induce a countervailing upregulation of CD55, an inhibitor of C3 convertase production and complement cascade amplification. Ultimately, HOHA lactone causes membrane attack complex formation on the plasma membrane. Thus, HOHA lactone provides a molecular-level connection between free-radical-induced oxidative cleavage of DHA and activation of the complement pathway in AMD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Linetsky
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Karina S Bondelid
- Department of Biochemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Sofiya Losovskiy
- Department of Chemistry , Cleveland State University , Cleveland , Ohio 44115 , United States
| | - Vadym Gabyak
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences , Cleveland State University , Cleveland , Ohio 44115 , United States
| | - Mario J Rullo
- Department of Biochemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Thomas I Stiadle
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Vasu Munjapara
- Department of Biochemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Priyali Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Duoming Ma
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Yu-Shiuan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Andrew M Howes
- Department of Biochemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Emeka Udeigwe
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Robert G Salomon
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
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21
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Silawal S, Triebel J, Bertsch T, Schulze-Tanzil G. Osteoarthritis and the Complement Cascade. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS. ARTHRITIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 2018; 11:1179544117751430. [PMID: 29434479 PMCID: PMC5805003 DOI: 10.1177/1179544117751430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that complement activation is involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). However, the intimate complement regulation and cross talk with other signaling pathways in joint-associated tissues remain incompletely understood. Recent insights are summarized and discussed here, to put together a more comprehensive picture of complement involvement in OA pathogenesis. Complement is regulated by several catabolic and inflammatory mediators playing a key role in OA. It seems to be involved in many processes observed during OA development and progression, such as extracellular cartilage matrix (ECM) degradation, chondrocyte and synoviocyte inflammatory responses, cell lysis, synovitis, disbalanced bone remodeling, osteophyte formation, and stem cell recruitment, as well as cartilage angiogenesis. In reverse, complement can be activated by various ECM components and their cleavage products, which are released during OA-associated cartilage degradation. There are, however, some other cartilage ECM components that can inhibit complement, underlining the diverse effects of ECM on the complement activation. It is hypothesized that complement might also be directly activated by mechanical stress, thereby contributing to OA. The question arises whether keeping the complement activation in balance could represent a future therapeutic strategy in OA treatment and in the prevention of its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Silawal
- Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Triebel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Germany
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22
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Vlaicu SI, Tatomir A, Boodhoo D, Vesa S, Mircea PA, Rus H. The role of complement system in adipose tissue-related inflammation. Immunol Res 2017; 64:653-64. [PMID: 26754764 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As the common factor linking adipose tissue to the metabolic context of obesity, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis are associated with a low-grade chronic inflammatory status, to which the complement system is an important contributor. Adipose tissue synthesizes complement proteins and is a target of complement activation. C3a-desArg/acylation-stimulating protein stimulates lipogenesis and affects lipid metabolism. The C3a receptor and C5aR are involved in the development of adipocytes' insulin resistance through macrophage infiltration and the activation of adipose tissue. The terminal complement pathway has been found to be instrumental in promoting hyperglycemia-associated tissue damage, which is characteristic of the major vascular complications of diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis. As a mediator of the effects of the terminal complement complex C5b-9, RGC-32 has an impact on energy expenditure as well as lipid and glucose metabolic homeostasis. All of this evidence, taken together, indicates an important role for complement activation in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia I Vlaicu
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 655 W Baltimore St, BRB 12-033, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Tatomir
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 655 W Baltimore St, BRB 12-033, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Research Service, Veterans Administration Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dallas Boodhoo
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 655 W Baltimore St, BRB 12-033, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Stefan Vesa
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Petru A Mircea
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Horea Rus
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 655 W Baltimore St, BRB 12-033, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Research Service, Veterans Administration Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Veterans Administration Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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23
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Sahoo R, Ghosh P, Chorev M, Halperin JA. A distinctive histidine residue is essential for in vivo glycation-inactivation of human CD59 transgenically expressed in mice erythrocytes: Implications for human diabetes complications. Am J Hematol 2017; 92:1198-1203. [PMID: 28815695 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidences support a link between the complement system and the pathogenesis of diabetes complications. CD59, an extracellular cell membrane-anchored protein, inhibits formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), the main effector of complement-mediated tissue damage. This complement regulatory activity of human CD59 (hCD59) is inhibited by hyperglycemia-induced ɛ-amino glycation of Lys41 . Biochemical and structural analyses of glycated proteins with known three-dimensional structure revealed that glycation of ɛ-amino lysyl residues occurs predominantly at "glycation motives" that include lysyl/lysyl pairs or proximity of a histidyl residue, in which the imidazolyl moiety is ≈ 5Å from the ɛ-amino group. hCD59 contains a distinctive Lys41 /His44 putative glycation motif within its active site. In a model of transgenic diabetic mice expressing in erythrocytes either the wild type or a H44Q mutant form of hCD59, we demonstrate in vivo that the His44 is required for Lys41 glycation and consequent functional inactivation of hCD59, as evidenced using a mouse erythrocytes hemolytic assay. Since (1) the His44 residue is not present in CD59 from other animal species and (2) humans are particularly prone to develop complications of diabetes, our results indicate that the Lys41 /His44 glycation motif in human CD59 may confer humans a higher risk of developing vascular disease in response to hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Sahoo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Pamela Ghosh
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Michael Chorev
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jose A. Halperin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
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24
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Moore NA, Bracha P, Hussain RM, Morral N, Ciulla TA. Gene therapy for age-related macular degeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1235-1244. [PMID: 28726562 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1356817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In neovascular age related macular degeneration (nAMD), gene therapy to chronically express anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) proteins could ameliorate the treatment burden of chronic intravitreal therapy and improve limited visual outcomes associated with 'real world' undertreatment. Areas covered: In this review, the authors assess the evolution of gene therapy for AMD. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors can transduce retinal pigment epithelium; one such early application was a phase I trial of AAV2-delivered pigment epithelium derived factor gene in advanced nAMD. Subsequently, gene therapy for AMD shifted to the investigation of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT-1), an endogenously expressed VEGF inhibitor, binding and neutralizing VEGF-A. After some disappointing results, research has centered on novel vectors, including optimized AAV2, AAV8 and lentivirus, as well as genes encoding other anti-angiogenic proteins, including ranibizumab, aflibercept, angiostatin and endostatin. Also, gene therapy targeting the complement system is being investigated for geographic atrophy due to non-neovascular AMD. Expert opinion: The success of gene therapy for AMD will depend on the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic protein and its level of chronic expression. Future investigations will center on optimizing vector, promoter and delivery methods, and evaluating the risks of the chronic expression of anti-angiogenic or anti-complement proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Moore
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Peter Bracha
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Rehan M Hussain
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Nuria Morral
- c Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Thomas A Ciulla
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Retina Service , Midwest Eye Institute , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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25
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Østergaard JA, Thiel S, Hoffmann-Petersen IT, Hovind P, Parving HH, Tarnow L, Rossing P, Hansen TK. Incident microalbuminuria and complement factor mannan-binding lectin-associated protein 19 in people with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33. [PMID: 28303635 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence links the lectin pathway of complement activation to diabetic kidney disease. Upon carbohydrate-recognition by pattern-recognition molecules, eg, mannan-binding lectin (MBL), the MBL-associated serine protease (MASP-2) is activated and initiates the complement cascade. The MASP2 gene encodes MASP-2 and the alternative splice product MBL-associated protein 19 (MAp19). Both MAp19 and MASP-2 circulate in complex with MBL. We tested the hypothesis that MAp19 and MASP-2 concentrations predict the risk of incident microalbuminuria. METHODS Baseline MAp19 and MASP-2 were measured in 270 persons with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes tracked for incidence of persistent microalbuminuria in a prospective observational 18-year-follow-up study. RESULTS Seventy-five participants (28%) developed microalbuminuria during follow-up. MBL-associated protein 19 concentrations were higher in participants that later progressed to microalbuminuria as compared with those with persistent normoalbuminuria (268 ng/mL [95% CI, 243-293] vs 236 ng/mL [95% CI, 223-250], P = .02). Participants with MAp19 concentration within the highest quartile of the cohort had an increased risk of microalbuminuria as compared with participants with MAp19 concentration within the combined lower 3 quartiles in unadjusted Cox analysis, hazard ratio 1.86 ([95% CI, 1.17-2.96], P = .009). This remained significant in adjusted models, eg, adjusting for age, sex, HbA1c , systolic blood pressure, urinary albumin excretion, smoking, serum creatinine, and serum cholesterol. MBL-associated serine protease concentration was not associated with incidence of microalbuminuria. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the results show an association between baseline MAp19 concentration and the incidence of microalbuminuria in an 18-year-follow-up study on persons with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Østergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - S Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - I T Hoffmann-Petersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - P Hovind
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H-H Parving
- Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Tarnow
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
- Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - P Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T K Hansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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26
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Bracha P, Moore NA, Ciulla TA. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based therapy for age-related macular degeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1113-1126. [PMID: 28664762 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1346079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), stem cells could possibly replace or regenerate disrupted pathologic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and produce supportive growth factors and cytokines such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived RPE was first subretinally transplanted in a neovascular AMD patient in 2014. Areas covered: Induced PSCs are derived from the introduction of transcription factors to adult cells under specific cell culture conditions, followed by differentiation into RPE cells. Induced PSC-derived RPE cells exhibit ion transport, membrane potential, polarized VEGF secretion and gene expression that is similar to native RPE. Despite having similar in vitro function, morphology, immunostaining and microscopic analysis, it remains to be seen if iPSC-derived RPE can replicate the myriad of in vivo functions, including immunomodulatory effects, of native RPE cells. Historically, adjuvant RPE transplantation during CNV resections were technically difficult and complicated by immune rejection. Autologous iPSCs are hypothesized to reduce the risk of immune rejection, but their production is time-consuming and expensive. Alternatively, allogenic transplantation using human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched iPSCs, similar to HLA-matched organ transplantation, is currently being investigated. Expert opinion: Challenges to successful transplantation with iPSCs include surgical technique, a pathologic subretinal microenvironment, possible immune rejection, and complications of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bracha
- a Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Nicholas A Moore
- a Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Thomas A Ciulla
- a Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Retina Service , Midwest Eye Institute , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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27
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Gordon SM, Remaley AT. High density lipoproteins are modulators of protease activity: Implications in inflammation, complement activation, and atherothrombosis. Atherosclerosis 2017; 259:104-113. [PMID: 28242049 PMCID: PMC5391047 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High density lipoproteins (HDL) represent a compositionally diverse population of particles in the circulation, containing a wide variety of lipids and proteins. Gene ontology functional analysis of the 96 commonly identified HDL binding proteins reveals that almost half of these proteins are either proteases or have known roles in protease regulation. Here, we discuss the activities of some of these proteins in regard to their roles in regulating proteases involved in inflammation, coagulation, and complement activation, particularly in the context of atherosclerosis. The overall goal of this review is to discuss potential functional roles of HDL in protease regulatory pathways based on current literature and known functions of HDL binding proteins and to promote the consideration of HDL as a global modulator of proteolytic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Gordon
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Abstract
The complement (C) cascade is an ancient system of proteins whose primary role is to initiate and modulate immune responses. During C activation, circulating proteins are cleaved and nascent cleavage fragments participate in a broad range of downstream innate and adaptive immune functions. Although the majority of these functions are either homeostatic or protective, a large body of experimental and clinical evidence also highlights a central role for the C system in the pathogenesis of many types of glomerular disease. From classic pathway activation in lupus nephritis to alternative pathway dysregulation in C3 glomerulopathy, our understanding of the spectrum of C involvement in kidney disease has expanded greatly in recent years. However, the characteristics that make the glomerulus so uniquely susceptible to C-mediated injury are not fully understood, and this remains an area of ongoing investigation. Several C inhibitors have been approved for clinical use, and additional C inhibitory drugs are in development. The use of these drugs in patients with kidney disease will expand our understanding of the benefits and limitations of C inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Carla M. Nester
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics and
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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29
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Yang C, Ding P, Wang Q, Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhao J, Xu E, Wang N, Chen J, Yang G, Hu W, Zhou X. Inhibition of Complement Retards Ankylosing Spondylitis Progression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34643. [PMID: 27698377 PMCID: PMC5048143 DOI: 10.1038/srep34643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) resulting in back pain and progressive spinal ankyloses. Currently, there are no effective therapeutics targeting AS largely due to elusive pathogenesis mechanisms, even as potential candidates such as HLA-B27 autoantigen have been identified. Herein, we employed a proteoglycan (PG)-induced AS mouse model together with clinical specimens, and found that the complement system was substantially activated in the spinal bone marrow, accompanied by a remarkable proportion alteration of neutrophils and macrophage in bone marrow and spleen, and by the significant increase of TGF-β1 in serum. The combined treatment with a bacteria-derived complement inhibitor Efb-C (C-terminal of extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein of Staphylococcus aureus) remarkably retarded the progression of mouse AS by reducing osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that two important modulators involved in AS disease, TGF-β1 and RANKL, were elevated upon in vitro complement attack in osteoblast and/or osteoclast cells. These findings further unravel that complement activation is closely related with the pathogenesis of AS, and suggest that complement inhibition may hold great potential for AS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Peipei Ding
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingkai Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianquan Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Enjie Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Na Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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30
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Vlaicu SI, Tatomir A, Boodhoo D, Ito T, Fosbrink M, Cudrici C, Mekala AP, Ciriello J, Crişan D, Boţan E, Rus V, Rus H. RGC-32 is expressed in the human atherosclerotic arterial wall: Role in C5b-9-induced cell proliferation and migration. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 101:221-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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31
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Fu X, Ju J, Lin Z, Xiao W, Li X, Zhuang B, Zhang T, Ma X, Li X, Ma C, Su W, Wang Y, Qin X, Liang S. Target deletion of complement component 9 attenuates antibody-mediated hemolysis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute shock in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30239. [PMID: 27444648 PMCID: PMC4957234 DOI: 10.1038/srep30239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminal complement membrane attack complex (MAC) formation is induced initially by
C5b, followed by the sequential condensation of the C6, C7, C8. Polymerization of C9
to the C5b-8 complex forms the C5b-9 (or MAC). The C5b-9 forms lytic or non lytic
pores in the cell membrane destroys membrane integrity. The biological
functionalities of MAC has been previously investigated by using either the mice
deficient in C5 and C6, or MAC’s regulator CD59. However, there is no
available C9 deficient mice (mC9−/−)
for directly dissecting the role of C5b-9 in the pathogenesis of human diseases.
Further, since C5b-7 and C5b-8 complexes form non lytic pore, it may also plays
biological functionality. To better understand the role of terminal complement
cascades, here we report a successful generation of
mC9−/−. We demonstrated that lack
of C9 attenuates anti-erythrocyte antibody-mediated hemolysis or LPS-induced acute
shock. Further, the rescuing effect on the acute shock correlates with the less
release of IL-1β in
mC9−/−, which is associated with
suppression of MAC-mediated inflammasome activation in
mC9−/−. Taken together, these
results not only confirm the critical role of C5b-9 in complement-mediated hemolysis
and but also highlight the critical role of C5b-9 in inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Fu
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Jiyu Ju
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Zhijuan Lin
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Weiling Xiao
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Baoxiang Zhuang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Chao Ma
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Weiliang Su
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19140, USA
| | - Shujuan Liang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
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32
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Cashman SM, Gracias J, Adhi M, Kumar-Singh R. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of Factor H attenuates complement C3 induced pathology in the murine retina: a potential gene therapy for age-related macular degeneration. J Gene Med 2016; 17:229-43. [PMID: 26369397 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in the elderly, with no therapy available for 90% of patients. Recent genetic evidence implicates activation of complement in the pathogenesis of AMD. We have recently discovered that adenovirus (Ad)-mediated expression of complement component C3 (AdCMVC3) in the murine retina recapitulates many of the pathological features found in human AMD. In the present study, utilizing a gene therapy approach, we examine whether Ad-mediated expression of complement Factor H (AdCAGfH) attenuates AdCMVC3-mediated retinal pathology. METHODS AdCMVC3 was co-injected with either AdCAGfH or a negative control virus expressing green fluorescent protein (AdCMVGFP) into the subretinal space of adult mice. The resulting retinal pathology was analyzed by histology and immunocytochemistry and retinal function was quantified by electroretinography. RESULTS Morphological and functional analyses indicated that AdCMVC3-mediated retinal pathology could be attenuated by AdCAGfH. Specifically, endothelial cell proliferation was reduced by 91% and atrophy of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) could be attenuated by 69%. AdCAGfH injected eyes exhibited 90-150% greater A-wave and 120-180% greater B-wave amplitudes relative to control eyes. Immunocytochemical analysis of rhodopsin and RPE65 was consistent with the rescue of photoreceptors and RPE in AdCAGfH injected eyes. CONCLUSIONS C3-induced pathology in murine retina can be attenuated by Ad-mediated expression of Factor H. Expression of Factor H is worthy of further study as a potential gene therapy for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan M Cashman
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology and the Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Gracias
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology and the Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mehreen Adhi
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology and the Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajendra Kumar-Singh
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology and the Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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33
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Towner LD, Wheat RA, Hughes TR, Morgan BP. Complement Membrane Attack and Tumorigenesis: A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14927-38. [PMID: 27226542 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor development driven by inflammation is now an established phenomenon, but the role that complement plays remains uncertain. Recent evidence has suggested that various components of the complement (C) cascade may influence tumor development in disparate ways; however, little attention has been paid to that of the membrane attack complex (MAC). This is despite abundant evidence documenting the effects of this complex on cell behavior, including cell activation, protection from/induction of apoptosis, release of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and ECM components and regulators, and the triggering of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Here we present a novel approach to this issue by using global gene expression studies in conjunction with a systems biology analysis. Using network analysis of MAC-responsive expression changes, we demonstrate a cluster of co-regulated genes known to have impact in the extracellular space and on the supporting stroma and with well characterized tumor-promoting roles. Network analysis highlighted the central role for EGF receptor activation in mediating the observed responses to MAC exposure. Overall, the study sheds light on the mechanisms by which sublytic MAC causes tumor cell responses and exposes a gene expression signature that implicates MAC as a driver of tumor progression. These findings have implications for understanding of the roles of complement and the MAC in tumor development and progression, which in turn will inform future therapeutic strategies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence D Towner
- From the Complement Biology Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Wheat
- From the Complement Biology Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- From the Complement Biology Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - B Paul Morgan
- From the Complement Biology Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
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34
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Budding K, van de Graaf EA, Kardol-Hoefnagel T, Broen JCA, Kwakkel-van Erp JM, Oudijk EJD, van Kessel DA, Hack CE, Otten HG. A Promoter Polymorphism in the CD59 Complement Regulatory Protein Gene in Donor Lungs Correlates With a Higher Risk for Chronic Rejection After Lung Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:987-98. [PMID: 26517734 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Complement activation leads primarily to membrane attack complex formation and subsequent target cell lysis. Protection against self-damage is regulated by complement regulatory proteins, including CD46, CD55, and CD59. Within their promoter regions, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are present that could influence transcription. We analyzed these SNPs and investigated their influence on protein expression levels. A single SNP configuration in the promoter region of CD59 was found correlating with lower CD59 expression on lung endothelial cells (p = 0.016) and monocytes (p = 0.013). Lung endothelial cells with this SNP configuration secreted more profibrotic cytokine IL-6 (p = 0.047) and fibroblast growth factor β (p = 0.036) on exposure to sublytic complement activation than cells with the opposing configuration, whereas monocytes were more susceptible to antibody-mediated complement lysis (p < 0.0001). Analysis of 137 lung transplant donors indicated that this CD59 SNP configuration correlates with impaired long-term survival (p = 0.094) and a significantly higher incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (p = 0.046) in the recipient. These findings support a role for complement in the pathogenesis of this posttransplant complication and are the first to show a deleterious association of a donor CD59 promoter polymorphism in lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Budding
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E A van de Graaf
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T Kardol-Hoefnagel
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J C A Broen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Departments of Rheumatology and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J M Kwakkel-van Erp
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E-J D Oudijk
- Center of Interstitial Lung Diseases, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - D A van Kessel
- Center of Interstitial Lung Diseases, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - C E Hack
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Departments of Rheumatology and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H G Otten
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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35
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Østergaard JA, Ruseva MM, Malik TH, Hoffmann-Petersen IT, Pickering MC, Thiel S, Hansen TK. Increased Autoreactivity of the Complement-Activating Molecule Mannan-Binding Lectin in a Type 1 Diabetes Model. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:1825738. [PMID: 26977416 PMCID: PMC4764751 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1825738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure despite intensive treatment of modifiable risk factors. Identification of new drug targets is therefore of paramount importance. The complement system is emerging as a potential new target. The lectin pathway of the complement system, initiated by the carbohydrate-recognition molecule mannan-binding lectin (MBL), is linked to poor kidney prognosis in diabetes. We hypothesized that MBL activates complement upon binding within the diabetic glomerulus. METHODS We investigated this by comparing complement deposition and activation in kidneys from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and healthy control mice. RESULTS After 20 weeks of diabetes, glomerular deposition of MBL was significantly increased. Diabetic animals had 2.0-fold higher (95% CI 1.6-2.5) immunofluorescence intensity from anti-MBL antibodies compared with controls (P < 0.001). Diabetes and control groups did not differ in glomerular immunofluorescence intensity obtained by antibodies against complement factors C4, C3, and C9. However, the circulating complement activation product C3a was increased in diabetes as compared to control mice (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION 20 weeks of diabetes increased MBL autoreactivity in the kidney and circulating C3a concentration. Together with previous findings, these results indicate direct effects of MBL within the kidney in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Appel Østergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes Academy, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- *Jakob Appel Østergaard:
| | - Marieta Milkova Ruseva
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Talat Habib Malik
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ingeborg Torp Hoffmann-Petersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Matthew Caleb Pickering
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Troels Krarup Hansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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36
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Song D, Wilson B, Zhao L, Bhuyan R, Bandyopadhyay M, Lyubarsky A, Yu C, Li Y, Kanu L, Miwa T, Song WC, Finnemann SC, Rohrer B, Dunaief JL. Retinal Pre-Conditioning by CD59a Knockout Protects against Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166348. [PMID: 27893831 PMCID: PMC5125596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement dysregulation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but the specific mechanisms are incompletely understood. Complement also potentiates retinal degeneration in the murine light damage model. To test the retinal function of CD59a, a complement inhibitor, CD59a knockout (KO) mice were used for light damage (LD) experiments. Retinal degeneration and function were compared in WT versus KO mice following light damage. Gene expression changes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and glial cell activation were also compared. At baseline, the ERG responses and rhodopsin levels were lower in CD59aKO compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Following LD, the ERG responses were better preserved in CD59aKO compared to WT mice. Correspondingly, the number of photoreceptors was higher in CD59aKO retinas than WT controls after LD. Under normal light conditions, CD59aKO mice had higher levels than WT for GFAP immunostaining in Müller cells, mRNA and protein levels of two ER-stress markers, and neurotrophic factors. The reduction in photon capture, together with the neurotrophic factor upregulation, may explain the structural and functional protection against LD in the CD59aKO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delu Song
- The F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brooks Wilson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Liangliang Zhao
- The F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Rupak Bhuyan
- The F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Arkady Lyubarsky
- The F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Chen Yu
- Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases, and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
| | - Yafeng Li
- The F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Levi Kanu
- The F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Takashi Miwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Silvia C. Finnemann
- Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases, and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC
- * E-mail: (JLD); (BR)
| | - Joshua L. Dunaief
- The F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- * E-mail: (JLD); (BR)
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37
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Karpman D, Ståhl AL, Arvidsson I, Johansson K, Loos S, Tati R, Békássy Z, Kristoffersson AC, Mossberg M, Kahn R. Complement Interactions with Blood Cells, Endothelial Cells and Microvesicles in Thrombotic and Inflammatory Conditions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 865:19-42. [PMID: 26306441 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18603-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is activated in the vasculature during thrombotic and inflammatory conditions. Activation may be associated with chronic inflammation on the endothelial surface leading to complement deposition. Complement mutations allow uninhibited complement activation to occur on platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and aggregates thereof, as well as on red blood cells and endothelial cells. Furthermore, complement activation on the cells leads to the shedding of cell derived-microvesicles that may express complement and tissue factor thus promoting inflammation and thrombosis. Complement deposition on red blood cells triggers hemolysis and the release of red blood cell-derived microvesicles that are prothrombotic. Microvesicles are small membrane vesicles ranging from 0.1 to 1 μm, shed by cells during activation, injury and/or apoptosis that express components of the parent cell. Microvesicles are released during inflammatory and vascular conditions. The repertoire of inflammatory markers on endothelial cell-derived microvesicles shed during inflammation is large and includes complement. These circulating microvesicles may reflect the ongoing inflammatory process but may also contribute to its propagation. This overview will describe complement activation on blood and endothelial cells and the release of microvesicles from these cells during hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and vasculitis, clinical conditions associated with enhanced thrombosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,
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Østergaard JA, Thiel S, Lajer M, Steffensen R, Parving HH, Flyvbjerg A, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Hansen TK. Increased all-cause mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes and high-expression mannan-binding lectin genotypes: a 12-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1898-903. [PMID: 26180106 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a complement-activating carbohydrate-recognizing molecule associated with diabetic nephropathy. MBL is associated with all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes, but whether MBL is associated with mortality in type 1 diabetes remains unknown. We therefore aimed to investigate this. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied an existing 12-year prospective cohort with type 1 diabetes with 198 patients with diabetic nephropathy (121 men, age 41 years [95% CI 40-42], estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 67 mL/min/1.73 m(2) [95% CI 63-70]) and 174 normoalbuminuric patients (103 men, age 43 years [95% CI 41-44], eGFR 93 mL/min/1.73 m(2) [95% CI 91-95]). Mortality rates were compared according to the concentration-determining MBL2 genotype or the MBL concentration. Patients were classified as having high or low MBL expression genotypes. The effect of MBL concentration was estimated by comparing patients with MBL concentrations above or below the median. RESULTS Ninety-eight patients died during follow-up. The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality was 1.61 (95% CI 1.07-2.43) for patients with high MBL expression genotypes versus patients with low MBL expression genotypes (P = 0.023). All-cause mortality was higher in patients with MBL concentrations above the median than in patients with MBL concentrations below the median (unadjusted HR 1.90 [95% CI 1.26-2.87], P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS High MBL expression genotypes and high MBL concentrations are both associated with increased mortality rates in type 1 diabetes compared with low MBL expression genotypes and low MBL concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob A Østergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Rudi Steffensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Hans-Henrik Parving
- Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Flyvbjerg
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lise Tarnow
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Troels K Hansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Holt CB, Østergaard JA, Axelgaard E, Nielsen GK, Endo Y, Thiel S, Hansen TK. Ficolin B in Diabetic Kidney Disease in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:653260. [PMID: 26339138 PMCID: PMC4539181 DOI: 10.1155/2015/653260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune system may have adverse effects in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The complement system seems to play a key role through erroneous complement activation via hyperglycaemia-induced neoepitopes. Recently mannan-binding lectin (MBL) was shown to worsen diabetic kidney changes. We hypothesize that mouse ficolin B exerts detrimental effects in the diabetic kidney as seen for MBL. METHODS We induced diabetes with streptozotocin in female wild-type mice and ficolin B knockout mice and included two similar nondiabetic groups. Renal hypertrophy and excretion of urinary albumin and creatinine were quantified to assess diabetic kidney damage. RESULTS In the wild-type groups, the kidney weighed 24% more in the diabetic mice compared to the controls. The diabetes-induced increase in kidney weight was 29% in the ficolin B knockout mice, that is, equal to wild-type animals (two-way ANOVA, P = 0.60). In the wild-type mice the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) was 32.5 mg/g higher in the diabetic mice compared to the controls. The difference was 62.5 mg/g in the ficolin B knockout mice, but this was not significantly different from the wild-type animals (two-way ANOVA, P = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the diabetes-induced effects on kidney weight and ACR were not modified by the presence or absence of ficolin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Berg Holt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Appel Østergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes Academy, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Esben Axelgaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Yuichi Endo
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Troels Krarup Hansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Vlaicu SI, Tatomir A, Rus V, Mekala AP, Mircea PA, Niculescu F, Rus H. The role of complement activation in atherogenesis: the first 40 years. Immunol Res 2015; 64:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang Y, Huang Q, Tang M, Zhang J, Fan W. Complement Factor H Expressed by Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells Can Suppress Neovascularization of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells: An in vitro Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129945. [PMID: 26091360 PMCID: PMC4474609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement factor H (CFH) is one of the most important soluble complement regulatory proteins and is closely associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible central vision loss in the elderly population in developed countries. Our study searches to investigate whether CFH expression is changed in oxidative damaged retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and the role of CFH in the in vitro neovascularization. First, it was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining that CFH was expressed by ARPE-19 cells. CFH mRNA and protein in oxidative (H2O2) damaged ARPE-19 cells were both reduced, as determined by Real-time PCR and Western blotting analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) also showed that ARPE-19 cells treated with H2O2 caused an increase in C3a content, which indicates complement activation. Then, wound assays were performed to show that CFH expression suppression promoted human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVECs) migration. Thereafter, ARPE-19 cells were transfected with CFH-specific siRNA and CFH knockdown was confirmed with the aid of Real-time PCR, immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. The ELISA results showed that specific CFH knockdown in ARPE-19 cells activated the complement system. Finally, in vitro matrigel tube formation assay was performed to determine whether change of CFH expression in RPE would affect tube formation by HUVECs. More tubes were formed by HUVECs co-cultured with ARPE-19 cells transfected with CFH specific-siRNA when compared with controls. Our results suggested that RPE cells might be the local CFH source, and RPE cell injuries (such as oxidative stress) may cause CFH expression suppression, which in turn may lead to complement activation and promotion of tube formation by HUVECs. This finding is of importance in elucidating the role of complement in the pathogenesis of ocular neovascularization including choroidal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Ghosh P, Sahoo R, Vaidya A, Chorev M, Halperin JA. Role of complement and complement regulatory proteins in the complications of diabetes. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:272-88. [PMID: 25859860 PMCID: PMC4446516 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the organ damage that complicates human diabetes is caused by prolonged hyperglycemia, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which high levels of glucose cause tissue damage in humans are still not fully understood. The prevalent hypothesis explaining the mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenesis of diabetes complications includes overproduction of reactive oxygen species, increased flux through the polyol pathway, overactivity of the hexosamine pathway causing intracellular formation of advanced glycation end products, and activation of protein kinase C isoforms. In addition, experimental and clinical evidence reported in past decades supports a strong link between the complement system, complement regulatory proteins, and the pathogenesis of diabetes complications. In this article, we summarize the body of evidence that supports a role for the complement system and complement regulatory proteins in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications, with specific emphasis on the role of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and of CD59, an extracellular cell membrane-anchored inhibitor of MAC formation that is inactivated by nonenzymatic glycation. We discuss a pathogenic model of human diabetic complications in which a combination of CD59 inactivation by glycation and hyperglycemia-induced complement activation increases MAC deposition, activates pathways of intracellular signaling, and induces the release of proinflammatory, prothrombotic cytokines and growth factors. Combined, complement-dependent and complement-independent mechanisms induced by high glucose promote inflammation, proliferation, and thrombosis as characteristically seen in the target organs of diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Ghosh
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rupam Sahoo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Anand Vaidya
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michael Chorev
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jose A Halperin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Aizman I, Vinodkumar D, McGrogan M, Bates D. Cell Injury-Induced Release of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2: Relevance to Intracerebral Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Transplantations. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1623-34. [PMID: 25873141 PMCID: PMC4499789 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial effects of intracerebral transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and their derivatives are believed to be mediated mostly by factors produced by engrafted cells. However, the mesenchymal cell engraftment rate is low, and the majority of grafted cells disappear within a short post-transplantation period. Here, we hypothesize that dying transplanted cells can affect surrounding tissues by releasing their active intracellular components. To elucidate the type, amounts, and potency of these putative intracellular factors, freeze/thaw extracts of MSC or their derivatives were tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and bioassays. We found that fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2 and FGF1, but not vascular endothelial growth factor and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 levels were high in extracts despite being low in conditioned media. Extracts induced concentration-dependent proliferation of rat cortical neural progenitor cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells; these proliferative responses were specifically blocked by FGF2-neutralizing antibody. In the neuropoiesis assay with rat cortical cells, both MSC extracts and killed cells induced expression of nestin, but not astrocyte differentiation. However, suspensions of killed cells strongly potentiated the astrogenic effects of live MSC. In transplantation-relevant MSC injury models (peripheral blood cell-mediated cytotoxicity and high cell density plating), MSC death coincided with the release of intracellular FGF2. The data showed that MSC contain a major depot of active FGF2 that is released upon cell injury and is capable of acutely stimulating neuropoiesis and angiogenesis. We therefore propose that both dying and surviving grafted MSC contribute to tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Aizman
- 1 Department of Research, SanBio, Inc. , Mountain View, California
| | | | - Michael McGrogan
- 2 Department of Production Development, SanBio, Inc. , Mountain View, California
| | - Damien Bates
- 1 Department of Research, SanBio, Inc. , Mountain View, California
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Microvesicles released constitutively from prostate cancer cells differ biochemically and functionally to stimulated microvesicles released through sublytic C5b-9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:589-95. [PMID: 25817790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have classified microvesicles into two subtypes: larger MVs released upon stimulation of prostate cancer cells, sMVs, and smaller cMVs, released constitutively. cMVs are released as part of cell metabolism and sMVs, released at 10-fold higher levels, produced upon activation, including sublytic C5b-9. From electron microscopy, nanosight tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering and flow cytometry, cMVs (194-210 nm in diameter) are smaller than sMVs (333-385 nm). Furthermore, using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance measuring changes in resonant frequency (Δf) that equate to mass deposited on a sensor, an sMV and a cMV are estimated at 0.267 and 0.241 pg, respectively. sMVs carry more calcium and protein, express higher levels of lipid rafts, GPI-anchored CD55 and phosphatidylserine including deposited C5b-9 compared to cMVs. This may allude to biological differences such as increased bound C4BP on sMVs inhibiting complement more effectively.
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Scambi C, Ugolini S, Jokiranta TS, De Franceschi L, Bortolami O, La Verde V, Guarini P, Caramaschi P, Ravagnani V, Martignoni G, Colato C, Pedron S, Benedetti F, Sorio M, Poli F, Biasi D. The local complement activation on vascular bed of patients with systemic sclerosis: a hypothesis-generating study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114856. [PMID: 25658605 PMCID: PMC4319765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The role of complement system in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) has been debated during the last decade but an evident implication in this disease has never been found. We carried out an explorative study on SSc patients to evaluate the expression of soluble and local C5b-9 complement complex and its relation with a complement regulator, the Membrane Cofactor Protein (MCP, CD46) on skin vascular bed as target distinctive of SSc disease. We also analyzed two polymorphic variants in the complement activation gene cluster involving the MCP region. Methods C5b-9 plasma levels of SSc patients and healthy subjects were analyzed by ELISA assay. Archival skin biopsies of SSc patients and controls were subjected to immunofluorescence analysis to detect C5b-9 and MCP on vascular endothelial cells. The expression of MCP was validated by immunoblot analysis with specific antibody. Polymorphic variants in the MCP gene promoter were tested by a quantitative PCR technique-based allelic discrimination method. Results Even though circulating levels of C5b-9 did not differ between SSc and controls, C5b-9 deposition was detected in skin biopsies of SSc patients but not in healthy subjects. MCP was significantly lower in skin vessels of SSc patients than in healthy controls and was associated with the over-expression of two polymorphic variants in the MCP gene promoter, which has been related to more aggressive phenotypes in other immune-mediated diseases. Conclusions Our results firsty document the local complement activation with an abnormal expression of MCP in skin vessels of SSc patients, suggesting that a subset of SSc patients might be exposed to more severe organ complications and clinical evolution due to abnormal local complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Scambi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Sara Ugolini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - T. Sakari Jokiranta
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Oscar Bortolami
- Research Support Unit and Biostatistics, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Guido Martignoni
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Colato
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Serena Pedron
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Marco Sorio
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Poli
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Domenico Biasi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Østergaard JA, Thiel S, Hovind P, Holt CB, Parving HH, Flyvbjerg A, Rossing P, Hansen TK. Association of the pattern recognition molecule H-ficolin with incident microalbuminuria in an inception cohort of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients: an 18 year follow-up study. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2201-7. [PMID: 25064124 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Increasing evidence links complement activation through the lectin pathway to diabetic nephropathy. Adverse complement recognition of proteins modified by glycation has been suggested to trigger complement auto-attack in diabetes. H-ficolin (also known as ficolin-3) is a pattern recognition molecule that activates the complement cascade on binding to glycated surfaces, but the role of H-ficolin in diabetic nephropathy is unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between circulating H-ficolin levels and the incidence of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. METHODS We measured baseline H-ficolin levels and tracked the development of persistent micro- and macroalbuminuria in a prospective 18 year observational follow-up study of an inception cohort of 270 patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. RESULTS Patients were followed for a median of 18 years (range 1-22 years). During follow-up, 75 patients developed microalbuminuria, defined as a persistent urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) above 30 mg/24 h. When H-ficolin levels were divided into quartile groups an unadjusted Cox proportional hazards regression model showed a significant association with risk of incident microalbuminuria during follow-up (HR, fourth vs first quartile, 2.45; 95% CI 1.24, 4.85) (p = 0.01). This remained significant after adjusting for HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, smoking and baseline UAER (HR 2.09; 95% CI 1.03, 4.25) (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that high levels of the complement activating molecule H-ficolin are associated with an increased risk of future progression to microalbuminuria in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob A Østergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark,
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Budding K, van de Graaf E, Otten H. Humoral immunity and complement effector mechanisms after lung transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2014; 31:260-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lee MS, Jones T, Song DY, Jang JH, Jung JU, Gao SJ. Exploitation of the complement system by oncogenic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus for cell survival and persistent infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004412. [PMID: 25254972 PMCID: PMC4177982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During evolution, herpesviruses have developed numerous, and often very ingenious, strategies to counteract efficient host immunity. Specifically, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) eludes host immunity by undergoing a dormant stage, called latency wherein it expresses a minimal number of viral proteins to evade host immune activation. Here, we show that during latency, KSHV hijacks the complement pathway to promote cell survival. We detected strong deposition of complement membrane attack complex C5b-9 and the complement component C3 activated product C3b on Kaposi's sarcoma spindle tumor cells, and on human endothelial cells latently infected by KSHV, TIME-KSHV and TIVE-LTC, but not on their respective uninfected control cells, TIME and TIVE. We further showed that complement activation in latently KSHV-infected cells was mediated by the alternative complement pathway through down-regulation of cell surface complement regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59. Interestingly, complement activation caused minimal cell death but promoted the survival of latently KSHV-infected cells grown in medium depleted of growth factors. We found that complement activation increased STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation (Y705) of KSHV-infected cells, which was required for the enhanced cell survival. Furthermore, overexpression of either CD55 or CD59 in latently KSHV-infected cells was sufficient to inhibit complement activation, prevent STAT3 Y705 phosphorylation and abolish the enhanced survival of cells cultured in growth factor-depleted condition. Together, these results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which an oncogenic virus subverts and exploits the host innate immune system to promote viral persistent infection. The complement system is an important part of the innate immune system. Pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to evade host immune responses including attack of the complement system. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma and a subset of multicentric Castleman's disease. KSHV encodes a number of viral proteins to counter host immune responses during productive lytic replication. On the other hand, KSHV utilizes latency as a default replication program during which it expresses a minimal number of proteins to evade host immune detection. Thus, the complement system is expected to be silent during KSHV latency. In this study, we have found that the complement system is unexpectedly activated in latently KSHV-infected endothelial cells and in KS tumor cells wherein KSHV downregulates the expression of CD55 and CD59 complement regulatory proteins. More interestingly, most of latently KSHV-infected cells not only are resistant to complement-mediated cell killing, but also acquire survival advantage by inducing STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which an oncogenic virus exploits the host innate immune system to promote viral persistent infection.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Complement C3b/genetics
- Complement C3b/metabolism
- Complement C5b/genetics
- Complement C5b/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/virology
- Humans
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/virology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Latency
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tiffany Jones
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dae-Yong Song
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Jang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kawa MP, Machalinska A, Roginska D, Machalinski B. Complement system in pathogenesis of AMD: dual player in degeneration and protection of retinal tissue. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:483960. [PMID: 25276841 PMCID: PMC4168147 DOI: 10.1155/2014/483960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness among the elderly, especially in Western countries. Although the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical course of the disease are well described, its pathogenesis is not entirely elucidated. AMD is associated with a variety of biochemical abnormalities, including complement components deposition in the retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris complex. Although the complement system (CS) is increasingly recognized as mediating important roles in retinal biology, its particular role in AMD pathogenesis has not been precisely defined. Unrestricted activation of the CS following injury may directly damage retinal tissue and recruit immune cells to the vicinity of active complement cascades, therefore detrimentally causing bystander damage to surrounding cells and tissues. On the other hand, recent evidence supports the notion that an active complement pathway is a necessity for the normal maintenance of the neurosensory retina. In this scenario, complement activation appears to have beneficial effect as it promotes cell survival and tissue remodeling by facilitating the rapid removal of dying cells and resulting cellular debris, thus demonstrating anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. In this review, we discuss both the beneficial and detrimental roles of CS in degenerative retina, focusing on the diverse aspects of CS functions that may promote or inhibit macular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milosz P. Kawa
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Machalinska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dorota Roginska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Machalinski
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Rego J, Crisp J, Moura A, Nouwens A, Li Y, Venus B, Corbet N, Corbet D, Burns B, Boe-Hansen G, McGowan M. Seminal plasma proteome of electroejaculated Bos indicus bulls. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 148:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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