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Elsaid S, Wu X, Tee SS. Fructose vs. glucose: modulating stem cell growth and function through sugar supplementation. FEBS Open Bio 2024. [PMID: 38923793 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, stem cells are impacted by microenvironmental resources such as nutrient availability and oxygen tension for their survival, growth, and differentiation. However, the accessibility of these resources in the pericellular environment greatly varies from organ to organ. This divergence in resource availability leads to variations in the potency and differentiation potential of stem cells. This study aimed to explore the distinct effects of glucose and fructose, as well as different oxygen tensions, on the growth dynamics, cytokine production, and differentiation of stem cells. We showed that replacing glucose with fructose subjected stem cells to stress, resulting in increased Hif1α expression and stability, which in turn led to a reduction in cell proliferation, and alterations in cytokine production. However, fructose failed to induce differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as well as mouse fibroblasts into mature adipocytes compared to glucose, despite the upregulation of key markers of adipogenesis, including C/EBPβ, and PPARγ. Conversely, we showed that fructose induced undifferentiated mouse fibroblasts to release cytokines associated with senescence, including IL1α1, IL6, IL8, MCP1, and TNF1α, suggesting that these cells were undergoing lipolysis. Taken together, our results suggest that altering the culture conditions through changes in hexose levels and oxygen tension places considerable stress on stem cells. Additional research is required to further characterize the mechanisms governing stem cell response to their microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salaheldeen Elsaid
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sui Seng Tee
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Cui Y, Tian J, Wang Z, Guo H, Zhang H, Wang Z, Liu H, Song W, Liu L, Tian R, Zuo X, Ren S, Niu R, Zhang F. Fructose-Induced mTORC1 Activation Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Progression through Inhibition of Autophagy. Cancer Res 2023; 83:4063-4079. [PMID: 37738413 PMCID: PMC10722142 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fructose intake is associated with the occurrence, progression, and poor prognosis of various tumors. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the functions of fructose in cancer could facilitate the development of better treatment and prevention strategies. In this study, we investigated the functional association between fructose utilization and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression. Fructose could be taken up and metabolized by PDAC cells and provided an adaptive survival mechanism for PDAC cells under glucose-deficient conditions. GLUT5-mediated fructose metabolism maintained the survival, proliferation, and invasion capacities of PDAC cells in vivo and in vitro. Fructose metabolism not only provided ATP and biomass to PDAC cells but also conferred metabolic plasticity to the cells, making them more adaptable to the tumor microenvironment. Mechanistically, fructose activated the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mTORC1 signaling pathway to inhibit glucose deficiency-induced autophagic cell death. Moreover, the fructose-specific transporter GLUT5 was highly expressed in PDAC tissues and was an independent marker of disease progression in patients with PDAC. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the role of fructose in promoting PDAC progression and offer potential strategies for targeting metabolism to treat PDAC. SIGNIFICANCE Fructose activates AMPK-mTORC1 signaling to inhibit autophagy-mediated cell death in pancreatic cancer cells caused by glucose deficiency, facilitating metabolic adaptation to the tumor microenvironment and supporting tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Cui
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianfei Tian
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaosong Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - He Zhang
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Weijie Song
- Laboratory Animal Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Liming Liu
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruinan Tian
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zuo
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Sixin Ren
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruifang Niu
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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Ückert AK, Rütschlin S, Gutbier S, Wörz NC, Miah MR, Martins AC, Hauer I, Holzer AK, Meyburg B, Mix AK, Hauck C, Aschner M, Böttcher T, Leist M. Identification of the bacterial metabolite aerugine as potential trigger of human dopaminergic neurodegeneration. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108229. [PMID: 37797477 PMCID: PMC10666548 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The causes of nigrostriatal cell death in idiopathic Parkinson's disease are unknown, but exposure to toxic chemicals may play some role. We followed up here on suggestions that bacterial secondary metabolites might be selectively cytotoxic to dopaminergic neurons. Extracts from Streptomyces venezuelae were found to kill human dopaminergic neurons (LUHMES cells). Utilizing this model system as a bioassay, we identified a bacterial metabolite known as aerugine (C10H11NO2S; 2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]phenol) and confirmed this finding by chemical re-synthesis. This 2-hydroxyphenyl-thiazoline compound was previously shown to be a product of a wide-spread biosynthetic cluster also found in the human microbiome and in several pathogens. Aerugine triggered half-maximal dopaminergic neurotoxicity at 3-4 µM. It was less toxic for other neurons (10-20 µM), and non-toxic (at <100 µM) for common human cell lines. Neurotoxicity was completely prevented by several iron chelators, by distinct anti-oxidants and by a caspase inhibitor. In the Caenorhabditis elegans model organism, general survival was not affected by aerugine concentrations up to 100 µM. When transgenic worms, expressing green fluorescent protein only in their dopamine neurons, were exposed to aerugine, specific neurodegeneration was observed. The toxicant also exerted functional dopaminergic toxicity in nematodes as determined by the "basal slowing response" assay. Thus, our research has unveiled a bacterial metabolite with a remarkably selective toxicity toward human dopaminergic neurons in vitro and for the dopaminergic nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo. These findings suggest that microbe-derived environmental chemicals should be further investigated for their role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Katharina Ückert
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sina Rütschlin
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Simon Gutbier
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nathalie Christine Wörz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Biological Chemistry & Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria; Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mahfuzur R Miah
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Airton C Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Isa Hauer
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Holzer
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Birthe Meyburg
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Mix
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Postablage 621, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christof Hauck
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Postablage 621, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Böttcher
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Biological Chemistry & Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marcel Leist
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Mazzoli A, Gatto C, Crescenzo R, Spagnuolo MS, Nazzaro M, Iossa S, Cigliano L. Gut and liver metabolic responses to dietary fructose - are they reversible or persistent after switching to a healthy diet? Food Funct 2021; 12:7557-7568. [PMID: 34286786 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00983d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The link between increased fructose intake and induction of gut and liver dysfunction has been established, while it remains to be understood whether this damage is reversible, particularly in the young population, in which the intake of fructose has reached dramatic levels. To this end, young (30 days old) rats were fed a fructose-rich or control diet for 3 weeks to highlight the early response of the gut and liver to increased fructose intake. After this period, fructose-fed rats were returned to a control diet for 3 weeks and compared to the rats that received the control diet for the entire period to identify whether fructose-induced changes in the gut-liver axis persist or not after switching back to a control diet. Glucose transporter 5 and the tight junction protein occludin were assessed in the ileum and colon. Markers of inflammation and redox homeostasis as well as fructose and uric acid levels were also evaluated in the ileum, colon and liver. From the whole data, it is seen that metabolic derangement elicited by a fructose-rich diet, even after a brief period of intake, is fully reversed in the liver by a period of fructose withdrawal, while the alterations persist in the gut, especially in the ileum. In conclusion, given the increasing consumption of fructose-rich foods in young populations, the present results highlight the risk arising from gut persistent alterations even after the end of a fructose-rich diet. Therefore, dietary recommendations of reducing the intake of this simple sugar is mandatory to avoid not only the related metabolic alterations but also the persistence of these detrimental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Mazzoli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
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A Hyperactive Kunjin Virus NS3 Helicase Mutant Demonstrates Increased Dissemination and Mortality in Mosquitoes. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01021-20. [PMID: 32699093 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01021-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The unwinding of double-stranded RNA intermediates is critical for the replication and packaging of flavivirus RNA genomes. This unwinding activity is achieved by the ATP-dependent nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) helicase. In previous studies, we investigated the mechanism of energy transduction between the ATP and RNA binding pockets using molecular dynamics simulations and enzymatic characterization. Our data corroborated the hypothesis that motif V is a communication hub for this energy transduction. More specifically, mutations T407A and S411A in motif V exhibit a hyperactive helicase phenotype, leading to the regulation of translocation and unwinding during replication. However, the effect of these mutations on viral infection in cell culture and in vivo is not well understood. Here, we investigated the role of motif V in viral replication using West Nile virus (Kunjin subtype) T407A and S411A mutants (T407A and S411A Kunjin, respectively) in cell culture and in vivo We were able to recover S411A Kunjin but unable to recover T407A Kunjin. Our results indicated that S411A Kunjin decreased viral infection and increased cytopathogenicity in cell culture compared to wild-type (WT) Kunjin. Similarly, decreased infection rates in surviving S411A Kunjin-infected Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were observed, but S411A Kunjin infection resulted in increased mortality compared to WT Kunjin infection. Additionally, S411A Kunjin infection increased viral dissemination and saliva positivity rates in surviving mosquitoes compared to WT Kunjin infection. These data suggest that S411A Kunjin increases viral pathogenesis in mosquitoes. Overall, these data indicate that NS3 motif V may play a role in the pathogenesis, dissemination, and transmission efficiency of Kunjin virus.IMPORTANCE Kunjin and West Nile viruses belong to the arthropod-borne flaviviruses, which can result in severe symptoms, including encephalitis, meningitis, and death. Flaviviruses have expanded into new populations and emerged as novel pathogens repeatedly in recent years, demonstrating that they remain a global threat. Currently, there are no approved antiviral therapeutics against either Kunjin or West Nile viruses. Thus, there is a pressing need for understanding the pathogenesis of these viruses in humans. In this study, we investigated the role of the Kunjin virus helicase on infection in cell culture and in vivo This work provides new insight into how flaviviruses control pathogenesis and mosquito transmission through the nonstructural protein 3 helicase.
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Poženel L, Lindenmair A, Schmidt K, Kozlov AV, Grillari J, Wolbank S, Banerjee A, Weidinger A. Critical Impact of Human Amniotic Membrane Tension on Mitochondrial Function and Cell Viability In Vitro. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121641. [PMID: 31847452 PMCID: PMC6953074 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amniotic cells show exciting stem cell features, which has led to the idea of using living cells of human amniotic membranes (hAMs) in toto for clinical applications. However, under common cell culture conditions, viability of amniotic cells decreases rapidly, whereby reasons for this decrease are unknown so far. Recently, it has been suggested that loss of tissue tension in vivo leads to apoptosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tissue distention on the viability of amniotic cells in vitro. Thereby, particular focus was put on vital mitochondria-linked parameters, such as respiration and ATP synthesis. Biopsies of hAMs were incubated for 7–21 days either non-distended or distended. We observed increased B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein (BAX)/B-cell lymphoma (BCL)-2 ratios in non-distended hAMs at day seven, followed by increased caspase 3 expression at day 14, and, consequently, loss of viability at day 21. In contrast, under distention, caspase 3 expression increased only slightly, and mitochondrial function and cellular viability were largely maintained. Our data suggest that a mechano-sensing pathway may control viability of hAM cells by triggering mitochondria-mediated apoptosis upon loss of tension in vitro. Further studies are required to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms between tissue distention and viability of hAM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Poženel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (A.V.K.); (J.G.); (S.W.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Andrea Lindenmair
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Katy Schmidt
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Andrey V. Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (A.V.K.); (J.G.); (S.W.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (A.V.K.); (J.G.); (S.W.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Wolbank
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (A.V.K.); (J.G.); (S.W.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Asmita Banerjee
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (A.V.K.); (J.G.); (S.W.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-59-3934-1984
| | - Adelheid Weidinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (A.V.K.); (J.G.); (S.W.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
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Delp J, Funke M, Rudolf F, Cediel A, Bennekou SH, van der Stel W, Carta G, Jennings P, Toma C, Gardner I, van de Water B, Forsby A, Leist M. Development of a neurotoxicity assay that is tuned to detect mitochondrial toxicants. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1585-1608. [PMID: 31190196 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many neurotoxicants affect energy metabolism in man, but currently available test methods may still fail to predict mito- and neurotoxicity. We addressed this issue using LUHMES cells, i.e., human neuronal precursors that easily differentiate into mature neurons. Within the NeuriTox assay, they have been used to screen for neurotoxicants. Our new approach is based on culturing the cells in either glucose or galactose (Glc-Gal-NeuriTox) as the main carbohydrate source during toxicity testing. Using this Glc-Gal-NeuriTox assay, 52 mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial toxicants were tested. The panel of chemicals comprised 11 inhibitors of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (cI), 4 inhibitors of cII, 8 of cIII, and 2 of cIV; 8 toxicants were included as they are assumed to be mitochondrial uncouplers. In galactose, cells became more dependent on mitochondrial function, which made them 2-3 orders of magnitude more sensitive to various mitotoxicants. Moreover, galactose enhanced the specific neurotoxicity (destruction of neurites) compared to a general cytotoxicity (plasma membrane lysis) of the toxicants. The Glc-Gal-NeuriTox assay worked particularly well for inhibitors of cI and cIII, while the toxicity of uncouplers and non-mitochondrial toxicants did not differ significantly upon glucose ↔ galactose exchange. As a secondary assay, we developed a method to quantify the inhibition of all mitochondrial respiratory chain functions/complexes in LUHMES cells. The combination of the Glc-Gal-NeuriTox neurotoxicity screening assay with the mechanistic follow up of target site identification allowed both, a more sensitive detection of neurotoxicants and a sharper definition of the mode of action of mitochondrial toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Delp
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
- Cooperative Doctorate College InViTe, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Melina Funke
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Franziska Rudolf
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Andrea Cediel
- Swetox Unit for Toxicological Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Wanda van der Stel
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giada Carta
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cosimo Toma
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via la Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Forsby
- Swetox Unit for Toxicological Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcel Leist
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany.
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Major changes of cell function and toxicant sensitivity in cultured cells undergoing mild, quasi-natural genetic drift. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3487-3503. [PMID: 30298209 PMCID: PMC6290691 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genomic drift affects the functional properties of cell lines, and the reproducibility of data from in vitro studies. While chromosomal aberrations and mutations in single pivotal genes are well explored, little is known about effects of minor, possibly pleiotropic, genome changes. We addressed this question for the human dopaminergic neuronal precursor cell line LUHMES by comparing two subpopulations (SP) maintained either at the American-Type-Culture-Collection (ATCC) or by the original provider (UKN). Drastic differences in susceptibility towards the specific dopaminergic toxicant 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) were observed. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to identify underlying genetic differences. While both SP had normal chromosome structures, they displayed about 70 differences on the level of amino acid changing events. Some of these differences were confirmed biochemically, but none offered a direct explanation for the altered toxicant sensitivity pattern. As second approach, markers known to be relevant for the intended use of the cells were specifically tested. The “ATCC” cells rapidly down-regulated the dopamine-transporter and tyrosine-hydroxylase after differentiation, while “UKN” cells maintained functional levels. As the respective genes were not altered themselves, we conclude that polygenic complex upstream changes can have drastic effects on biochemical features and toxicological responses of relatively similar SP of cells.
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Wang H, Chen J, Suda M, Yanagiba Y, Weng Z, Wang RS. Acute inhalation co-exposure to 1,2-dichloropropane and dichloromethane cause liver damage by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration and defense ability in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:260-270. [PMID: 30240022 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) is used as an industrial solvent, insecticide fumigant and household dry cleaning product. Carcinogenicity caused by long-term exposure to 1,2-DCP is well established. However, the possible liver damage and related toxic mechanisms associated with acute inhalation exposure to 1,2-DCP are rarely reported. In this study, we investigated the effects of individual and combined exposure to 1,2-DCP and dichloromethane (DCM) on mice liver. The results showed that 1,2-DCP significantly caused liver necrosis, possibly due to 1,2-DCP-induced inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I-IV activities, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and extreme ATP consumption. Moreover, 1,2-DCP also decreased mitochondrial defense ability by inhibiting the mitochondrial glutathione S-transferase 1 (MGST1) activity, further aggravating liver damage. Additionally, we found that DCM co-exposure potentially enhanced 1,2-DCP toxicity. Our findings suggest that inhibition of mitochondrial function and MGST1 activity play critical roles in modulating 1,2-DCP-induced liver damage. Furthermore, our results contribute to study the new mechanism of mitochondria-dominated signaling pathways underlying liver injury induced by 1,2-DCP and DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hufei Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Megumi Suda
- Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yukie Yanagiba
- Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Zuquan Weng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rui-Sheng Wang
- Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
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de Souza-Fagundes EM, Delp J, Prazeres P, Marques LB, Carmo AML, Stroppa PHF, Glanzmann N, Kisitu J, Szamosvàri D, Böttcher T, Leist M, da Silva AD. Correlation of structural features of novel 1,2,3-triazoles with their neurotoxic and tumoricidal properties. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 291:253-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Delp J, Gutbier S, Cerff M, Zasada C, Niedenführ S, Zhao L, Smirnova L, Hartung T, Borlinghaus H, Schreiber F, Bergemann J, Gätgens J, Beyss M, Azzouzi S, Waldmann T, Kempa S, Nöh K, Leist M. Stage-specific metabolic features of differentiating neurons: Implications for toxicant sensitivity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 354:64-80. [PMID: 29278688 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) may be induced when chemicals disturb a key neurodevelopmental process, and many tests focus on this type of toxicity. Alternatively, DNT may occur when chemicals are cytotoxic only during a specific neurodevelopmental stage. The toxicant sensitivity is affected by the expression of toxicant targets and by resilience factors. Although cellular metabolism plays an important role, little is known how it changes during human neurogenesis, and how potential alterations affect toxicant sensitivity of mature vs. immature neurons. We used immature (d0) and mature (d6) LUHMES cells (dopaminergic human neurons) to provide initial answers to these questions. Transcriptome profiling and characterization of energy metabolism suggested a switch from predominantly glycolytic energy generation to a more pronounced contribution of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) during neuronal maturation. Therefore, we used pulsed stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (pSIRM) to determine intracellular metabolite pool sizes (concentrations), and isotopically non-stationary 13C-metabolic flux analysis (INST 13C-MFA) to calculate metabolic fluxes. We found that d0 cells mainly use glutamine to fuel the TCA. Furthermore, they rely on extracellular pyruvate to allow continuous growth. This metabolic situation does not allow for mitochondrial or glycolytic spare capacity, i.e. the ability to adapt energy generation to altered needs. Accordingly, neuronal precursor cells displayed a higher sensitivity to several mitochondrial toxicants than mature neurons differentiated from them. In summary, this study shows that precursor cells lose their glutamine dependency during differentiation while they gain flexibility of energy generation and thereby increase their resistance to low concentrations of mitochondrial toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Delp
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Simon Gutbier
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Cerff
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Christin Zasada
- Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Sebastian Niedenführ
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Liang Zhao
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hanna Borlinghaus
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Falk Schreiber
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jochem Gätgens
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Martin Beyss
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Salah Azzouzi
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Tanja Waldmann
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Kempa
- Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Katharina Nöh
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany.
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12
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Leist M. New animal-free concepts and test methods for developmental toxicity and peripheral neurotoxicity. Altern Lab Anim 2017; 45:253-260. [PMID: 29112453 DOI: 10.1177/026119291704500505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complex toxicological fields of repeat dose organ toxicity (RDT) and developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) still require new concepts and approaches to achieve a fully animal-free safety assessment of chemicals. One novel approach is the generation of relevant human cell types from pluripotent stem cells, and the use of such cells for the establishment of phenotypic test methods. Due to their broad endpoints, such tests capture multiple types of toxicants, i.e. they are a readout for the activation of many adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). The 2016 Lush Science Prize was awarded for the development of one such assay, the PeriTox test, which uses human peripheral neurons generated from stem cells. The assay endpoints measure various cell functions, and these give information on the potential neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity hazard of test compounds. The PeriTox test method has a high predictivity and sensitivity for peripheral neurotoxicants, and thus addresses the inherent challenges in pesticide testing and drug development. Data from the test can be obtained quickly and at a relatively high-throughput, and thus, the assay has the potential to replace animal-based safety assessment during early product development or for screening potential environmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Konstanz, Germany; Co-operative Research Training Group on In Vitro Testing of Active Ingredients, Konstanz-Sigmaringen, Germany
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13
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Leist M, Ghallab A, Graepel R, Marchan R, Hassan R, Bennekou SH, Limonciel A, Vinken M, Schildknecht S, Waldmann T, Danen E, van Ravenzwaay B, Kamp H, Gardner I, Godoy P, Bois FY, Braeuning A, Reif R, Oesch F, Drasdo D, Höhme S, Schwarz M, Hartung T, Braunbeck T, Beltman J, Vrieling H, Sanz F, Forsby A, Gadaleta D, Fisher C, Kelm J, Fluri D, Ecker G, Zdrazil B, Terron A, Jennings P, van der Burg B, Dooley S, Meijer AH, Willighagen E, Martens M, Evelo C, Mombelli E, Taboureau O, Mantovani A, Hardy B, Koch B, Escher S, van Thriel C, Cadenas C, Kroese D, van de Water B, Hengstler JG. Adverse outcome pathways: opportunities, limitations and open questions. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3477-3505. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Kozlov AV, Lancaster JR, Meszaros AT, Weidinger A. Mitochondria-meditated pathways of organ failure upon inflammation. Redox Biol 2017; 13:170-181. [PMID: 28578275 PMCID: PMC5458092 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver failure induced by systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) is often associated with mitochondrial dysfunction but the mechanism linking SIRS and mitochondria-mediated liver failure is still a matter of discussion. Current hypotheses suggest that causative events could be a drop in ATP synthesis, opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, specific changes in mitochondrial morphology, impaired Ca2+ uptake, generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), turnover of mitochondria and imbalance in electron supply to the respiratory chain. The aim of this review is to critically analyze existing hypotheses, in order to highlight the most promising research lines helping to prevent liver failure induced by SIRS. Evaluation of the literature shows that there is no consistent support that impaired Ca++ metabolism, electron transport chain function and ultrastructure of mitochondria substantially contribute to liver failure. Moreover, our analysis suggests that the drop in ATP levels has protective rather than a deleterious character. Recent data suggest that the most critical mitochondrial event occurring upon SIRS is the release of mtROS in cytoplasm, which can activate two specific intracellular signaling cascades. The first is the mtROS-mediated activation of NADPH-oxidase in liver macrophages and endothelial cells; the second is the acceleration of the expression of inflammatory genes in hepatocytes. The signaling action of mtROS is strictly controlled in mitochondria at three points, (i) at the site of ROS generation at complex I, (ii) the site of mtROS release in cytoplasm via permeability transition pore, and (iii) interaction with specific kinases in cytoplasm. The systems controlling mtROS-signaling include pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide, Ca2+ and NADPH-oxidase. Analysis of the literature suggests that further research should be focused on the impact of mtROS on organ failure induced by inflammation and simultaneously providing a new theoretical basis for a targeted therapy of overwhelmed inflammatory response. Relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and high lethality upon sepsis. Criteria to define critical for lethality mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP, calcium, mitochondrial ultrastructure and apoptosis, upon inflammation. Regulation of inflammatory processes by mitochondrial ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingen Str. 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- University of Pittsburgh, Departments of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Surgery, and Medicine, 1341A Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, PA 15261, United States
| | - Andras T Meszaros
- University of Szeged, Institute of Surgical Research, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adelheid Weidinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingen Str. 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Schmidt BZ, Lehmann M, Gutbier S, Nembo E, Noel S, Smirnova L, Forsby A, Hescheler J, Avci HX, Hartung T, Leist M, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A. In vitro acute and developmental neurotoxicity screening: an overview of cellular platforms and high-throughput technical possibilities. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1-33. [PMID: 27492622 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity are important issues of chemical hazard assessment. Since the interpretation of animal data and their extrapolation to man is challenging, and the amount of substances with information gaps exceeds present animal testing capacities, there is a big demand for in vitro tests to provide initial information and to prioritize for further evaluation. During the last decade, many in vitro tests emerged. These are based on animal cells, human tumour cell lines, primary cells, immortalized cell lines, embryonic stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. They differ in their read-outs and range from simple viability assays to complex functional endpoints such as neural crest cell migration. Monitoring of toxicological effects on differentiation often requires multiomics approaches, while the acute disturbance of neuronal functions may be analysed by assessing electrophysiological features. Extrapolation from in vitro data to humans requires a deep understanding of the test system biology, of the endpoints used, and of the applicability domains of the tests. Moreover, it is important that these be combined in the right way to assess toxicity. Therefore, knowledge on the advantages and disadvantages of all cellular platforms, endpoints, and analytical methods is essential when establishing in vitro test systems for different aspects of neurotoxicity. The elements of a test, and their evaluation, are discussed here in the context of comprehensive prediction of potential hazardous effects of a compound. We summarize the main cellular characteristics underlying neurotoxicity, present an overview of cellular platforms and read-out combinations assessing distinct parts of acute and developmental neurotoxicology, and highlight especially the use of stem cell-based test systems to close gaps in the available battery of tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Z Schmidt
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin Lehmann
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simon Gutbier
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Erastus Nembo
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabrina Noel
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Forsby
- Swedish Toxicology Research Center (Swetox), Södertälje, Sweden.,Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hasan X Avci
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcel Leist
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | | | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary. .,Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent István University, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary.
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16
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Pallocca G, Grinberg M, Henry M, Frickey T, Hengstler JG, Waldmann T, Sachinidis A, Rahnenführer J, Leist M. Identification of transcriptome signatures and biomarkers specific for potential developmental toxicants inhibiting human neural crest cell migration. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:159-80. [PMID: 26705709 PMCID: PMC4710658 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro test battery of the European research consortium ESNATS (‘novel stem cell-based test systems’) has been used to screen for potential human developmental toxicants. As part of this effort, the migration of neural crest (MINC) assay has been used to evaluate chemical effects on neural crest function. It identified some drug-like compounds in addition to known environmental toxicants. The hits included the HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin, the chemotherapeutic arsenic trioxide, the flame-retardant PBDE-99, the pesticide triadimefon and the histone deacetylase inhibitors valproic acid and trichostatin A. Transcriptome changes triggered by these substances in human neural crest cells were recorded and analysed here to answer three questions: (1) can toxicants be individually identified based on their transcript profile; (2) how can the toxicity pattern reflected by transcript changes be compacted/dimensionality-reduced for practical regulatory use; (3) how can a reduced set of biomarkers be selected for large-scale follow-up? Transcript profiling allowed clear separation of different toxicants and the identification of toxicant types in a blinded test study. We also developed a diagrammatic system to visualize and compare toxicity patterns of a group of chemicals by giving a quantitative overview of altered superordinate biological processes (e.g. activation of KEGG pathways or overrepresentation of gene ontology terms). The transcript data were mined for potential markers of toxicity, and 39 transcripts were selected to either indicate general developmental toxicity or distinguish compounds with different modes-of-action in read-across. In summary, we found inclusion of transcriptome data to largely increase the information from the MINC phenotypic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pallocca
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Box 657, 78457, Constance, Germany.
| | - Marianna Grinberg
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Margit Henry
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tancred Frickey
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tanja Waldmann
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Box 657, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Jörg Rahnenführer
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Box 657, 78457, Constance, Germany
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17
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Rempel E, Hoelting L, Waldmann T, Balmer NV, Schildknecht S, Grinberg M, Das Gaspar JA, Shinde V, Stöber R, Marchan R, van Thriel C, Liebing J, Meisig J, Blüthgen N, Sachinidis A, Rahnenführer J, Hengstler JG, Leist M. A transcriptome-based classifier to identify developmental toxicants by stem cell testing: design, validation and optimization for histone deacetylase inhibitors. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1599-618. [PMID: 26272509 PMCID: PMC4551554 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Test systems to identify developmental toxicants are urgently needed. A combination of human stem cell technology and transcriptome analysis was to provide a proof of concept that toxicants with a related mode of action can be identified and grouped for read-across. We chose a test system of developmental toxicity, related to the generation of neuroectoderm from pluripotent stem cells (UKN1), and exposed cells for 6 days to the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) valproic acid, trichostatin A, vorinostat, belinostat, panobinostat and entinostat. To provide insight into their toxic action, we identified HDACi consensus genes, assigned them to superordinate biological processes and mapped them to a human transcription factor network constructed from hundreds of transcriptome data sets. We also tested a heterogeneous group of ‘mercurials’ (methylmercury, thimerosal, mercury(II)chloride, mercury(II)bromide, 4-chloromercuribenzoic acid, phenylmercuric acid). Microarray data were compared at the highest non-cytotoxic concentration for all 12 toxicants. A support vector machine (SVM)-based classifier predicted all HDACi correctly. For validation, the classifier was applied to legacy data sets of HDACi, and for each exposure situation, the SVM predictions correlated with the developmental toxicity. Finally, optimization of the classifier based on 100 probe sets showed that eight genes (F2RL2, TFAP2B, EDNRA, FOXD3, SIX3, MT1E, ETS1 and LHX2) are sufficient to separate HDACi from mercurials. Our data demonstrate how human stem cells and transcriptome analysis can be combined for mechanistic grouping and prediction of toxicants. Extension of this concept to mechanisms beyond HDACi would allow prediction of human developmental toxicity hazard of unknown compounds with the UKN1 test system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Rempel
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
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18
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Popov SS, Shulgin KK, Popova TN, Pashkov AN, Agarkov AA, de Carvalho MAAP. Effects of Melatonin-Aided Therapy on the Glutathione Antioxidant System Activity and Liver Protection. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015; 29:449-457. [PMID: 25903262 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acute hepatitis results from oxidative stress triggered by hepatotoxic drugs causing liver injury and the activation of caspases cascade. The glutathione antioxidant system protects against reactive oxygen species and mitigates development of these processes. The effectiveness of silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid, essenthiale, composed of phosphatidyl choline, and melaxen, a melatonin-correcting drug, as hepatoprotectors has been investigated. The variation of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s), resulting from the biotransformation of melatonin, and GSH has been measured. The activities of caspase-1 and caspase-3, glutathione antioxidant system, and NADPH-generating enzymes were determined. The aMT6s decreases in patients with drug hepatitis and recovers with administration of mexalen. GSH increased in the presence of the studied hepatoprotectors. Pathologically activated caspase-1 and caspase-3 decreased their activities in the presence of hepatoprotectors with melaxen showing the highest effect. The positive effect of melatonin appears to be related to the suppression of decompensation of the glutathione antioxidant system functions, recovery of liver redox status, and the attenuation of inhibition of the NADPH supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguey S Popov
- Department of Endocrinology, Voronezh State Medical Academy, Voronezh, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin K Shulgin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana N Popova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksander N Pashkov
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Voronezh State Medical Academy, Voronezh, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksander A Agarkov
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russian Federation
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19
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Rahnenführer J, Leist M. From smoking guns to footprints: mining for critical events of toxicity pathways in transcriptome data. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:813-7. [PMID: 25851820 PMCID: PMC4396704 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Fernández-Novell JM, Ramió-Lluch L, Orozco A, Gómez-Foix AM, Guinovart JJ, Rodríguez-Gil JE. Glucose and fructose have sugar-specific effects in both liver and skeletal muscle in vivo: a role for liver fructokinase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109726. [PMID: 25330076 PMCID: PMC4201455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined glucose and fructose effects on serine phosphorylation levels of a range of proteins in rat liver and muscle cells. For this, healthy adult rats were subjected to either oral glucose or fructose loads. A mini-array system was utilized to determine serine phosphorylation levels of liver and skeletal muscle proteins. A glucose oral load of 125 mg/100 g body weight (G 1/2) did not induce changes in phosphorylated serines of the proteins studied. Loading with 250 mg/100 g body weight of fructose (Fr), which induced similar glycemia levels as G 1/2, significantly increased serine phosphorylation of liver cyclin D3, PI3 kinase/p85, ERK-2, PTP2 and clusterin. The G 1/2 increased serine levels of the skeletal muscle proteins cyclin H, Cdk2, IRAK, total PKC, PTP1B, c-Raf 1, Ras and the β-subunit of the insulin receptor. The Fr induced a significant increase only in muscle serine phosphorylation of PI3 kinase/p85. The incubation of isolated rat hepatocytes with 10 mM glucose for 5 min significantly increased serine phosphorylation of 31 proteins. In contrast, incubation with 10 mM fructose produced less intense effects. Incubation with 10 mM glucose plus 75 µM fructose counteracted the effects of the incubation with glucose alone, except those on Raf-1 and Ras. Less marked effects were detected in cultured muscle cells incubated with 10 mM glucose or 10 mM glucose plus 75 µM fructose. Our results suggest that glucose and fructose act as specific functional modulators through a general mechanism that involves liver-generated signals, like micromolar fructosemia, which would inform peripheral tissues of the presence of either glucose- or fructose-derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Ramió-Lluch
- Dept. Animal Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Orozco
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna M. Gómez-Foix
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan J. Guinovart
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan E. Rodríguez-Gil
- Dept. Animal Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- * E-mail:
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21
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Alépée N, Bahinski A, Daneshian M, De Wever B, Fritsche E, Goldberg A, Hansmann J, Hartung T, Haycock J, Hogberg H, Hoelting L, Kelm JM, Kadereit S, McVey E, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Lübberstedt M, Noor F, Pellevoisin C, Petersohn D, Pfannenbecker U, Reisinger K, Ramirez T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Zeilinger K, Zurich MG. State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2014. [PMID: 25027500 DOI: 10.14573/altex1406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs--liver, lung, skin, brain--are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.
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Speicher T, Siegenthaler B, Bogorad RL, Ruppert R, Petzold T, Padrissa-Altes S, Bachofner M, Anderson DG, Koteliansky V, Fässler R, Werner S. Knockdown and knockout of β1-integrin in hepatocytes impairs liver regeneration through inhibition of growth factor signalling. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3862. [PMID: 24844558 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has a unique regenerative capability, which involves extensive remodelling of cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts. Here we study the role of integrins in mouse liver regeneration using Cre/loxP-mediated gene deletion or intravenous delivery of β1-integrin siRNA formulated into nanoparticles that predominantly target hepatocytes. We show that although short-term loss of β1-integrin has no obvious consequences for normal livers, partial hepatectomy leads to severe liver necrosis and reduced hepatocyte proliferation. Mechanistically, loss of β1-integrin in hepatocytes impairs ligand-induced phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor receptors, thereby attenuating downstream receptor signalling in vitro and in vivo. These results identify a crucial role and novel mechanism of action of β1-integrins in liver regeneration and demonstrate that protein depletion by nanoparticle-based delivery of specific siRNA is a powerful strategy to study gene function in the regenerating liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Speicher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich,8093, Switzerland
| | - Beat Siegenthaler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich,8093, Switzerland
| | - Roman L Bogorad
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Raphael Ruppert
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tobias Petzold
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Susagna Padrissa-Altes
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich,8093, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bachofner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich,8093, Switzerland
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- 1] David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [3] Division of Health Science Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Victor Koteliansky
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, ul. Novaya, d.100, Skolkovo 143025, Russian Federation
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich,8093, Switzerland
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Alépée N, Bahinski A, Daneshian M, De Wever B, Fritsche E, Goldberg A, Hansmann J, Hartung T, Haycock J, Hogberg HT, Hoelting L, Kelm JM, Kadereit S, McVey E, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Lübberstedt M, Noor F, Pellevoisin C, Petersohn D, Pfannenbecker U, Reisinger K, Ramirez T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Zeilinger K, Zurich MG. State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology. ALTEX 2014; 31:441-77. [PMID: 25027500 PMCID: PMC4783151 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs--liver, lung, skin, brain--are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Bahinski
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Mardas Daneshian
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Ellen Fritsche
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alan Goldberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany,Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - John Haycock
- Department of Materials Science of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helena T. Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lisa Hoelting
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Suzanne Kadereit
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Emily McVey
- Board for the Authorization of Plant Protection Products and Biocides, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Leist
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany,Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marc Lübberstedt
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Tzutzuy Ramirez
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Institute for Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Gabriele Zurich
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ramirez T, Daneshian M, Kamp H, Bois FY, Clench MR, Coen M, Donley B, Fischer SM, Ekman DR, Fabian E, Guillou C, Heuer J, Hogberg HT, Jungnickel H, Keun HC, Krennrich G, Krupp E, Luch A, Noor F, Peter E, Riefke B, Seymour M, Skinner N, Smirnova L, Verheij E, Wagner S, Hartung T, van Ravenzwaay B, Leist M. Metabolomics in toxicology and preclinical research. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2013; 30:209-25. [PMID: 23665807 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2013.2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics, the comprehensive analysis of metabolites in a biological system, provides detailed information about the biochemical/physiological status of a biological system, and about the changes caused by chemicals. Metabolomics analysis is used in many fields, ranging from the analysis of the physiological status of genetically modified organisms in safety science to the evaluation of human health conditions. In toxicology, metabolomics is the -omics discipline that is most closely related to classical knowledge of disturbed biochemical pathways. It allows rapid identification of the potential targets of a hazardous compound. It can give information on target organs and often can help to improve our understanding regarding the mode-of-action of a given compound. Such insights aid the discovery of biomarkers that either indicate pathophysiological conditions or help the monitoring of the efficacy of drug therapies. The first toxicological applications of metabolomics were for mechanistic research, but different ways to use the technology in a regulatory context are being explored. Ideally, further progress in that direction will position the metabolomics approach to address the challenges of toxicology of the 21st century. To address these issues, scientists from academia, industry, and regulatory bodies came together in a workshop to discuss the current status of applied metabolomics and its potential in the safety assessment of compounds. We report here on the conclusions of three working groups addressing questions regarding 1) metabolomics for in vitro studies 2) the appropriate use of metabolomics in systems toxicology, and 3) use of metabolomics in a regulatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzutzuy Ramirez
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Chung SD, Chien CT, Yu HJ. Alterations in peripheral purinergic and muscarinic signaling of rat bladder after long-term fructose-induced metabolic syndrome. Eur J Nutr 2013; 52:347-59. [PMID: 22426756 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We explored the pathophysiologic mechanisms of long-term fructose-induced lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed with fructose for 3 or 6 months. Biochemical and transcystometric parameters were compared between fructose-fed and age-matched normal-diet rats. Pelvic nerve and external urethral sphincter-electromyogram activity recordings were performed to investigate fructose effects on neural control of bladders. Mitochondrial structure, ATP and acetylcholine content and purinergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors were examined. Cytosolic cytochrome C staining by Western blot and immunocytochemistry for mitochondrial injury and PGP 9.5 stain for nerve density were also determined. RESULTS The fructose-fed rats with higher plasma triglyceride, LDL and fasting glucose levels displayed LUTS with increased frequency and suppressed voiding contractile amplitude in phase 1 and phase 2 duration versus normal-diet control. Fructose feeding altered the firing types in pelvic afferent and efferent nerves and external urethral sphincter-electromyogram activity. Increased mast cell number, disrupted and swollen mitochondria, increased cytosolic cytochrome C stain and expression and decreased nerve density in bladder smooth muscle layers appeared in the fructose-fed rats. Fructose feeding also significantly reduced ATP and acetylcholine content and enhanced protein expression of postsynaptic P(2)X(1), P(2)X(2) and P(2)X(3) purinergic receptors and M(2) and M(3) muscarinic cholinergic receptors expression in the smooth muscles of urinary bladder. CONCLUSION Long-term fructose feeding induced neuropathy and myopathy in the urinary bladders. Impaired mitochondrial integrity, reduced nerve density, ATP and acetylcholine content and upregulation of purinergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors expression may contribute to the bladder dysfunction of fructose-fed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Dong Chung
- Department of Urology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Weiland T, Klein K, Zimmermann M, Speicher T, Venturelli S, Berger A, Bantel H, Königsrainer A, Schenk M, Weiss TS, Wendel A, Schwab M, Bitzer M, Lauer UM. Selective protection of human liver tissue in TNF-targeting of cancers of the liver by transient depletion of adenosine triphosphate. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52496. [PMID: 23272249 PMCID: PMC3525543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) is able to kill cancer cells via receptor-mediated cell death requiring adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Clinical usage of TNF so far is largely limited by its profound hepatotoxicity. Recently, it was found in the murine system that specific protection of hepatocytes against TNF's detrimental effects can be achieved by fructose-mediated ATP depletion therein. Before employing this quite attractive selection principle in a first clinical trial, we here comprehensively investigated the interdependence between ATP depletion and TNF hepatotoxicity in both in vitro and ex vivo experiments based on usage of primary patient tissue materials. METHODS Primary human hepatocytes, and both non-tumorous and tumorous patient-derived primary liver tissue slices were used to elucidate fructose-induced ATP depletion and TNF-induced cytotoxicity. RESULTS PHH as well as tissue slices prepared from non-malignant human liver specimen undergoing a fructose-mediated ATP depletion were both demonstrated to be protected against TNF-induced cell death. In contrast, due to tumor-specific overexpression of hexokinase II, which imposes a profound bypass on hepatocytic-specific fructose catabolism, this was not the case for human tumorous liver tissues. CONCLUSION Normal human liver tissues can be protected transiently against TNF-induced cell death by systemic pretreatment with fructose used in non-toxic/physiologic concentrations. Selective TNF-targeting of primary and secondary tumors of the liver by transient and specific depletion of hepatocytic ATP opens up a new clinical avenue for the TNF-based treatment of liver cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Weiland
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Klein
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martina Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Speicher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Heike Bantel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral & Transplant Surgery, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schenk
- Department of General, Visceral & Transplant Surgery, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Center for Liver Cell Research, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Wendel
- Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research (ICEPHA), University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Bitzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M. Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Liu D, Xiao B, Han F, Wang E, Shi Y. Single-prolonged stress induces apoptosis in dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12:211. [PMID: 23181934 PMCID: PMC3549289 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that develops after exposure to a life-threatening traumatic experience. Meta-analyses of the brainstem showed that midsagittal area of the pons was significantly reduced in patients with PTSD, suggesting a potential apoptosis in dorsal raphe nucleus after single-prolonged stress (SPS). The aim of this study is to investigate whether SPS induces apoptosis in dorsal raphe nucleus in PTSD rats, which may be a possible mechanism of reduced volume of pons and density of gray matter. METHODS In this study, rats were randomly divided into 1d, 7d and 14d groups after SPS along with the control group. The apoptosis rate was determined using annexin V-FITC/PI double-labeled flow cytometry (FCM). Levels of Cytochrome c (Cyt-C) was examined by Western blotting. Expression of Cyt-C on mitochondria in the dorsal raphe nucleus neuron was determined by enzymohistochemistry under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The change of thiamine monophosphatase (TMP) levels was assessed by enzymohistochemistry under light microscope and TEM. Morphological changes of the ultrastructure of the dorsal raphe nucleus neuron were determined by TEM. RESULTS Apoptotic morphological alterations were observed in dorsal raphe nucleus neuron for all SPS-stimulate groups of rats. The apoptosis rates were significantly increased in dorsal raphe nucleus neuron of SPS rats, along with increased release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, increased expression of Cyt-C and TMP levels in the cytoplasm, which reached to the peak of increase 7 days of SPS. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that SPS induced Cyt-C released from mitochondria into cytosol and apoptosis in dorsal raphe nucleus neuron of rats. Increased TMP in cytoplasm facilitated the clearance of apoptotic cells. We propose that this presents one of the mechanisms that lead to reduced volume of pons and gray matter associated with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjuan Liu
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Enhua Wang
- Institute of pathology and pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxiu Shi
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of pathology and pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Speicher T, Köhler UA, Choukèr A, Werner S, Weiland T, Wendel A. Fructose protects murine hepatocytes from tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis by modulating JNK signaling. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:1837-46. [PMID: 22086922 PMCID: PMC3265865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.266742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructose-induced hepatic ATP depletion prevents TNF-induced apoptosis, whereas it contrarily enhances CD95-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. By contrast, transformed liver cells are not protected against TNF due to metabolic alterations, allowing selective tumor targeting. We analyzed the molecular mechanisms by which fructose modulates cytokine-induced apoptosis. A release of adenosine after fructose-induced ATP depletion, followed by a cAMP response, was demonstrated. Likewise, cAMP and adenosine mimicked per se the modulation by fructose of CD95- and TNF-induced apoptosis. The effects of fructose on cytokine-induced apoptosis were sensitive to inhibition of protein kinase A. Fructose prevented the pro-apoptotic, sustained phase of TNF-induced JNK signaling and thereby blocked bid-mediated activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in a PKA-dependent manner. We explain the dichotomal effects of fructose on CD95- and TNF-induced cell death by the selective requirement of JNK signaling for the latter. These findings provide a mechanistic rationale for the protection of hepatocytes from TNF-induced cell death by pharmacological doses of fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Speicher
- From the Chair of Biochemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
- the Insitute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike A. Köhler
- From the Chair of Biochemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - Alexander Choukèr
- the Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich D-81377, Germany, and
| | - Sabine Werner
- the Insitute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Timo Weiland
- From the Chair of Biochemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - Albrecht Wendel
- From the Chair of Biochemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
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Uncoupling of ATP-depletion and cell death in human dopaminergic neurons. Neurotoxicology 2011; 33:769-79. [PMID: 22206971 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial inhibitor 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) is the toxicologically relevant metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyltetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which causes relatively selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Dopaminergic LUHMES cells were used to investigate whether ATP-depletion can be uncoupled from cell death as a downstream event in these fully post-mitotic human neurons. Biochemical assays indicated that in the homogeneously differentiated cell cultures, MPP(+) was taken up by the dopamine transporter (DAT). MPP(+) then triggered oxidative stress and caspase activation, as well as ATP-depletion followed by cell death. Enhanced survival of the neurons in the presence of agents interfering with mitochondrial pathology, such as the fission inhibitor Mdivi-1 or a Bax channel blocker suggested a pivotal role of mitochondria in this model. However, these compounds did not prevent cellular ATP-depletion. To further investigate whether cells could be rescued despite respiratory chain inhibition by MPP(+), we have chosen a diverse set of pharmacological inhibitors well-known to interfere with MPP(+) toxicity. The antioxidant ascorbate, the iron chelator desferoxamine, the stress kinase inhibitor CEP1347, and different caspase inhibitors reduced cell death, but allowed ATP-depletion in protected cells. None of these compounds interfered with MPP(+) accumulation in the cells. These findings suggest that ATP-depletion, as the initial mitochondrial effect of MPP(+), requires further downstream processes to result in neuronal death. These processes may form self-enhancing signaling loops, that aggravate an initial energetic impairment and eventually determine cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Anaesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Vladimir Cerny
- Department of Anaesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charles University Prague, Faculty of Medicine Hradec Kralove, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Anaesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Tanoue S, Uto H, Kumamoto R, Arima S, Hashimoto S, Nasu Y, Takami Y, Moriuchi A, Sakiyama T, Oketani M, Ido A, Tsubouchi H. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rat is more impaired in a steatotic liver induced by dietary fructose compared to dietary fat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:163-8. [PMID: 21371432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis (HS) has a negative effect on liver regeneration, but different pathophysiologies of HS may lead to different outcomes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high fructose (66% fructose; H-fruc), high fat (54% fat; H-fat), or control chow diet for 4 weeks. Based on hepatic triglyceride content and oil red O staining, HS developed in the H-fruc group, but was less severe compared to the H-fat group. Hepatic mRNA expression levels of fatty acid synthase and fructokinase were increased and those of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α were decreased in the H-fruc group compared to the H-fat group. Liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) was evaluated by measuring the increase in postoperative liver mass and PCNA-positive hepatocytes, and was impaired in the H-fruc group compared to the H-fat and control groups on days 3 and 7. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and hepatocyte growth factor did not change significantly after PHx. In contrast, serum TGF-β1 levels were slightly but significantly lower in the control group on day 1 and in the H-fat group on day 3 compared to the level in each group on day 0, and then gradually increased. However, the serum TGF-β1 level did not change after PHx in the H-fruc group. These results indicate that impairment of liver regeneration after PHx in HS is related to the cause, rather than the degree, of steatosis. This difference may result from altered metabolic gene expression profiles and potential dysregulation of TGF-β1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirou Tanoue
- Department of Digestive and Lifestyle-Related Diseases, Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Speicher T, Foehrenbacher A, Pochic I, Weiland T, Wendel A. Malignant but not naïve hepatocytes of human and rodent origin are killed by TNF after metabolic depletion of ATP by fructose. J Hepatol 2010; 53:896-902. [PMID: 20800309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS TNF was the first cytokine employed for cancer therapy, but its use was limited due to its insufficient selectivity towards malignant cells. Fructose induces transient hepatic ATP depletion in humans and rodents due to the liver-specific fructose metabolism via fructokinase, while other cells e.g. Muscle cells metabolize fructose via hexokinase. Under ATP depleted conditions hepatocytes are protected against TNF-induced apoptosis. Our aim was to identify metabolic differences between normal and malignant liver cells that can be exploited for selective immunotherapy. METHODS We analyzed the expression and activities of enzymes involved in fructose metabolism in primary hepatocytes and hepatoma cell lines. Furthermore, we studied the influence of hexokinase II (HKII) on fructose-mediated ATP depletion and cytoprotection in murine hepatocytes. RESULTS Primary mouse, rat and human hepatocytes depleted of ATP by fructose were fully protected against TNF-induced cytotoxicity. By contrast, hepatic tumor cell lines showed increased HKII expression, lack of fructose-mediated ATP depletion and, therefore, remained susceptible to TNF/ActD-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of hexokinases restored fructose-induced ATP depletion in hepg2 cells. Finally, hypoxia-inducible factor1 (HIF1)-mediated up-regulation of HKII prevented fructose-induced ATP depletion and overexpression of HKII inhibited fructose-mediated cytoprotection against TNF-induced apoptosis in primary murine hepatocytes. CONCLUSION Increased expression of HKII in malignant cells of hepatic origin shifts the fructose metabolism from liver- to muscle-type, thereby preventing ATP depletion and subsequent cytoprotection of the target cells. Therefore, healthy liver cells are transiently protected from TNF-mediated cell death by fructose-induced ATP depletion, while malignant cells can be selectively eliminated through TNF-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Speicher
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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Perez-Alvarez S, Cuenca-Lopez MD, de Mera RMMF, Puerta E, Karachitos A, Bednarczyk P, Kmita H, Aguirre N, Galindo MF, Jordán J. Methadone induces necrotic-like cell death in SH-SY5Y cells by an impairment of mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:1036-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Böhm F, Speicher T, Hellerbrand C, Dickson C, Partanen JM, Ornitz DM, Werner S. FGF receptors 1 and 2 control chemically induced injury and compound detoxification in regenerating livers of mice. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:1385-96. [PMID: 20603121 PMCID: PMC2949525 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) controls bile acid metabolism and protects the liver from fibrosis, but the roles of FGFR1 and FGFR2 in the adult liver are largely unknown. We investigated the functions and mechanisms of action of these receptors in liver homeostasis, regeneration, and fibrosis. METHODS We generated mice with hepatocytes that lack FGFR1 and FGFR2 and subjected them to acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and partial hepatectomy; mice were also injected with FGF7. We performed histology, histomorphometry, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblot analyses. RESULTS In hepatocytes, loss of FGFR1 and FGFR2 eliminated responsiveness to FGF7 and related FGF family members but did not affect toxin-induced liver injury and fibrosis. However, mortality after partial hepatectomy increased because of severe hepatocyte necrosis. These effects appeared to be mediated by a failure of hepatocytes to induce the expression of the transcriptional regulators Dbp and Tef upon liver surgery; this affected expression of their target genes, which encode detoxifying cytochrome P450 enzymes. We found that Dbp and Tef expression was directly controlled by FGFR signaling in hepatocytes. As a consequence of the reduced expression of genes that control detoxification, the liver tissue that remained after partial hepatectomy failed to efficiently metabolize endogenous compounds and the drugs applied for anesthesia/analgesia. CONCLUSIONS We identified a new, cytoprotective effect of FGFR1 and FGFR2 in the regenerating liver and suggest the use of recombinant FGF7 to increase survival of patients after surgical resection of large amounts of liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Böhm
- Department of Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Speicher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Clive Dickson
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | | | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Develomental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland,Address for correspondence: Prof. Dr. Sabine Werner, ETH Zürich, Department of Biology, Schafmattstr. 18, HPM D42, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, Phone: +41 44 633 3941, Fax: +41 44 633 1174,
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Huang H, Zhang X, Li S, Liu N, Lian W, McDowell E, Zhou P, Zhao C, Guo H, Zhang C, Yang C, Wen G, Dong X, Lu L, Ma N, Dong W, Dou QP, Wang X, Liu J. Physiological levels of ATP negatively regulate proteasome function. Cell Res 2010; 20:1372-85. [PMID: 20805844 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system is ATP dependent, and the optimal ATP concentration to activate proteasome function in vitro is ∼100 μM. Intracellular ATP levels are generally in the low millimolar range, but ATP at a level within this range was shown to inhibit proteasome peptidase activities in vitro. Here, we report new evidence that supports a hypothesis that intracellular ATP at the physiological levels bidirectionally regulates 26S proteasome proteolytic function in the cell. First, we confirmed that ATP exerted bidirectional regulation on the 26S proteasome in vitro, with the optimal ATP concentration (between 50 and 100 μM) stimulating proteasome chymotrypsin-like activities. Second, we found that manipulating intracellular ATP levels also led to bidirectional changes in the levels of proteasome-specific protein substrates in cultured cells. Finally, measures to increase intracellular ATP enhanced, while decreasing intracellular ATP attenuated the ability of proteasome inhibition to induce cell death. These data strongly suggest that endogenous ATP within the physiological concentration range can exert a negative impact on proteasome activities, allowing the cell to rapidly upregulate proteasome activity on ATP reduction under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbiao Huang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
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Grattagliano I, Bonfrate L, Diogo CV, Wang HH, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Biochemical mechanisms in drug-induced liver injury: Certainties and doubts. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:4865-76. [PMID: 19842215 PMCID: PMC2764962 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.4865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a significant and still unresolved clinical problem. Limitations to knowledge about the mechanisms of toxicity render incomplete the detection of hepatotoxic potential during preclinical development. Several xenobiotics are lipophilic substances and their transformation into hydrophilic compounds by the cytochrome P-450 system results in production of toxic metabolites. Aging, preexisting liver disease, enzyme induction or inhibition, genetic variances, local O2 supply and, above all, the intrinsic molecular properties of the drug may affect this process. Necrotic death follows antioxidant consumption and oxidation of intracellular proteins, which determine increased permeability of mitochondrial membranes, loss of potential, decreased ATP synthesis, inhibition of Ca2+-dependent ATPase, reduced capability to sequester Ca2+ within mitochondria, and membrane bleb formation. Conversely, activation of nucleases and energetic participation of mitochondria are the main intracellular mechanisms that lead to apoptosis. Non-parenchymal hepatic cells are inducers of hepatocellular injury and targets for damage. Activation of the immune system promotes idiosyncratic reactions that result in hepatic necrosis or cholestasis, in which different HLA genotypes might play a major role. This review focuses on current knowledge of the mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury and recent advances on newly discovered mechanisms of liver damage. Future perspectives including new frontiers for research are discussed.
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Uncoupling protein-2 deficiency provides protection in a murine model of endotoxemic acute liver failure. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:215-22. [PMID: 19050629 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31819260ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liver injury and cell death are prominent features in the pathogenesis of acute liver failure. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 plays a controversial role in liver cell death through its involvement in the production of reactive oxygen species and adenosine triphosphate. DESIGN This randomized controlled animal study was designed to investigate the exact role of uncoupling protein 2 in the pathogenesis of endotoxemic acute liver failure. SETTING Research laboratory of an academic institution. SUBJECTS, INTERVENTIONS, AND MEASUREMENTS: Uncoupling protein 2+/+ and uncoupling protein 2-/- mice were challenged with D-galactosamine (Gal, 720 mg/kg intraperitoneally) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (10 microg/kg intraperitoneally) and studied 6 hrs thereafter (n = 5 per group). Control mice received physiologic saline (n = 5 per group). Analysis included in vivo fluorescence microscopy of hepatic microcirculation and hepatocellular apoptosis as well as plasma malondialdehyde concentrations as reactive oxygen species-dependent lipid peroxidation product and hepatic adenosine triphosphate levels. MAIN RESULTS Administration of Gal-lipopolysaccharide in uncoupling protein 2+/+ mice caused systemic cytokine release and malondialdehyde production. Further, it provoked marked hepatic damage, characterized by intrahepatic leukocyte recruitment (10.5 +/- 1.3 n/mm2 vs. 3.3 +/- 0.5 n/mm2), microvascular perfusion failure (33.1% +/- 1.6% vs. 2.3% +/- 0.4%), and adenosine triphosphate depletion (3.4 +/- 0.9 micromol/g vs. 6.4 +/- 0.9 micromol/g). Furthermore, uncoupling protein +/+ mice revealed a huge rise in cell apoptosis, given by high numbers of hepatocytes exhibiting nuclear chromatin fragmentation (44.9 +/- 11.5 n/mm2 vs. 0.0 +/- 0.0 n/mm2) and cleaved caspase-3 expression (1.24 +/- 0.24 vs. 0.06 +/- 0.04). Liver injury was coexistent with enzyme release (alanine aminotransferase 442 +/- 126 U/L vs. 57 +/- 12 U/L) and necrotic cell death. Of interest, Gal-lipopolysaccharide-exposed uncoupling protein 2-/- mice exhibited higher rates of hepatocellular apoptosis (135.6 +/- 46.0 n/mm2) as well as cleaved caspase-3 expression (1.75 +/- 0.25), however, preserved hepatic adenosine triphosphate (6.4 +/- 1.7), milder perfusion failure (24.5 +/- 2.4) and decreased leukocyte recruitment (2.7 +/- 0.2), less necrotic injury, lower transaminase levels (340 +/- 91), and finally better survival rates. CONCLUSION The higher adenosine triphosphate availability in uncoupling protein 2-deficient mice might allow hepatocytes to undergo apoptosis as an energy-consuming mode of cell death, while at the same time cellular adenosine triphosphate levels seem to increase hepatic resistance against harmful effects upon Gal-lipopolysaccharide exposure. As net result, uncoupling protein 2 deficiency provided protection under endotoxemic stress conditions, underlining the significant role of the bioenergetic status in critical illness.
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Lee O, Bruce WR, Dong Q, Bruce J, Mehta R, O'Brien PJ. Fructose and carbonyl metabolites as endogenous toxins. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 178:332-9. [PMID: 19000661 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fructose consumption is one of the environmental factors contributing to the development of obesity and a fatty liver (hepatic steatosis). A two-hit hypothesis has been proposed for progression of hepatic steatosis to the more serious non-alcoholic steatosis (NASH), with the first hit being hepatic steatosis, and the second hit being inflammation and associated oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. As well, fructose-fed rats develop insulin resistance and serum levels of methylglyoxal, a glycolytic metabolite, are increased. Previously we reported that glyoxal-induced hepatocyte cytotoxicity could be attributed to mitochondrial toxicity as mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased and cytotoxicity was increased several orders of magnitude by low non-cytotoxic doses of H(2)O(2) (hepatocyte inflammation model). In this study, we have assessed the toxicity of fructose towards hepatocytes and investigated the molecular cytotoxic mechanisms involved. Fructose itself was only toxic at 1.5M, whereas 12 mM caused 50% cell death in 2h if the hepatocytes were exposed to a non-cytotoxic dose of H(2)O(2) continuously generated by glucose and glucose oxidase. The cytotoxic mechanism involved oxidative stress as ROS and H(2)O(2) formation preceded cytotoxicity, and cytotoxicity was prevented by radical scavengers, lipid antioxidants and ROS scavengers. It is proposed that the highly potent Fenton derived ROS catalyse the oxidation of fructose and particularly its carbonyl metabolites glycolaldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde. The carbon radicals and glyoxal formed compromise the cell's resistance to H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ahmad NS, Farman M, Najmi MH, Mian KB, Hasan A. Pharmacological basis for use of Pistacia integerrima leaves in hyperuricemia and gout. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 117:478-482. [PMID: 18420362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Pistacia integerrima Stew ex. Brandis is an important component of commonly dispensed traditional dosage forms. We wished to determine whether polyphenolic constituents of this plant could be useful in oxidative stress and have potential to counter hyperuricemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Radical scavenging activity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity assay in vitro. Fructose (FRS) induced hyperuricemic animal model was used to asses the serum uric acid (UA) lowering effect by plant products. RESULTS Ethyl acetate and n-BuOH fractions had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. Fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) was 6 and 7.6 microg/ml respectively. It was less than quercetin (IC(50) 0.95 microg/ml) and ascorbic acid (IC(50) 1.76 microg/ml). Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was comparable between n-BuOH and EtOAc (IC(50) 19 and 20 microg/ml) extracts but less than quercetin (IC(50) 0.65 microg/ml) and allopurinol (IC(50) 0.10 microg/ml). The antioxidant activity as well as the inhibitory activity towards the enzyme XO by quercetin-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (5), kaempferol-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (6), quercetin-3-O-(6''-O-syringyl)-beta-d-glucopyranoside (7), kaempferol-3-O-(4''-O-galloyl)-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (8), rutin (4) together with aglycons, quercetin (1), kaempferol (2) and apigenin (3) was promising to continue in vivo hypouricemic studies. Ethyl acetate extract had dose dependent UA lowering effect in hyperuricemic mice. This effect was comparable with quercetin but less than allopurinol. CONCLUSIONS These findings are encouraging to plan clinical studies in hyperuricemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem Saud Ahmad
- College of Medical Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan.
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Siebler J, Schuchmann M, Strand S, Lehr HA, Neurath MF, Galle PR. Enhanced sensitivity to CD95-induced apoptosis in ob/ob mice. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:2396-402. [PMID: 17415659 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte apoptosis was recently described for NASH patients. The pathomechanisms are incompletely understood, but upregulation of the death receptor Fas was detectable on hepatocytes of NASH patients. We analyzed the sensitivity of fatty liver against CD95/Fas-mediated apoptotic cell death by injection of agonistic anti-Fas antibody (Jo2) in obese ob/ob mice and lean control animals. Ob/ob mice died within 12 hrs, whereas control animals survived. Liver enzymes were significantly increased compared to those in control mice (P < 0.001). Histological analysis and also TUNEL assay of liver sections from ob/ob mice exhibited massive liver injury. Activity of caspase 3 was significantly more enhanced in livers of ob/ob mice after Jo2 challenge. The increased sensitivity was confirmed in vitro by using ob/ob-derived primary hepatocytes. CD95 expression was similar in ob/ob and control mice. However, hepatocytes from ob/ob mice revealed a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting that mitochondria play a potential role in this increased susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Siebler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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41
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Wattiaux R, Wattiaux-de Coninck S, Thirion J, Gasingirwa MC, Jadot M. Lysosomes and Fas-mediated liver cell death. Biochem J 2007; 403:89-95. [PMID: 17129211 PMCID: PMC1828900 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies, mostly performed ex vivo, suggest that lysosomes are involved in apoptosis as a result of a release of their cathepsins into the cytosol. These enzymes could then contribute to the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane; they could also activate effector caspases. The present study aims at testing whether the membrane of liver lysosomes is disrupted during Fas-mediated cell death of hepatocytes in vivo, a process implicated in several liver pathologies. Apoptosis was induced by injecting mice with aFas (anti-Fas antibody). The state of lysosomes was assessed by determining the proportion of lysosomal enzymes (beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, cathepsin C and cathepsin B) present in homogenate supernatants, devoid of intact lysosomes, and by analysing the behaviour in differential and isopycnic centrifugation of beta-galactosidase. Apoptosis was monitored by measuring caspase 3 activity (DEVDase) and the release of sulfite cytochrome c reductase, an enzyme located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Results show that an injection of 10 microg of aFas causes a rapid and large increase in DEVDase activity and in unsedimentable sulfite cytochrome c reductase. This modifies neither the proportion of unsedimentable lysosomal enzyme in the homogenates nor the behaviour of lysosomes in centrifugation. Experiments performed with a lower dose of aFas (5 microg) indicate that unsedimentable lysosomal hydrolase activity increases in the homogenate after injection but with a marked delay with respect to the increase in DEVDase activity and in unsedimentable sulfite cytochrome c reductase. Comparative experiments ex vivo performed with Jurkat cells show an increase in unsedimentable lysosomal hydrolases, but much later than caspase 3 activation, and a release of dipeptidyl peptidase III and DEVDase into culture medium. It is proposed that the weakening of lysosomes observed after aFas treatment in vivo and ex vivo results from a necrotic process that takes place late after initiation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wattiaux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physiologique, URPhiM, FUNDP (Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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Tsui TY, Obed A, Siu YT, Yet SF, Prantl L, Schlitt HJ, Fan ST. Carbon monoxide inhalation rescues mice from fulminant hepatitis through improving hepatic energy metabolism. Shock 2007; 27:165-71. [PMID: 17224791 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000239781.71516.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) enhances cellular antioxidative capability by increasing the cleavage of the endogenous and exogenous heme. Besides the biochemical activities of HO, the products of heme degradation significantly contribute to the cytoprotective effects of HO. Here, we show that HO-1 deficiency significantly increases the susceptibility of mice to apoptotic insults, whereas expression of HO-1 significantly increased the resistance of primary hepatocyte to apoptosis. This phenomenon was correlated with the production of one of its catalytic products-carbon monoxide (CO). Surprisingly, exposing the primary mouse hepatocyte to CO could improve the cellular energy metabolism in a soluble guanylyl cyclase-dependent manner. One-hour inhalation of low-dose CO enhanced the hepatic soluble guanylyl cyclase activities in mice. In parallel, the levels of hepatic adenosine triphosphate increased significantly and were associated with a marked reduction of TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in the liver of D-galactosamine-sensitized mice. In addition, CO inhalation for 1 h significantly improved the survival of mice after initiation of fulminant hepatitis. Up to 90% of mice given CO survived for more than 7 days, whereas control mice died within 12 h. The data provide novel insight of CO-mediated cytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Yu Tsui
- Department of Surgery, University of Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Latta M, Künstle G, Lucas R, Hentze H, Wendel A. ATP-depleting carbohydrates prevent tumor necrosis factor receptor 1-dependent apoptotic and necrotic liver injury in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321:875-83. [PMID: 17369282 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.119958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated previously that depletion of hepatic ATP by endogenous metabolic shunting of phosphate after fructose treatment renders hepatocytes resistant to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced apoptosis. We here address the question whether this principle extends to TNF receptor 1-mediated caspase-independent apoptotic and to necrotic liver injury. As in the apoptotic model of galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver damage, the necrotic hepatotoxicity initiated by sole high-dose LPS treatment was abrogated after depletion of hepatic ATP. Although systemic TNF and interferon-gamma levels were suppressed, animals still were protected when ATP depletion was initiated after the peak of proinflammatory cytokines upon LPS injection, showing that fructose-induced ATP depletion affects both cytokine release and action. In T cell-dependent necrotic hepatotoxicity elicited by concanavalin A or galactosamine + staphylococcal enterotoxin B, ATP depletion prevented liver injury as well, but here without modulating cytokine release. By attenuating caspase-8 activation, ATP depletion of hepatocytes in vitro impaired TNF receptor signaling by the death-inducing signaling complex, whereas receptor internalization and nuclear factor-kappaB activation upon TNF stimulation were unaffected. These findings demonstrate that sufficient target cell ATP levels are required for the execution of both apoptotic and necrotic TNF-receptor 1-mediated liver cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Latta
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Hilder TL, Carlson GM, Haystead TAJ, Krebs EG, Graves LM. Caspase-3 dependent cleavage and activation of skeletal muscle phosphorylase b kinase. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 275:233-42. [PMID: 16335803 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-2411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylase b kinase (PhK) is a key enzyme involved in the conversion of glycogen to glucose in skeletal muscle and ultimately an increase in intracellular ATP. Since apoptosis is an ATP-dependent event, we investigated the regulation of skeletal muscle PhK during apoptosis. Incubation of PhK with purified caspase-3 in vitro resulted in the highly selective cleavage of the regulatory alpha subunit and resulted in a 2-fold increase in PhK activity. Edman protein sequencing of a stable 72 kD amino-terminal fragment and a 66 kD carboxy-terminal fragment revealed a specific caspase-3 cleavage site within the alpha subunit at residue 646 (DWMD G). Treatment of differentiated C2C12 mouse muscle myoblasts with the inducers of apoptosis staurosporine, TPEN, doxorubicin, or UV irradiation resulted in the disappearance of the alpha subunit of PhK as determined by immunoblotting, as well as a concurrent increase in caspase-3 activity. Moreover, induction of apoptosis by TPEN resulted in increased phosphorylase activity and sustained ATP levels throughout a 7 h time course. However, induction of apoptosis with staurosporine, also a potent PhK inhibitor, led to a rapid loss in phosphorylase activity and intracellular ATP, suggesting that PhK inhibition by staurosporine impairs the ability of apoptotic muscle cells to generate ATP. Thus, these studies indicate that PhK may be a substrate for caspase regulation during apoptosis and suggest that activation of this enzyme may be important for the generation of ATP during programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Hilder
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-7365, USA
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Lin JS, Yang CW, Wang DW, Wu-Hsieh BA. Dendritic cells cross-present exogenous fungal antigens to stimulate a protective CD8 T cell response in infection by Histoplasma capsulatum. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:6282-91. [PMID: 15879127 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of CD8 T cells in host defense against histoplasmosis is minor in the CD4 T cell-intact mouse, as it has been shown that depleting CD8 T cells only marginally affects fungal clearance. However, it remains to be determined whether the CD8 T cells are protective in a host lacking functional CD4 T cells. In this study, MHC class II-deficient mice infected with Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasma) kept the fungus in check for up to 16 wk, indicating that CD8 T cells are able to limit fungal replication. Ex vivo studies showed that CD8 T cells from Histoplasma-infected mice expressed both intracytoplasmic IFN-gamma and granzyme B. Furthermore, CD8 T cells exhibited cytotoxic activity against macrophage targets containing Histoplasma. We demonstrated that the macrophage, being the primary host cell as well as the effector cell, can also serve as Ag donor to dendritic cells. Histoplasma-specific CD8 T cells are stimulated by dendritic cells that present exogenous Histoplasma Ags, either through direct ingestion of yeasts or through uptake of apoptotic macrophage-associated fungal Ags, a process known as "cross-presentation." Based on these results, we present a model detailing the possible sequence of events leading to a cell-mediated immune response and fungal clearance in Histoplasma-infected hosts.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Fungal/immunology
- Antigens, Fungal/metabolism
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cross-Priming/genetics
- Cross-Priming/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/microbiology
- Granzymes
- Histoplasma/immunology
- Histoplasmosis/genetics
- Histoplasmosis/immunology
- Histoplasmosis/microbiology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/cytology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/microbiology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/microbiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Perforin
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Serine Endopeptidases/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Shiuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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46
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Weiller M, Latta M, Kresse M, Lucas R, Wendel A. Toxicity of nutritionally available selenium compounds in primary and transformed hepatocytes. Toxicology 2004; 201:21-30. [PMID: 15297016 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The essential trace element selenium is also toxic at low doses. Since supplementation of selenium is discussed as cancer prophylaxis, we investigated whether or not bioavailable selenium compounds are selectively toxic on malignant cells by comparing primary and transformed liver cells as to the extent and mode of cell death. Sodium selenite and selenate exclusively induced necrosis in a concentration-dependent manner in all cell types investigated. In primary murine hepatocytes, the EC50 was 20 microM for selenite, 270 microM for selenate, and 30 microM for Se-methionine. In the human carcinoma cell line HepG2, the EC50 for selenite was 40 microM, and for selenate 1.1 mM, whereas Se-methionine was essentially non-toxic up to 10 mM. Similar results were found in murine Hepa1-6 cells. Exposure of primary murine cells to selenate or selenite resulted in increased lipid peroxidation. Toxicity was inhibited by superoxide dismutase plus catalase, indicating an important role for reactive oxygen intermediates. In primary hepatocytes, metabolical depletion of intracellular ATP by the ketohexose tagatose, significantly decreased the cytotoxicity of Se-methionine, while the one of selenite was increased. These data do not provide any in vitro evidence that bioavailable selenium compounds induce preferentially apoptotic cell death or selectively kill transformed hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weiller
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, M668, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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47
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Gramaglia D, Gentile A, Battaglia M, Ranzato L, Petronilli V, Fassetta M, Bernardi P, Rasola A. Apoptosis to necrosis switching downstream of apoptosome formation requires inhibition of both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in a BCL-X(L)- and PKB/AKT-independent fashion. Cell Death Differ 2004; 11:342-53. [PMID: 14713956 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphoma Jurkat cells treated with several intrinsic death stimuli readily undergo a stepwise apoptotic program. Treatment with 1,9-dideoxyforskolin (ddFSK), an inactive analogue of the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, induces necrotic cell death and switches to necrosis the response to the apoptosis inducers in Jurkat and in other cell models. Yet, in the presence of ddFSK, mitochondrial changes are enhanced and apoptosome formation takes place. We show that ddFSK does not inhibit the catabolic steps of apoptosis, but rather elicits a profound ATP depletion that in turn tunes the mode of cell demise towards necrosis. Treatment with ddFSK impairs both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in a Bcl-X(L)- and PKB/Akt-independent fashion, and inhibition of both processes is needed to affect apoptosis progression. Apoptosis is not blocked per se by ATP depletion, as engagement of the Fas receptor directly activates caspases, thus bypassing ddFSK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gramaglia
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Italy.
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48
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Hentze H, Latta M, Künstle G, Dhakshinamoorthy S, Ng PY, Porter AG, Wendel A. Topoisomerase inhibitor camptothecin sensitizes mouse hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo to TNF-mediated apoptosis. Hepatology 2004; 39:1311-20. [PMID: 15122760 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes that maintain and modulate DNA structure. Inhibitors of topoisomerases like camptothecin (CPT), etoposide, and others are widely used antitumor drugs that interfere with transcription, induce DNA strand breaks, and trigger apoptosis preferentially in dividing cells. Because transcription inhibitors (actinomycin D, galactosamine, alpha-amanitin) sensitize primary hepatocytes to the cytotoxic action of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), we reasoned whether topoisomerase inhibitors would act similarly. CPT alone was not toxic to primary cultured murine hepatocytes. When incubated with CPT, murine hepatocytes displayed an inhibition of protein synthesis and were thereby rendered sensitive to apoptosis induction by TNF. Apoptosis was characterized by morphology (condensed/fragmented nuclei, membrane blebbing), caspase-3-like protease activity, fragmentation of nuclear DNA, and late cytolysis. Hepatocytes derived from TNF receptor-1 knockout mice were resistant to CPT/TNF-induced apoptosis. CPT treatment completely abrogated the TNF-induced NF-kappa B activation, and mRNA expression of the antiapoptotic factors TNF-receptor associated factor 2, FLICE-inhibitory protein, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein was also inhibited by CPT. The caspase inhibitors benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (zVAD-fmk) and benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp(OMe)-Glu(OMe)-Val-Asp(OMe)-chloromethylketone (zDEVD-fmk), as well as depletion of intracellular ATP by fructose prevented CPT/TNF-induced apoptosis. In vivo, CPT treatment sensitized mice to TNF-induced liver damage. In conclusion, the combination of topoisomerase inhibition and TNF blocks survival signaling and elicits a type of hepatocyte death similar to actinomycin D/TNF or galactosamine/TNF. During antitumor treatment with topoisomerase inhibitors, an impaired immune function often results in opportunistic infections, a situation where the systemic presence of TNF might be critical for the hepatotoxicity reported in clinical topoisomerase inhibitor studies.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein
- Camptothecin/pharmacology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Caspase Inhibitors
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Etoposide/pharmacology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/enzymology
- Hepatocytes/pathology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2
- Topoisomerase Inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Hentze
- Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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49
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Schwabe RF, Uchinami H, Qian T, Bennett BL, Lemasters JJ, Brenner DA. Differential requirement for c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in TNFalpha- and Fas-mediated apoptosis in hepatocytes. FASEB J 2004; 18:720-2. [PMID: 14766793 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0771fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is involved in the regulation of cell death, but its role in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha- and Fas-mediated apoptosis in primary cells is not well defined. In primary rat hepatocytes expressing an IkappaB superrepressor, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 strongly decreased TNF-alpha-induced cell death, caspase 3 activation, and DNA laddering. In contrast, SP600125 did not rescue mouse hepatocytes from Fas-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis in mouse hepatocytes, induced by human TNF-alpha, was blocked by SP600125, indicating that TNF-receptor (TNF-R) 1-mediated JNK activation is important for TNF-alpha-induced death. However, mouse TNF-alpha was more efficient than human TNF-alpha in activating JNK and killing mouse hepatocytes, suggesting that TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 cooperate in JNK activation and apoptosis. SP600125 rescued actinomycin D-pretreated hepatocytes and hepatocytes expressing a dominant negative c-Jun from TNF-alpha, indicating that JNK exerts its proapoptotic effect independently of transcription and c-Jun. SP600125 delayed the mitochondrial permeability transition, inhibited cytochrome c release and prevented bid degradation after TNF-alpha, suggesting that JNK-regulated proapoptotic factors act upstream of the mitochondria. Moreover, overexpression of JNK1 activated a mitochondrial death pathway in hepatocytes, albeit less efficiently than TNF-alpha. This study demonstrates that JNK augments TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes through a signaling pathway that is distinct from the pathway by which it regulates proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Programmed cell death or apoptosis is broadly responsible for the normal homeostatic removal of cells and has been increasingly implicated in mediating pathological cell loss in many disease states. As the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis have been extensively investigated a critical role for ionic homeostasis in apoptosis has been recently endorsed. In contrast to the ionic mechanism of necrosis that involves Ca(2+) influx and intracellular Ca(2+) accumulation, compelling evidence now indicates that excessive K(+) efflux and intracellular K(+) depletion are key early steps in apoptosis. Physiological concentration of intracellular K(+) acts as a repressor of apoptotic effectors. A huge loss of cellular K(+), likely a common event in apoptosis of many cell types, may serve as a disaster signal allowing the execution of the suicide program by activating key events in the apoptotic cascade including caspase cleavage, cytochrome c release, and endonuclease activation. The pro-apoptotic disruption of K(+) homeostasis can be mediated by over-activated K(+) channels or ionotropic glutamate receptor channels, and most likely, accompanied by reduced K(+) uptake due to dysfunction of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase. Recent studies indicate that, in addition to the K(+) channels in the plasma membrane, mitochondrial K(+) channels and K(+) homeostasis also play important roles in apoptosis. Investigations on the K(+) regulation of apoptosis have provided a more comprehensive understanding of the apoptotic mechanism and may afford novel therapeutic strategies for apoptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, 280 Calhoun Street, PO Box 250140, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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