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Taylor JP, Tse HM. The role of NADPH oxidases in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102159. [PMID: 34627721 PMCID: PMC8487856 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that generate superoxide or hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen utilizing NADPH as an electron donor. There are seven enzymes in the NOX family: NOX1-5 and dual oxidase (DUOX) 1-2. NOX enzymes in humans play important roles in diverse biological functions and vary in expression from tissue to tissue. Importantly, NOX2 is involved in regulating many aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, including regulation of type I interferons, the inflammasome, phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, and cell signaling. DUOX1 and DUOX2 play important roles in innate immune defenses at epithelial barriers. This review discusses the role of NOX enzymes in normal physiological processes as well as in disease. NOX enzymes are important in autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes and have also been implicated in acute lung injury caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Targeting NOX enzymes directly or through scavenging free radicals may be useful therapies for autoimmunity and acute lung injury where oxidative stress contributes to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared P Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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2
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Grayfer L, Hodgkinson JW, Belosevic M. Antimicrobial responses of teleost phagocytes and innate immune evasion strategies of intracellular bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:223-42. [PMID: 23954721 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During infection, macrophage lineage cells eliminate infiltrating pathogens through a battery of antimicrobial responses, where the efficacy of these innate immune responses is pivotal to immunological outcomes. Not surprisingly, many intracellular pathogens have evolved mechanisms to overcome macrophage defenses, using these immune cells as residences and dissemination strategies. With pathogenic infections causing increasing detriments to both aquacultural and wild fish populations, it is imperative to garner greater understanding of fish phagocyte antimicrobial responses and the mechanisms by which aquatic pathogens are able to overcome these teleost macrophage barriers. Insights into the regulation of macrophage immunity of bony fish species will lend to the development of more effective aquacultural prophylaxis as well as broadening our understanding of the evolution of these immune processes. Accordingly, this review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of teleost macrophage antimicrobial responses and the strategies by which intracellular fish pathogens are able to avoid being killed by phagocytes, with a focus on Mycobacterium marinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Grayfer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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3
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Del Principe D, Avigliano L, Savini I, Catani MV. Trans-plasma membrane electron transport in mammals: functional significance in health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2289-318. [PMID: 20812784 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trans-plasma membrane electron transport (t-PMET) has been established since the 1960s, but it has only been subject to more intensive research in the last decade. The discovery and characterization at the molecular level of its novel components has increased our understanding of how t-PMET regulates distinct cellular functions. This review will give an update on t-PMET, with particular emphasis on how its malfunction relates to some diseases, such as cancer, abnormal cell death, cardiovascular diseases, aging, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and genetically linked pathologies. Understanding these relationships may provide novel therapeutic approaches for pathologies associated with unbalanced redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Del Principe
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Gupta S, Maurya MR, Subramaniam S. Identification of crosstalk between phosphoprotein signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1000654. [PMID: 20126526 PMCID: PMC2813256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways mediate the effect of external stimuli on gene expression in cells. The signaling proteins in these pathways interact with each other and their phosphorylation levels often serve as indicators for the activity of signaling pathways. Several signaling pathways have been identified in mammalian cells but the crosstalk between them is not well understood. Alliance for Cellular Signaling (AfCS) has measured time-course data in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells on important phosphoproteins, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs), in single- and double-ligand stimulation experiments for 22 ligands. In the present work, we have used a data-driven approach to analyze the AfCS data to decipher the interactions and crosstalk between signaling pathways in stimulated macrophage cells. We have used dynamic mapping to develop a predictive model using a partial least squares approach. Significant interactions were selected through statistical hypothesis testing and were used to reconstruct the phosphoprotein signaling network. The proposed data-driven approach is able to identify most of the known signaling interactions such as protein kinase B (Akt) --> glycogen synthase kinase 3alpha/beta (GSKalpha/beta) etc., and predicts potential novel interactions such as P38 --> RSK and GSK --> ezrin/radixin/moesin. We have also shown that the model has good predictive power for extrapolation. Our novel approach captures the temporal causality and directionality in intracellular signaling pathways. Further, case specific analysis of the phosphoproteins in the network has led us to propose hypothesis about inhibition (phosphorylation) of GSKalpha/beta via P38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mano Ram Maurya
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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5
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Fc gamma R-stimulated activation of the NADPH oxidase: phosphoinositide-binding protein p40phox regulates NADPH oxidase activity after enzyme assembly on the phagosome. Blood 2008; 112:3867-77. [PMID: 18711001 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-11-126029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte NADPH oxidase generates superoxide for microbial killing, and includes a membrane-bound flavocytochrome b(558) and cytosolic p67(phox), p47(phox), and p40(phox) subunits that undergo membrane translocation upon cellular activation. The function of p40(phox), which binds p67(phox) in resting cells, is incompletely understood. Recent studies showed that phagocytosis-induced superoxide production is stimulated by p40(phox) and its binding to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P), a phosphoinositide enriched in membranes of internalized phagosomes. To better define the role of p40(phox) in FcgammaR-induced oxidase activation, we used immunofluorescence and real-time imaging of FcgammaR-induced phagocytosis. YFP-tagged p67(phox) and p40(phox) translocated to granulocyte phagosomes before phagosome internalization and accumulation of a probe for PI3P. p67(phox) and p47(phox) accumulation on nascent and internalized phagosomes did not require p40(phox) or PI3 kinase activity, although superoxide production before and after phagosome sealing was decreased by mutation of the p40(phox) PI3P-binding domain or wortmannin. Translocation of p40(phox) to nascent phagosomes required binding to p67(phox) but not PI3P, although the loss of PI3P binding reduced p40(phox) retention after phagosome internalization. We conclude that p40(phox) functions primarily to regulate FcgammaR-induced NADPH oxidase activity rather than assembly, and stimulates superoxide production via a PI3P signal that increases after phagosome internalization.
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Expression of NADPH oxidases and enhanced H(2)O(2)-generating activity in human coronary artery endothelial cells upon induction with tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1377-85. [PMID: 18687299 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, which potentiates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, is crucial for the development of coronary arteritis and aneurysm in Kawasaki disease. We hypothesized that vascular NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes participate in the TNF-alpha-triggered endothelial damage through elevating ROS generation. Thus, we herein examine the expression of Nox enzymes in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and the effects of TNF-alpha on Nox-mediated ROS generation. We show that HCAEC in culture spontaneously generate H(2)O(2) at basal level (0.53 nmol/min/mg protein). In searching for Nox components responsible for the H(2)O(2) generation, two distinct isoforms of Nox4 are found expressed in HCAEC: the prototype Nox4A and the shorter Nox4B, respectively in the postnuclear supernatant and the nuclear fractions. Other expressed Nox family components are: as mRNAs, Nox4C, Nox4D, Nox1, p51(nox), and Racs; as mRNAs and proteins, Nox2, p22(phox), p47(phox), and p67(phox). The H(2)O(2)-generating activity increases up to three-fold upon inclusion of TNF-alpha in culture, concomitantly with augmented expressions of Nox4A, p22(phox), p47(phox) and p67(phox) proteins. Together, these results suggest that Nox2 and Nox4A enzymes are induced by TNF-alpha endowing HCAEC with enhanced ROS-generating activity, which may play a role in the initial endothelial dysfunction through oxidative stress.
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Abstract
Important roles for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in physiology and pathophysiology have been increasingly recognized. Under normal conditions, ROS serve as signaling molecules in the regulation of cellular functions. However, enhanced ROS production as a result of the activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase contributes significantly to the pathogeneses of vascular diseases. Although it has become evident that increased ROS is associated with erectile dysfunction (ED), the sources of ROS in the penis remain largely unknown. In recent years, emergent evidence suggests the possible role of NADPH oxidase in inducing ED. In this review, we examine the relationship between ROS and ED in different disease models and discuss the current evidence basis for NADPH oxidase-derived ROS in ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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8
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Tominaga K, Kawahara T, Sano T, Toida K, Kuwano Y, Sasaki H, Kawai T, Teshima-Kondo S, Rokutan K. Evidence for cancer-associated expression of NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1)-based oxidase system in the human stomach. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1627-38. [PMID: 18037128 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection has been suggested to stimulate expression of the NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1)-based oxidase system in guinea pig gastric epithelium, whereas Nox1 mRNA expression has not yet been documented in the human stomach. PCR of human stomach cDNA libraries showed that Nox1 and Nox organizer 1 (NOXO1) messages were absent from normal stomachs, while they were specifically coexpressed in intestinal- and diffuse-type adenocarcinomas including signet-ring cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry showed that Nox1 and NOXO1 proteins were absent from chronic atrophic gastritis (15 cases), adenomas (4 cases), or surrounding tissues of adenocarcinomas (45 cases). In contrast, Nox1 and its partner proteins were expressed in intestinal-type adenocarcinomas (19/21 cases), diffuse-type adenocarcinomas (15/15 cases), and signet-ring cell carcinomas (9/9 cases). Confocal microscopy revealed that Nox1, NOXO1, Nox activator 1, and p22(phox) were predominantly associated with Golgi apparatus in these cancer cells, while diffuse-type adenocarcinomas also contained cancer cells having Nox1 and its partner proteins in their nuclei. Nox1-expressing cancer cells exhibited both gastric and intestinal phenotypes, as assessed by expression of mucin core polypeptides. Thus, the Nox1-base oxidase may be a potential marker of neoplastic transformation and play an important role in oxygen radical- and inflammation-dependent carcinogenesis in the human stomach.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/enzymology
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenoma/enzymology
- Adenoma/genetics
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell/genetics
- Free Radicals/metabolism
- Gastric Mucosa/enzymology
- Gastritis, Atrophic/enzymology
- Gastritis, Atrophic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Guinea Pigs
- Helicobacter Infections/complications
- Helicobacter pylori/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- NADPH Oxidase 1
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/enzymology
- Stomach Neoplasms/etiology
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Tominaga
- Department of Stress Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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9
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Tamura M, Shiozaki I, Ono S, Miyano K, Kunihiro S, Sasaki T. p40phox
as an alternative organizer to p47phox
in Nox2 activation: A new mechanism involving an interaction with p22phox. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:4533-8. [PMID: 17803994 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
p40(phox) activated phagocyte NADPH oxidase without p47(phox) in a cell-free system consisting of p67(phox), Rac and cytochrome b(558) relipidated with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. The activation reached to 70% of that by p47(phox). Addition of p47(phox) slightly increased the activation, but not additively. p40(phox) improved the efficiency of p67(phox) in the activation. The C-terminus-truncated p67(phox), p40(phox)(D289A), p40(phox)(R58A), or p40(phox)(W207R) showed an impaired activation. A peptide corresponding to the p22(phox) Pro-rich region suppressed the activation, and far-western blotting revealed its interaction with p40(phox) SH3 domain. Thus, p40(phox) can substitute for p47(phox) in the activation, interacting with p22(phox) and p67(phox) through their specific regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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10
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Chen J, He R, Minshall RD, Dinauer MC, Ye RD. Characterization of a mutation in the Phox homology domain of the NADPH oxidase component p40phox identifies a mechanism for negative regulation of superoxide production. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30273-84. [PMID: 17698849 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704416200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte oxidase (Phox) protein p40(phox) contains a Phox homology (PX) domain which, when expressed alone, interacts with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns (3)P). The functions of the PX domain in p40(phox) localization, association with the cytoskeleton, and superoxide production were examined in transgenic COS-7 cells expressing gp91(phox), p22(phox), p67(phox), and p47(phox) (COS(phox) cells). Full-length p40(phox) exhibited a cytoplasmic localization pattern in resting cells. Upon stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or fMet-Leu-Phe, p40(phox) translocated to plasma membrane in a p67(phox)- and p47(phox)-dependent manner. Heterologous expression of p40(phox) markedly enhanced superoxide production in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate - and fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated COS(phox) cells. Unexpectedly, mutation of Arg-57 in the PX domain to Gln, which abrogated PtdIns (3)P binding, produced a dominant inhibitory effect on agonist-induced superoxide production and membrane translocation of p47(phox) and p67(phox). The mutant p40(phox) (p40R57Q) displayed increased association with actin and moesin and was found enriched in the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction along with p67(phox) and p47(phox). The enhanced cytoskeleton association of p67(phox) and p47(phox) and the dominant inhibitory effect produced by the p40R57Q were alleviated when a second mutation at Asp-289, which eliminated p40(phox) interaction with p67(phox), was introduced. Likewise, cytochalasin B treatment abolished the dominant inhibitory effect of p40R57Q on superoxide production. These findings suggest a dual regulatory mechanism through the PX domain of p40(phox); its interaction with the actin cytoskeleton may stabilize NADPH oxidase in resting cells, and its binding of PtdIns (3)P potentiates superoxide production upon agonist stimulation. Both functions require the association of p40(phox) with p67(phox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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11
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Bedard K, Krause KH. The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:245-313. [PMID: 17237347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4916] [Impact Index Per Article: 289.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, superoxide generation by an NADPH oxidase was considered as an oddity only found in professional phagocytes. Over the last years, six homologs of the cytochrome subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the phagocyte NADPH oxidase itself (NOX2/gp91(phox)), the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. These enzymes share the capacity to transport electrons across the plasma membrane and to generate superoxide and other downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation mechanisms and tissue distribution of the different members of the family are markedly different. The physiological functions of NOX family enzymes include host defense, posttranlational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. NOX enzymes also contribute to a wide range of pathological processes. NOX deficiency may lead to immunosuppresion, lack of otoconogenesis, or hypothyroidism. Increased NOX activity also contributes to a large number or pathologies, in particular cardiovascular diseases and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the functions of NOX enzymes in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bedard
- Biology of Ageing Laboratories, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Ueyama T, Tatsuno T, Kawasaki T, Tsujibe S, Shirai Y, Sumimoto H, Leto TL, Saito N. A regulated adaptor function of p40phox: distinct p67phox membrane targeting by p40phox and by p47phox. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:441-54. [PMID: 17122360 PMCID: PMC1783789 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-08-0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the phagocytic cell, NADPH oxidase (Nox2) system, cytoplasmic regulators (p47(phox), p67(phox), p40(phox), and Rac) translocate and associate with the membrane-spanning flavocytochrome b(558), leading to activation of superoxide production. We examined membrane targeting of phox proteins and explored conformational changes in p40(phox) that regulate its translocation to membranes upon stimulation. GFP-p40(phox) translocates to early endosomes, whereas GFP-p47(phox) translocates to the plasma membrane in response to arachidonic acid. In contrast, GFP-p67(phox) does not translocate to membranes when expressed alone, but it is dependent on p40(phox) and p47(phox) for its translocation to early endosomes or the plasma membrane, respectively. Translocation of GFP-p40(phox) or GFP-p47(phox) to their respective membrane-targeting sites is abolished by mutations in their phox (PX) domains that disrupt their interactions with their cognate phospholipid ligands. Furthermore, GFP-p67(phox) translocation to either membrane is abolished by mutations that disrupt its interaction with p40(phox) or p47(phox). Finally, we detected a head-to-tail (PX-Phox and Bem1 [PB1] domain) intramolecular interaction within p40(phox) in its resting state by deletion mutagenesis, cell localization, and binding experiments, suggesting that its PX domain is inaccessible to interact with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate without cell stimulation. Thus, both p40(phox) and p47(phox) function as diverse p67(phox) "carrier proteins" regulated by the unmasking of membrane-targeting domains in distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ueyama
- *Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Tatsuno
- *Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawasaki
- *Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsujibe
- *Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shirai
- *Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Thomas L. Leto
- Molecular Defenses Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Naoaki Saito
- *Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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13
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Miller AA, Drummond GR, Sobey CG. Novel isoforms of NADPH-oxidase in cerebral vascular control. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 111:928-48. [PMID: 16616784 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to play an important role in the initiation and progression of a variety of vascular diseases. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates that ROS may also serve as important cell signalling molecules for the regulation of normal vascular function. Recently, a novel family of proteins (Nox1, 2 and 4) that act as the catalytic subunit of the superoxide (O2-) producing enzyme NADPH-oxidase has been discovered in vascular cells. There is now preliminary evidence suggesting that NADPH-oxidase-derived ROS may serve as a physiological vasodilator mechanism in the cerebral circulation. Moreover, the activity of NADPH-oxidase is profoundly greater in cerebral versus systemic arteries. Studies have shown that Nox1, Nox2 (also known as gp91phox) and Nox4 are all expressed in cerebral arteries, suggesting that multiple isoforms of NADPH-oxidase may be important for ROS production by cerebral arteries. Enhanced NADPH-oxidase activity is associated with several vascular-related diseases, including hypertension, stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage and Alzheimer's dementia; however, the consequences of this for cerebral vascular function are controversial. For example, there is some evidence suggesting that NADPH-oxidase-derived O2- may play a role in endothelial dysfunction of cerebral arteries and a subsequent rise in cerebral vascular tone, associated with hypertension. However, activation of NADPH-oxidase elicits cerebral vasodilatation in vivo, and this mechanism is enhanced in chronic hypertension. While further supportive evidence is needed, it is an intriguing possibility that NADPH-oxidase-derived ROS may play a protective role in regulating cerebral vascular tone during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson A Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Suh CI, Stull ND, Li XJ, Tian W, Price MO, Grinstein S, Yaffe MB, Atkinson S, Dinauer MC. The phosphoinositide-binding protein p40phox activates the NADPH oxidase during FcgammaIIA receptor-induced phagocytosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:1915-25. [PMID: 16880255 PMCID: PMC2118377 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide produced by the phagocyte reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is essential for host defense. Enzyme activation requires translocation of p67phox, p47phox, and Rac-GTP to flavocytochrome b558 in phagocyte membranes. To examine the regulation of phagocytosis-induced superoxide production, flavocytochrome b558, p47phox, p67phox, and the FcγIIA receptor were expressed from stable transgenes in COS7 cells. The resulting COSphoxFcγR cells produce high levels of superoxide when stimulated with phorbol ester and efficiently ingest immunoglobulin (Ig)G-coated erythrocytes, but phagocytosis did not activate the NADPH oxidase. COS7 cells lack p40phox, whose role in the NADPH oxidase is poorly understood. p40phox contains SH3 and phagocyte oxidase and Bem1p (PB1) domains that can mediate binding to p47phox and p67phox, respectively, along with a PX domain that binds to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P), which is generated in phagosomal membranes. Expression of p40phox was sufficient to activate superoxide production in COSphoxFcγR phagosomes. FcγIIA-stimulated NADPH oxidase activity was abrogated by point mutations in p40phox that disrupt PI(3)P binding, or by simultaneous mutations in the SH3 and PB1 domains. Consistent with an essential role for PI(3)P in regulating the oxidase complex, phagosome NADPH oxidase activation in primary macrophages ingesting IgG-coated beads was inhibited by phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitors to a much greater extent than phagocytosis itself. Hence, this study identifies a role for p40phox and PI(3)P in coupling FcγR-mediated phagocytosis to activation of the NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Il Suh
- Department of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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15
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Ellson CD, Davidson K, Ferguson GJ, O'Connor R, Stephens LR, Hawkins PT. Neutrophils from p40phox-/- mice exhibit severe defects in NADPH oxidase regulation and oxidant-dependent bacterial killing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:1927-37. [PMID: 16880254 PMCID: PMC2118373 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex plays a critical role in the antimicrobial functions of the phagocytic cells of the immune system. The catalytic core of this oxidase consists of a complex between gp91phox, p22phox, p47phox, p67phox, p40phox, and rac-2. Mutations in each of the phox components, except p40phox, have been described in cases of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), defining their essential role in oxidase function. We sought to establish the role of p40phox by investigating the NADPH oxidase responses of neutrophils isolated from p40phox−/− mice. In the absence of p40phox, the expression of p67phox is reduced by ∼55% and oxidase responses to tumor necrosis factor α/fibrinogen, immunoglobulin G latex beads, Staphylococcus aureus, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, and zymosan were reduced by ∼97, 85, 84, 75, and 30%, respectively. The defect in ROS production by p40phox−/− neutrophils in response to S. aureus translated into a severe, CGD-like defect in the killing of this organism both in vitro and in vivo, defining p40phox as an essential component in bacterial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D Ellson
- Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK
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16
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Marty C, Kozasa T, Quinn MT, Ye RD. Activation state-dependent interaction between Galphai and p67phox. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:5190-200. [PMID: 16782902 PMCID: PMC1489143 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01979-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte NADPH oxidase consists of multiple protein subunits that interact with each other to form a functional superoxide-generating complex. Although the essential components for superoxide production have been well characterized, other proteins potentially involved in the regulation of NADPH oxidase activation remain to be identified. We report here that the Galphai subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins is a novel binding partner for p67phox in transfected HEK293T cells and peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. p67phox preferably interacted with inactive Galphai. Expression of p67phox caused a dose-dependent decrease in intracellular cyclic AMP concentration, suggesting altered function of Galphai. We identified a fragment of p67phox, consisting of the PB1 domain and the C-terminal SH3 domain, to be critical for the interaction with Galphai. Because these domains are involved in the interaction with p47phox and p40phox, the relationship between the respective binding events was investigated. Wild-type Galphai, but not its QL mutant, could promote the interaction between p67phox and p47phox. However, the interaction between p67phox and p40phox was not affected by either Galphai form. These results provide the first evidence for an interaction between p67phox and an alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, suggesting a potential role for Galphai in the regulation or activation of NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Marty
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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17
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McKimmie CS, Roy D, Forster T, Fazakerley JK. Innate immune response gene expression profiles of N9 microglia are pathogen-type specific. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 175:128-41. [PMID: 16697053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells, particularly microglia, are thought to play a pivotal role in initiating and guiding innate immune responses to CNS infections and in perpetuating inflammation and pathology in CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. We describe here the development and use of a new microarray designed to specifically profile transcript expression of innate immunity genes. Microarray analysis validated by quantitative PCR demonstrated an extensive range of pattern recognition receptor gene expression in resting N9 microglia, including Toll-like receptors, scavenger receptors and lectins. Stimulation with LPS or infection with virus modulated pattern recognition receptor, cytokine, chemokine and other innate immune transcripts in a distinct and stimulus-specific manner. This study demonstrates that a single glial cell phenotype has an innate capability to detect infection, determine its form and generate specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive S McKimmie
- Virology, Centre for Infectious Diseases College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
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Sheppard FR, Kelher MR, Moore EE, McLaughlin NJD, Banerjee A, Silliman CC. Structural organization of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase: phosphorylation and translocation during priming and activation. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:1025-42. [PMID: 16204621 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0804442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is part of the microbicidal arsenal used by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to eradicate invading pathogens. The production of a superoxide anion (O2-) into the phagolysosome is the precursor for the generation of more potent products, such as hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite. However, this production of O2- is dependent on translocation of the oxidase subunits, including gp91phox, p22phox, p47phox, p67phox, p40phox, and Rac2 from the cytosol or specific granules to the plasma membrane. In response to an external stimuli, PMNs change from a resting, nonadhesive state to a primed, adherent phenotype, which allows for margination from the vasculature into the tissue and chemotaxis to the site of infection upon activation. Depending on the stimuli, primed PMNs display altered structural organization of the NADPH oxidase, in that there is phosphorylation of the oxidase subunits and/or translocation from the cytosol to the plasma or granular membrane, but there is not the complete assembly required for O2- generation. Activation of PMNs is the complete assembly of the membrane-linked and cytosolic NADPH oxidase components on a PMN membrane, the plasma or granular membrane. This review will discuss the individual components associated with the NADPH oxidase complex and the function of each of these units in each physiologic stage of the PMN: rested, primed, and activated.
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Matute JD, Arias AA, Dinauer MC, Patiño PJ. p40phox: The last NADPH oxidase subunit. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2005; 35:291-302. [PMID: 16102984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The phagocytic NADPH-oxidase is a multiprotein system activated during the inflammatory response to produce superoxide anion (O2-), which is the substrate for formation of additional reactive oxygen species (ROS). The importance of this system for innate immunity is established by chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a primary immunodeficiency caused by defects in the NADPH oxidase. In this review, we present and discuss recent knowledge about p40phox, the last NADPH oxidase component to be identified. Furthermore, its interaction with cellular pathways outside of the NADPH oxidase is discussed. Described in this review is evidence that p40phox participates in NADPH oxidase dynamics within cells, what is known about its role in the oxidase, the possibility that p40phox participates in non-NADPH oxidase processes in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells and whether p40phox could mediate a similar function in other NADPH oxidases. An improved understanding of p40phox should provide new insights about NADPH oxidase, the physiology of phagocytic cells and the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Matute
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Corporación Biogénesis and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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20
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Bergin D, Reeves EP, Renwick J, Wientjes FB, Kavanagh K. Superoxide production in Galleria mellonella hemocytes: identification of proteins homologous to the NADPH oxidase complex of human neutrophils. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4161-70. [PMID: 15972506 PMCID: PMC1168619 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.7.4161-4170.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect immune response has a number of structural and functional similarities to the innate immune response of mammals. The objective of the work presented here was to establish the mechanism by which insect hemocytes produce superoxide and to ascertain whether the proteins involved in superoxide production are similar to those involved in the NADPH oxidase-induced superoxide production in human neutrophils. Hemocytes of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) were shown to be capable of phagocytosing bacterial and fungal cells. The kinetics of phagocytosis and microbial killing were similar in the insect hemocytes and human neutrophils. Superoxide production and microbial killing by both cell types were inhibited in the presence of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride. Immunoblotting of G. mellonella hemocytes with antibodies raised against human neutrophil phox proteins revealed the presence of proteins homologous to gp91phox, p67phox, p47phox, and the GTP-binding protein rac 2. A protein equivalent to p40phox was not detected in insect hemocytes. Immunofluorescence analysis localized insect 47-kDa and 67-kDa proteins throughout the cytosol and in the perinuclear region. Hemocyte 67-kDa and 47-kDa proteins were immunoprecipitated and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization--time of flight analysis. The results revealed that the hemocyte 67-kDa and 47-kDa proteins contained peptides matching those of p67phox and p47phox of human neutrophils. The results presented here indicate that insect hemocytes phagocytose and kill bacterial and fungal cells by a mechanism similar to the mechanism used by human neutrophils via the production of superoxide. We identified proteins homologous to a number of proteins essential for superoxide production in human neutrophils and demonstrated that significant regions of the 67-kDa and 47-kDa insect proteins are identical to regions of the p67phox and p47phox proteins of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bergin
- Medical Mycology Unit, National Institute of Cellular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, NUI Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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21
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Massenet C, Chenavas S, Cohen-Addad C, Dagher MC, Brandolin G, Pebay-Peyroula E, Fieschi F. Effects of p47 C Terminus Phosphorylations on Binding Interactions with p40 and p67. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:13752-61. [PMID: 15657040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412897200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutrophil NADPH oxidase produces superoxide anions in response to infection. This reaction is activated by association of cytosolic factors, p47phox and p67phox, and a small G protein Rac with the membranous flavocytochrome b558. Another cytosolic factor, p40phox, is associated to the complex and is reported to play regulatory roles. Initiation of the NADPH oxidase activation cascade has been reported as consecutive to phosphorylation on serines 359/370 and 379 of the p47phox C terminus. These serines surround a polyproline motif that can interact with the Src homology 3 (SH3) module of p40phox (SH3p40) or the C-terminal SH3 of p67phox (C-SH3p67). The latter one presents a higher affinity in the resting state for p47phox. A change in SH3 binding preference following phosphorylation has been postulated earlier. Here we report the crystal structures of SH3p40 alone or in complex with a 12-residue proline-rich region of p47phox at 1.46 angstrom resolution. Using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence measurements, we compared the affinity of the strict polyproline motif and the whole C terminus peptide with both SH3p40 and C-SH3p67. These data reveal that SH3p40 can interact with a consensus polyproline motif but also with a noncanonical motif of the p47phox C terminus. The electrostatic surfaces of both SH3 are very different, and therefore the binding preference for C-SH3p67 can be attributed to the polyproline motif recognition and particularly to the Arg-368p47 binding mode. The noncanonical motif contributes equally to interaction with both SH3. The influence of serine phosphorylation on residues 359/370 and 379 on the affinity for both SH3 domains has been checked. We conclude that contrarily to previous suggestions, phosphorylation of Ser-359/370 does not modify the SH3 binding affinity for both SH3, whereas phosphorylation of Ser-379 has a destabilizing effect on both interactions. Other mechanisms than a phosphorylation induced switch between the two SH3 must therefore take place for NADPH oxidase activation cascade to start.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Massenet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075 CEA/CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire des Protéines Membranaires, 41 rue Jules Horowitz 38027 Grenoble cedex 1, France
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22
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Nishida S, Yoshida LS, Shimoyama T, Nunoi H, Kobayashi T, Tsunawaki S. Fungal metabolite gliotoxin targets flavocytochrome b558 in the activation of the human neutrophil NADPH oxidase. Infect Immun 2005; 73:235-44. [PMID: 15618159 PMCID: PMC538966 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.1.235-244.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal gliotoxin (GT) is a potent inhibitor of the O(2)(-)-generating NADPH oxidase of neutrophils. We reported that GT-treated neutrophils fail to phosphorylate p47(phox), a step essential for the enzyme activation, because GT prevents the colocalization of protein kinase C betaII with p47(phox) on the membrane. However, it remains unanswered whether GT directly affects any of NADPH oxidase components. Here, we examine the effect of GT on the NADPH oxidase components in the cell-free activation assay. The O(2)(-)-generating ability of membranes obtained from GT-treated neutrophils is 40.0 and 30.6% lower, respectively, than the untreated counterparts when assayed with two distinct electron acceptors, suggesting that flavocytochrome b(558) is affected in cells by GT. In contrast, the corresponding cytosol remains competent for activation. Next, GT addition in vitro to the assay consisting of flavocytochrome b(558) and cytosolic components (native cytosol or recombinant p67(phox), p47(phox), and Rac2) causes a striking inhibition (50% inhibitory concentration = 3.3 microM) when done prior to the stimulation with myristic acid. NADPH consumption is also prevented by GT, but the in vitro assembly of p67(phox), p47(phox), and Rac2 with flavocytochrome b(558) is normal. Posterior addition of GT to the activated enzyme is ineffective. The separate treatment of membranes with GT also causes a marked loss of flavocytochrome b(558)'s ability to reconstitute O(2)(-) generation, supporting the conclusion at the cellular level. The flavocytochrome b(558) heme spectrum of the GT-treated membranes stays, however, unchanged, showing that hemes remain intact. These results suggest that GT directly harms site(s) crucial for electron transport in flavocytochrome b(558), which is accessible only before oxidase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nishida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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23
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He R, Nanamori M, Sang H, Yin H, Dinauer MC, Ye RD. Reconstitution of chemotactic peptide-induced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) oxidase activation in transgenic COS-phox cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2004; 173:7462-70. [PMID: 15585872 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.12.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A whole-cell-based reconstitution system was developed to study the signaling mechanisms underlying chemoattractant-induced activation of NADPH oxidase. This system takes advantage of the lack of formyl peptide receptor-mediated response in COS-phox cells expressing gp91(phox), p22(phox), p67(phox), and p47(phox), which respond to phorbol ester and arachidonic acid with O()(2) production. By exogenous expression of signaling molecules enriched in neutrophils, we have identified several critical components for fMLP-induced NADPH oxidase activation. Expression of PKCdelta, but not PKCalpha, -betaII, and -zeta, is necessary for the COS-phox cells to respond to fMLP. A role of PKCdelta in neutrophil NADPH oxidase was confirmed based on the ability of fMLP to induce PKCdelta translocation and the sensitivity of fMLP-induced O()(2) production to rottlerin, a PKCdelta-selective inhibitor. Optimal reconstitution also requires phospholipase C-beta2 and PI3K-gamma. We found that formyl peptide receptor could use the endogenous Rac1 as well as exogenous Rac1 and Rac2 for NADPH oxidase activation. Exogenous expression of p40(phox) potentiated fMLP-induced O()(2) production and raised the level of O()(2) in unstimulated cells. Collectively, these results provide first direct evidence for reconstituting fMLP-induced O()(2) production in a nonhemopoietic cell line, and demonstrate the requirement of multiple signaling components for optimal activation of NADPH oxidase by a chemoattractant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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24
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Yoshida LS, Nishida S, Shimoyama T, Kawahara T, Kondo-Teshima S, Rokutan K, Kobayashi T, Tsunawaki S. Superoxide generation by Nox1 in guinea pig gastric mucosal cells involves a component with p67(phox)-ability. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:147-55. [PMID: 14758023 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nox1, a homologue of gp91(phox) subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, is responsible for spontaneous superoxide (O(2)(-)) generation in guinea pig gastric mucosal cells (GMC), but involvement of regulatory components (p67(phox), p47(phox), and Rac) which are essential in phagocytes remains unknown. Here, we aimed to figure out how Nox1 of GMC achieves an active oxidase status. GMC in primary culture show low O(2)(-) generation but acquire a 9-fold higher activity when cultured with Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in correlation with a far increased Nox1 expression. Investigation into the O(2)(-)-generating ability of LPS-induced Nox1 in cell-free reconstitution assays showed that: 1) Nox1 is unable to generate O(2)(-) per se; 2) the combination of Nox1 with GMC cytosol is insufficient for a significant O(2)(-) generation; 3) the combination with neutrophil cytosol enables Nox1 to act like gp91(phox), i.e., to produce O(2)(-) appreciably in response to myristate stimulation; 4) Nox1 prefers NADPH to NADH under the in vitro assay with neutrophil cytosol plus myristate (K(m)=10.4 microM); 5) substitution of neutrophil cytosol by a set of recombinant cytosolic components (rp67(phox), rp47(phox), Rac2) is, however, ineffective and still requires GMC cytosol. Thus, Nox1 probably requires an additional cytosolic factor(s). In contrast, GMC cytosol enables cytochrome b(558) to generate plenty of O(2)(-), on condition that rp47(phox) is added. This result suggests that GMC cytosol contains a component with p67(phox)-ability, and also Rac, but lacks p47(phox). These data indicate that GMC Nox1 requires at least a p67(phox) counterpart and Rac to acquire NADPH oxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Satiko Yoshida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 154-8567, Japan
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Abstract
NADPH oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of superoxide from oxygen and NADPH. It is a complex enzyme consisting of two membrane-bound components and three components in the cytosol, plus rac 1 or rac 2. Activation of the oxidase involves the phosphorylation of one of the cytosolic components. Recent crystallography data indicate that the tail of this cytosolic component lies in a groove between two Src homology 3 domains and, when phosphorylated, the tail leaves the groove and is replaced by the tail of one of the membrane-bound components. Chronic granulomatous disease is an inherited immune deficiency caused by the absence of one of the components of the oxidase. The most important recent advances in the field have been the crystallographic analysis of the oxidase and the use of antifungal agents in the prophylaxis of chronic granulomatous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M Babior
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Quinn MT, Gauss KA. Structure and regulation of the neutrophil respiratory burst oxidase: comparison with nonphagocyte oxidases. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:760-81. [PMID: 15240752 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0404216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play an essential role in the body's innate defense against pathogens and are one of the primary mediators of the inflammatory response. To defend the host, neutrophils use a wide range of microbicidal products, such as oxidants, microbicidal peptides, and lytic enzymes. The generation of microbicidal oxidants by neutrophils results from the activation of a multiprotein enzyme complex known as the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, which is responsible for transferring electrons from NADPH to O2, resulting in the formation of superoxide anion. During oxidase activation, cytosolic oxidase proteins translocate to the phagosome or plasma membrane, where they assemble around a central membrane-bound component known as flavocytochrome b. This process is highly regulated, involving phosphorylation, translocation, and multiple conformational changes. Originally, it was thought that the NADPH oxidase was restricted to phagocytes and used solely in host defense. However, recent studies indicate that similar NADPH oxidase systems are present in a wide variety of nonphagocytic cells. Although the nature of these nonphagocyte NADPH oxidases is still being defined, it is clear that they are functionally distinct from the phagocyte oxidases. It should be noted, however, that structural features of many nonphagocyte oxidase proteins do seem to be similar to those of their phagocyte counterparts. In this review, key structural and functional features of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase and its protein components are described, including a consideration of transcriptional and post-translational regulatory features. Furthermore, relevant details about structural and functional features of various nonphagocyte oxidase proteins will be included for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Quinn
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717-3610, USA.
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27
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Shimo-Nakanishi Y, Hasebe T, Suzuki A, Mochizuki H, Nomiyama T, Tanaka Y, Nagaoka I, Mizuno Y, Urabe T. Functional effects of NAD(P)H oxidase p22phox C242T mutation in human leukocytes and association with thrombotic cerebral infarction. Atherosclerosis 2004; 175:109-15. [PMID: 15186954 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous study showed that polymorphism of the NAD(P)H oxidase p22(phox) gene is associated with atherosclerosis, although others could not confirm such association. We investigated the association between p22(phox) C242T polymorphism and thrombotic cerebral infarction and the role of this polymorphism on superoxide-production activity in human neutrophils and promyelocytic HL-60 cells as a model system. METHODS PCR-RFLP analysis revealed that genotype and allele frequencies of C242T polymorphism in 120 patients with thrombotic cerebral infarction and 177 control subjects. The superoxide-production activity in neutrophils was determined by cytochrome c reduction assay. To clarify the role of p22(phox) C242T polymorphism on NAD(P)H oxidase activity, we used transgenic HL-60 cells transfected with expression plasmids carrying p22(phox) cDNAs with or without C242T polymorphism. RESULTS Genotype and allele frequencies of C242T polymorphism in patients and control subjects were not significantly different. The superoxide-production activity in neutrophils with T allele was higher than in neutrophils without T allele. Moreover, expression analysis showed that superoxide-production activity in p22(phox) C242T-expressing HL-60 cells were significantly higher than in p22(phox)-expressing HL-60 cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that C242T of p22(phox) gene is not involved in thrombotic cerebral infarction but more likely in increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity in phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Shimo-Nakanishi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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28
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Cross AR, Segal AW. The NADPH oxidase of professional phagocytes--prototype of the NOX electron transport chain systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2004; 1657:1-22. [PMID: 15238208 PMCID: PMC2636547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2003] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase is an electron transport chain in "professional" phagocytic cells that transfers electrons from NADPH in the cytoplasm, across the wall of the phagocytic vacuole, to form superoxide. The electron transporting flavocytochrome b is activated by the integrated function of four cytoplasmic proteins. The antimicrobial function of this system involves pumping K+ into the vacuole through BKCa channels, the effect of which is to elevate the vacuolar pH and activate neutral proteases. A number of homologous systems have been discovered in plants and lower animals as well as in man. Their function remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Cross
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anthony W. Segal
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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29
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Tsunawaki S, Yoshida LS, Nishida S, Kobayashi T, Shimoyama T. Fungal metabolite gliotoxin inhibits assembly of the human respiratory burst NADPH oxidase. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3373-82. [PMID: 15155643 PMCID: PMC415710 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.6.3373-3382.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are a critical weapon in the killing of Aspergillus fumigatus by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), as demonstrated by severe aspergillosis in chronic granulomatous disease. In the present study, A. fumigatus-produced mycotoxins (fumagillin, gliotoxin [GT], and helvolic acid) are examined for their effects on the NADPH oxidase activity in human PMN. Of these mycotoxins, only GT significantly and stoichiometrically inhibits phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated O2- generation, while the other two toxins are ineffective. The inhibition is dependent on the disulfide bridge of GT, which interferes with oxidase activation but not catalysis of the activated oxidase. Specifically, GT inhibits PMA-stimulated events: p47phox phosphorylation, its incorporation into the cytoskeleton, and the membrane translocation of p67phox, p47phox, and p40phox, which are crucial steps in the assembly of the active NADPH oxidase. Thus, damage to p47phox phosphorylation is likely a key to inhibiting NADPH oxidase activation. GT does not inhibit the membrane translocation of Rac2. The inhibition of p47phox phosphorylation is due to the defective membrane translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) betaII rather than an effect of GT on PKC betaII activity, suggesting a failure of PKC betaII to associate with the substrate, p47phox, on the membrane. These results suggest that A. fumigatus may confront PMN by inhibiting the assembly of the NADPH oxidase with its hyphal product, GT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohko Tsunawaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 154-8567, Japan.
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30
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Yoshida L, Nishida S, Shimoyama T, Kawahara T, Rokutan K, Tsunawaki S. Expression of a p67(phox) homolog in Caco-2 cells giving O(2)(-)-reconstituting ability to cytochrome b(558) together with recombinant p47(phox). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296:1322-8. [PMID: 12207919 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human normal and transformed (Caco-2) colon tissues as well as guinea pig gastric mucosal cells express Nox1, which is a homolog of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase subunit, gp91(phox) of membrane-bound cytochrome b(558). It was reported that Nox1-transfection to NIH 3T3 cells could provide O(2)(-)-generating ability, independently of regulatory cytosolic factors (Rac2, p67(phox), and p47(phox)) that are obligatory in the phagocyte oxidase system. Here, we detected and sequenced a p67(phox) homolog in Caco-2 almost identical to the neutrophil sequence, except for three nucleotide substitutions, two of which changed lysines 181 and 328 to arginines. Investigation of its ability to support O(2)(-)-generation in cell-free reconstitution experiments combining with neutrophil cytochrome b(558) showed O(2)(-)-generation, provided that recombinant p47(phox) was added. This result demonstrates that the intrinsic p67(phox) homolog of Caco-2 was able to function as a phagocyte p67(phox) for cytochrome b(558). The requirement of p47(phox) addition suggested that this component was absent in Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 membranes, used as a source of Nox1 in place of cytochrome b(558), did not show significant O(2)(-)-generation, which was mainly explained by their very little Nox1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yoshida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 3-35-31, Taishido, Setagaya, 154-8567, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Li SL, Valente AJ, Qiang M, Schlegel W, Gamez M, Clark RA. Multiple PU.1 sites cooperate in the regulation of p40(phox) transcription during granulocytic differentiation of myeloid cells. Blood 2002; 99:4578-87. [PMID: 12036891 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.12.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The p40(phox) protein, a regulatory component of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, is preferentially expressed in cells of myeloid lineage. We investigated transcriptional regulation of the p40(phox) gene in HL-60 myeloid cells. Deletion analysis of approximately 6 kb of the 5'-flanking sequence of the gene demonstrated that the proximal 106 base pair of the promoter exhibited maximum reporter activity. This region contains 3 potential binding sites for PU.1, a myeloid-restricted member of the ets family of transcription factors. Mutation or deletion of each PU.1 site decreased promoter activity, and the level of activity mediated by each site correlated with its binding avidity for PU.1, as determined by gel shift competition assays. Mutation of all 3 sites abolished promoter activity in myeloid cells. PU.1-dependent expression was also observed in the Raji B-cell line, whereas the moderate level of promoter reporter activity in the nonmyeloid HeLa cell line was independent of PU.1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated occupation of the PU.1 sites by PU.1 in vivo in HL-60 cells. Cotransfection of the pGL3-p40-106 reporter construct with a dominant-negative PU.1 mutant dramatically reduced promoter activity, whereas the overexpression of PU.1 increased promoter activity. Promoter activity and transcript levels of p40(phox) increased in HL-60 cells during dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation toward the granulocyte phenotype, and this was associated with increased cellular levels of PU.1 protein. Our findings demonstrate that PU.1 binding at multiple sites is required for p40(phox) gene transcription in myeloid cells and that granulocytic differentiation is associated with the coordinated up-regulation of PU.1 and p40(phox) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Lin Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center and the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, 78229-3900, USA
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Shimizu T, Kodama R, Tsunawaki S, Takeda K. GM-CSF induces expression of gp91phox and stimulates retinoic acid-induced p47phox expression in human myeloblastic leukemia cells. Eur J Haematol 2002; 68:382-8. [PMID: 12225397 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0609.2002.01627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) combined with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) synergistically increases superoxide-generating activity in human myeloblastic leukemia ML-1 cells. ATRA is known to increase the expression of some NADPH components; however, little is known about the effect of GM-CSF on the expression of these components. We examined the expression of NADPH oxidase components in ML-1 cells treated with ATRA, GM-CSF, or a combination of ATRA and GM-CSF. Expression of p47phox and gp91phox proteins increased markedly after treatment with both reagents. p47phox expression was increased by ATRA alone, and the expression was increased synergistically by the combination of ATRA with GM-CSF. gp91phox was increased by ATRA or GM-CSF alone. The expression of p47phox and gp91phox mRNA underwent similar changes to those seen in protein level. These results indicate that GM-CSF induces expression of gp91phox and enhances ATRA-induced p47phox expression. We speculate that the remarkable induction of gp91phox and p47phox protein is associated with an increase in superoxide-generating activity due to the synergistic effect of ATRA plus GM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Shimizu
- Department of Hygiene Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Lapouge K, Smith SJM, Groemping Y, Rittinger K. Architecture of the p40-p47-p67phox complex in the resting state of the NADPH oxidase. A central role for p67phox. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:10121-8. [PMID: 11796733 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112065200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte NADPH oxidase is a multiprotein enzyme whose subunits are partitioned between the cytosol and plasma membrane in resting cells. Upon exposure to appropriate stimuli multiple phosphorylation events in the cytosolic components take place, which induce rearrangements in a number of protein-protein interactions, ultimately leading to translocation of the cytoplasmic complex to the membrane. To understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the assembly and activation process we have carried out a detailed study of the protein-protein interactions that occur in the p40-p47-p67(phox) complex of the resting oxidase. Here we show that this complex contains one copy of each protein, which assembles to form a heterotrimeric complex. The apparent high molecular weight of this complex, as observed by gel filtration studies, is due to an extended, non-globular shape rather than to the presence of multiple copies of any of the proteins. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements of the interactions between the individual components of this complex demonstrate that p67(phox) is the primary binding partner of p47(phox) in the resting state. These findings, in combination with earlier reports, allow us to propose a model for the architecture of the resting complex in which p67(phox) acts as the bridging molecule that connects p40(phox) and p47(phox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Lapouge
- Division of Protein Structure, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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34
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Wientjes FB, Reeves EP, Soskic V, Furthmayr H, Segal AW. The NADPH oxidase components p47(phox) and p40(phox) bind to moesin through their PX domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 289:382-8. [PMID: 11716484 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase of phagocytes is a membrane-bound heterodimeric flavocytochrome which catalyses the transfer of electrons from NADPH in the cytoplasm to oxygen in the phagosome. A number of cytosolic proteins are involved in its activation/deactivation: p47phox, p67phox, p40phox and the small GTP-binding protein, rac. The cytosolic phox proteins interact with the cytoskeleton in human neutrophils and, in particular, an interaction with coronin has been reported (Grogan A., Reeves, E., Keep, N. H., Wientjes, F., Totty, N., Burlingame, N. L., Hsuan, J., and Segal, A. W. (1997) J. Cell Sci. 110, 3071-3081). Here, we report on the interaction of another cytoskeletal protein, moesin, with the phox proteins. Moesin belongs to the ezrin-radixin-moesin family of F-actin-binding proteins and we show that it binds to p47phox and p40phox in a phosphoinositide-dependent manner. Furthermore, we show that its N-terminal part binds to the PX domain of p47phox and p40phox.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Wientjes
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom.
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35
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Kobayashi T, Tsunawaki S, Seguchi H. Evaluation of the process for superoxide production by NADPH oxidase in human neutrophils: evidence for cytoplasmic origin of superoxide. Redox Rep 2001; 6:27-36. [PMID: 11333112 DOI: 10.1179/135100001101536003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an up-to-date insight into the function of NADPH oxidase in human neutrophils, the signalling pathways involved in activation of this enzyme and the process of association of its components with the cytoskeleton. We also discuss the functional implications of morphological studies revealing localization of the sites of NADPH oxidase activity. An original model of the process of superoxide (O2*-) production in human neutrophils is shown. Organization of NADPH oxidase is associated with several components. Upon stimulation, tri-phox cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase (p40-phox, p47-phox and p67-phox) bind to actin filaments. This process involves other actin-binding proteins, such as cofilin and coronin. Activated protein kinase C, translocated from the plasma membrane, phosphorylates cytosolic components at a scaffold of cytoskeleton. Subsequently, p40-phox, responsible for maintaining the resting state of NADPH oxidase, is separated from other two cytosolic phox proteins following an attachment of the active form of small GTP-binding protein Rac to p67-phox. Cytosolic duo-phox proteins (p47-phox and p67-phox) conjugate with membrane components (gp91-phox, p22-phox and Rapla) of NADPH oxidase residing within membranes of intracellular compartments. This chain of events triggers production of O2*-. Then, oxidant-producing intracellular compartments associate with the plasma membrane. Eventually, intracellularly produced O2*- is released to the extracellular environment through the orifice formed by fusion of oxidant-producing compartments with the plasma membrane. Intracellular movement of the oxidant-producing compartments may be regulated by myosin light chain kinase. The review emphasizes that functional assembly of NADPH oxidase and, therefore, generation of O2*- is accomplished essentially within the intracellular compartments. Upon neutrophil stimulation, intracellularly generated O2*- is transported to the plasma membrane to be released and to ensure host defense against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kochi Medical School, Japan
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36
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Ito T, Matsui Y, Ago T, Ota K, Sumimoto H. Novel modular domain PB1 recognizes PC motif to mediate functional protein-protein interactions. EMBO J 2001; 20:3938-46. [PMID: 11483497 PMCID: PMC149144 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.15.3938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modular domains mediating specific protein-protein interactions play central roles in the formation of complex regulatory networks to execute various cellular activities. Here we identify a novel domain PB1 in the budding yeast protein Bem1p, which functions in polarity establishment, and mammalian p67(phox), which activates the microbicidal phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Each of these specifically recognizes an evolutionarily conserved PC motif to interact directly with Cdc24p (an essential protein for cell polarization) and p40(phox) (a component of the signaling complex for the oxidase), respectively. Swapping the PB1 domain of Bem1p with that of p67(phox), which abolishes its interaction with Cdc24p, confers on cells temperature- sensitive growth and a bilateral mating defect. These phenotypes are suppressed by a mutant Cdc24p harboring the PC motif-containing region of p40(phox), which restores the interaction with the altered Bem1p. This domain-swapping experiment demonstrates that Bem1p function requires interaction with Cdc24p, in which the PB1 domain and the PC motif participate as responsible modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ito
- Division of Genome Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-0934,
Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 and Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan Corresponding authors e-mail: or
| | - Yasushi Matsui
- Division of Genome Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-0934,
Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 and Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan Corresponding authors e-mail: or
| | - Tetsuro Ago
- Division of Genome Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-0934,
Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 and Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan Corresponding authors e-mail: or
| | | | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Division of Genome Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-0934,
Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 and Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan Corresponding authors e-mail: or
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37
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Terasawa H, Noda Y, Ito T, Hatanaka H, Ichikawa S, Ogura K, Sumimoto H, Inagaki F. Structure and ligand recognition of the PB1 domain: a novel protein module binding to the PC motif. EMBO J 2001; 20:3947-56. [PMID: 11483498 PMCID: PMC149143 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.15.3947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PB1 domains are novel protein modules capable of binding to target proteins that contain PC motifs. We report here the NMR structure and ligand-binding site of the PB1 domain of the cell polarity establishment protein, Bem1p. In addition, we identify the topology of the PC motif-containing region of Cdc24p by NMR, another cell polarity establishment protein that interacts with Bem1p. The PC motif-containing region is a structural domain offering a scaffold to the PC motif. The chemical shift perturbation experiment and the mutagenesis study show that the PC motif is a major structural element that binds to the PB1 domain. A structural database search reveals close similarity between the Bem1p PB1 domain and the c-Raf1 Ras-binding domain. However, these domains are functionally distinct from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Terasawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Division of Genome Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Department of Material and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681 and Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan Corresponding author at: Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, N12, W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan e-mail:
| | - Yukiko Noda
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Division of Genome Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Department of Material and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681 and Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan Corresponding author at: Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, N12, W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan e-mail:
| | - Takashi Ito
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Division of Genome Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Department of Material and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681 and Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan Corresponding author at: Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, N12, W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan e-mail:
| | - Hideki Hatanaka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Division of Genome Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Department of Material and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681 and Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan Corresponding author at: Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, N12, W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan e-mail:
| | - Saori Ichikawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Division of Genome Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Department of Material and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681 and Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan Corresponding author at: Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, N12, W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan e-mail:
| | - Kenji Ogura
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Division of Genome Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Department of Material and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681 and Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan Corresponding author at: Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, N12, W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan e-mail:
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Division of Genome Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Department of Material and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681 and Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan Corresponding author at: Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, N12, W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan e-mail:
| | - Fuyuhiko Inagaki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Division of Genome Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Department of Material and Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681 and Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan Corresponding author at: Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, N12, W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan e-mail:
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38
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Hasebe T, Hua J, Someya A, Morain P, Checler F, Nagaoka I. Involvement of cytosolic prolyl endopeptidase in degradation of p40‐phox splice variant protein in myeloid cells. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.6.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hasebe
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan; and
| | - Jian Hua
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan; and
| | - Akimasa Someya
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan; and
| | - Philippe Morain
- Division D of Medical Chemistry, Institute de Recherche Servier, 92150 Suresnes, and
| | | | - Isao Nagaoka
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan; and
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39
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Dang PM, Cross AR, Babior BM. Assembly of the neutrophil respiratory burst oxidase: a direct interaction between p67PHOX and cytochrome b558. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:3001-5. [PMID: 11248021 PMCID: PMC30596 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.061029698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase complex requires the assembly of the cytosolic factors p47(PHOX), p67(PHOX), p40(PHOX), and Rac1 or Rac2, with the membrane-bound cytochrome b(558). Whereas the interaction of p47(PHOX) with cytochrome b(558) is well established, an interaction between p67(PHOX) and cytochrome b(558) has never been investigated. We report here a direct interaction between p67(PHOX) and cytochrome b(558). First, labeled p67(PHOX) recognizes a 91-kDa band in specific granules from a normal patient but not from a cytochrome b(558)-deficient patient. Second, p67(PHOX) binds to cytochrome b(558) that has been bound to nitrocellulose. Third, GTP-p67(PHOX) bound to glutathione agarose is able to pull down cytochrome b(558.) Rac1-GTP or Rac1-GDP increased the binding of p67(PHOX) to cytochrome b(558), suggesting that at least one of the oxidase-related functions of Rac1 is to promote the interaction between p67(PHOX) and cytochrome b(558).
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dang
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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40
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Yasui K, Komiyama A. Roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phospholipase D in temporal activation of superoxide production in FMLP-stimulated human neutrophils. Cell Biochem Funct 2001; 19:43-50. [PMID: 11223870 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To determine the temporal roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) and phospholipase D (PLD) during human neutrophil activation stimulated by a chemotactic peptide, we examined the kinetics of these enzymes and related them to a neutrophil function (superoxide production). Both wortmannin and 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY294002), potent and specific inhibitors of PI3-kinase, inhibit PI3-kinase activity in human neutrophils and significantly inhibit superoxide production from the early phase. Ethanol has no effect on PI3-kinase and markedly inhibits superoxide production at the late phase. Although these agents are inhibitory to different degrees, when neutrophils are simultaneously treated with ethanol and PI3-kinase inhibitors, superoxide is not produced. These results suggest that PI3-kinase and PLD play a pivotal role in the signal transduction pathway of the chemo-attractant-receptor involved neutrophil activation. These enzymes produce second messengers which are required for subsequent superoxide production in human neutrophils. NADPH oxidase is activated in a PI3-kinase-dependent manner at the early phase, and PLD activity follows it and is related to superoxide production at the late phase in human neutrophils by stimulation with FMLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yasui
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390, Japan.
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41
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del Castillo-Olivares A, Núñez de Castro I, Medina MA. Dual role of plasma membrane electron transport systems in defense. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 35:197-220. [PMID: 10907796 DOI: 10.1080/10409230091169203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Because oxidative stress is one of the main sources of severe cellular damage, cells have different defense weapons against reactive oxygen species. Ubiquitous plasma membrane redox systems play a role in defense against oxidative stress damage. On the other hand, a tightly controlled and localized production of reactive oxygen species by a plasma membrane NADPH oxidase can be used as a potent microbicidal weapon. This dual, prooxidant and antioxidant role of plasma membrane electron transport systems in defense is studied and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A del Castillo-Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0614, USA
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42
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Dang PM, Fontayne A, Hakim J, El Benna J, Périanin A. Protein kinase C zeta phosphorylates a subset of selective sites of the NADPH oxidase component p47phox and participates in formyl peptide-mediated neutrophil respiratory burst. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:1206-13. [PMID: 11145703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Generation of superoxide anion by the multiprotein complex NADPH phagocyte oxidase is accompanied by extensive phosphorylation of its 47-kDa protein component, p47(phox), a major cytosolic component of this oxidase. Protein kinase C zeta (PKC zeta), an atypical PKC isoform expressed abundantly in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), translocates to the PMN plasma membrane upon stimulation by the chemoattractant fMLP. We investigated the role of PKC zeta in p47(phox) phosphorylation and in superoxide anion production by human PMN. In vitro incubation of recombinant p47(phox) with recombinant PKC zeta induced a time- and concentration-dependent phosphorylation of p47(phox) with an apparent K(m) value of 2 microM. Phosphopeptide mapping analysis of p47(phox) showed that PKC zeta phosphorylated fewer selective sites in comparison to "conventional" PKCs. Serine 303/304 and serine 315 were identified as targets of PKC zeta by site-directed mutagenesis. Stimulation of PMN by fMLP induced a rapid and sustained plasma membrane translocation of PKC zeta that correlated to that of p47(phox). A cell-permeant-specific peptide antagonist of PKC zeta inhibited both fMLP-induced phosphorylation of p47(phox) and its membrane translocation. The antagonist also inhibited the fMLP-induced production of oxidant (IC(50) of 10 microM), but not that induced by PMA. The inhibition of PKC zeta expression in HL-60 neutrophil-like cells using antisense oligonucleotides (5 and 10 microM) inhibited fMLP-promoted oxidant production (27 and 50%, respectively), but not that induced by PMA. In conclusion, p47(phox) is a substrate for PKC zeta and participates in the signaling cascade between fMLP receptors and NADPH oxidase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dang
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 479, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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43
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Inoue Y, Itou T, Jimbo T, Sakai T, Ueda K, Imajoh-Ohmi S. Molecular cloning and identification of bottle-nosed dolphin p40(phox), p47(phox) and p67(phox). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 78:21-33. [PMID: 11182145 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(00)00254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The bottle-nosed dolphin NADPH oxidase cytosolic components, p40(phox), p47(phox) and p67(phox) cDNA's were cloned from mitogen stimulated peripheral white blood cell mRNA utilizing the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The sequences of these cDNAs showed that dolphin p40(phox), p47(phox) and p67(phox) clones contained open reading frames encoding predicted polypeptides of 339, 391 and 526 amino acids, respectively. Analysis of the p47(phox) and p67(phox) amino acid sequences showed two potential Src homology three domains and p40(phox) one. Comparison of the deduced amino acids showed that dolphin p40(phox) sequence shared 88.8% similarity with the human p40(phox), that dolphin p47(phox) sequence shared 87.7% similarity with the bovine p47(phox), and that dolphin p67(phox) shared 88.1% similarity with the bovine p67(phox). Western blot analysis using anti-human p40(phox), p47(phox) and p67(phox) antibodies demonstrated that dolphin neutrophil possesses p40(phox), p47(phox) and p67(phox) with similar molecular masses and structures, to each counterpart in human neutrophils, except for the p67(phox) COOH-terminus. These results suggest that dolphin NADPH oxidase cytosolic components have functional activities equivalent to those of human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inoue
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, 252-8510, Kanagawa, Japan
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44
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Tamura M, Kai T, Tsunawaki S, Lambeth JD, Kameda K. Direct interaction of actin with p47(phox) of neutrophil NADPH oxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 276:1186-90. [PMID: 11027608 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cell-free activation of human neutrophil NADPH oxidase is enhanced by actin, and actin filaments formed during activation are suggested to stabilize the oxidase. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism, we examined the protein-protein interactions between actin and cytosolic components of the oxidase. Far-Western blotting using recombinant phox proteins showed that both alpha- and beta-actin interacted with p47(phox) and rac1, and weakly with rac2. A deletion mutant of p47(phox) proved that its C-terminal region was essential for the interaction. The dissociation constant (K(d)) for interaction between actin and p47(phox) was estimated to be 0.45 microM by surface plasmon resonance, and that between actin and rac1 or rac2 was 1.7 or 4.6 microM, respectively. Far-Western blotting using cytosol as a target showed an interaction between actin and endogenous p47(phox) and rac proteins. These results suggest that actin can directly interact with p47(phox) and possibly with rac in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
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45
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Hua J, Hasebe T, Someya A, Nakamura S, Sugimoto K, Nagaoka I. Evaluation of the expression of NADPH oxidase components during maturation of HL‐60 cells to neutrophil lineage. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.2.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hua
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2‐1‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hasebe
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2‐1‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan
| | - Akimasa Someya
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2‐1‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2‐1‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan
| | - Koichi Sugimoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2‐1‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan
| | - Isao Nagaoka
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2‐1‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8421, Japan
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46
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Cross AR. p40(phox) Participates in the activation of NADPH oxidase by increasing the affinity of p47(phox) for flavocytochrome b(558). Biochem J 2000; 349:113-7. [PMID: 10861218 PMCID: PMC1221127 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3490113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is one of the major components of the innate immune system and is used by phagocytes to generate microbicidal reactive oxygen species. Activation of the enzyme requires the participation of a minimum of five proteins, p22(phox), gp91(phox) (together forming flavocytochrome b(558)), p47(phox), p67(phox) and the GTP-binding protein, Rac2. A sixth protein, p40(phox), has been implicated in the control of the activity of NADPH oxidase principally based on its sequence homology to, and physical association with, other phox components, and also the observation that it is phosphorylated during neutrophil activation. However, to date its role in regulating the activity of the enzyme has remained obscure, with evidence for both positive and negative influences on oxidase activity having being reported. Data are presented here using the cell-free system for NADPH oxidase activation that shows that p40(phox) can function to promote oxidase activation by increasing the affinity of p47(phox) for the enzyme approx. 3-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Cross
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM-241, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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47
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Vergnaud S, Paclet MH, El Benna J, Pocidalo MA, Morel F. Complementation of NADPH oxidase in p67-phox-deficient CGD patients p67-phox/p40-phox interaction. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:1059-67. [PMID: 10672014 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is due to a functional defect of the O2- generating NADPH oxidase of phagocytes. Epstein-Barr-virus-immortalized B lymphocytes express all the constituents of oxidase with activity 100 times less than that of neutrophils. As in neutrophils, oxidase activity of Epstein-Barr-virus-immortalized B lymphocytes was shown to be defective in the different forms of CGD; these cells were used as a model for the complementation studies of two p67-phox-deficient CGD patients. Reconstitution of oxidase activity was performed in vitro by using a heterologous cell-free assay consisting of membrane-suspended or solubilized and purified cytochrome b558 that was associated with cytosol or with the isolated cytosolic-activating factors (p67-phox, p47-phox, p40-phox) from healthy or CGD patients. In p67-phox-deficient CGD patients, two cytosolic factors are deficient or missing: p67-phox and p40-phox. Not more than 20% of oxidase activity was recovered by complementing the cytosol of p67-phox-deficient patients with recombinant p67-phox. On the contrary, a complete restoration of oxidase activity was observed when, instead of cytosol, the cytosolic factors were added in the cell-free assay after isolation in combination with cytochrome b558 purified from neutrophil membrane. Moreover, the simultaneous addition of recombinant p67-phox and recombinant p40-phox reversed the previous complementation in a p40-phox dose-dependent process. These results suggest that in the reconstitution of oxidase activity, p67-phox is the limiting factor; the efficiency of complementation depends on the membrane tissue and the cytosolic environment. In vitro, the transition from the resting to the activated state of oxidase, which results from assembling, requires the dissociation of p40-phox from p67-phox for efficient oxidase activity. In the process, p40-phox could function as a negative regulatory factor and stabilize the resting state.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vergnaud
- GREPI, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, CHU, Grenoble, France; INSERM U. 479, CHU, Bichat, Paris, France
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48
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Are Plants Stacked Neutrophiles? Comparison of Pathogen-Induced Oxidative Burst in Plants and Mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57203-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rinckel LA, Faris SL, Hitt ND, Kleinberg ME. Rac1 disrupts p67phox/p40phox binding: a novel role for Rac in NADPH oxidase activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 263:118-22. [PMID: 10486263 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytic cells possess a tightly regulated multicomponent enzyme complex, the NADPH oxidase, which produces superoxide, a reactive oxygen molecule that is an essential component of host defense against infection. Upon stimulation, a functional NADPH oxidase is assembled when the cytosolic proteins, Rac, p67phox, p47phox, and possibly p40phox, associate with the gp91phox and p22phox transmembrane proteins. Rac is a GTPase that in the GTP-bound state binds p67phox to activate NADPH oxidase. The function of p40phox is not known; it is believed to have a regulatory function in sequestering p67phox and p47phox in a cytosolic complex. We investigated binding interactions between p40phox, p67phox, and Rac and found that Rac1-GTP displaced p67phox bound to p40phox. In contrast, Cdc42, a GTPase homologous to Rac, did not displace p67phox from p40phox. A synthetic peptide corresponding to p67phox amino acids 170-199, a region identified previously as a Rac binding domain, significantly reduced the ability of Rac1-GTP to disrupt p67phox/p40phox binding. We hypothesize that Rac-GTP binds the p67phox N-terminal domain encompassing amino acids 170-199 that transmits a conformational change which causes p40phox to dissociate from its binding site in the p67phox C-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Rinckel
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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50
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Nauseef WM. The NADPH-dependent oxidase of phagocytes. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN PHYSICIANS 1999; 111:373-82. [PMID: 10519156 DOI: 10.1111/paa.1999.111.5.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) represent a prominent cellular element in the innate immune system, serving to ingest exogenous particles and microbes and to kill phagocytosed microorganisms. The microbicidal activity of PMNs depends on the interactions of a broad array of potent systems, including relatively stable degradative proteins as well as labile reactive radicals. These systems can be categorized as oxygen-dependent and nonoxidative mechanisms, although the physiologically relative activity depends on the precisely orchestrated interplay between both systems. The enzyme complex responsible for the activity of the oxygen-dependent system is the respiratory burst oxidase and its important contribution to host defense is best illustrated by the frequent and severe infections seen in individuals whose PMNs lack oxidase activity, namely patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Multiple elements comprise the oxygen-dependent system, and significant advances have been made in the past decade in understanding the protein components of the respiratory burst oxidase, their subcellular distribution in resting PMNs, and their agonist-dependent assembly into a functional system at phagosomal and plasma membranes. In parallel, substantial insights into the molecular bases of CGD have likewise been made. Nonetheless there remain significant gaps in our understanding of the precise functional contributions of particular components of the system, the molecular mechanisms that regulate their coordinated assembly, and the role of related proteins in nonphagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Nauseef
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
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