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Lee K, Jang HR, Rabb H. Lymphocytes and innate immune cells in acute kidney injury and repair. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024:10.1038/s41581-024-00875-5. [PMID: 39095505 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious disease entity that affects native kidneys and allografts but for which no specific treatments exist. Complex intrarenal inflammatory processes driven by lymphocytes and innate immune cells have key roles in the development and progression of AKI. Many studies have focused on prevention of early injury in AKI. However, most patients with AKI present after injury is already established. Increasing research is therefore focusing on mechanisms of renal repair following AKI and prevention of progression from AKI to chronic kidney disease. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells and neutrophils are probably involved in the development and progression of AKI, whereas regulatory T cells, double-negative T cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells have protective roles. Several immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer T cells, can have both deleterious and protective effects, depending on their subtype and/or the stage of AKI. The immune system not only participates in injury and repair processes during AKI but also has a role in mediating AKI-induced distant organ dysfunction. Targeted manipulation of immune cells is a promising therapeutic strategy to improve AKI outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Cell and Gene Therapy Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hye Ryoun Jang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Cell and Gene Therapy Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamid Rabb
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Zhang Z, Zhang D, Lin Q, Cui X. Therapeutically Fine-Tuning Autonomic Nervous System to Treat Sepsis: A New Perspective on the Immunomodulatory Effects of Acupuncture. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:4373-4387. [PMID: 38988505 PMCID: PMC11233988 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s477181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the immunomodulatory effects of acupuncture on sepsis and proposed novel non-pharmacological or bioelectronic approaches to managing inflammatory illnesses. Establishing rules for selectively activating sympathetic or vagal nerve-mediated anti-inflammatory pathways using acupuncture has valuable clinical applications. Over the years, studies have revealed the segmental modulatory role of acupuncture in regulating visceral function by targeting the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In this review, we aim to summarize recent findings on acupuncture in treating sepsis, focusing on the underlying ANS mechanism, as well as the rules of acupoint specificity, intensity, frequency, and other parameters utilized in these studies. Mechanistically, the immunomodulatory properties of the sympathetic nervous system have been highlighted. Furthermore, we explore the immunotherapeutic benefits of acupuncture in treating sepsis. A better understanding of the immunoregulatory mechanism of sympathetic nervous system may offer novel approaches for the development of therapeutics to treat or prevent a variety of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dingdan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Xiang Cui
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China
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Usui N, Nakata J, Uehata A, Kojima S, Hisadome H, Ando S, Saitoh M, Inatsu A, Tsuchiya T, Mawatari T, Suzuki Y. Association of Postexercise Vagal Dysfunction With Protein-Energy Wasting and Noncardiovascular Outcomes in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Ren Nutr 2024; 34:321-329. [PMID: 38000522 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Postexercise vagal dysfunction is linked to noncardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients, but the mechanism is unknown. This study aimed to determine the association of cardiovagal neuropathy with systemic inflammation, protein-energy wasting, and noncardiovascular hospitalization. METHODS This 2-center retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 280 hemodialysis patients who underwent exercise test. Patients were assessed for heart rate (HR) recovery (bpm) for 1 minute after exercise, a marker of vagal function, and were divided into 3 categories (Low: ≤ 6, Mid: 7-11, High: ≥ 12 bpm). We followed 1-year changes in the systemic inflammation-based prognostic score (Glasgow Prognostic Score [GPS]), body weight, and creatinine generation rate (CGR), an indicator of muscle mass, as well as 2-year hospitalization. RESULTS The HR recovery category was associated with serum C-reactive protein and albumin levels and GPS. After 1 year, the low HR recovery category was associated with worsening in GPS (low, 0 [0-0.5]; mid, 0 [0-1]; high, 0 [0-0]), weight (low, 100.0 [96.1-102.5]; mid, 101.3 [98.9-105.0]; high, 100.5 [98.2-102.9]%), and CGR (low, 97.0 [88.5-111.4]; mid, 110.2 [90.9-124.8]; high, 106.2 [95.5-115.5]%), and the correlations with GPS and CGR remained consistent after adjusting for confounders such as exercise capacity and hospitalization during the follow-up period. There were 117 patients hospitalized. Compared to the high HR recovery category, the mid (hazard ratio: 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-3.1, P = .02) and low (hazard ratio: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.5-4.0, P = .001) categories were independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause hospitalization. For noncardiovascular disease hospitalization, the low HR recovery category was independently associated with increased risk of hospitalization (hazard ratio: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2-3.7, P = .007). CONCLUSIONS Vagal neuropathy in this population can contribute to adverse outcomes associated with systemic inflammation and protein-energy wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Usui
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kisen Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Junichiro Nakata
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akimi Uehata
- Division of Cardiology, Kisen Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Kojima
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kisen Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Shuji Ando
- Department of Information Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masakazu Saitoh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Tanaka S. Targeting inflammation in perivascular cells and neuroimmune interactions for treating kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2024; 28:505-512. [PMID: 38630367 PMCID: PMC11116252 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-024-02494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of various kidney diseases. Kidney perivascular cells (pericytes/fibroblasts) are responsible for producing proinflammatory molecules, promoting immune cell infiltration, and enhancing inflammation. Vascular adhesion protein-1, expressed in kidney perivascular cells, is an ectoenzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary amines with the production of hydrogen peroxide in the extracellular space. Our study demonstrated that blocking this enzyme suppressed hydrogen peroxide production and neutrophil infiltration, thereby reducing renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling was also observed to play an essential role in the regulation of perivascular inflammation. S1P, which is produced in kidney perivascular cells, is transported into the extracellular space via spinster homolog 2, and then binds to S1P receptor-1 expressed in perivascular cells. Upon injury, inflammatory signaling in perivascular cells is enhanced by this pathway, thereby promoting immune cell infiltration and subsequent fibrosis. Furthermore, inhibition of S1P transport by spinster homolog 2 reduces kidney fibrosis. Hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors can restore the capacity for erythropoietin production in kidney perivascular cells. Animal data suggested that these drugs could also alleviate kidney and lipid inflammation although the precise mechanism is still unknown. Neuroimmune interactions have been attracting significant attention due to their potential to benefit patients with inflammatory diseases. Vagus nerve stimulation is one of the most promising strategies for harnessing neuroimmune interactions and attenuating inflammation associated with various diseases, including kidney disease. Using cutting-edge tools, the vagal afferents-C1 neurons-sympathetic nervous system-splenic nerve-spleen-kidney axis responsible for kidney protection induced by vagus nerve stimulation was identified in our study. Further research is required to decipher other crucial systems that control kidney inflammation and to determine whether these novel strategies can be applied to patients with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tanaka
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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Baris E, Arici MA, Tosun M. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated effects of varenicline on LPS-elevated prostaglandin and cyclooxygenase levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1392689. [PMID: 38859932 PMCID: PMC11163068 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1392689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study is to delineate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of varenicline, a cigarette smoking cessation aid, on decreasing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-elevated proinflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cultures which we showed earlier to occur via cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) activation. To this end, we investigated the possible suppressive capacity of varenicline on LPS-regulated cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) activation using the same in vitro model. Materials and Methods: In order to test anti-inflammatory effectiveness of varenicline, the levels of COX isoforms and products (PGE2, 6-keto PGF1α, a stable analog of PGI2, and TXA2) altered after LPS administration were determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The antioxidant effects of varenicline were assessed by measuring reductions in reactive oxygen species (ROS) using a fluorometric intracellular ROS assay kit. We further investigated the contribution of nAChR subtypes by using non-selective and/or selective α7nAChR antagonists. The results were compared with that of conventional anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen, celecoxib and dexamethasone. Results: Varenicline significantly reduced LPS-induced COX-1, COX-2 and prostaglandin levels and ROS to an extent similar to that observed with anti-inflammatory agents used. Discussion: Significant downregulation in LPS-induced COX isoforms and associated decreases in PGE2, 6-keto PGF1α, and TXA2 levels along with reduction in ROS may be partly mediated via varenicline-activated α7nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Baris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Mualla Aylin Arici
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Metiner Tosun
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Türkiye
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Dilixiati S, Yan J, Qingzhuoga D, Song G, Tu L. Exploring Electrical Neuromodulation as an Alternative Therapeutic Approach in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:729. [PMID: 38792911 PMCID: PMC11123282 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This review systematically evaluates the potential of electrical neuromodulation techniques-vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), sacral nerve stimulation (SNS), and tibial nerve stimulation (TNS)-as alternative treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD). It aims to synthesize current evidence on the efficacy and safety of these modalities, addressing the significant burden of IBD on patient quality of life and the limitations of existing pharmacological therapies. Materials and Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis of studies from PubMed, focusing on research published between 1978 and 2024. The review included animal models and clinical trials investigating the mechanisms, effectiveness, and safety of VNS, SNS, and TNS in IBD management. Special attention was given to the modulation of inflammatory responses and its impact on gastrointestinal motility and functional gastrointestinal disorders associated with IBD. Results: Preliminary findings suggest that VNS, SNS, and TNS can significantly reduce inflammatory markers and improve symptoms in IBD patients. These techniques also show potential in treating related gastrointestinal disorders during IBD remission phases. However, the specific mechanisms underlying these benefits remain to be fully elucidated, and there is considerable variability in treatment parameters. Conclusions: Electrical neuromodulation holds promise as a novel therapeutic avenue for IBD, offering an alternative to patients who do not respond to traditional treatments or experience adverse effects. The review highlights the need for further rigorous studies to optimize stimulation parameters, understand long-term outcomes, and integrate neuromodulation effectively into IBD treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suofeiya Dilixiati
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.D.); (D.Q.)
| | - Jiaxi Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA;
| | - De Qingzhuoga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.D.); (D.Q.)
| | - Gengqing Song
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA;
| | - Lei Tu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.D.); (D.Q.)
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Bonaz B. A novel neuroimmune modulation system for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Bioelectron Med 2024; 10:9. [PMID: 38566215 PMCID: PMC10988796 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-024-00142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve has an anti-inflammatory effect through the inflammatory reflex, which inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages. Recent pilot clinical trials, using implantable bioelectronic devices, have demonstrated the efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases as an alternative to drugs, which are not devoid of side effects and are costly. In this issue of Bioelectronic Medicine, Peterson et al. report the safety of novel implantable neuroimmune modulation device for treating rheumatoid arthritis (The RESET RA study), which I will discuss in this commentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonaz
- Université Grenoble Alpes-Faculté de Médicine, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences (GIN, Inserm U1216), site Santé, Bâtiment Edmond J. Safra, 31 Chem. Fortuné Ferrini, 38700, La Tronche, France.
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Neu C, Esper Treml R, Baumbach P, Engelmann M, Gebhardt C, Götze J, Coldewey SM. Cholinesterase activities and sepsis-associated encephalopathy in viral versus nonviral sepsis. Can J Anaesth 2024; 71:378-389. [PMID: 38429621 PMCID: PMC10923971 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-024-02692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is evidence that cholinergic imbalance secondary to neuroinflammation plays a role in the pathophysiology of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities have been proposed as surrogate parameters for the cholinergic function of the central nervous system. Viral sepsis is associated with systemic inflammation and BChE has been reported to be of prognostic value in a small cohort of COVID-19 patients. Nevertheless, the prognostic value of AChE in patients with viral sepsis remains unclear. METHODS We investigated the role of AChE and BChE activities as prognostic biomarkers of SAE and mortality in patients with viral vs nonviral sepsis enrolled in two prospective cohort studies. We quantified the AChE and BChE activities in whole blood of patients at two time points in the acute phase of viral sepsis (N = 108) and compared them with the activities in patients with nonviral sepsis (N = 117) and healthy volunteers (N = 81). Patients were observed until discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU). RESULTS Three days after sepsis onset, the median [interquartile range] levels of AChE and BChE were reduced in both patients with viral sepsis (AChE, 5,105 [4,010-6,250] U·L-1; BChE, 1,943 [1,393-2,468] U·L-1) and nonviral sepsis (AChE, 4,424 [3,630-5,055] U·L-1; BChE, 1,095 [834-1,526] U·L-1) compared with healthy volunteers (AChE, 6,693 [5,401-8,020] U·L-1; BChE, 2,645 [2,198-3,478] U·L-1). Patients with viral sepsis with SAE during their ICU stay had lower AChE activity three days after sepsis onset than patients without SAE (4,249 [3,798-5,351] U·L-1 vs 5,544 [4,124-6,461] U·L-1). Butyrylcholinesterase activity seven days after sepsis onset was lower in patients with viral sepsis who died in the ICU than in surviving patients (1,427 [865-2,181] U·L-1 vs 2,122 [1,571-2,787] U·L-1). CONCLUSION Cholinesterase activities may be relevant prognostic markers for the occurrence of SAE and mortality in the ICU in patients with viral sepsis. STUDY REGISTRATION This study constitutes an analysis of data from the ongoing studies ICROS (NCT03620409, first submitted 15 May 2018) and ICROVID (DRKS00024162, first submitted 9 February 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Neu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ricardo Esper Treml
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Baumbach
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Engelmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Claudius Gebhardt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Götze
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sina M Coldewey
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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Cheng J, Hu H, Ju Y, Liu J, Wang M, Liu B, Zhang Y. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and depression: deep insight into biological mechanisms and potential applications. Gen Psychiatr 2024; 37:e101374. [PMID: 38390241 PMCID: PMC10882305 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2023-101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem known as the 'second brain'. Composing the microbiota-gut-brain axis, the gut microbiota and its metabolites regulate the central nervous system through neural, endocrine and immune pathways to ensure the normal functioning of the organism, tuning individuals' health and disease status. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main bioactive metabolites of the gut microbiota, are involved in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression. SCFAs have essential effects on each component of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in depression. In the present review, the roles of major SCFAs (acetate, propionate and butyrate) in the pathophysiology of depression are summarised with respect to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, neuroinflammation, host epigenome and neuroendocrine alterations. Concluding remarks on the biological mechanisms related to gut microbiota will hopefully address the clinical value of microbiota-related treatments for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhe Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongkun Hu
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yumeng Ju
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Mental Health Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bangshan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Martínez-Meza S, Singh B, Nixon DF, Dopkins N, Gangcuangco LMA. The brain-liver cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and viral infections. Bioelectron Med 2023; 9:29. [PMID: 38115148 PMCID: PMC10731847 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-023-00132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Efferent cholinergic signaling is a critical and targetable source of immunoregulation. The vagus nerve (VN) is the primary source of cholinergic signaling in the body, and partially innervates hepatic functionality through the liver-brain axis. Virus-induced disruption of cholinergic signaling may promote pathogenesis in hepatotropic and neurotropic viruses. Therefore, restoring VN functionality could be a novel therapeutic strategy to alleviate pathogenic inflammation in hepatotropic and neurotropic viral infections alike. In this minireview, we discuss the physiological importance of cholinergic signaling in maintaining liver-brain axis homeostasis. Next, we explore mechanisms by which the VN is perturbed by viral infections, and how non-invasive restoration of cholinergic signaling pathways with bioelectronic medicine (BEM) might ameliorate hepatic inflammation and neuroinflammation in certain viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Martínez-Meza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Bhavya Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Dopkins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Louie Mar A Gangcuangco
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Cestonaro LV, Crestani RP, Conte FM, Piton YV, Schmitz F, Ferreira FS, Wyse ATS, Garcia SC, Arbo MD. Immunomodulatory effect of imidacloprid on macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023:104190. [PMID: 37336278 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The neonicotinoid imidacloprid was promoted in the market because of widespread resistance to other insecticides, plus its low mammalian impact and higher specific toxicity towards insects. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of imidacloprid on macrophages. RAW 264.7 cells were incubated to 0-4000mg/L of imidacloprid for 24 and 96h. Imidacloprid presented a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity after 24h and 96h incubation for MTT reduction (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (EC50 519.6 and 324.6mg/L, respectively) and Neutral Red (3-amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methylphenazine hydrochloride) assays (EC50 1139.0 and 324.2mg/L, respectively). Moreover, imidacloprid decreased the cells' inflammatory response and promoted a mitochondrial depolarization. The complex II and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities in RAW 264.7 cells incubated with imidacloprid increased more at 24h. These results suggest that imidacloprid exerts an immunomodulatory effect and mitochondria can act as regulator of innate immune responses in the cytotoxicity mediated by the insecticide in RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Vivan Cestonaro
- Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Riciéli Pacheco Crestani
- Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Mocelin Conte
- Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Yasmin Vendruscolo Piton
- Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Schmitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica (PPGBIOQ), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica (PPGBIOQ), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica (PPGBIOQ), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dutra Arbo
- Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil.
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12
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Wei YH, Bi RT, Qiu YM, Zhang CL, Li JZ, Li YN, Hu B. The gastrointestinal-brain-microbiota axis: a promising therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1141387. [PMID: 37342335 PMCID: PMC10277866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1141387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a highly complex systemic disease characterized by intricate interactions between the brain and gastrointestinal tract. While our current understanding of these interactions primarily stems from experimental models, their relevance to human stroke outcomes is of considerable interest. After stroke, bidirectional communication between the brain and gastrointestinal tract initiates changes in the gastrointestinal microenvironment. These changes involve the activation of gastrointestinal immunity, disruption of the gastrointestinal barrier, and alterations in gastrointestinal microbiota. Importantly, experimental evidence suggests that these alterations facilitate the migration of gastrointestinal immune cells and cytokines across the damaged blood-brain barrier, ultimately infiltrating the ischemic brain. Although the characterization of these phenomena in humans is still limited, recognizing the significance of the brain-gastrointestinal crosstalk after stroke offers potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. By targeting the mutually reinforcing processes between the brain and gastrointestinal tract, it may be possible to improve the prognosis of ischemic stroke. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the clinical relevance and translational potential of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ya-nan Li
- *Correspondence: Ya-nan Li, ; Bo Hu,
| | - Bo Hu
- *Correspondence: Ya-nan Li, ; Bo Hu,
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13
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Salm DC, Horewicz VV, Tanaka F, Ferreira JK, de Oliveira BH, Maio JMB, Donatello NN, Ludtke DD, Mazzardo-Martins L, Dutra AR, Mack JM, de C H Kunzler D, Cargnin-Ferreira E, Salgado ASI, Bittencourt EB, Bianco G, Piovezan AP, Bobinski F, Moré AOO, Martins DF. Electrical Stimulation of the Auricular Branch Vagus Nerve Using Random and Alternating Frequencies Triggers a Rapid Onset and Pronounced Antihyperalgesia via Peripheral Annexin A1-Formyl Peptide Receptor 2/ALX Pathway in a Mouse Model of Persistent Inflammatory Pain. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2889-2909. [PMID: 36745336 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the antihyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of percutaneous vagus nerve electrical stimulation (pVNS) by comparing the effects of alternating and random frequencies in an animal model of persistent inflammatory hyperalgesia. The model was induced by Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) intraplantar (i.pl.) injection. Mice were treated with different protocols of time (10, 20, or 30 min), ear laterality (right, left or both), and frequency (alternating or random). Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated, and some groups received i.pl. WRW4 (FPR2/ALX antagonist) to determine the involvement. Edema, paw surface temperature, and spontaneous locomotor activity were evaluated. Interleukin-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL4 levels were verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AnxA1, FPR2/ALX, neutrophil, M1 and M2 phenotype macrophage, and apoptotic cells markers were identified using western blotting. The antihyperalgesic effect pVNS with alternating and random frequency effect is depending on the type of frequency, time, and ear treated. The pVNS random frequency in the left ear for 10 min had a longer lasting antihyperalgesic effect, superior to classical stimulation using alternating frequency and the FPR2/ALX receptor was involved in this effect. There was a reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in the immunocontent of AnxA1 and CD86 in mice paw. pVNS with a random frequency in the left ear for 10 min showed to be optimal for inducing an antihyperalgesic effect. Thus, the random frequency was more effective than the alternating frequency. Therefore, pVNS may be an important adjunctive treatment for persistent inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana C Salm
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Verônica V Horewicz
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tanaka
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Júlia K Ferreira
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bruna H de Oliveira
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Julia Maria Batista Maio
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nathalia N Donatello
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daniela D Ludtke
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Leidiane Mazzardo-Martins
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aline R Dutra
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Josiel M Mack
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Deborah de C H Kunzler
- Department of Physiotherapy, State University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gianluca Bianco
- Research Laboratory of Posturology and Neuromodulation RELPON, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Di Formazione in Agopuntura E Neuromodulazione IFAN, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Paula Piovezan
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Franciane Bobinski
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ari O O Moré
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Integrative Medicine and Acupuncture Division, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daniel F Martins
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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14
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Jung B, Yang C, Lee SH. Electroceutical and Bioelectric Therapy: Its Advantages and Limitations. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 21:19-31. [PMID: 36700309 PMCID: PMC9889897 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2023.21.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the long history, the field of electroceutical and bioelectric therapy has grown impressively, recognized as the main modality of mental health treatments along with psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Electroceutical and bioelectric therapy comprises electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), and other brain stimulation techniques. Much empirical research has been published regarding the application guidelines, mechanism of action, and efficacy of respective brain stimulation techniques, but no comparative study that delineates the advantages and limitations of each therapy exists for a comprehensive understanding of each technique. This review provides a comparison of existing electroceutical and bioelectric techniques, primarily focusing on the therapeutic advantages and limitations of each therapy in the current electroceutical and bioelectric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bori Jung
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Korea,Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chaeyeon Yang
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Korea,Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea,Address for correspondence: Seung-Hwan Lee Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Juhwa-ro 170, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang 10380, Korea, E-mail: , ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0305-3709
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15
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Stacpoole PW, McCall CE. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Life's essential, vulnerable and druggable energy homeostat. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:59-102. [PMID: 36863425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Found in all organisms, pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDC) are the keystones of prokaryotic and eukaryotic energy metabolism. In eukaryotic organisms these multi-component megacomplexes provide a crucial mechanistic link between cytoplasmic glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. As a consequence, PDCs also influence the metabolism of branched chain amino acids, lipids and, ultimately, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). PDC activity is an essential determinant of the metabolic and bioenergetic flexibility of metazoan organisms in adapting to changes in development, nutrient availability and various stresses that challenge maintenance of homeostasis. This canonical role of the PDC has been extensively probed over the past decades by multidisciplinary investigations into its causal association with diverse physiological and pathological conditions, the latter making the PDC an increasingly viable therapeutic target. Here we review the biology of the remarkable PDC and its emerging importance in the pathobiology and treatment of diverse congenital and acquired disorders of metabolic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Translational Sciences, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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16
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Makdissi S, Parsons BD, Di Cara F. Towards early detection of neurodegenerative diseases: A gut feeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1087091. [PMID: 36824371 PMCID: PMC9941184 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1087091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract communicates with the nervous system through a bidirectional network of signaling pathways called the gut-brain axis, which consists of multiple connections, including the enteric nervous system, the vagus nerve, the immune system, endocrine signals, the microbiota, and its metabolites. Alteration of communications in the gut-brain axis is emerging as an overlooked cause of neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is a common feature of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) that are incurable and debilitating conditions resulting in progressive degeneration and death of neurons, such as in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. NDs are a leading cause of global death and disability, and the incidences are expected to increase in the following decades if prevention strategies and successful treatment remain elusive. To date, the etiology of NDs is unclear due to the complexity of the mechanisms of diseases involving genetic and environmental factors, including diet and microbiota. Emerging evidence suggests that changes in diet, alteration of the microbiota, and deregulation of metabolism in the intestinal epithelium influence the inflammatory status of the neurons linked to disease insurgence and progression. This review will describe the leading players of the so-called diet-microbiota-gut-brain (DMGB) axis in the context of NDs. We will report recent findings from studies in model organisms such as rodents and fruit flies that support the role of diets, commensals, and intestinal epithelial functions as an overlooked primary regulator of brain health. We will finish discussing the pivotal role of metabolisms of cellular organelles such as mitochondria and peroxisomes in maintaining the DMGB axis and how alteration of the latter can be used as early disease makers and novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Makdissi
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS, Canada
- IWK Health Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Halifax, Canada
| | - Brendon D. Parsons
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Francesca Di Cara
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS, Canada
- IWK Health Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Halifax, Canada
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17
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Takla M, Saadeh K, Tse G, Huang CLH, Jeevaratnam K. Ageing and the Autonomic Nervous System. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:201-252. [PMID: 37120470 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate nervous system is divided into central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) components. In turn, the PNS is divided into the autonomic (ANS) and enteric (ENS) nervous systems. Ageing implicates time-related changes to anatomy and physiology in reducing organismal fitness. In the case of the CNS, there exists substantial experimental evidence of the effects of age on individual neuronal and glial function. Although many such changes have yet to be experimentally observed in the PNS, there is considerable evidence of the role of ageing in the decline of ANS function over time. As such, this chapter will argue that the ANS constitutes a paradigm for the physiological consequences of ageing, as well as for their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gary Tse
- Kent and Medway Medical School, Canterbury, UK
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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18
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Spinal Cord Stimulation Attenuates Neural Remodeling, Inflammation, and Fibrosis After Myocardial Infarction. Neuromodulation 2023; 26:57-67. [PMID: 35088742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an established neuromodulation method that regulates the cardiac autonomic system. However, the biological mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of SCS after myocardial infarction (MI) remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five rabbits were divided into five groups: SCS-MI (voltage: 0.5 v; pulse width: 0.2 ms; 50 Hz; ten minutes on and 30 minutes off; two weeks; n = 5), MI (n = 5), sham SCS-MI (voltage: 0 v; two weeks; n = 5), sham MI (n = 5), and blank control (n = 5) groups. MI was induced by permanent left anterior descending artery ligation. SCS-MI and sham SCS-MI rabbits received the corresponding interventions 24 hours after MI. Autonomic remodeling was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. Inflammation and myocardial fibrosis were assessed using immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson staining, and Western blot. RESULTS SCS improved the abnormal systemic autonomic activity. Cardiac norepinephrine decreased after MI (p < 0.01) and did not improve with SCS. Cardiac acetylcholine increased with SCS compared with the MI group (p < 0.05). However, no difference was observed between the MI and blank control groups. Growth-associated protein 43 (p < 0.001) and tyrosine hydroxylase (p < 0.001) increased whereas choline acetyltransferase (p < 0.05) decreased in the MI group compared with the blank control group. These changes were attenuated with SCS. SCS inhibited inflammation, decreased the ratio of phosphorylated-Erk to Erk (p < 0.001), and increased the ratio of phosphorylated-STAT3 to STAT3 (p < 0.001) compared with the MI group. Myocardial fibrosis was also attenuated by SCS. CONCLUSIONS SCS improved abnormal autonomic activity after MI, leading to reduced inflammation, reactivation of STAT3, and inhibition of Erk. Additionally, SCS attenuated myocardial fibrosis. Our results warrant future studies of biological mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of SCS after MI.
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Lysenkov SP, Muzhenya DV, Tuguz AR, Urakova TU, Shumilov DS, Thakushinov IA, Thakushinov RA, Tatarkova EA, Urakova DM. Cholinergic deficiency in the cholinergic system as a pathogenetic link in the formation of various syndromes in COVID-19. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2023; 66:1-13. [PMID: 36814151 DOI: 10.4103/cjop.cjop-d-22-00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
According to recent data, several mechanisms of viral invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) have been proposed, one of which is both direct penetration of the virus through afferent nerve fibers and damage to the endothelium of cerebral vessels. It has been proven that the SARS-CoV-2 virus affects pathologically not only the human cardiorespiratory system but is also associated with a wide range of neurological diseases, cerebrovascular accidents, and neuromuscular pathologies. However, the observed post-COVID symptom complex in patients, manifested in the form of headache, "fog in the head," high temperature, muscle weakness, lowering blood pressure, does it make us think about the pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the development of this clinical picture? One possible explanation is a disruption in the signaling of the acetylcholine system (AChS) in the body. Viral invasions, and in particular COVID-19, can negatively affect the work of the AChS, disrupting its coordination activities. Therefore, the main goal of this literature review is to analyze the information and substantiate the possible mechanisms for the occurrence of post-COVID syndrome in people who have had COVID-19 from the standpoint of AChS dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Petrovich Lysenkov
- FSBEI HE "Maikop State Technological University", Medical Institute, Maikop, Republic of Adygeya, Russia
| | | | - Aminat Ramazanovna Tuguz
- FSBEI HE "Adyghe State University", Immunogenetic Laboratory of the Research Institute of Complex Problems, Maikop, Republic of Adygeya, Russia
| | - Tamara Ur'evna Urakova
- FSBEI HE "Maikop State Technological University", Medical Institute, Maikop, Republic of Adygeya, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Sergeevich Shumilov
- FSBEI HE "Adyghe State University", Immunogenetic Laboratory of the Research Institute of Complex Problems, Maikop, Republic of Adygeya, Russia
| | | | | | - Elena Anatolevna Tatarkova
- FSBEI HE "Adyghe State University", Immunogenetic Laboratory of the Research Institute of Complex Problems, Maikop, Republic of Adygeya, Russia
| | - Diana Muratovna Urakova
- FSBEI HE "Maikop State Technological University", Medical Institute, Maikop, Republic of Adygeya, Russia
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Pagaduan JC, Chen YS, Fell JW, Xuan Wu SS. A preliminary systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of heart rate variability biofeedback on heart rate variability and respiration of athletes. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 19:817-826. [PMID: 34187114 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is no quantitative review examining the influence of heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV BFB) on the athlete population. Such an undertaking may provide valuable information on the autonomic and respiration responses of athletes when performing HRV BFB. Thus, purpose of this preliminary systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of HRV BFB on HRV and respiration of athletes. Searches of Springerlink, SportDiscus, Web of Science, PROQUEST Academic Research Library, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were conducted for studies that met the following criteria: (1) experimental studies involving athletes that underwent randomized control trial; (2) availability of HRV BFB as a treatment compared with a control (CON)/placebo (PLA); (3) any pre and post HRV variable and/or breathing frequency as dependent variable/s; and, (4) peer-reviewed articles written in English. Four out of 660 studies involving 115 athletes (25 females and 90 males) ages 16-30 years old were assessed in this review. Preliminary findings suggest the promising ability of HRV BFB to improve respiratory mechanics in athlete population. More work is needed to determine the autonomic modulatory effect of HRV BFB in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cayaban Pagaduan
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - James William Fell
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sam Shi Xuan Wu
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Arts, and Design, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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21
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Bouras M, Asehnoune K, Roquilly A. Immune modulation after traumatic brain injury. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:995044. [PMID: 36530909 PMCID: PMC9751027 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.995044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces instant activation of innate immunity in brain tissue, followed by a systematization of the inflammatory response. The subsequent response, evolved to limit an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response and to induce healing, involves the autonomic nervous system, hormonal systems, and the regulation of immune cells. This physiological response induces an immunosuppression and tolerance state that promotes to the occurrence of secondary infections. This review describes the immunological consequences of TBI and highlights potential novel therapeutic approaches using immune modulation to restore homeostasis between the nervous system and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Bouras
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes Université, Anesthesie Reanimation, CIC 1413, Nantes, France
| | - Karim Asehnoune
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes Université, Anesthesie Reanimation, CIC 1413, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes Université, Anesthesie Reanimation, CIC 1413, Nantes, France
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22
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Katayama PL, Leirão IP, Kanashiro A, Menani JV, Zoccal DB, Colombari DSA, Colombari E. The carotid body: A novel key player in neuroimmune interactions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1033774. [PMID: 36389846 PMCID: PMC9644854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that the nervous system communicates with the immune system to regulate physiological and pathological processes is not new. However, there is still much to learn about how these interactions occur under different conditions. The carotid body (CB) is a sensory organ located in the neck, classically known as the primary sensor of the oxygen (O2) levels in the organism of mammals. When the partial pressure of O2 in the arterial blood falls, the CB alerts the brain which coordinates cardiorespiratory responses to ensure adequate O2 supply to all tissues and organs in the body. A growing body of evidence, however, has demonstrated that the CB is much more than an O2 sensor. Actually, the CB is a multimodal sensor with the extraordinary ability to detect a wide diversity of circulating molecules in the arterial blood, including inflammatory mediators. In this review, we introduce the literature supporting the role of the CB as a critical component of neuroimmune interactions. Based on ours and other studies, we propose a novel neuroimmune pathway in which the CB acts as a sensor of circulating inflammatory mediators and, in conditions of systemic inflammation, recruits a sympathetic-mediated counteracting mechanism that appears to be a protective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L. Katayama
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela P. Leirão
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José V. Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel B. Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora S. A. Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Blood Inflammatory Markers in Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Pilot Study. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9081133. [PMID: 36010024 PMCID: PMC9406968 DOI: 10.3390/children9081133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Since one of the suggested mechanisms of action of VNS on epilepsy is the reduction of central inflammation, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of blood inflammatory markers in children considered for VNS surgery. Materials and methods: Five pediatric patients were studied. An extensive analysis of blood inflammatory markers was performed before surgery (T0) and six weeks after VNS implantation (T1). An epileptological outcome was obtained according to the McHugh score. Results: The variations of IgA, IgE, IgG, CD19, and PTX3 displayed a tendency toward a positive statistical correlation between T0 and T1. According to McHugh score, the patients were divided into Group 1 (i.e., Class I) and Group 2 (i.e., Classes II and III). IL-1β and PTX-3 tended to decrease more in Group 1, while TNF-α decreased in Group 2 (−56.65%) and slightly increased (+3.61%) in Group 1 at T1 without statistical correlation. Conclusions: The variation of IL-1β and PTX-3 seem to be related to a better outcome; thus, they do not reach statistical significance. A larger series of patients is needed to determine whether biochemical changes could relay with the clinical improvement of epilepsy.
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24
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Mlakić M, Odak I, Faraho I, Talić S, Bosnar M, Lasić K, Barić D, Škorić I. New naphtho/thienobenzo-triazoles with interconnected anti-inflammatory and cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114616. [PMID: 35870364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
New 1,2,3-triazolo(thieno)stilbenes were synthesized by Wittig reaction and photochemically transformed to corresponding substituted thienobenzo/naphtho-triazoles in high isolated yields. They were prepared to study the acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition associated with the inhibition of TNFα cytokine production and anti-inflammatory activity. The best experimental results were achieved with the allyl-thienobenzotriazole and isopropyl, p-methoxybenzyl, and hydroxybutyl substituted naphthotriazoles bearing additional chloro or methoxy groups. The allyl-thienobenzotriazole photoproduct is twice as potent an inhibitor of eqBChE compared to the standard galantamine. At the same time, this compound strongly inhibited TNFα production in PBMCs in response to the LPS stimulus. The complexes between selected compounds with the active site of BChE and AChE are assessed by docking, providing insight into the stabilizing interactions between the potential inhibitor and the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mlakić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ilijana Odak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Education, University of Mostar, Matice hrvatske bb, 88 000, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ivan Faraho
- Pharmacology in vitro, Selvita Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Stanislava Talić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Education, University of Mostar, Matice hrvatske bb, 88 000, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Martina Bosnar
- Pharmacology in vitro, Selvita Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kornelija Lasić
- Teva api Chemical R&D, Pliva, Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 25, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danijela Barić
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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25
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Assessing the structural and functional changes in vagus nerve in multiple sclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Mifflin KA, Brennan FH, Guan Z, Kigerl KA, Filous AR, Mo X, Schwab JM, Popovich PG. Spinal Cord Injury Impairs Lung Immunity in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:157-170. [PMID: 35697382 PMCID: PMC9246940 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality after spinal cord injury (SCI). Although SCI causes atrophy and dysfunction in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues with a corresponding decrease in the number and function of circulating leukocytes, it is unknown whether this SCI-dependent systemic immune suppression also affects the unique tissue-specific antimicrobial defense mechanisms that protect the lung. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that SCI directly impairs pulmonary immunity and subsequently increases the risk for developing pneumonia. Using mouse models of severe high-level SCI, we find that recruitment of circulating leukocytes and transcriptional control of immune signaling in the lung is impaired after SCI, creating an environment that is permissive for infection. Specifically, we saw a sustained loss of pulmonary leukocytes, a loss of alveolar macrophages at chronic time points postinjury, and a decrease in immune modulatory genes, especially cytokines, needed to eliminate pulmonary infections. Importantly, this injury-dependent impairment of pulmonary antimicrobial defense is only partially overcome by boosting the recruitment of immune cells to the lung with the drug AMD3100, a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug that mobilizes leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow. Collectively, these data indicate that the immune-suppressive effects of SCI extend to the lung, a unique site of mucosal immunity. Furthermore, preventing lung infection after SCI will likely require novel strategies, beyond the use of orthodox antibiotics, to reverse or block tissue-specific cellular and molecular determinants of pulmonary immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Mifflin
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Faith H Brennan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Zhen Guan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kristina A Kigerl
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Angela R Filous
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Center for Biostatistics, Columbus, OH
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH;
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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27
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Ahmed U, Graf JF, Daytz A, Yaipen O, Mughrabi I, Jayaprakash N, Cotero V, Morton C, Deutschman CS, Zanos S, Puleo C. Ultrasound Neuromodulation of the Spleen Has Time-Dependent Anti-Inflammatory Effect in a Pneumonia Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892086. [PMID: 35784337 PMCID: PMC9244783 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interfaces between the nervous and immune systems have been shown essential for the coordination and regulation of immune responses. Non-invasive ultrasound stimulation targeted to the spleen has recently been shown capable of activating one such interface, the splenic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). Over the past decade, CAP and other neuroimmune pathways have been activated using implanted nerve stimulators and tested to prevent cytokine release and inflammation. However, CAP studies have typically been performed in models of severe, systemic (e.g., endotoxemia) or chronic inflammation (e.g., collagen-induced arthritis or DSS-induced colitis). Herein, we examined the effects of activation of the splenic CAP with ultrasound in a model of local bacterial infection by lung instillation of 105 CFU of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We demonstrate a time-dependent effect of CAP activation on the cytokine response assay during infection progression. CAP activation-induced cytokine suppression is absent at intermediate times post-infection (16 hours following inoculation), but present during the early (4 hours) and later phases (48 hours). These results indicate that cytokine inhibition associated with splenic CAP activation is not observed at all timepoints following bacterial infection and highlights the importance of further studying neuroimmune interfaces within the context of different immune system and inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Ahmed
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - John F. Graf
- General Electric Research, Niskayuna, NY, United States
| | - Anna Daytz
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Omar Yaipen
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ibrahim Mughrabi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Naveen Jayaprakash
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Clifford Scott Deutschman
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Stavros Zanos
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Chris Puleo
- General Electric Research, Niskayuna, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Chris Puleo,
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28
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Chaudhari S, Pham GS, Brooks CD, Dinh VQ, Young-Stubbs CM, Shimoura CG, Mathis KW. Should Renal Inflammation Be Targeted While Treating Hypertension? Front Physiol 2022; 13:886779. [PMID: 35770194 PMCID: PMC9236225 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.886779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research and a plethora of therapeutic options, hypertension continues to be a global burden. Understanding of the pathological roles of known and underexplored cellular and molecular pathways in the development and maintenance of hypertension is critical to advance the field. Immune system overactivation and inflammation in the kidneys are proposed alternative mechanisms of hypertension, and resistant hypertension. Consideration of the pathophysiology of hypertension in chronic inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune diseases, in which patients present with autoimmune-mediated kidney inflammation as well as hypertension, may reveal possible contributors and novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we 1) summarize current therapies used to control blood pressure and their known effects on inflammation; 2) provide evidence on the need to target renal inflammation, specifically, and especially when first-line and combinatory treatment efforts fail; and 3) discuss the efficacy of therapies used to treat autoimmune diseases with a hypertension/renal component. We aim to elucidate the potential of targeting renal inflammation in certain subsets of patients resistant to current therapies.
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29
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Yang H, George SJ, Thompson DA, Silverman HA, Tsaava T, Tynan A, Pavlov VA, Chang EH, Andersson U, Brines M, Chavan SS, Tracey KJ. Famotidine activates the vagus nerve inflammatory reflex to attenuate cytokine storm. Mol Med 2022; 28:57. [PMID: 35578169 PMCID: PMC9109205 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe COVID-19 is characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokine release syndrome (cytokine storm) which causes high morbidity and mortality. Recent observational and clinical studies suggest famotidine, a histamine 2 receptor (H2R) antagonist widely used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease, attenuates the clinical course of COVID-19. Because evidence is lacking for a direct antiviral activity of famotidine, a proposed mechanism of action is blocking the effects of histamine released by mast cells. Here we hypothesized that famotidine activates the inflammatory reflex, a brain-integrated vagus nerve mechanism which inhibits inflammation via alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) signal transduction, to prevent cytokine storm. METHODS The potential anti-inflammatory effects of famotidine and other H2R antagonists were assessed in mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine storm. As the inflammatory reflex is integrated and can be stimulated in the brain, and H2R antagonists penetrate the blood brain barrier poorly, famotidine was administered by intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intraperitoneal (IP) routes. RESULTS Famotidine administered IP significantly reduced serum and splenic LPS-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-6 concentrations, significantly improving survival. The effects of ICV famotidine were significantly more potent as compared to the peripheral route. Mice lacking mast cells by genetic deletion also responded to famotidine, indicating the anti-inflammatory effects are not mast cell-dependent. Either bilateral sub-diaphragmatic vagotomy or genetic knock-out of α7nAChR abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of famotidine, indicating the inflammatory reflex as famotidine's mechanism of action. While the structurally similar H2R antagonist tiotidine displayed equivalent anti-inflammatory activity, the H2R antagonists cimetidine or ranitidine were ineffective even at very high dosages. CONCLUSIONS These observations reveal a previously unidentified vagus nerve-dependent anti-inflammatory effect of famotidine in the setting of cytokine storm which is not replicated by high dosages of other H2R antagonists in clinical use. Because famotidine is more potent when administered intrathecally, these findings are also consistent with a primarily central nervous system mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Sam J George
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Dane A Thompson
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Harold A Silverman
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Téa Tsaava
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Aisling Tynan
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Eric H Chang
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Ulf Andersson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Brines
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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30
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Yang H, George SJ, Thompson D, Silverman HA, Tsaava T, Tynan A, Pavlov VA, Chang E, Andersson U, Brines M, Chavan SS, Tracey KJ. Famotidine activates the vagus nerve inflammatory reflex to attenuate cytokine storm. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1493296. [PMID: 35441176 PMCID: PMC9016653 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1493296/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background. Severe COVID-19 is characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokine release syndrome (cytokine storm) which causes high morbidity and mortality. Recent observational and clinical studies suggest famotidine, a histamine 2 receptor (H2R) antagonist widely used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease , attenuates the clinical course of COVID-19. Because evidence is lacking for a direct antiviral activity of famotidine, a proposed mechanism of action is blocking the effects of histamine released by mast cells. Here we hypothesized that famotidine activates the inflammatory reflex, a brain-integrated vagus nerve mechanism which inhibits inflammation via alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ( α7nAChR ) signal transduction, to prevent cytokine storm. Methods. The potential anti-inflammatory effects of famotidine and other H2R antagonists was assessed in mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine storm. As the inflammatory reflex is integrated and can be stimulated in the brain, and H2R antagonists penetrate the blood brain barrier poorly, famotidine was administered by intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intraperitoneal (IP) routes. Results. Famotidine administered IP significantly reduced serum and splenic LPS-stimulated tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 concentrations, significantly improving survival. The effects of ICV famotidine were significantly more potent as compared to the peripheral route. Mice lacking mast cells by genetic deletion also responded to famotidine, indicating the anti-inflammatory effects are not mast cell dependent. Either bilateral sub-diaphragmatic vagotomy or genetic knock-out of α7nAChR abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of famotidine, indicating the inflammatory reflex as famotidine's mechanism of action. While the structurally similar H2R antagonist tiotidine displayed equivalent anti-inflammatory activity, the H2R antagonists cimetidine or ranitidine were ineffective even at very high dosages. Conclusions. These observations reveal a previously unidentified vagus nerve-dependent anti-inflammatory effect of famotidine in the setting of cytokine storm which is not replicated by high dosages of other H2R antagonists in clinical use. Because famotidine is more potent when administered intrathecally, these findings are also consistent with a primarily central nervous system mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
| | - Sam J George
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Dane Thompson
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Harold A Silverman
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Tea Tsaava
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Aisling Tynan
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Eric Chang
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | | | - Michael Brines
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
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31
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Electroacupuncture attenuates brain injury through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated suppression of neuroinflammation in a rat model of asphyxial cardiac arrest. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 367:577873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Yang A, Liu B, Inoue T. Role of autonomic system imbalance in neurogenic pulmonary oedema. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1645-1657. [PMID: 35277906 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenic pulmonary oedema (NPE) is a life-threatening complication that develops rapidly and dramatically after an injury to the central nervous system (CNS). The autonomic system imbalance produced by severe brain damage may play an important role in the development of NPE. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system and inhibition of the vagus nerve system are essential prerequisites for autonomic system imbalance. The more severe the damage, the more pronounced the phenomenon. Sympathetic hyperactivity is associated with increased release of catecholamines from peripheral sympathetic nerve endings, which can cause dramatic changes in haemodynamics and cause pulmonary oedema. On the other hand, the abnormal inflammatory response caused by vagus nerve inhibition may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of NPE. The perspective of autonomic system imbalance seems to perfectly integrate the existing pathogenesis of NPE and can explain the entire development progression of NPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aobing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Acrylamide Neurotoxicity as a Possible Factor Responsible for Inflammation in the Cholinergic Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042030. [PMID: 35216144 PMCID: PMC8880090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is a chemical compound that exhibits neurotoxic and genotoxic effects. It causes neurological symptoms such as tremors, general weakness, numbness, tingling in the limbs or ataxia. Numerous scientific studies show the effect of ACR on nerve endings and its close connection with the cholinergic system. The cholinergic system is part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates higher cortical functions related to memory, learning, concentration and attention. Within the cholinergic system, there are cholinergic neurons, anatomical cholinergic structures, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and cholinergic receptors. Some scientific reports suggest a negative effect of ACR on the cholinergic system and inflammatory reactions within the body. The aim of the study was to review the current state of knowledge on the influence of acrylamide on the cholinergic system and to evaluate its possible effect on inflammatory processes. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a neuroimmunomodulatory pathway that is located in the blood and mucous membranes. The role of CAP is to stop the inflammatory response in the appropriate moment. It prevents the synthesis and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ultimately regulates the local and systemic immune response. The cellular molecular mechanism for inhibiting cytokine synthesis is attributed to acetylcholine (ACh), the major vagal neurotransmitter, and the α7 nicotinic receptor (α7nAChR) subunit is a key receptor for the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. The combination of ACh with α7nAChR results in inhibition of the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The blood AChE is able to terminate the stimulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway due to splitting ACh. Accordingly, cytokine production is essential for pathogen protection and tissue repair, but over-release of cytokines can lead to systemic inflammation, organ failure, and death. Inflammatory responses are precisely regulated to effectively protect against harmful stimuli. The central nervous system dynamically interacts with the immune system, modulating inflammation through the humoral and nervous pathways. The stress-induced rise in acetylcholine (ACh) level acts to ease the inflammatory response and restore homeostasis. This signaling process ends when ACh is hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE). There are many scientific reports indicating the harmful effects of ACR on AChE. Most of them indicate that ACR reduces the concentration and activity of AChE. Due to the neurotoxic effect of acrylamide, which is related to the disturbance of the secretion of neurotransmitters, and its influence on the disturbance of acetylcholinesterase activity, it can be concluded that it disturbs the normal inflammatory response.
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34
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Muscarinic receptors control markers of inflammation in the small intestine of BALB/c mice. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 362:577764. [PMID: 34823118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic-acetylcholine-receptors (mAChRs) modulate intestinal homeostasis, but their role in inflammation is unclear; thus, this issue was the focus of this study. BALB/c mice were treated for 7 days with muscarine (mAChR/agonist), atropine (mAChR/antagonist) or saline. Small-intestine samples were collected for histology and cytofluorometric assays in Peyer's patches (PP) and lamina propria (LP) cell-suspensions. In LP, goblet-cells/leukocytes/neutrophils/MPO+ cells and MPO/activity were increased in the muscarine group. In PP, IFN-γ+/CD4+ T or IL-6+/CD4+ T cell numbers were higher in the muscarine or atropine groups, respectively. In LP, TNF-α+/CD4+ T cell number was higher in the muscarine group and lower in the atropine.
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Sullivan BA, Fairchild KD. Vital signs as physiomarkers of neonatal sepsis. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:273-282. [PMID: 34493832 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal sepsis accounts for significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among premature infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Abnormal vital sign patterns serve as physiomarkers of sepsis and provide early warning of illness before overt clinical decompensation. The systemic inflammatory response to pathogens signals the autonomic nervous system, leading to changes in temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure. In infants with comorbidities of prematurity, vital sign abnormalities often occur in the absence of infection, which confounds sepsis diagnosis. This review will cover the mechanisms of vital sign changes in neonatal sepsis, including the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway mediated by the vagus nerve, which is critical to the host response to infectious and inflammatory insults. We will also review the clinical implications of vital sign changes in neonatal sepsis, including their use in early warning scores and systems to direct clinicians to the bedside of infants with physiologic changes that might be due to sepsis. IMPACT: This manuscript summarizes and reviews the relevant literature on the physiological manifestations of neonatal sepsis and how we monitor and analyze these through vital signs and advanced analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynne A Sullivan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Karen D Fairchild
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Ramos-Martínez IE, Rodríguez MC, Cerbón M, Ramos-Martínez JC, Ramos-Martínez EG. Role of the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Reflex in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413427. [PMID: 34948222 PMCID: PMC8705572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In several central nervous system diseases, it has been reported that inflammation may be related to the etiologic process, therefore, therapeutic strategies are being implemented to control inflammation. As the nervous system and the immune system maintain close bidirectional communication in physiological and pathological conditions, the modulation of inflammation through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex has been proposed. In this review, we summarized the evidence supporting chemical stimulation with cholinergic agonists and vagus nerve stimulation as therapeutic strategies in the treatment of various central nervous system pathologies, and their effect on inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Emmanuel Ramos-Martínez
- Glycobiology, Cell Growth and Tissue Repair Research Unit (Gly-CRRET), Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), 94010 Créteil, France;
| | - María Carmen Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, SSA, Morelos 62100, Mexico;
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (E.G.R.-M.)
| | - Juan Carlos Ramos-Martínez
- Cardiology Department, Hospital General Regional Lic. Ignacio Garcia Tellez IMSS, Yucatán 97150, Mexico;
| | - Edgar Gustavo Ramos-Martínez
- Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico
- Instituto de Cómputo Aplicado en Ciencias, Oaxaca 68044, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (E.G.R.-M.)
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Resting parasympathetic nervous system activity is associated with greater antiviral gene expression. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:310-316. [PMID: 34461235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasympathetic nervous system activity can downregulate inflammation, but it remains unclear how parasympathetic nervous system activity relates to antiviral activity. The present study examined associations between parasympathetic nervous system activity and cellular antiviral gene regulation in 90 adolescents (Mage = 16.28, SD = 0.73; 51.1% female) who provided blood samples and measures of cardiac respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), twice, five weeks apart. Using a multilevel analytic framework, we found that higher RSA (an indicator of higher parasympathetic nervous system activity)-both at rest and during paced breathing-was associated with higher expression of Type I interferon (IFN) response genes in circulating leukocytes, even after adjusting for demographic and biological covariates. RSA was not associated with a parallel measure of inflammatory gene expression. These results identify a previously unrecognized immunoregulatory aspect of autonomic nervous system function and highlight a potential biological pathway by which parasympathetic nervous system activity may relate to health.
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Baris E, Efe H, Gumustekin M, Arici MA, Tosun M. Varenicline Prevents LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response via Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:721533. [PMID: 34712695 PMCID: PMC8546203 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.721533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway plays an important role in controlling inflammation. This study investigated the effects of varenicline, an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) agonist, on inflammatory cytokine levels, cell proliferation, and migration rates in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell lines. The cells were treated with increasing concentrations of varenicline, followed by LPS incubation for 24 h. Prior to receptor-mediated events, anti-inflammatory effects of varenicline on different cytokines and chemokines were investigated using a cytokine array. Nicotinic AChR-mediated effects of varenicline were investigated by using a non-selective nAChR antagonist mecamylamine hydrochloride and a selective α7nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine citrate. TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were determined by the ELISA test in cell media 24 h after LPS administration and compared with those of dexamethasone. The rates of cellular proliferation and migration were monitored for 24 h after drug treatment using a real-time cell analysis system. Varenicline decreased LPS-induced cytokines and chemokines including TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β via α7nAChRs to a similar level that observed with dexamethasone. Varenicline treatment decreased LPS-induced cell proliferation, without any nAChR involvement. On the other hand, the LPS-induced cell migration rate decreased with varenicline via α7nAChR. Our data suggest that varenicline inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory response by activating α7nAChRs within the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, reducing the cytokine levels and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Baris
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hande Efe
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mukaddes Gumustekin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mualla Aylin Arici
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Metiner Tosun
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
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Kocaturk M, Yilmaz Z, Cansev M, Ozarda Y, Ceron JJ, Buturak A, Ulus IH. Choline or CDP-choline restores hypotension and improves myocardial and respiratory functions in dogs with experimentally - Induced endotoxic shock. Res Vet Sci 2021; 141:116-128. [PMID: 34715589 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin shock is associated with severe impairments in cardiovascular and respiratory functions. We showed previously that choline or cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) provides beneficial effects in experimental endotoxin shock in dogs. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of choline or CDP-choline on endotoxin-induced cardiovascular and respiratory dysfunctions. Dogs were treated intravenously (i.v.) with saline or endotoxin (LPS, 0.1 mg/kg) 5 min before i.v. infusion of saline, choline (20 mg/kg) or CDP-choline (70 mg/kg). Blood pressure, cardiac rate, myocardial and left ventricular functions, respiratory rate, blood gases, serum electrolytes and cardiac injury markers were determined before and at 0.5-48 h after endotoxin. Plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), catecholamine and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured 2 h and 24 h after the treatments. Endotoxin caused immediate and sustained reductions in blood pressure, cardiac output, pO2 and pH; changes in left ventricular functions, structure and volume parameters; and elevations in heart rate, respiratory rate, pCO2 and serum electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, Ca and P). Endotoxin also resulted in elevations in blood levels of cardiac injury markers, TNF-α, HMGB1, catecholamine and NO. In choline- or CDP-choline-treated dogs, all endotoxin effects were much smaller in magnitude and shorter in duration than observed values in controls. These data show that treatment with choline or CDP-choline improves functions of cardiovascular and respiratory systems in experimental endotoxemia and suggest that they may be useful in treatment of endotoxin shock in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric Kocaturk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Zeki Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Cansev
- Department of Pharmacology, Bursa Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Yesim Ozarda
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul Health and Technology University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Jose Joaquin Ceron
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Ali Buturak
- Liv Hospital Vadi Istanbul, Cardiology Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail H Ulus
- Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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40
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Wu M, Liu CZ, Barrall EA, Rissman RA, Joiner WJ. Unbalanced Regulation of α7 nAChRs by Ly6h and NACHO Contributes to Neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8461-8474. [PMID: 34446574 PMCID: PMC8513707 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0494-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are widely expressed in the brain where they promote fast cholinergic synaptic transmission and serve important neuromodulatory functions. However, their high permeability to Ca2+ also predisposes them to contribute to disease states. Here, using transfected HEK-tsa cells and primary cultured hippocampal neurons from male and female rats, we demonstrate that two proteins called Ly6h and NACHO compete for access to α7 subunits, operating together but in opposition to maintain α7 assembly and activity within a narrow range that is optimal for neuronal function and viability. Using mixed gender human temporal cortex and cultured hippocampal neurons from rats we further show that this balance is perturbed during Alzheimer's disease (AD) because of amyloid β (Aβ)-driven reduction in Ly6h, with severe reduction leading to increased phosphorylated tau and α7-mediated neurotoxicity. Ly6h release into human CSF is also correlated with AD severity. Thus, Ly6h links cholinergic signaling, Aβ and phosphorylated tau and may serve as a novel marker for AD progression.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT One of the earliest and most persistent hypotheses regarding Alzheimer's disease (AD) attributes cognitive impairment to loss of cholinergic signaling. More recently, interest has focused on crucial roles for amyloid β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that these elements are linked by Ly6h and its counterpart, NACHO, functioning in opposition to maintain assembly of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) within the physiological range. Our data suggests that Aβ shifts the balance away from Ly6h and toward NACHO, resulting in increased assembly of Ca2+-permeable nAChRs and thus a conversion of basal cholinergic to neurotoxic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Clifford Z Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Erika A Barrall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - William J Joiner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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41
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Transdermal auricular vagus stimulation for the treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome. Auton Neurosci 2021; 236:102886. [PMID: 34634682 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is a chronic disorder characterized by symptoms of orthostatic intolerance such as fatigue, lightheadedness, dizziness, palpitations, dyspnea, chest discomfort and remarkable tachycardia upon standing. Non-invasive transdermal vagal stimulators have been applied for the treatment of epilepsy, anxiety, depression, headache, and chronic pain syndromes. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects after transdermal vagal stimulation raised interest for applications in other diseases. Patients with sympathetic overactivity, reduced cardiac vagal drive and presence of systemic inflammation like POTS may benefit from tVNS. This article will address crucial methodological aspects of tVNS and provide preliminary results of its acute and chronic use in POTS, with regards to its potential effectiveness on autonomic symptoms reduction and heart rate modulation.
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42
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Gonzalez-Gonzalez MA, Bendale GS, Wang K, Wallace GG, Romero-Ortega M. Platinized graphene fiber electrodes uncover direct spleen-vagus communication. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1097. [PMID: 34535751 PMCID: PMC8448843 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural interfacing nerve fascicles along the splenic neurovascular plexus (SNVP) is needed to better understand the spleen physiology, and for selective neuromodulation of this major organ. However, their small size and anatomical location have proven to be a significant challenge. Here, we use a reduced liquid crystalline graphene oxide (rGO) fiber coated with platinum (Pt) as a super-flexible suture-like electrode to interface multiple SNVP. The Pt-rGO fibers work as a handover knot electrodes over the small SNVP, allowing sensitive recording from four splenic nerve terminal branches (SN 1–4), to uncover differential activity and axon composition among them. Here, the asymmetric defasciculation of the SN branches is revealed by electron microscopy, and the functional compartmentalization in spleen innervation is evidenced in response to hypoxia and pharmacological modulation of mean arterial pressure. We demonstrate that electrical stimulation of cervical and sub-diaphragmatic vagus nerve (VN), evokes activity in a subset of SN terminal branches, providing evidence for a direct VN control over the spleen. This notion is supported by adenoviral tract-tracing of SN branches, revealing an unconventional direct brain-spleen projection. High-performance Pt-rGO fiber electrodes, may be used for the fine neural modulation of other small neurovascular plexus at the point of entry of major organs as a bioelectronic medical alternative. Gonzalez-Gonzalez et al. use high-performance platinized graphene fiber electrodes to interface individual neurovascular plexus that innervate the spleen. Their approach provides evidence for distinct function of individual spleen terminal branches in organ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomedical Sciences, University of Houston, Health 2, 4849 Calhoun Rd., Room 6014, Houston, TX, 77204-6064, USA
| | - Geetanjali S Bendale
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomedical Sciences, University of Houston, Health 2, 4849 Calhoun Rd., Room 6014, Houston, TX, 77204-6064, USA
| | - Kezhong Wang
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Mario Romero-Ortega
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomedical Sciences, University of Houston, Health 2, 4849 Calhoun Rd., Room 6014, Houston, TX, 77204-6064, USA.
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43
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Falvey A, Metz CN, Tracey KJ, Pavlov VA. Peripheral nerve stimulation and immunity: the expanding opportunities for providing mechanistic insight and therapeutic intervention. Int Immunol 2021; 34:107-118. [PMID: 34498051 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical research advances our understanding of the vagus nerve-mediated regulation of immunity and clinical trials successfully utilize electrical vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of patients with inflammatory disorders. This symbiotic relationship between pre-clinical and clinical research exploring the vagus nerve-based 'inflammatory reflex' has substantially contributed to establishing the field of bioelectronic medicine. Recent studies identify a crosstalk between the vagus nerve and other neural circuitries in controlling inflammation and delineate new neural immunoregulatory pathways. Here we outline current mechanistic insights into the role of vagal and non-vagal neural pathways in neuro-immune communication and inflammatory regulation. We also provide a timely overview of expanding opportunities for bioelectronic neuromodulation in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Falvey
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, United States
| | - Christine N Metz
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, United States
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, United States
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, United States
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Lysenkov SP, Muzhenya DV, Tuguz AR, Urakova TU, Shumilov DS, Thakushinov IA. Participation of nitrogen oxide and its metabolites in the genesis of hyperimmune inflammation in COVID-19. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2021; 64:167-176. [PMID: 34472447 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_38_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success in the tactics of treating COVID-19, there are many unexplored issues related to the development and progression of the process in the lungs, brain, and other organs, as well as the role of individual elements, in particular, nitric oxide (NO), and in the pathogenesis of organ damage. Based on the analyzed literature data, we considered a possible pathophysiological mechanism of action of NO and its derivatives in COVID-19. It can be noted that hyperimmune systemic inflammation and "cytokine storm" are enhanced by the production of NO, products of its oxidation ("nitrosative stress"). It is noted in the work that as a result of the oxidation of NO, a large amount of the toxic compound peroxynitrite is formed, which is a powerful proinflammatory agent. Its presence significantly damages the endothelium of the vascular walls and also oxidizes lipids, hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome, binds SH-groups of proteins, and damages DNA in the target cells. This is confirmed by the picture of the vessels of the lungs on computed tomography and the data of biochemical studies. In case of peroxynitrite overproduction, inhibition of the synthesis of NO and its metabolic products seems to be justified. Another aspect considered in this work is the mechanism of damage by the virus to the central and peripheral nervous system, which remains poorly understood but may be important in understanding the consequences, as well as predicting brain functions in persons who have undergone COVID-19. According to the analyzed literature, it can be concluded that brain damage is possible due to the direct effect of the virus on the peripheral nerves and central structures, and indirectly through the effect on the endothelium of cerebral vessels. Disturbances in the central nervous regulation of immune responses may be associated with the insufficient function of the acetylcholine anti-inflammatory system. It is proposed to further study several approaches to influence various links of NO exchange, which are of interest for theoretical and practical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Petrovich Lysenkov
- Department of Pathomorphology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Medical Institute, FSBEI HE "Maikop State Technological University", Maikop, Republic of Adygeya, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Vitalevich Muzhenya
- Department of Pathomorphology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Medical Institute, FSBEI HE "Maikop State Technological University", Maikop, Republic of Adygeya, Russia
| | - Aminat Ramazanovna Tuguz
- Immunogenetic Laboratory of the Research, Institute of Complex Problems, FSBEI HE "Adyghe State University", Maikop, Republic of Adygeya, Russia
| | - Tamara Ur'evna Urakova
- Department of Pathomorphology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Medical Institute, FSBEI HE "Maikop State Technological University", Maikop, Republic of Adygeya, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Sergeevich Shumilov
- Immunogenetic Laboratory of the Research, Institute of Complex Problems, FSBEI HE "Adyghe State University", Maikop, Republic of Adygeya, Russia
| | - Ibragim Askarbievich Thakushinov
- Department of Pathomorphology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Medical Institute, FSBEI HE "Maikop State Technological University", Maikop, Republic of Adygeya, Russia
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McCallum RT, Perreault ML. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3: A Focal Point for Advancing Pathogenic Inflammation in Depression. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092270. [PMID: 34571919 PMCID: PMC8470361 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the host immune response has a monumental role in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), motivating the development of the inflammatory hypothesis of depression. Central to the involvement of chronic inflammation in MDD is a wide range of signaling deficits induced by the excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and imbalanced T cell differentiation. Such signaling deficits include the glutamatergic, cholinergic, insulin, and neurotrophin systems, which work in concert to initiate and advance the neuropathology. Fundamental to the communication between such systems is the protein kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a multifaceted protein critically linked to the etiology of MDD and an emerging target to treat pathogenic inflammation. Here, a consolidated overview of the widespread multi-system involvement of GSK-3 in contributing to the neuropathology of MDD will be discussed, with the feed-forward mechanistic links between all major neuronal signaling pathways highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. McCallum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Melissa L. Perreault
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 52013)
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Sanhueza N, Fuentes R, Aguilar A, Carnicero B, Vega K, Muñoz D, Contreras D, Moreno N, Troncoso E, Mercado L, Morales-Lange B, Boltana S. Behavioural Fever Promotes an Inflammatory Reflex Circuit in Ectotherms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168860. [PMID: 34445566 PMCID: PMC8396262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The communication between the brain and the immune system is a cornerstone in animal physiology. This interaction is mediated by immune factors acting in both health and pathogenesis, but it is unclear how these systems molecularly and mechanistically communicate under changing environmental conditions. Behavioural fever is a well-conserved immune response that promotes dramatic changes in gene expression patterns during ectotherms’ thermoregulatory adaptation, including those orchestrating inflammation. However, the molecular regulators activating the inflammatory reflex in ectotherms remain unidentified. Methods: We revisited behavioural fever by providing groups of fish a thermal gradient environment during infection. Our novel experimental setup created temperature ranges in which fish freely moved between different thermal gradients: (1) wide thermoregulatory range; T° = 6.4 °C; and (2) restricted thermoregulatory range; T° = 1.4 °C. The fish behaviour was investigated during 5-days post-viral infection. Blood, spleen, and brain samples were collected to determine plasmatic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. To characterize genes’ functioning during behavioural fever, we performed a transcriptomic profiling of the fish spleen. We also measured the activity of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine in brain and peripheral tissues. Results: We describe the first set of the neural components that control inflammatory modulation during behavioural fever. We identified a neuro-immune crosstalk as a potential mechanism promoting the fine regulation of inflammation. The development of behavioural fever upon viral infection triggers a robust inflammatory response in vivo, establishing an activation threshold after infection in several organs, including the brain. Thus, temperature shifts strongly impact on neural tissue, specifically on the inflammatory reflex network activation. At the molecular level, behavioural fever causes a significant increase in cholinergic neurotransmitters and their receptors’ activity and key anti-inflammatory factors such as cytokine Il10 and Tgfβ in target tissues. Conclusion: These results reveal a cholinergic neuronal-based mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory responses under induced fever. We performed the first molecular characterization of the behavioural fever response and inflammatory reflex activation in mobile ectotherms, identifying the role of key regulators of these processes. These findings provide genetic entry points for functional studies of the neural–immune adaptation to infection and its protective relevance in ectotherm organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Sanhueza
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
| | - Andrea Aguilar
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Beatriz Carnicero
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Karina Vega
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - David Muñoz
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - David Contreras
- Biotechnology Center, Renewable Resources Laboratory, University Campus, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (D.C.); (N.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Nataly Moreno
- Biotechnology Center, Renewable Resources Laboratory, University Campus, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (D.C.); (N.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Eduardo Troncoso
- Biotechnology Center, Renewable Resources Laboratory, University Campus, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (D.C.); (N.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (L.M.); (B.M.-L.)
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (L.M.); (B.M.-L.)
| | - Sebastian Boltana
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +56-41-266-16-17
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Wedn AM, El-Bassossy HM, Eid AH, El-Mas MM. Modulation of preeclampsia by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: Therapeutic perspectives. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114703. [PMID: 34324867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is vital for the orchestration of the immune and inflammatory responses under normal and challenged conditions. Over the past two decades, peripheral and central circuits of CAP have been shown to be critically involved in dampening the inflammatory reaction in a wide array of inflammatory disorders. Additionally, emerging evidence supports a key role for CAP in the regulation of the female reproductive system during gestation as well as in the advent of serious pregnancy-related inflammatory insults such as preeclampsia (PE). Within this framework, the modulatory action of CAP encompasses the perinatal maternal and fetal adverse consequences that surface due to antenatal PE programming. Albeit, a considerable gap still exists in our knowledge of the precise cellular and molecular underpinnings of PE/CAP interaction, which hampered global efforts in safeguarding effective preventive or therapeutic measures against PE complications. Here, we summarize reports in the literature regarding the roles of peripheral and reflex cholinergic neuroinflammatory pathways of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in reprogramming PE complications in mothers and their progenies. The possible contributions of α7-nAChRs, cholinesterases, immune cells, adhesion molecules, angiogenesis, and endothelial dysfunction to the interaction have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla M Wedn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hany M El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mahmoud M El-Mas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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48
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Eberhardson M, Levine YA, Tarnawski L, Olofsson PS. The brain-gut axis, inflammatory bowel disease and bioelectronic medicine. Int Immunol 2021; 33:349-356. [PMID: 33912906 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is chronic intestinal inflammation with typical onset in adolescents and young adults. An abundance of neutrophils is seen in the inflammatory lesions, but adaptive immunity is also an important player in the chronicity of the disease. There is an unmet need for new treatment options since modern medicines such as biological therapy with anti-cytokine antibodies still leave a substantial number of patients with persisting disease activity. The role of the central nervous system and its interaction with the gut in the pathophysiology of IBD have been brought to attention both in animal models and in humans after the discovery of the inflammatory reflex. The suggested control of gut immunity by the brain-gut axis represents a novel therapeutic target suitable for bioelectronic intervention. In this review, we discuss the role of the inflammatory reflex in gut inflammation and the recent advances in the treatment of IBD by intervening with the brain-gut axis through bioelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eberhardson
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Linköping, 581 91 Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yaakov A Levine
- Department of Medicine, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden.,SetPoint Medical, Valencia, CA 91355, USA
| | - Laura Tarnawski
- Department of Medicine, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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49
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Halder N, Lal G. Cholinergic System and Its Therapeutic Importance in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660342. [PMID: 33936095 PMCID: PMC8082108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological and immunological signals constitute an extensive regulatory network in our body that maintains physiology and homeostasis. The cholinergic system plays a significant role in neuroimmune communication, transmitting information regarding the peripheral immune status to the central nervous system (CNS) and vice versa. The cholinergic system includes the neurotransmitter\ molecule, acetylcholine (ACh), cholinergic receptors (AChRs), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. These molecules are involved in regulating immune response and playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Most innate and adaptive immune cells respond to neuronal inputs by releasing or expressing these molecules on their surfaces. Dysregulation of this neuroimmune communication may lead to several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors have been developed to target the cholinergic system to control inflammation in different tissues. This review discusses how various molecules of the neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) interact with the immune cells. What are the agonists and antagonists that alter the cholinergic system, and how are these molecules modulate inflammation and immunity. Understanding the various functions of pharmacological molecules could help in designing better strategies to control inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Halder
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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50
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Vagus nerve stimulation enhances the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway to reduce lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome via STAT3. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:63. [PMID: 33782389 PMCID: PMC8005666 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAIP) is important for antagonizing inflammation and treating several diseases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and is related to vagus nerve integrity. However, its underlying pathophysiological mechanism is still unclear. We hypothesized that CAIP regulates lung injury repair after ARDS through the STAT3 signaling pathway, which is an important downstream effector of α7nAchR. We enhanced CAIP activity by subjecting rats to vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and administered the α-7 acetylcholine receptor (α7nAchR) agonist and antagonist to determine whether VNS can reduce lung injury by regulating the pulmonary inflammatory response through CAIP. After being subjected to VNS, the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β was decreased, while the level of IL-10 was increased in the rat model of ARDS. Moreover, VNS treatment reduced lung mRNA levels of M1 macrophage markers, while increased those of M2 macrophage markers. The expression of Caspase-1 decreased, while that of STAT3 increased in lung tissue after VNS treatment. The aforementioned effects of VNS were reversed by cutting the cervical vagus efferent branch and blocking α7nAchR. These findings suggest that VNS inhibits the ARDS inflammatory response by promoting CAIP activity. Next, we used lentivirus knockdown of STAT3 expression to explore the mechanism of VNS through CAIP on lung inflammation in ARDS model rats. VNS activates α7nAchR, increases STAT3 expression, reduces Caspase-1 expression, suppresses inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory pyroptosis and M1 to M2 macrophage transformation, which may constitute the main mechanism of VNS action in ARDS.
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