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Florsheim EB, Bachtel ND, Cullen JL, Lima BGC, Godazgar M, Carvalho F, Chatain CP, Zimmer MR, Zhang C, Gautier G, Launay P, Wang A, Dietrich MO, Medzhitov R. Immune sensing of food allergens promotes avoidance behaviour. Nature 2023; 620:643-650. [PMID: 37437602 PMCID: PMC10432274 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its canonical function of protection from pathogens, the immune system can also alter behaviour1,2. The scope and mechanisms of behavioural modifications by the immune system are not yet well understood. Here, using mouse models of food allergy, we show that allergic sensitization drives antigen-specific avoidance behaviour. Allergen ingestion activates brain areas involved in the response to aversive stimuli, including the nucleus of tractus solitarius, parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala. Allergen avoidance requires immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies and mast cells but precedes the development of gut allergic inflammation. The ability of allergen-specific IgE and mast cells to promote avoidance requires cysteinyl leukotrienes and growth and differentiation factor 15. Finally, a comparison of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse strains revealed a strong effect of the genetic background on the avoidance behaviour. These findings thus point to antigen-specific behavioural modifications that probably evolved to promote niche selection to avoid unfavourable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther B Florsheim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Biodesign Institute, Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Nathaniel D Bachtel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jaime L Cullen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bruna G C Lima
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mahdieh Godazgar
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fernando Carvalho
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carolina P Chatain
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcelo R Zimmer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cuiling Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gregory Gautier
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Medicine (Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcelo O Dietrich
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
- Tananbaum Center for Theoretical and Analytical Human Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Florsheim EB, Bachtel ND, Cullen J, Lima BGC, Godazgar M, Zhang C, Carvalho F, Gautier G, Launay P, Wang A, Dietrich MO, Medzhitov R. Immune sensing of food allergens promotes aversive behaviour. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.19.524823. [PMID: 36712030 PMCID: PMC9882358 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its canonical function in protecting from pathogens, the immune system can also promote behavioural alterations 1â€"3 . The scope and mechanisms of behavioural modifications by the immune system are not yet well understood. Using a mouse food allergy model, here we show that allergic sensitization drives antigen-specific behavioural aversion. Allergen ingestion activates brain areas involved in the response to aversive stimuli, including the nucleus of tractus solitarius, parabrachial nucleus, and central amygdala. Food aversion requires IgE antibodies and mast cells but precedes the development of gut allergic inflammation. The ability of allergen-specific IgE and mast cells to promote aversion requires leukotrienes and growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). In addition to allergen-induced aversion, we find that lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation also resulted in IgE-dependent aversive behaviour. These findings thus point to antigen-specific behavioural modifications that likely evolved to promote niche selection to avoid unfavourable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther B. Florsheim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA,Centre for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy (CIVV), Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA,Correspondence: and
| | - Nathaniel D. Bachtel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jaime Cullen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Bruna G. C. Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 SP, Brazil,Centre for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy (CIVV), Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
| | - Mahdieh Godazgar
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Cuiling Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Fernando Carvalho
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Gregory Gautier
- INSERM UMRS 1149; CNRS ERL 8252; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, Paris 75018, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- INSERM UMRS 1149; CNRS ERL 8252; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, Paris 75018, France
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Marcelo O. Dietrich
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute,Tananbaum Center for Theoretical and Analytical Human Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Correspondence: and
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3
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Taketomi Y, Murakami M. Regulatory Roles of Phospholipase A2 Enzymes and Bioactive Lipids in Mast Cell Biology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923265. [PMID: 35833146 PMCID: PMC9271868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play fundamental roles in life as an essential component of cell membranes, as a major source of energy, as a body surface barrier, and as signaling molecules that transmit intracellular and intercellular signals. Lipid mediators, a group of bioactive lipids that mediates intercellular signals, are produced via specific biosynthetic enzymes and transmit signals via specific receptors. Mast cells, a tissue-resident immune cell population, produce several lipid mediators that contribute to exacerbation or amelioration of allergic responses and also non-allergic inflammation, host defense, cancer and fibrosis by controlling the functions of microenvironmental cells as well as mast cell themselves in paracrine and autocrine fashions. Additionally, several bioactive lipids produced by stromal cells regulate the differentiation, maturation and activation of neighboring mast cells. Many of the bioactive lipids are stored in membrane phospholipids as precursor forms and released spatiotemporally by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes. Through a series of studies employing gene targeting and lipidomics, several enzymes belonging to the PLA2 superfamily have been demonstrated to participate in mast cell-related diseases by mobilizing unique bioactive lipids in multiple ways. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the regulatory roles of several PLA2-driven lipid pathways in mast cell biology.
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Amorim NRT, Souza-Almeida G, Luna-Gomes T, Bozza PT, Canetti C, Diaz BL, Maya-Monteiro CM, Bandeira-Melo C. Leptin Elicits In Vivo Eosinophil Migration and Activation: Key Role of Mast Cell-Derived PGD 2. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:572113. [PMID: 33117286 PMCID: PMC7551309 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.572113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are key regulators of adipose tissue homeostasis, thus characterization of adipose tissue-related molecular factors capable of regulating eosinophil activity is of great interest. Leptin is known to directly activate eosinophils in vitro, but leptin ability of inducing in vivo eosinophilic inflammatory response remains elusive. Here, we show that leptin elicits eosinophil influx as well as its activation, characterized by increased lipid body biogenesis and LTC4 synthesis. Such leptin-triggered eosinophilic inflammatory response was shown to be dependent on activation of the mTOR signaling pathway, since it was (i) inhibited by rapamycin pre-treatment and (ii) reduced in PI3K-deficient mice. Local infiltration of activated eosinophils within leptin-driven inflammatory site was preceded by increased levels of classical mast cell-derived molecules, including TNFα, CCL5 (RANTES), and PGD2. Thus, mice were pre-treated with a mast cell degranulating agent compound 48/80 which was capable to impair leptin-induced PGD2 release, as well as eosinophil recruitment and activation. In agreement with an indirect mast cell-driven phenomenon, eosinophil accumulation induced by leptin was abolished in TNFR-1 deficient and also in HQL-79-pretreated mice, but not in mice pretreated with neutralizing antibodies against CCL5, indicating that both typical mast cell-driven signals TNFα and PGD2, but not CCL5, contribute to leptin-induced eosinophil influx. Distinctly, leptin-induced eosinophil lipid body (lipid droplet) assembly and LTC4 synthesis appears to depend on both PGD2 and CCL5, since both HQL-79 and anti-CCL5 treatments were able to inhibit these eosinophil activation markers. Altogether, our data show that leptin triggers eosinophilic inflammation in vivo via an indirect mechanism dependent on activation of resident mast cell secretory activity and mediation by TNFα, CCL5, and specially PGD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália R. T. Amorim
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Souza-Almeida
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunoinflamação, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Luna-Gomes
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Instituto de Aplicação Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Canetti
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno L. Diaz
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarissa M. Maya-Monteiro
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Christianne Bandeira-Melo, ; Clarissa M. Maya-Monteiro,
| | - Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Christianne Bandeira-Melo, ; Clarissa M. Maya-Monteiro,
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5
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Murakami M, Miki Y, Sato H, Murase R, Taketomi Y, Yamamoto K. Group IID, IIE, IIF and III secreted phospholipase A 2s. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:803-818. [PMID: 30905347 PMCID: PMC7106514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Among the 11 members of the secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) family, group IID, IIE, IIF and III sPLA2s (sPLA2-IID, -IIE, -IIF and -III, respectively) are “new” isoforms in the history of sPLA2 research. Relative to the better characterized sPLA2s (sPLA2-IB, -IIA, -V and -X), the enzymatic properties, distributions, and functions of these “new” sPLA2s have remained obscure until recently. Our current studies using knockout and transgenic mice for a nearly full set of sPLA2s, in combination with comprehensive lipidomics, have revealed unique and distinct roles of these “new” sPLA2s in specific biological events. Thus, sPLA2-IID is involved in immune suppression, sPLA2-IIE in metabolic regulation and hair follicle homeostasis, sPLA2-IIF in epidermal hyperplasia, and sPLA2-III in male reproduction, anaphylaxis, colonic diseases, and possibly atherosclerosis. In this article, we overview current understanding of the properties and functions of these sPLA2s and their underlying lipid pathways in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Remi Murase
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.
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6
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Nakanishi Y, Tan M, Ichiki T, Inoue A, Yoshihara JI, Maekawa N, Takenoshita I, Yanagida K, Yamahira S, Yamaguchi S, Aoki J, Nagamune T, Yokomizo T, Shimizu T, Nakamura M. Stepwise phosphorylation of leukotriene B 4 receptor 1 defines cellular responses to leukotriene B 4. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/544/eaao5390. [PMID: 30131369 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao5390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor type 1 (BLT1) is abundant in phagocytic and immune cells and plays crucial roles in various inflammatory diseases. BLT1 is phosphorylated at several serine and threonine residues upon stimulation with the inflammatory lipid LTB4 Using Phos-tag gel electrophoresis to separate differentially phosphorylated forms of BLT1, we identified two distinct types of phosphorylation, basal and ligand-induced, in the carboxyl terminus of human BLT1. In the absence of LTB4, the basal phosphorylation sites were modified to various degrees, giving rise to many different phosphorylated forms of BLT1. Different concentrations of LTB4 induced distinct phosphorylation events, and these ligand-induced modifications facilitated additional phosphorylation events at the basal phosphorylation sites. Because neutrophils migrate toward inflammatory sites along a gradient of LTB4, the degree of BLT1 phosphorylation likely increases in parallel with the increase in LTB4 concentration as the cells migrate. At high concentrations of LTB4, deficiencies in these two types of phosphorylation events impaired chemotaxis and β-hexosaminidase release, a proxy for degranulation, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) and rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells, respectively. These results suggest that an LTB4 gradient around inflammatory sites enhances BLT1 phosphorylation in a stepwise manner to facilitate the precise migration of phagocytic and immune cells and the initiation of local responses, including degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Nakanishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Modong Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takako Ichiki
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Yoshihara
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Naoto Maekawa
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Itsuki Takenoshita
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yanagida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamahira
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nagamune
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan.
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7
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Chai Y, Huang Y, Tang H, Tu X, He J, Wang T, Zhang Q, Xiong F, Li D, Qiu Z. Role of stem cell growth factor/c-Kit in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1187-1193. [PMID: 28413456 PMCID: PMC5377426 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disease with a complicated etiopathogenesis, often characterized by gastrointestinal motility disorder and high visceral sensitivity. IBS is a comprehensive multi-systemic disorder, with the interaction of multiple factors, such as mental stress, intestinal function and flora, heredity, resulting in the disease. The existence of a common mechanism underlying the aforementioned factors is currently unknown. The lack of therapies that comprehensively address the disease symptoms, including abdominal pain and diarrhea, is a limitation of current IBS management. The current review has explored the role of the SCF/c-Kit receptor/ligand system in IBS. The SCF/c-Kit system constitutes a classical ligand/receptor tyrosine kinase signaling system that mediates inflammation and smooth muscle contraction. Additionally, it provides trophic support to neural crest-derived cell types, including the enteric nervous system and mast cells. The regulation of SCF/c-Kit on the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) suggest that it may play a key role in the aberrant intestinal dynamics and high visceral sensitivity observed in IBS. The role of the SCF/c-Kit system in intestinal motility, inflammation and nerve growth has been reported. From the available biomedical evidence on the pathogenesis of IBS, it has been concluded that the SCF-c-Kit system is a potential therapeutic target for rational drug design in the treatment of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Chai
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Chinese Medicine Program, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Yusheng Huang
- Chinese Medicine Program, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Xing Tu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei 445000, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Chinese Medicine Program, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Qingye Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Fen Xiong
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Detang Li
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwen Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
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8
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Inhibitory effect of the Larix sibirica and its various flavonoids on the IgE-stimulated mast cell activation and anaphylaxis. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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9
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Li X, Kwon O, Kim DY, Taketomi Y, Murakami M, Chang HW. NecroX-5 suppresses IgE/Ag-stimulated anaphylaxis and mast cell activation by regulating the SHP-1-Syk signaling module. Allergy 2016; 71:198-209. [PMID: 26456627 DOI: 10.1111/all.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE/Ag-stimulated mast cells release various pro-allergic inflammatory mediators, including histamine, eicosanoids, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. NecroX-5, a cell permeable necrosis inhibitor, showed cytoprotective effects in both in vitro and in vivo models. However, the anti-allergic effect of NecroX-5 has not yet been investigated. The aims of this study were to evaluate the anti-allergic activity of NecroX-5 in vivo and to investigate the underlying mechanism in vitro. METHODS The anti-allergic activity of NecroX-5 was evaluated in vitro using bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and IgE receptor-bearing RBL-2H3 or KU812 cells and in vivo using a mouse model of passive anaphylaxis. The levels of histamine, eicosanoids (PGD2 and LTC4 ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured using enzyme immunoassay kits. The mechanism underlying the action of NecroX-5 was investigated using immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and gene knockdown techniques. RESULTS NecroX-5 markedly inhibited mast cell degranulation and the synthesis of eicosanoids, TNF-α, and IL-6 by suppressing the activation of Syk, LAT, phospholipase Cγ1, MAP kinases, the Akt/NF-κB pathway, and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization via the activation of phosphatase SHP-1. Oral administration of NecroX-5 effectively suppressed mast cell-dependent passive cutaneous and systemic anaphylactic reactions in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS NecroX-5 might be a potential candidate for the development of a novel anti-allergic agent that suppresses IgE-dependent mast cells signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Li
- College of Pharmacy; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk Korea
| | - O. Kwon
- College of Pharmacy; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk Korea
| | - D. Y. Kim
- College of Pharmacy; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk Korea
| | - Y. Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - M. Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - H. W. Chang
- College of Pharmacy; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk Korea
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10
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Chae HS, Song HH, Kim YM, Lee HK, Oh SR, Chin YW. Euphorbia supina inhibits inflammatory mediators in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells and macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:966-973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Li X, Yang JH, Jin Y, Jin F, Kim DY, Chang JH, Kim JA, Son JK, Moon TC, Son KH, Chang HW. 15,16-Dihydrotanshinone I suppresses IgE-Ag stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived mast cell activation by inhibiting Syk kinase. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 169:138-144. [PMID: 25917838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 15,16-Dihydrotanshinone I (DHT-I), isolated from the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bung, which is traditionally used to treat cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases agent in Chinese medicine. DHT-I has been reported to have a broad range of biological activities, including antibacterial activity, and has been used to treat circulatory disorders, hepatitis, inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-allergic inflammatory effects of DHT-I on degranulation and on the generation of eicosanoids, such as, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4), in IgE/Ag-stimulated bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-allergic inflammatory activity of DHT-I was evaluated using BMMCs. The effects of DHT-I on mast cell activation were investigated by following degranulation and eicosanoid generation using ELISA and immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation techniques. RESULTS DHT-I at a concentration of 20μM markedly inhibited degranulation and the generation of PGD2 and LTC4 in IgE/Ag-stimulated BMMCs (about 90% inhibitions, respectively). Analyses of FcεRI-mediated signaling pathways demonstrated that DHT-I inhibited the phosphorylations of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and linker for activation of T cells (LAT), and inhibited downstream signaling process, including [Ca(2+)]i mobilization induced by the phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1), and the activations of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the Akt-nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. CONCLUSIONS DHT-1 inhibits the release of allergic inflammatory mediators from IgE/Ag-stimulated mast cells by suppressing a FcεRI-mediated Syk-dependent signal pathway. This result suggests DHT-I offers a novel developmental basis for drugs targeting allergic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Li
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hye Yang
- Korea Medicine-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Jin
- Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Fansi Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Keun Son
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Chul Moon
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
| | - Kun Ho Son
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeun Wook Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea.
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y. Secreted phospholipase A2 and mast cells. Allergol Int 2015; 64:4-10. [PMID: 25572553 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2s (PLA2s) are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 position of phospholipids to release (typically unsaturated) fatty acids and lysophospholipids, which serve as precursors for a variety of bioactive lipid mediators. Among the PLA2 superfamily, secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes comprise the largest subfamily that includes 11 isoforms with a conserved His-Asp catalytic dyad. Individual sPLA2 enzymes exhibit unique tissue and cellular localizations and specific enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for individual sPLA2 isofoms have revealed their involvement in various pathophysiological events. Here, we overview the current state of knowledge about sPLA2s, specifically their roles in mast cells (MCs) in the context of allergology. In particular, we highlight group III sPLA2 (PLA2G3) as an "anaphylactic sPLA2" that promotes MC maturation and thereby anaphylaxis through a previously unrecognized lipid-orchestrated circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Lu Y, Son JK, Chang HW. Saucerneol F, a New Lignan Isolated from Saururus chinensis, Attenuates Degranulation via Phospholipase Cγ 1 Inhibition and Eicosanoid Generation by Suppressing MAP Kinases in Mast Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 20:526-31. [PMID: 24009845 PMCID: PMC3762291 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.6.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During our on-going studies to identify bioactive compounds in medicinal herbs, we found that saucerneol F (SF), a naturally occurring sesquilignan isolated from Saururus chinensis (S. chinensis), showed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we examined the effects of SF on the generation of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) dependent leukotriene C4 (LTC4), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dependent prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), and on phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1)-mediated degranulation in SCF-induced mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). SF inhibited eicosanoid (PGD2 and LTC4) generation and degranulation dose-dependently. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibition of eicosanoid generation and degranulation by SF, we examined the effects of SF on the phosphorylation of PLCγ1, intracellular Ca2+ influx, the translocation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and 5-LO, and on the phosphorylation of MAP kinases (MAPKs). SF was found to reduce intracellular Ca2+ influx by inhibiting PLCγ1 phosphorylation and suppressing the nuclear translocations of cPLA2 and 5-LO via the phosphorylations of MAPKs, including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Taken together, these results suggest that SF may be useful for regulating mast cell-mediated inflammatory responses by inhibiting degranulation and eicosanoid generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
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Song HH, Chae HS, Oh SR, Lee HK, Chin YW. Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effect of Agaricus blazei extract in bone marrow-derived mast cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 40:1073-84. [PMID: 22928836 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x12500796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of the chloroform-soluble extract of Agaricus blazei in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were investigated. The chloroform-soluble extract inhibited IL-6 production in PMA plus A23187-stimulated BMMCs, and down-regulated the phosphorylation of Akt. In addition, this extract demonstrated inhibition of the degranulation of β-hexosaminidase and the production of IL-6, prostaglandin D(2) and leukotriene C(4) in PMA plus A23187-induced BMMCs. In conclusion, the chloroform-soluble extract of Agaricus blazei exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities mediated by influencing IL-6, prostaglandin D(2), leukotriene C(4), and the phosphorylation of Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Hwan Song
- Immune Modulator Research Center, Bio-Therapeutics Research Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, ChungBuk, Korea
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Lu Y, Li Y, Seo CS, Murakami M, Son JK, Chang HW. Saucerneol D inhibits eicosanoid generation and degranulation through suppression of Syk kinase in mast cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:4382-8. [PMID: 22982805 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported that saucerneol D (SD), a naturally occurring sesquilignan isolated from Saururus chinensis (S. chinensis) suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether SD modulates the generation of other inflammatory mediators in activated mast cells. We investigated the effects of SD on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)-dependent leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) generations as well as degranulation in cytokine-stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Biochemical analyses of the cytokine-mediated signaling pathways showed that SD suppressed the phosphorylation of Syk kinase and multiple downstream signaling processes including phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1)-mediated intracellular Ca(2+) influx and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs; including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38) and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Taken together, the present study suggests that SD suppresses eicosanoid generation and degranulation through Syk-dependent pathway in BMMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
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Chae HS, Oh SR, Lee HK, Joo SH, Chin YW. Mangosteen xanthones, α-and γ-mangostins, inhibit allergic mediators in bone marrow-derived mast cell. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Chae HS, Khiev P, Lee HK, Oh SR, Chin YW. Anti-allergic effect of a chloroform-soluble extract of Cinnamomum cambodianum in bone marrow-derived mast cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:639-44. [PMID: 22229445 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.648267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamomum cambodianum has been used as a traditional medicine in Cambodia. Its effect on the bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) mediated allergic response remains unknown. In this study, a chloroform-soluble extract of C. cambodianum was evaluated for its effect on allergic mediators, including prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂), leukotriene C₄ (LTC₄), β-hexosaminidase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein, in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus calcimycin-stimulated BMMCs. The results revealed that the chloroform-soluble extract inhibited the production of interleukin-6, PGD₂ and LTC₄, and the expression of COX-2 in PMA plus calcimycin-stimulated BMMCs, implying a potential benefit of C. cambodianum in the treatment of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sung Chae
- Immune Modulator Research Center, Bio-Therapeutics Research Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongwon, Korea
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Lu Y, Suh SJ, Li X, Hwang SL, Li Y, Hwangbo K, Park SJ, Murakami M, Lee SH, Jahng Y, Son JK, Kim CH, Chang HW. Citreorosein, a naturally occurring anthraquinone derivative isolated from Polygoni cuspidati radix, attenuates cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin D2 generation by blocking Akt and JNK pathways in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:913-9. [PMID: 22154852 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects of citreorosein (CIT), an anthraquinone component of Polygoni cuspidati radix (P. cuspidati, Polygonaceae), on cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 dependent prostaglandin (PG)D2 generation in mast cells, central effector cells of allergy and other inflammatory diseases. CIT strongly inhibited COX-2-dependent PGD2 generation in a concentration-dependent manner in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) stimulated with stem cell factor (SCF)/IL-10/LPS. In an effort to identify the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of COX-2-dependent PGD2 generation by CIT, we examined the effects of this compound on MAP kinases, Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways, which are essential for COX-2 induction. CIT inhibited nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 subunit and its cognate DNA-binding activity, which correlated with its inhibitory effects on the phosphorylation of Akt and IKK and subsequent phosphorylation and degradation of IκB. Furthermore, CIT significantly attenuated the DNA binding of activator protein (AP)-1 that regulates COX-2 expression through the reduction of the phosphorylation of c-Jun. Moreover, inhibition of PGD2 generation by CIT was accompanied by a decrease in phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A2α. Taken together, the present study suggests that CIT represents a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
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Ueno N, Taketomi Y, Yamamoto K, Hirabayashi T, Kamei D, Kita Y, Shimizu T, Shinzawa K, Tsujimoto Y, Ikeda K, Taguchi R, Murakami M. Analysis of two major intracellular phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) in mast cells reveals crucial contribution of cytosolic PLA(2)α, not Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2)β, to lipid mobilization in proximal mast cells and distal fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37249-63. [PMID: 21880721 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.290312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells release a variety of mediators, including arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites, to regulate allergy, inflammation, and host defense, and their differentiation and maturation within extravascular microenvironments depend on the stromal cytokine stem cell factor. Mouse mast cells express two major intracellular phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s), namely group IVA cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)α) and group VIA Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2) (iPLA(2)β), and the role of cPLA(2)α in eicosanoid synthesis by mast cells has been well documented. Lipidomic analyses of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) lacking cPLA(2)α (Pla2g4a(-/-)) or iPLA(2)β (Pla2g6(-/-)) revealed that phospholipids with AA were selectively hydrolyzed by cPLA(2)α, not by iPLA(2)β, during FcεRI-mediated activation and even during fibroblast-dependent maturation. Neither FcεRI-dependent effector functions nor maturation-driven phospholipid remodeling was impaired in Pla2g6(-/-) BMMCs. Although BMMCs did not produce prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), the AA released by cPLA(2)α from BMMCs during maturation was converted to PGE(2) by microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in cocultured fibroblasts, and accordingly, Pla2g4a(-/-) BMMCs promoted microenvironmental PGE(2) synthesis less efficiently than wild-type BMMCs both in vitro and in vivo. Mice deficient in mPGES-1 (Ptges(-/-)) had an augmented local anaphylactic response. These results suggest that cPLA(2)α in mast cells is functionally coupled, through the AA transfer mechanism, with stromal mPGES-1 to provide anti-anaphylactic PGE(2). Although iPLA(2)β is partially responsible for PGE(2) production by macrophages and dendritic cells, it is dispensable for mast cell maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Ueno
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 256-8506, Japan
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Chae HS, Chin YW. Anti-allergic effect of lambertianic acid fromThuja orientalisin mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 34:250-5. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.600763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Chae HS, Kang OH, Oh YC, Choi JG, Keum JH, Kim SB, Kim YS, Mun SH, Shin DW, Han SH, Kwon DY. Gomisin N has anti-allergic effect and inhibits inflammatory cytokine expression in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 33:709-13. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.562215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Lu Y, Jin M, Park SJ, Son KH, Son JK, Chang HW. Batatasin I, a Naturally Occurring Phenanthrene Derivative, Isolated from Tuberous Roots of Dioscorea batatas Suppresses Eicosanoids Generation and Degranulation in Bone Marrow Derived-Mast Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:1021-5. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University
| | - Meihua Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University
| | - Sang-Jo Park
- Institute for Natural Products Research, Gyeongsangbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services
| | - Kun Ho Son
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Andong National University
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24
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Microparticles mediate enzyme transfer from platelets to mast cells: A new pathway for lipoxin A4 biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 400:432-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Oh YC, Kang OH, Choi JG, Lee YS, Brice OO, Jung HJ, Hong SH, Lee YM, Shin DW, Kim YS, Kwon DY. Anti-allergic activity of a platycodon root ethanol extract. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2746-58. [PMID: 20717534 PMCID: PMC2920564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11072746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (Campanulaceae) is used as traditional medicine in Asian countries. In Korean traditional medicine, Platycodon root has been widely used since ancient times as a traditional drug to treat cold, cough and asthma. However, its effects on bone marrow-derived mast cell (BMMC)-mediated allergy and inflammation mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, the biological effect of Platycodon root ethanol extract (PE) was evaluated in BMMC after induction of allergic mediators by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore A23187 (A23187) stimulation. The effect of PE on the production of several allergic mediators, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)), leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)), beta-Hexosaminidase (beta-Hex) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein, was investigated. The results demonstrate that PE inhibits PMA + A23187 induced production of IL-6, PGD(2), LTC(4), beta-Hexosaminidase and COX-2 protein. Taken together, these results indicate that PE has the potential for use in the treatment of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Chang Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Ok-Hwa Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Young-Seob Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Obiang-Obounou Brice
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Hyun Ju Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Seung-Heon Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Young-Mi Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Dong-Won Shin
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam 540-742, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Yeong-Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Dong-Yeul Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-63-850-6802; Fax: +82-63-852-6802
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Jin MI, Bae KH, Chang HW, Son JK. Anti-inflammatory Compounds from the Leaves of Ailanthus altissima Meihua JIN. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2009.17.1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Anti-allergic activity of an ethanol extract from Salviae miltiorrhiza. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:1597-603. [PMID: 19099230 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-2157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing investigation aimed at the discovery of novel bioactive medicinal herbs with anti-inflammatory properties, the effects of an ethanolic extract from the parts of Salviae miltiorrhiza Bunge (ESM) were evaluated using in vitro and in vivo animal model analysis. ESM inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and COX-1-dependent phases of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) generation in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 3.96 microg/mL and 21.54 microg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, ESM inhibited leukotriene C4 (LTC4) production with an IC50 value of 2.6 microg/mL. These results clearly demonstrated the dual COX-2 selective/5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity that ESM possessed. ESM strongly inhibited a degranulation reaction in a dose dependent manner within a BMMC system, with an IC50 value of 22.4 microg/mL. Additionally, ESM was tested in a rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction assay by oral administration (25 to 100 mg/kg). ESM dose-dependently inhibited the PCA reaction, which was activated by anti-dinirophenyl (DNP) IgE. These results suggested that ESM might be beneficial in regulating various allergic reactions.
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Meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid isolated from Saururus chinensis inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:606-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Chemical constituents of Melandrium firmum Rohrbach and their anti-inflammatory activity. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:318-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Yan WX, Armishaw C, Goyette J, Yang Z, Cai H, Alewood P, Geczy CL. Mast cell and monocyte recruitment by S100A12 and its hinge domain. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:13035-43. [PMID: 18292089 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710388200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A12 is expressed at sites of acute, chronic, and allergic inflammation. S100 proteins have regions of high sequence homology, but the "hinge" region between the conserved calcium binding domains is structurally and functionally divergent. Because the murine S100A8 hinge domain (mS100A8(42-55)) is a monocyte chemoattractant whereas the human sequence (hS100A8(43-56)) is inactive, we postulated that common hydrophobic amino acids within the S100A12 hinge sequence may be functional. The hinge domain, S100A12(38-53), was chemotactic for human monocytes and murine mast cells in vitro. S100A12(38-53) provoked an acute inflammatory response similar to that elicited by S100A12 in vivo and caused edema and leukocyte and mast cell recruitment. Circular dichroism studies showed that S100A12(38-53) had increased helical structure in hydrophobic environments. Mutations in S100A12(38-53) produced using an alanine scan confirmed that specific hydrophobic residues (I44A, I47A, and I53A) on the same face of the helix were critical for monocyte chemotaxis in vitro and generation of edema in vivo. In a hydrophobic environment such as the cell membrane, these critical residues would likely align on one face of an alpha-helix to facilitate receptor interaction. Interaction is unlikely to occur via the receptor for advanced glycation end products but, rather, via a G-protein-coupled mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xing Yan
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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31
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Kikawada E, Bonventre JV, Arm JP. Group V secretory PLA2 regulates TLR2-dependent eicosanoid generation in mouse mast cells through amplification of ERK and cPLA2alpha activation. Blood 2007; 110:561-7. [PMID: 17369491 PMCID: PMC1924482 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-052258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells may be activated through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) for the dose- and time-dependent release of eicosanoids. However, the signaling mechanisms of TLR-dependent rapid eicosanoid generation are not known. We previously reported a role for group V secretory phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) in regulating phagocytosis of zymosan and the ensuing eicosanoid generation in mouse resident peritoneal macrophages, suggesting a role for the enzyme in innate immunity. In the present study, we have used gene knockout mice to define an essential role for MyD88 and cytosolic PLA(2)alpha in TLR2-dependent eicosanoid generation. Furthermore, in mast cells lacking group V secretory PLA(2), the time course of phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and of cPLA(2)alpha was markedly truncated, leading to attenuation of eicosanoid generation in response to stimulation through TLR2, but not through c-kit or FcepsilonRI. These findings provide the first dissection of the mechanisms of TLR-dependent rapid eicosanoid generation, which is MyD88-dependent, requires cPLA(2)alpha, and is amplified by group V sPLA(2) through its regulation of the sequential phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2 and cPLA(2)alpha. The findings support the suggestion that group V sPLA(2) regulates innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriya Kikawada
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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32
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Kim JS, Kim JC, Shim SH, Lee EJ, Jin W, Bae K, Son KH, Kim HP, Kang SS, Chang HW. Chemical constituents of the root of Dystaenia takeshimana and their anti-inflammatory activity. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 29:617-23. [PMID: 16964755 DOI: 10.1007/bf02968244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In our ongoing search for bioactive compounds originating from the endemic species in Korea, we found that the hexane and EtOAc fractions of the MeOH extract from the root of Dystaenia takeshimana (Nakai) Kitagawa (Umbelliferae) showed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) dual inhibitory activity by assessing their effects on the production of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. By activity-guided fractionation, five coumarins, viz. psoralen (2), xanthotoxin (3), scopoletin (4), umbelliferone (5), and (+)-marmesin (6), together with beta-sitosterol (1), were isolated from the hexane fraction, and two phenethyl alcohol derivatives, viz. 2-methoxy-2-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol (7) and 2-hydroxy-2-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol (8), three flavonoids, viz. apigenin (9), luteolin (10), and cynaroside (11), as well as daucosterol (12) were isolated from the EtOAc fraction using silica gel column chromatography. In addition, D-mannitol (13) was isolated from the BuOH fraction by recrystallization. Two of the coumarins, scopoletin (4) and (+)-marmesin (6), the two phenethyl alcohol derivatives (7, 8) and the three flavonoids (9-11) were isolated for the first time from this plant. Among the compounds isolated from this plant, the five coumarins as well as the three flavonoids showed COX-2/5-LOX dual inhibitory activity. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of D. takeshimana might in part occur via the inhibition of the generation of eicosanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Sun Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, Korea
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33
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Kim SJ, Jin M, Lee E, Moon TC, Quan Z, Yang JH, Son KH, Kim KU, Son JK, Chang HW. Effects of methyl gallate on arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes: Cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 29:874-8. [PMID: 17121182 DOI: 10.1007/bf02973908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Methyl gallate (MG) is a medicinal herbal product that is isolated from Paeonia lactiflora that inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dependent phases of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) generation in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 values of 17.0 microM. This compound also found inhibited the COX-2-dependent conversion of the exogenous arachidonic acid to PGD2 in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 values of 19.0 microM, using a COX enzyme assay kit. However, at concentrations up to 80 microM, MG did not inhibit COX-2 protein expression in BMMC, indicating that MG inhibits COX-2 activity directly. Furthermore, MG consistently inhibited the production of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) in a dose dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 5.3 microM. These results demonstrate that MG has a dual cyclooxygenase-2/5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity, which might provide the basis for novel anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jong Kim
- Research Institute of Natural Product Kyongbuk Provincial A T A, Uisung 769-803, Korea
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34
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Diaz BL, Satake Y, Kikawada E, Balestrieri B, Arm JP. Group V secretory phospholipase A2 amplifies the induction of cyclooxygenase 2 and delayed prostaglandin D2 generation in mouse bone marrow culture-derived mast cells in a strain-dependent manner. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:1489-97. [PMID: 17064958 PMCID: PMC1764612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) with stem cell factor (SCF) or IgE and antigen elicits exocytosis and an immediate phase of prostaglandin (PG) D(2) and leukotriene (LT) C(4) generation. Activation of BMMC by SCF, IL-1beta and IL-10 elicits a delayed phase of PGD(2) generation dependent on cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 induction. Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) alpha provides arachidonic acid in both phases and amplifies COX-2 induction. Pharmacological experiments implicate an amplifying role for secretory (s) PLA(2). We used mice lacking the gene encoding group V sPLA(2) (Pla2g5-/-) to definitively test its role in eicosanoid generation by BMMC. Pla2g5-/- BMMC on a C57BL/6 genetic background showed a modest reduction in exocytosis and immediate PGD(2) generation after activation with SCF or with IgE and antigen, while LTC(4) generation was not modified. Delayed-phase PGD(2) generation and COX-2 induction were reduced approximately 35% in C57BL/6 Pla2g5-/- BMMC and were restored by exogenous PGE(2). There was no deficit in either phase of eicosanoid generation by Pla2g5-/- BMMC on a BALB/c background. Thus, group V sPLA(2) amplifies COX-2 expression and delayed phase PGD(2) generation in a strain-dependent manner; it has at best a limited role in immediate eicosanoid generation by BMMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L. Diaz
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School and the Division of Rheumatology Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Divisão de Biologia Celular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 20231-050
| | - Yoshiyuki Satake
- Divisão de Biologia Celular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 20231-050
| | - Eriya Kikawada
- Divisão de Biologia Celular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 20231-050
| | - Barbara Balestrieri
- Divisão de Biologia Celular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 20231-050
| | - Jonathan P. Arm
- Divisão de Biologia Celular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 20231-050
- Partners Asthma Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- *Corresponding Author. Smith Research Building, Room 638B 1, Jimmy Fund Way Boston, MA 02115 Tel (617) 525-1305; Fax (617 525-1310 E-Mail:
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35
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Balestrieri B, Arm JP. Group V sPLA2: classical and novel functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:1280-8. [PMID: 16945583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Group V sPLA(2) is unique among the family of secretory sPLA(2) enzymes in being able to bind to cell membranes through both interfacial-binding and through binding to proteoglycan. The function of group V sPLA(2) as an enzyme and its cross-talk with cPLA(2)alpha in initiating eicosanoid generation is well documented. Evidence, though, is emerging on the ability of this molecule to act as a regulator of several intracellular and extracellular pathways independently of its ability to provide arachidonic acid for eicosanoid generation, acting within the cell or as a secreted enzyme. In this article we will provide an overview of the properties of the enzyme and how they relate to our current understanding of its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Balestrieri
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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36
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Park GY, Christman JW. Involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandins in the molecular pathogenesis of inflammatory lung diseases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 290:L797-805. [PMID: 16603593 PMCID: PMC4358817 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00513.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and its metabolites have diverse and potent biological actions that are important for both physiological and disease states of lung. The wide variety of prostaglandin (PG) products are influenced by the level of cellular activation, the exact nature of the stimulus, and the specific cell type involved in their production. In turn, the anti- and proinflammatory response of PG is mediated by a blend of specific surface and intracellular receptors that mediate diverse cellular events. The complexity of this system is being at least partially resolved by the generation of specific molecular biological research tools that include cloning and characterization of the enzymes distal to COX-2 and the corresponding receptors to the final cellular products of arachidonic metabolism. The most informative of these approaches have employed genetically modified animals and specific receptor antagonists to determine the exact role of specific COX-2-derived metabolites on specific cell types of the lung in the context of inflammatory models. These data have suggested a number of cell-specific, pathway-specific, and receptor-specific approaches that could lead to effective therapeutic interventions for most inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gye Young Park
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Illinois, 840 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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37
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Son MJ, Moon TC, Lee EK, Son KH, Kim HP, Kang SS, Son JK, Lee SH, Chang HW. Naturally occurring biflavonoid, ochnaflavone, inhibits cyclooxygenases-2 and 5-lipoxygenase in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 29:282-6. [PMID: 16681032 DOI: 10.1007/bf02968571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ochnaflavone is a medicinal herbal product isolated from Lonicera japonica that inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dependent phases of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) generation in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 0.6 microM. Western blotting probed with specific anti-COX-2 antibodies showed that the decrease in quantity of the PGD2 product was accompanied by a decrease in the COX-2 protein level. In addition, this compound consistently inhibited the production of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) in a dose dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 6.56 microM. These results demonstrate that ochnaflavone has a dual cyclooxygenase-2/5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, this compound strongly inhibited degranulation reaction in a dose dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 3.01 microM. Therefore, this compound might provide a basis for novel anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Son
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
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38
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Lee E, Haa K, Yook JM, Jin MH, Seo CS, Son KH, Kim HP, Bae KH, Kang SS, Son JK, Chang HW. Anti-asthmatic activity of an ethanol extract from Saururus chinensis. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:211-5. [PMID: 16462020 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As an attempt to find bioactive medicinal herbs exerting anti-asthmatic activity, the effects of an ethanol extract from the parts of Saururus chinensis were evaluated in both in vitro and in vivo. The ethanol extract of S. chinensis (ESC) inhibited generation of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dependent phases of prostaglandin D(2) in bone marrow-derived mast cells in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC(50) value of 14.3 microg/ml. ESC also inhibited leukotriene C(4) production with an IC(50) value of 0.3 microg/ml. This demonstrates that ESC has COX-2/5-lipoxygenase dual inhibitory activity. In addition, this compound inhibited degranulation reaction in a dose dependent manner, with an IC(50) value of 1.3 microg/ml. An ovalbumin induced mouse asthmatic animal model was used to determine its in vivo anti-asthmatic activity. The oral administration (50-200 mg/kg) of ESC reduced the number of infiltrated eosinophil in a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Furthermore, ESC (100 mg/kg) inhibited the eotaxin and IL-4 mRNA expression levels. These results suggest that the anti-asthmatic activity of S. chinensis might in part occur via the inhibition of eicosanoid generation, degranulation as well as the down regulation of IL-4 and eotaxin mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
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39
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Jin MH, Yook J, Lee E, Lin CX, Quan Z, Son KH, Bae KH, Kim HP, Kang SS, Chang HW. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Ailanthus altissima in Ovalbumin-Induced Lung Inflammation. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:884-8. [PMID: 16651713 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing investigation to find bioactive medicinal herbs exerting anti-inflammation activity, the effect of an ethanol extract from the parts of Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) was evaluated in both in vitro and in in vivo system. The ethanol extract of A. altissima (EAa) inhibited generation of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dependent phases of prostaglandin D2 in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 214.6 microg/ml. However, this compound did not inhibit COX-2 protein expression up to a concentration of 400 microg/ml in the BMMC, indicating that EAa directly inhibits COX-2 activity. In addition, EAa inhibited leukotriene C4 production with an IC50 value of 25.7 microg/ml. Furthermore, this compound inhibited degranulation reaction in a dose dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 27.3 microg/ml. Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice were orally pretreated with EAa before aerosol challenges. EAa reduced the eosinophil infiltration into the airway and the eotaxin, IL-4, and IL-13 mRNA expression levels. These results suggest that the anti-inflammation activity of A. altissima in OVA-induced lung inflammation may occur in part via the down regulation of T(H)2 cytokines and eotaxin transcripts as well as the inhibition of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hua Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, Korea
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40
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Qi HY, Shelhamer JH. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling regulates cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation and lipid generation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38969-75. [PMID: 16176925 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509352200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory lipid mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) is a key enzyme in the generation of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. Here, we found that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is essential for LPS-induced cPLA(2) activation and lipid release. Inhibition of TLR4 protein expression by TLR4 small interfering RNA or neutralization of TLR4 by the specific antibody against TLR4/MD2 blocked cPLA(2) phosphorylation and cPLA(2)-hydrolyzed arachidonic acid release. Furthermore, activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway by LPS regulated cPLA(2) activation and lipid release. cPLA(2) phosphorylation and cPLA(2)-hydrolyzed lipid release were significantly impaired when TLR4 adaptor protein, either MyD88 or TRIF, was knocked down in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Similarly, LPS-induced arachidonate release was inhibited in cells transfected with a dominant-negative MyD88 or TRIF construct. Subsequently, cPLA(2) activation could be suppressed by inhibition of the TLR4 adaptor protein-directed p38 and ERK MAPK pathways. These findings suggest that, in LPS-induced inflammation, the TLR4-mediated MyD88- and TRIF-dependent MAPK pathways result in cPLA(2) activation and production of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Qi
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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41
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Lee SH, Son MJ, Ju HK, Lin CX, Moon TC, Choi HG, Son JK, Chang HW. Dual inhibition of cyclooxygenases-2 and 5-lipoxygenase by deoxypodophyllotoxin in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 27:786-8. [PMID: 15187418 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Deoxypodophyllotoxin (Anthricin) is a medicinal herbal product isolated from Anthriscus sylvestris HOFFM. that inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and COX-1-dependent phases of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) generation in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in a concentration-dependent manner with IC(50) values of 1.89 microM and 65.3 microM, respectively. This study also found that this compound inhibited COX-1 and 2-dependent conversion of the exogenous arachidonic acid to PGD(2) in a dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) values of 0.01 microM and 12.1 microM, respectively using a COX enzyme assay kit. However, this compound did not inhibit COX-2 protein expression up to a concentration of 30 microM in the BMMC, indicating that deoxypodophyllotoxin directly inhibits COX-2 activity. Furthermore, this compound consistently inhibited the production of leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) in a dose dependent manner, with an IC(50) value of 0.37 microM. These results demonstrate that deoxypodophyllotoxin has a dual cyclooxygenase-2 selective/5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity, and therefore this compound might provide a basis for novel anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, Japan
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42
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Son JK, Son MJ, Lee E, Moon TC, Son KH, Kim CH, Kim HP, Kang SS, Chang HW. Ginkgetin, a Biflavone from Ginko biloba Leaves, Inhibits Cyclooxygenases-2 and 5-Lipoxygenase in Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:2181-4. [PMID: 16327145 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgetin, a biflavone from Ginkgo biloba leaves, was previously reported to be a phospholipase A(2) inhibitor and this compound showed the potent antiarthritic activity in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis as well as analgesic activity. This investigation was carried out to find effects on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in vitro effect. Ginkgetin inhibits COX-2 dependent phases of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) generation in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in a concentration-dependent manner with IC(50) values of 0.75 microM. Western blotting probed with specific anti-COX-2 antibodies showed that the decrease in quantity of the PGD(2) product was accompanied by a decrease in the COX-2 protein level. In addition, this compound consistently inhibited the production of leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) in a dose dependent manner, with an IC(50) value of 0.33 microM. These results demonstrate that ginkgetin has a dual cyclooxygenase-2/5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, this compound also inhibited degranulation reaction in a dose dependent manner, with an IC(50) value of 6.52 microM. Therefore, this compound might provide a basis for novel anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Keun Son
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan 712-749, Korea
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43
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Moon TC, Lin CX, Lee JS, Kim DS, Bae K, Son KH, Kim HP, Kang SS, Son JK, Chang HW. Antiinflammatory Activity of Astilbic Acid from Astilbe chinensis. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:24-6. [PMID: 15635157 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of astilbic acid (3beta,6beta-dihydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid), which is a herbal medicine isolated from Astilbe chinensis. Astilbic acid inhibited 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)-dependent leukotriene C4 (LTC4) generation in bone marrow-derived mast cells in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 2.1 microM. In addition, astilbic acid was tested in a rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction assay by administering 10 to 50 mg/kg i.p. Astilbic acid dose dependently inhibited the PCA reaction, which was activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. Furthermore, this compound inhibited mouse acetic acid-induced writhing (47-62% inhibition at 0.4-50 mg/kg) after being administered orally, while aspirin (200 mg/kg) showed 62% inhibition. These results suggest that astilbic acid may be beneficial in regulating various inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Chul Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, Korea
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44
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Abstract
Mast cells are present in limited numbers in normal human synovium, but in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory joint diseases this population can expand to constitute 5% or more of all synovial cells. Recent investigations in a murine model have demonstrated that mast cells can have a critical role in the generation of inflammation within the joint. This finding highlights the results of more than 20 years of research indicating that mast cells are frequent participants in non-allergic immune responses as well as in allergy. Equipped with a diversity of surface receptors and effector capabilities, mast cells are sentinels of the immune system, detecting and delivering a first response to invading bacteria and other insults. Accumulating within inflamed tissues, mast cells produce cytokines and other mediators that may contribute vitally to ongoing inflammation. Here we review some of the non-allergic functions of mast cells and focus on the potential role of these cells in murine and human inflammatory arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Bacterial Infections/immunology
- Bacterial Infections/pathology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytoplasmic Granules/metabolism
- Eicosanoids/metabolism
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mast Cells/pathology
- Mesoderm/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/etiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Nigrovic
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M Lee
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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45
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Karimi K, Kool M, Nijkamp FP, Redegeld FA. Substance P can stimulate prostaglandin D2 and leukotriene C4 generation without granule exocytosis in murine mast cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 489:49-54. [PMID: 15063154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2003] [Revised: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play a central role in immediate type hypersensitivity and inflammatory events. Activation of mast cells not only can result in the release of preformed granule-associated mediators generally followed by de novo synthesis of lipid-derived substances. In the present study, we show that mast cell can be activated to release lipid mediators in absence of granule exocytosis. Primary cultured murine mast cells were stimulated with substance P and produced leukotriene C4, and prostaglandin D2 without the release of the granule-associated enzyme beta-hexosaminidase. Indomethacin and nordihydroguaiaretic acid caused complete inhibition of arachidonic metabolite generation. Leukotriene C4 and prostaglandin D2 production was blocked by genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine kinases, and bisindolylmaleimide, a protein kinase C inhibitor, indicating a role for both phosphorylation pathways in the substance P-stimulated lipid mediator production. We suggest that the cytokine microenvironment of the mast cell determines whether mast cell stimulation leads to only lipid mediator release or full activation. Analysis of granule-associated mediators only might underestimate the role of mast cell activation under (patho)physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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46
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Cho SH, Ryu CH, Oh CK. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the pathogenesis of asthma. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004; 229:138-46. [PMID: 14734792 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422900202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is the main inhibitor of the fibrinolytic system and is known to play an essential role in tissue remodeling. Recent evidence indicates that chronic asthma may lead to tissue remodeling such as subepithelial fibrosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in the airways. However, the role of PAI-1 in asthma is unknown. Recently the mast cell (MC), which plays a major role in asthma, was found as a novel source of PAI-1, and a large number of MCs expressing PAI-1 are infiltrated in the airways of patients with severe asthma. Furthermore, PAI-1-deficient mice show reduced ECM deposition in the airways of a murine model of chronic asthma by inhibiting MMP-9 activity and fibrinolysis. In a human study, the 4G allele frequency was significantly higher in the asthmatic patients than in the control group. In view of the findings that the 4G allele is associated with elevated plasma PAI-1 level, elevated PAI-1 level in the lung may contribute to the development of asthma. In summary, PAI-1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma and further studies evaluating the mechanisms of PAI-1 action may lead to the development of a novel therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong H Cho
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509, USA
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47
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Diaz BL, Fujishima H, Sapirstein A, Bonventre JV, Arm JP. Participation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in eicosanoid generation by mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 507:41-6. [PMID: 12664562 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0193-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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48
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Kwak WJ, Moon TC, Lin CX, Rhyn HG, Jung H, Lee E, Kwon DY, Son KH, Kim HP, Kang SS, Murakami M, Kudo I, Chang HW. Papyriflavonol A from Broussonetia papyrifera inhibits the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction and has a secretory phospholipase A2-inhibitory activity. Biol Pharm Bull 2003; 26:299-302. [PMID: 12612436 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.26.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Papyriflavonol A, a new prenylated flavonol isolated from Broussonetia papyrifera, selectively inhibits recombinant human secretory phospholipase A(2)s (sPLA(2)s). Papyriflavonol A was found to inhibit human group IIA and V sPLA(2)s potently and irreversibly in a dose-dependent manner, with respective IC(50) values of 3.9 and 4.5 microM. The inhibitory effects of papyriflavonol A against bovine group IB (IC(50) of 76.9 microM) and the human group X (IC(50) of 225 microM) sPLA(2)s were weaker than those against human group IIA and V sPLA(2)s, and human group IIF sPLA(2) was not inhibited. In addition, papyriflavonol A potently inhibited the stimulus-induced production of leukotriene C(4) with an IC(50) value of approximately 0.64 microM in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. In addition, papyriflavonol A significantly reduced IgE-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats. These results indicate that papyriflavonol A provides a basis for novel types of antiinflammatory drugs.
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49
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Miyakuni Y, Takafuji S, Nakagawa T. Effects of Th2 cytokines and eosinophils on stem cell factor production by lung fibroblasts. Allergol Int 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1592.2003.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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50
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Ito N, Yokomizo T, Sasaki T, Kurosu H, Penninger J, Kanaho Y, Katada T, Hanaoka K, Shimizu T. Requirement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation and calcium influx for leukotriene B4-induced enzyme release. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:44898-904. [PMID: 12244116 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) is a potent lipid mediator involved in host defense and inflammatory responses. It causes chemotaxis, generation of reactive oxygen species, and degranulation. However, only little is known of the molecular mechanisms by which LTB(4) induces these biological activities. To analyze the intracellular signaling pathways to mediate lysosomal enzyme release through the cloned LTB(4) receptor (BLT1), we transfected BLT1 to rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3). LTB(4) dose-dependently released beta-hexosaminidase, and the release was mostly inhibited when the cells were pretreated with pertussis toxin, indicating that the degranulation is mediated by G(i) proteins. LTB(4) activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) through G(i), and inhibition of PI3-K by wortmannin or LY290042 inhibited degranulation. Granulocytes from PI3-Kgamma-deficient mice showed reduced LTB(4)-induced degranulation, suggesting that this isozyme of PI3-K is involved in the degranulation. LTB(4) also caused calcium release from intracellular stores and calcium influx from the outside milieu through G(i), but only the calcium influx is critical for the lysosomal enzyme release. Calcium influx and PI3-K activation are both downstream events of G(i), since they were inhibited by pertussis toxin. These two events are in essence independent each other, because calcium depletion did not affect PI3-K, and inhibition of PI3-K did not attenuate calcium influx significantly. Thus, our results have clearly shown that LTB(4) binds BLT1 and activates G(i)-like protein, and both PI3-Kgamma activation and a sustained calcium elevation by calcium influx are necessary for enzyme release in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Ito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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