1
|
Day KS, Rempel L, Rossi FMV, Theret M. Origins and functions of eosinophils in two non-mucosal tissues. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1368142. [PMID: 38585275 PMCID: PMC10995313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are a type of granulocyte named after the presence of their eosin-stained granules. Traditionally, eosinophils have been best known to play prominent roles in anti-parasitic responses and mediating allergic reactions. Knowledge of their behaviour has expanded with time, and they are now recognized to play integral parts in the homeostasis of gastrointestinal, respiratory, skeletal muscle, adipose, and connective tissue systems. As such, they are implicated in a myriad of pathologies, and have been the target of several medical therapies. This review focuses on the lifespan of eosinophils, from their origins in the bone marrow, to their tissue-resident role. In particular, we wish to highlight the functions of eosinophils in non-mucosal tissues with skeletal muscle and the adipose tissues as examples, and to discuss the current understanding of their participation in diseased states in these tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie S. Day
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Rempel
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fabio M. V. Rossi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marine Theret
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein ε 27 Antagonism of GATA-1 Transcriptional Activity in the Eosinophil Is Mediated by a Unique N-Terminal Repression Domain, Is Independent of Sumoylation and Does Not Require DNA Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312689. [PMID: 34884493 PMCID: PMC8657826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon (C/EBPε) is required for eosinophil differentiation, lineage-specific gene transcription, and expression of C/EBPε32 and shorter 27kD and 14kD isoforms is developmentally regulated during this process. We previously defined the 27kD isoform (C/EBPε27) as an antagonist of GATA-1 transactivation of the eosinophil's major basic protein-1 (MBP1) P2-promoter, showing C/EBPε27 and GATA-1 physically interact. In the current study, we used a Tat-C/EBPε27 fusion protein for cell/nuclear transduction of an eosinophil myelocyte cell line to demonstrate that C/EBPε27 is a potent repressor of MBP1 transcription. We performed structure-function analyses of C/EBPε27 mapping its repressor domains, comparing it to C/EBPε32 and C/EBPε14, using GATA-1 co-transactivation of the MBP1-P2 promoter. Results show C/EBPε27 repression of GATA-1 is mediated by its unique 68aa N-terminus combined with previously identified RDI domain. This repressor activity does not require, but is enhanced by, DNA binding via the basic region of C/EBPε27 but independent of sumoylation of the RDI core "VKEEP" sumoylation site. These findings identify the N-terminus of C/EBPε27 as the minimum repressor domain required for antagonism of GATA-1 in the eosinophil. C/EBPε27 repression of GATA-1 occurs via a combination of both C/EBPε27-GATA-1 protein-protein interaction and C/EBPε27 binding to a C/EBP site in the MBP1 promoter. The C/EBPε27 isoform may serve to titrate and/or turn off eosinophil granule protein genes like MBP1 during eosinophil differentiation, as these genes are ultimately silenced in the mature cell. Understanding the functionality of C/EBPε27 in eosinophil development may prove promising in developing therapeutics that reduce eosinophil proliferation in allergic diseases.
Collapse
|
3
|
Transcriptional Regulation of the Human IL5RA Gene through Alternative Promoter Usage during Eosinophil Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910245. [PMID: 34638583 PMCID: PMC8549700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the IL-5 receptor alpha (IL5RA) gene is complicated, with two known promoters (P1 and P2) driving transcription, and two known isoforms (transmembrane and soluble) dichotomously affecting the signaling potential of the protein products. Here, we sought to determine the patterns of P1 and P2 promoter usage and transcription factor occupancy during primary human eosinophil development from CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell progenitors. We found that during eosinophilopoiesis, both promoters were active but subject to distinct temporal regulation, coincident with combinatorial interactions of transcription factors, including GATA-1, PU.1, and C/EBP family members. P1 displayed a relatively constant level of activity throughout eosinophil development, while P2 activity peaked early and waned thereafter. The soluble IL-5Rα mRNA peaked early and showed the greatest magnitude fold-induction, while the signaling-competent transmembrane isoform peaked moderately. Two human eosinophilic cell lines whose relative use of P1 and P2 were similar to eosinophils differentiated in culture were used to functionally test putative transcription factor binding sites. Transcription factor occupancy was then validated in primary cultures by ChIP. We conclude that IL-5-dependent generation of eosinophils from CD34+ precursors involves complex and dynamic activity including both promoters, several interacting transcription factors, and both signaling and antagonistic protein products.
Collapse
|
4
|
Jacobsen EA, Jackson DJ, Heffler E, Mathur SK, Bredenoord AJ, Pavord ID, Akuthota P, Roufosse F, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophil Knockout Humans: Uncovering the Role of Eosinophils Through Eosinophil-Directed Biological Therapies. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:719-757. [PMID: 33646859 PMCID: PMC8317994 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-125918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enigmatic eosinophil has emerged as an exciting component of the immune system, involved in a plethora of homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Substantial progress has been achieved through experimental systems manipulating eosinophils in vivo, initially in mice and more recently in humans. Researchers using eosinophil knockout mice have identified a contributory role for eosinophils in basal and inflammatory processes and protective immunity. Primarily fueled by the purported proinflammatory role of eosinophils in eosinophil-associated diseases, a series of anti-eosinophil therapeutics have emerged as a new class of drugs. These agents, which dramatically deplete eosinophils, provide a valuable opportunity to characterize the consequences of eosinophil knockout humans. Herein, we comparatively describe mouse and human eosinophil knockouts. We put forth the view that human eosinophils negatively contribute to a variety of diseases and, unlike mouse eosinophils, do not yet have an identified role in physiological health; thus, clarifying all roles of eosinophils remains an ongoing pursuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA;
| | - David J Jackson
- Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom;
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sameer K Mathur
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA;
| | - Albert J Bredenoord
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Ian D Pavord
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Oxford Respiratory NIHR BRC, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom;
| | - Praveen Akuthota
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
| | - Florence Roufosse
- Médecine Interne, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rojas-Hernandez CM. Hypereosinophilia: An Unusual Bystander in Cancer. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOTHERAPY AND PRECISION ONCOLOGY 2021; 4:26-27. [PMID: 35664824 PMCID: PMC9161664 DOI: 10.36401/jipo-20-x8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristhiam M. Rojas-Hernandez
- Section of Benign Hematology, Department on Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Eosinophils in the Field of Nasal Polyposis: Towards a Better Understanding of Biologic Therapies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:90-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
7
|
Van Hulst G, Batugedara HM, Jorssen J, Louis R, Bureau F, Desmet CJ. Eosinophil diversity in asthma. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 179:113963. [PMID: 32278006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are a type of granulated innate immune cells that have long been implicated in a specific type of asthma, referred to as eosinophilic asthma. Several immunotherapeutics that target and deplete eosinophils or limit their numbers are currently widely used and provide improved disease outcome in severe eosinophilic asthma. Current clinical results provide conclusive evidence of a generally detrimental role of eosinophils in asthma. Yet, a small but growing body of reports suggests that eosinophils may be more diverse than currently appreciated. In this review, we explore pre-clinical and clinical evidence that suggests the existence of eosinophil subsets with potentially distinct functional roles in asthma. We conclude by discussing state-of-the-art strategies for deciphering heterogeneity of this complex cell type, and argue this knowledge could translate into the improved personalized treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Van Hulst
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hashini M Batugedara
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joseph Jorssen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Renaud Louis
- Laboratory of Pneumology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Bureau
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wavres, Belgium
| | - Christophe J Desmet
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The human eosinophil has long been thought to favorably influence innate mucosal immunity but at times has also been incriminated in disease pathophysiology. Research into eosinophil biology has uncovered a number of interesting contributions by eosinophils to health and disease. However, it appears that not all eosinophils from all species are created equal. It remains unclear, for example, exactly how having eosinophils benefits the human host when helminth infections in the developed world have become scarce. This review focuses on our current state of knowledge as it relates to human eosinophils. When information is lacking, we discuss lessons learned from mouse studies that may or may not directly apply to human biology and disease. It is an exciting time to be an "eosinophilosopher" because the use of biologic agents that selectively target eosinophils provides an unprecedented opportunity to define the contribution of this cell to eosinophil-associated human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy D Klion
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Steven J Ackerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA;
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Simon HU, Yousefi S, Germic N, Arnold IC, Haczku A, Karaulov AV, Simon D, Rosenberg HF. The Cellular Functions of Eosinophils: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) Update 2020. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 181:11-23. [PMID: 31786573 DOI: 10.1159/000504847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils and their secretory mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious and inflammatory disorders. Although eosinophils are largely evolutionally conserved, their physiologic functions are not well understood. Given the availability of new eosinophil-targeted depletion therapies, there has been a renewed interest in understanding eosinophil biology as these strategies may result in secondary disorders when applied over long periods of time. Recent data suggest that eosinophils are not only involved in immunological effector functions but also carry out tissue protective and immunoregulatory functions that actively contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis. Prolonged eosinophil depletion may therefore result in the development of secondary disorders. Here, we review recent literature pointing to important roles for eosinophils in promoting immune defense, antibody production, activation of adipose tissue, and tissue remodeling and fibrosis. We also reflect on patient data from clinical trials that feature anti-eosinophil therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, .,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation,
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Germic
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Haczku
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alexander V Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hey YY, O'Neill TJ, O'Neill HC. A novel myeloid cell in murine spleen defined through gene profiling. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5128-5143. [PMID: 31210415 PMCID: PMC6653018 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel myeloid antigen presenting cell can be generated through in vitro haematopoiesis in long‐term splenic stromal cocultures. The in vivo equivalent subset was recently identified as phenotypically and functionally distinct from the spleen subsets of macrophages, conventional (c) dendritic cells (DC), resident monocytes, inflammatory monocytes and eosinophils. This novel subset which is myeloid on the basis of cell surface phenotype, but dendritic‐like on the basis of cell surface marker expression and antigen presenting function, has been tentatively labelled “L‐DC.” Transcriptome analysis has now been employed to determine the lineage relationship of this cell type with known splenic cDC and monocyte subsets. Principal components analysis showed separation of “L‐DC” and monocytes from cDC subsets in the second principal component. Hierarchical clustering then indicated a close lineage relationship between this novel subset, resident monocytes and inflammatory monocytes. Resident monocytes were the most closely aligned, with no genes specifically expressed by the novel subset. This subset, however, showed upregulation of genes reflecting both dendritic and myeloid lineages, with strong upregulation of several genes, particularly CD300e. While resident monocytes were found to be dependent on Toll‐like receptor signalling for development and were reduced in number in Myd88‐/‐ and Trif‐/‐ mutant mice, both the novel subset and inflammatory monocytes were unaffected. Here, we describe a novel myeloid cell type closely aligned with resident monocytes in terms of lineage but distinct in terms of development and functional capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Hey
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Helen C O'Neill
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peng C, Van Meel ER, Cardenas A, Rifas-Shiman SL, Sonawane AR, Glass KR, Gold DR, Platts-Mills TA, Lin X, Oken E, Hivert MF, Baccarelli AA, De Jong NW, Felix JF, Jaddoe VW, Duijts L, Litonjua AA, DeMeo DL. Epigenome-wide association study reveals methylation pathways associated with childhood allergic sensitization. Epigenetics 2019; 14:445-466. [PMID: 30876376 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1590085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms integrate both genetic variability and environmental exposures. However, comprehensive epigenome-wide analysis has not been performed across major childhood allergic phenotypes. We examined the association of epigenome-wide DNA methylation in mid-childhood peripheral blood (Illumina HumanMethyl450K) with mid-childhood atopic sensitization, environmental/inhalant and food allergen sensitization in 739 children in two birth cohorts (Project Viva-Boston, and the Generation R Study-Rotterdam). We performed covariate-adjusted epigenome-wide association meta-analysis and employed pathway and regional analyses of results. Seven-hundred and five methylation sites (505 genes) were significantly cross-sectionally associated with mid-childhood atopic sensitization, 1411 (905 genes) for environmental and 45 (36 genes) for food allergen sensitization (FDR<0.05). We observed differential methylation across multiple genes for all three phenotypes, including genes implicated previously in innate immunity (DICER1), eosinophilic esophagitis and sinusitis (SIGLEC8), the atopic march (AP5B1) and asthma (EPX, IL4, IL5RA, PRG2, SIGLEC8, CLU). In addition, most of the associated methylation marks for all three phenotypes occur in putative transcription factor binding motifs. Pathway analysis identified multiple methylation sites associated with atopic sensitization and environmental allergen sensitization located in/near genes involved in asthma, mTOR signaling, and inositol phosphate metabolism. We identified multiple differentially methylated regions associated with atopic sensitization (8 regions) and environmental allergen sensitization (26 regions). A number of nominally significant methylation sites in the cord blood analysis were epigenome-wide significant in the mid-childhood analysis, and we observed significant methylation - time interactions among a subset of sites examined. Our findings provide insights into epigenetic regulatory pathways as markers of childhood allergic sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- a Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Evelien R Van Meel
- b The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands.,c Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Andres Cardenas
- d Division of Environmental Health Science , University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health , Berkeley , CA , USA
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- e Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine , Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Abhijeet R Sonawane
- a Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Kimberly R Glass
- a Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,f Department of Biostatistics , Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Diane R Gold
- a Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,g Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Thomas A Platts-Mills
- h Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville , VA , USA
| | - Xihong Lin
- f Department of Biostatistics , Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA.,i Department of Statistics , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Emily Oken
- e Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine , Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- e Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine , Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute , Boston , MA , USA.,j Diabetes Unit , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- k Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health , New York , NY , USA
| | - Nicolette W De Jong
- l Department of Internal Medicine, Allergology, Erasmus MC , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Janine F Felix
- b The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands.,m Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands.,n Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Jaddoe
- b The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands.,m Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands.,n Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Duijts
- b The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands.,c Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands.,o Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Augusto A Litonjua
- p Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Dawn L DeMeo
- a Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,q Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Harvard Medical School , Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Robida PA, Puzzovio PG, Pahima H, Levi-Schaffer F, Bochner BS. Human eosinophils and mast cells: Birds of a feather flock together. Immunol Rev 2019; 282:151-167. [PMID: 29431215 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the origin of the phrase "birds of a feather flock together" is unclear, it has been in use for centuries and is typically employed to describe the phenomenon that people with similar tastes or interests tend to seek each other out and congregate together. In this review, we have co-opted this phrase to compare innate immune cells of related origin, the eosinophil and mast cell, because they very often accumulate together in tissue sites under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. To highlight overlapping yet distinct features, their hematopoietic development, cell surface phenotype, mediator release profiles and roles in diseases have been compared and contrasted. What emerges is a sense that these two cell types often interact with each other and their tissue environment to provide synergistic contributions to a variety of normal and pathologic immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piper A Robida
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pier Giorgio Puzzovio
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadas Pahima
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu C, Xia L, Li F, Zhou L, Weng Q, Li Z, Wu Y, Mao Y, Zhang C, Wu Y, Li M, Ying S, Chen Z, Shen H, Li W. mTOR complexes differentially orchestrates eosinophil development in allergy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6883. [PMID: 29720621 PMCID: PMC5932055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil infiltration is considered a hallmark in allergic airway inflammation, and the blockade of eosinophil differentiation may be an effective approach for treating eosinophil-related disorders. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a vital modulator in cell growth control and related diseases, and we have recently demonstrated that rapamycin can suppress eosinophil differentiation in allergic airway inflammation. Considering its critical role in haematopoiesis, we further investigated the role of mTOR in eosinophil differentiation in the context of asthmatic pathogenesis. Intriguingly, the inhibition of mTOR, either by genetic deletion or by another pharmacological inhibitor torin-1, accelerated the eosinophil development in the presence of IL-5. However, this was not observed to have any considerable effect on eosinophil apoptosis. The effect of mTOR in eosinophil differentiation was mediated by Erk signalling. Moreover, myeloid specific knockout of mTOR or Rheb further augmented allergic airway inflammation in mice after allergen exposure. Ablation of mTOR in myeloid cells also resulted in an increased number of eosinophil lineage-committed progenitors (Eops) in allergic mice. Collectively, our data uncovered the differential effects of mTOR in the regulation of eosinophil development, likely due to the distinct functions of mTOR complex 1 or 2, which thus exerts a pivotal implication in eosinophil-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Lixia Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Lingren Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Qingyu Weng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Zhouyang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yinfang Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315010, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Huahao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Salter BMA, Smith SG, Mukherjee M, Plante S, Krisna S, Nusca G, Oliveria JP, Irshad A, Gauvreau GM, Chakir J, Nair P, Sehmi R. Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell-derived Factors from Severe Asthmatic Subjects Stimulate Eosinophil Differentiation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:99-106. [PMID: 28853918 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0262oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) release various alarmins, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), that drive type 2 inflammation. We hypothesize that BEC-derived factors promote in situ eosinophil differentiation and maturation, a process that is driven by an IL-5-rich microenvironment in asthmatic airways. To assess the eosinophilopoietic potential of epithelial-derived factors, eosinophil/basophil colony forming units (Eo/B-CFU) were enumerated in 14-day methylcellulose cultures of blood-derived nonadherent mononuclear cells incubated with BEC supernatants (BECSN) from healthy nonatopic controls (n = 8), mild atopic asthmatics (n = 9), and severe asthmatics (n = 5). Receptor-blocking antibodies were used to evaluate the contribution of alarmins. Modulation of the mRNA expression of transcription factors that are crucial for eosinophil differentiation was evaluated. BECSN stimulated the clonogenic expansion of eosinophil progenitors in vitro. In the presence of IL-5, Eo/B-CFU numbers were significantly greater in cocultures of BESCN from severe asthmatics compared with other groups. This was attenuated in the presence of a TSLP (but not an IL-33) receptor-blocking antibody. Recombinant human TSLP (optimal at 100 pg/ml) stimulated Eo/B-CFU growth, which was significantly enhanced in the presence of IL-5 (1 ng/ml). Overnight culture of CD34+ cells with IL-5 and TSLP synergistically increased GATA-binding factor 2 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α mRNA expression. The eosinophilopoietic potential of factors derived from BEC is increased in severe asthma. Our data suggest that TSLP is a key alarmin that is produced by BECs and promotes in situ eosinophilopoiesis in a type 2-rich microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M A Salter
- 1 Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Steven G Smith
- 1 Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Manali Mukherjee
- 1 Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Sophie Plante
- 2 Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Sakktee Krisna
- 1 Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Graeme Nusca
- 1 Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - John Paul Oliveria
- 1 Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Anam Irshad
- 1 Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Gail M Gauvreau
- 1 Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Jamila Chakir
- 2 Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Parameswaran Nair
- 1 Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Roma Sehmi
- 1 Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Human eosinophils have characteristic morphologic features, including a bilobed nucleus and cytoplasmic granules filled with cytotoxic and immunoregulatory proteins that are packaged in a specific manner. Eosinophil production in the bone marrow is exquisitely regulated by timely expression of a repertoire of transcription factors that work together via collaborative and hierarchical interactions to direct eosinophil development. In addition, proper granule formation, which occurs in a spatially organized manner, is an intrinsic checkpoint that must be passed for proper eosinophil production to occur. In eosinophil-associated disorders, eosinophils and their progenitors can be recruited in large numbers into tissues where they can induce proinflammatory organ damage in response to local signals. Eosinophils are terminally differentiated and do not proliferate once they leave the bone marrow. The cytokine IL-5 specifically enhances eosinophil production and, along with other mediators, promotes eosinophil activation. Indeed, eosinophil depletion with anti-IL-5 or anti-IL-5Rα is now proven to be clinically beneficial for several eosinophilic disorders, most notably severe asthma, and several therapeutics targeting eosinophil viability and production are now in development. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of eosinophil development and the consequences of tissue eosinophilia. Future research efforts focused on basic eosinophil immunobiology and translational efforts to assist in the diagnosis, treatment selection, and resolution of eosinophil-associated disorders will likely be informative and clinically helpful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fulkerson PC. Transcription Factors in Eosinophil Development and As Therapeutic Targets. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:115. [PMID: 28791289 PMCID: PMC5522844 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic gene expression is a major regulatory mechanism that directs hematopoietic cell fate and differentiation, including eosinophil lineage commitment and eosinophil differentiation. Though GATA-1 is well established as a critical transcription factor (TF) for eosinophil development, delineating the transcriptional networks that regulate eosinophil development at homeostasis and in inflammatory states is not complete. Yet, recent advances in molecular experimental tools using purified eosinophil developmental stages have led to identifying new regulators of gene expression during eosinophil development. Herein, recent studies that have provided new insight into the mechanisms of gene regulation during eosinophil lineage commitment and eosinophil differentiation are reviewed. A model is described wherein distinct classes of TFs work together via collaborative and hierarchical interactions to direct eosinophil development. In addition, the therapeutic potential for targeting TFs to regulate eosinophil production is discussed. Understanding how specific signals direct distinct patterns of gene expression required for the specialized functions of eosinophils will likely lead to new targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hematopoietic Processes in Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest 2017; 152:410-416. [PMID: 28130045 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway eosinophilia is a hallmark of allergic asthma, and understanding mechanisms that promote increases in lung eosinophil numbers is important for effective pharmacotherapeutic development. It has become evident that expansion of hematopoietic compartments in the bone marrow (BM) promotes differentiation and trafficking of mature eosinophils to the airways. Hematopoietic progenitor cells egress the BM and home to the lungs, where in situ differentiation within the tissue provides an ongoing source of proinflammatory cells. In addition, hematopoietic progenitor cells in the airways can respond to locally derived alarmins to produce a panoply of cytokines, thereby themselves acting as effector proinflammatory cells that potentiate type 2 responses in eosinophilic asthma. In this review, we provide evidence for these findings and discuss novel targets for modulating eosinophilopoietic processes, migration, and effector function of precursor cells.
Collapse
|
18
|
Butt NM, Lambert J, Ali S, Beer PA, Cross NCP, Duncombe A, Ewing J, Harrison CN, Knapper S, McLornan D, Mead AJ, Radia D, Bain BJ. Guideline for the investigation and management of eosinophilia. Br J Haematol 2017; 176:553-572. [PMID: 28112388 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nauman M Butt
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan Lambert
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sahra Ali
- Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew Duncombe
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Joanne Ewing
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Steven Knapper
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Donal McLornan
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Adam J Mead
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford and BRC Blood Theme, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Deepti Radia
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Historically, eosinophils have been considered as end-stage cells involved in host protection against parasitic infection and in the mechanisms of hypersensitivity. However, later studies have shown that this multifunctional cell is also capable of producing immunoregulatory cytokines and soluble mediators and is involved in tissue homeostasis and modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize the biology of eosinophils, including the function and molecular mechanisms of their granule proteins, cell surface markers, mediators, and pathways, and present comprehensive reviews of research updates on the genetics and epigenetics of eosinophils. We describe recent advances in the development of epigenetics of eosinophil-related diseases, especially in asthma. Likewise, recent studies have provided us with a more complete appreciation of how eosinophils contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). Over the past decades, the definition and criteria of HES have been evolving with the progress of our understanding of the disease and some aspects of this disease still remain controversial. We also review recent updates on the genetic and molecular mechanisms of HES, which have spurred dramatic developments in the clinical strategies of diagnosis and treatment for this heterogeneous group of diseases. The conclusion from this review is that the biology of eosinophils provides significant insights as to their roles in health and disease and, furthermore, demonstrates that a better understanding of eosinophil will accelerate the development of new therapeutic strategies for patients.
Collapse
|
20
|
Stoeckle C, Geering B, Yousefi S, Rožman S, Andina N, Benarafa C, Simon HU. RhoH is a negative regulator of eosinophilopoiesis. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1961-1972. [PMID: 27740624 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are frequently elevated in pathological conditions and can cause tissue damage and disease exacerbation. The number of eosinophils in the blood is largely regulated by factors controlling their production in the bone marrow. While several exogenous factors, such as interleukin-5, have been described to promote eosinophil differentiation, comparatively little is known about eosinophil-intrinsic factors that control their de novo generation. Here, we report that the small atypical GTPase RhoH is induced during human eosinophil differentiation, highly expressed in mature blood eosinophils and further upregulated in patients suffering from a hypereosinophilic syndrome. Overexpression of RhoH increases, in a Rho-associated protein kinase-dependent manner, the expression of GATA-2, a transcription factor involved in regulating eosinophil differentiation. In RhoH-/- mice, we observed reduced GATA-2 expression as well as accelerated eosinophil differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, RhoH overexpression in bone marrow progenitors reduces eosinophil development in mixed bone marrow chimeras. These results highlight a novel negative regulatory role for RhoH in eosinophil differentiation, most likely in consequence of altered GATA-2 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Geering
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Saša Rožman
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Andina
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Eosinophils and Mast Cells in Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2016; 36:719-734. [PMID: 27712766 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) involves overexpression of proinflammatory mediators, including 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4S), resulting in constitutive overproduction of cysteinyl leukotrienes. Mast cells and eosinophils have roles in mediating many of the observed effects. Increased levels of both interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon (IFN)-γ are present in the tissue of patients with AERD. Previous studies showed that IL-4 is primarily responsible for the upregulation of LTC4S by mast cells. Our studies show that IFN-γ, but not IL-4, drives this process in eosinophils. This article examines the overall role that eosinophils and mast cells contribute to the pathophysiology of AERD.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hwang SM, Uhm TG, Lee SK, Kong SK, Jung KH, Binas B, Chai YG, Park SW, Chung IY. Olig2 is expressed late in human eosinophil development and controls Siglec-8 expression. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:711-723. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0715-314rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
23
|
Abstract
Abstract
Eosinophilia is associated with a wide variety of allergic, rheumatologic, infectious, neoplastic, and rare idiopathic disorders. Clinical manifestations range from benign asymptomatic presentations to life-threatening complications, including endomyocardial fibrosis and thromboembolism. The prognosis and choice of treatment depend not only on the degree of eosinophilia and severity of organ involvement, but also on the etiology of the eosinophilia. Unfortunately, despite recent advances in molecular and immunologic techniques, the etiology remains unproven in the overwhelming majority of cases. This review presents a practical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients presenting with unexplained marked eosinophilia. A brief overview of the mechanisms of eosinophilia and eosinophil pathogenesis is also provided.
Collapse
|
24
|
Bouffi C, Kartashov AV, Schollaert KL, Chen X, Bacon WC, Weirauch MT, Barski A, Fulkerson PC. Transcription Factor Repertoire of Homeostatic Eosinophilopoiesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2683-95. [PMID: 26268651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The production of mature eosinophils (Eos) is a tightly orchestrated process with the aim to sustain normal Eos levels in tissues while also maintaining low numbers of these complex and sensitive cells in the blood. To identify regulators of homeostatic eosinophilopoiesis in mice, we took a global approach to identify genome-wide transcriptome and epigenome changes that occur during homeostasis at critical developmental stages, including Eos-lineage commitment and lineage maturation. Our analyses revealed a markedly greater number of transcriptome alterations associated with Eos maturation (1199 genes) than with Eos-lineage commitment (490 genes), highlighting the greater transcriptional investment necessary for differentiation. Eos-lineage-committed progenitors (EoPs) were noted to express high levels of granule proteins and contain granules with an ultrastructure distinct from that of mature resting Eos. Our analyses also delineated a 976-gene Eos-lineage transcriptome that included a repertoire of 56 transcription factors, many of which have never previously been associated with Eos. EoPs and Eos, but not granulocyte-monocyte progenitors or neutrophils, expressed Helios and Aiolos, members of the Ikaros family of transcription factors, which regulate gene expression via modulation of chromatin structure and DNA accessibility. Epigenetic studies revealed a distinct distribution of active chromatin marks between genes induced with lineage commitment and genes induced with cell maturation during Eos development. In addition, Aiolos and Helios binding sites were significantly enriched in genes expressed by EoPs and Eos with active chromatin, highlighting a potential novel role for Helios and Aiolos in regulating gene expression during Eos development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Bouffi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Andrey V Kartashov
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Kaila L Schollaert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- School of Electronic and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221
| | - W Clark Bacon
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Artem Barski
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Patricia C Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The innate immune response is of prime importance in the immediate recognition and elimination of invading micro-organisms. However, deregulation of this system is clearly associated with the pathogenesis of a wide range of inflammatory diseases. Innate immunity consists of a humoral and a cellular branch, which are closely interacting. An additional level of control is found at the level of neuronal reflexes that can fine-tune these immunological mechanisms.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ghosh S, Hoselton SA, Dorsam GP, Schuh JM. Eosinophils in fungus-associated allergic pulmonary disease. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:8. [PMID: 23378838 PMCID: PMC3561640 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is frequently caused and/or exacerbated by sensitization to fungal allergens, which are ubiquitous in many indoor and outdoor environments. Severe asthma with fungal sensitization is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and bronchial constriction in response to an inhaled allergen that is worsened by environmental exposure to airborne fungi and which leads to a disease course that is often very difficult to treat with standard asthma therapies. As a result of complex interactions among inflammatory cells, structural cells, and the intercellular matrix of the allergic lung, patients with sensitization to fungal allergens may experience a greater degree of airway wall remodeling and progressive, accumulated pulmonary dysfunction as part of the disease sequela. From their development in the bone marrow to their recruitment to the lung via chemokine and cytokine networks, eosinophils form an important component of the inflammatory milieu that is associated with this syndrome. Eosinophils are recognized as complex multi-factorial leukocytes with diverse functions in the context of allergic fungal asthma. In this review, we will consider recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that are associated with eosinophil development and migration to the allergic lung in response to fungal inhalation, along with the eosinophil’s function in the immune response to and the immunopathology attributed to fungus-associated allergic pulmonary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University Fargo, ND, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs, e.g., Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) are thought to be a consequence of an uncontrolled inflammatory response against luminal antigens, including commensal bacteria. The observed link between eosinophil levels and severity and remission rates in IBD has led to speculation that eosinophils may contribute to the antimicrobial inflammatory response in IBD. RECENT FINDINGS Eosinophils express the necessary cellular machinery (innate immune receptors, proinflammatory cytokines, antibacterial proteins, and DNA traps) to mount an efficient antibacterial response; however, the rapid decline in eosinophil numbers following acute systemic bacterial infection suggests a very limited role for eosinophils in bacterial responses. SUMMARY We describe the clinical evidence of eosinophil involvement in IBD, summarize the in-vitro and in-vivo evidence of eosinophil antibacterial activity and the biology of eosinophils focusing on eosinophil-mediated bactericidal mechanisms and the involvement of eosinophil-derived granule proteins in this response, and conceptualize the contribution of eosinophils to a response against commensal bacteria in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lee JJ, Jacobsen EA, Ochkur SI, McGarry MP, Condjella RM, Doyle AD, Luo H, Zellner KR, Protheroe CA, Willetts L, Lesuer WE, Colbert DC, Helmers RA, Lacy P, Moqbel R, Lee NA. Human versus mouse eosinophils: "that which we call an eosinophil, by any other name would stain as red". J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:572-84. [PMID: 22935586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The respective life histories of human subjects and mice are well defined and describe a unique story of evolutionary conservation extending from sequence identity within the genome to the underpinnings of biochemical, cellular, and physiologic pathways. As a consequence, the hematopoietic lineages of both species are invariantly maintained, each with identifiable eosinophils. This canonical presence nonetheless does not preclude disparities between human and mouse eosinophils, their effector functions, or both. Indeed, many books and reviews dogmatically highlight differences, providing a rationale to discount the use of mouse models of human eosinophilic diseases. We suggest that this perspective is parochial and ignores the wealth of available studies and the consensus of the literature that overwhelming similarities (and not differences) exist between human and mouse eosinophils. The goal of this review is to summarize this literature and in some cases provide experimental details comparing and contrasting eosinophils and eosinophil effector functions in human subjects versus mice. In particular, our review will provide a summation and an easy-to-use reference guide to important studies demonstrating that although differences exist, more often than not, their consequences are unknown and do not necessarily reflect inherent disparities in eosinophil function but instead species-specific variations. The conclusion from this overview is that despite nominal differences, the vast similarities between human and mouse eosinophils provide important insights as to their roles in health and disease and, in turn, demonstrate the unique utility of mouse-based studies with an expectation of valid extrapolation to the understanding and treatment of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Use of 111-Indium-labeled autologous eosinophils to establish the in vivo kinetics of human eosinophils in healthy subjects. Blood 2012; 120:4068-71. [PMID: 22993388 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-443424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are the major cellular effectors of allergic inflammation and represent an important therapeutic target. Although the genesis and activation of eosinophils have been extensively explored, little is known about their intravascular kinetics or physiological fate. This study was designed to determine the intravascular life span of eosinophils, their partitioning between circulating and marginated pools, and sites of disposal in healthy persons. Using autologous, minimally manipulated 111-Indium-labeled leukocytes with blood sampling, we measured the eosinophil intravascular residence time as 25.2 hours (compared with 10.3 hours for neutrophils) and demonstrated a substantial marginated eosinophil pool. γ camera imaging studies using purified eosinophils demonstrated initial retention in the lungs, with early redistribution to the liver and spleen, and evidence of recirculation from a hepatic pool. This work provides the first in vivo measurements of eosinophil kinetics in healthy volunteers and shows that 111-Indium-labeled eosinophils can be used to monitor the fate of eosinophils noninvasively.
Collapse
|
30
|
Uhm TG, Lee SK, Kim BS, Kang JH, Park CS, Rhim TY, Chang HS, Kim DJ, Chung IY. CpG methylation at GATA elements in the regulatory region of CCR3 positively correlates with CCR3 transcription. Exp Mol Med 2012; 44:268-80. [PMID: 22217447 PMCID: PMC3349909 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2012.44.4.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation may regulate gene expression by restricting the access of transcription factors. We have previously demonstrated that GATA-1 regulates the transcription of the CCR3 gene by dynamically interacting with both positively and negatively acting GATA elements of high affinity binding in the proximal promoter region including exon 1. Exon 1 has three CpG sites, two of which are positioned at the negatively acting GATA elements. We hypothesized that the methylation of these two CpGs sites might preclude GATA-1 binding to the negatively acting GATA elements and, as a result, increase the availability of GATA-1 to the positively acting GATA element, thereby contributing to an increase in GATA-1-mediated transcription of the gene. To this end, we determined the methylation of the three CpG sites by bisulfate pyrosequencing in peripheral blood eosinophils, cord blood (CB)-derived eosinophils, PBMCs, and cell lines that vary in CCR3 mRNA expression. Our results demonstrated that methylation of CpG sites at the negatively acting GATA elements severely reduced GATA-1 binding and augmented transcription activity in vitro. In agreement, methylation of these CpG sites positively correlated with CCR3 mRNA expression in the primary cells and cell lines examined. Interestingly, methylation patterns of these three CpG sites in CB-derived eosinophils mostly resembled those in peripheral blood eosinophils. These results suggest that methylation of CpG sites at the GATA elements in the regulatory regions fine-tunes CCR3 transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gi Uhm
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Valent P, Gleich GJ, Reiter A, Roufosse F, Weller PF, Hellmann A, Metzgeroth G, Leiferman KM, Arock M, Sotlar K, Butterfield JH, Cerny-Reiterer S, Mayerhofer M, Vandenberghe P, Haferlach T, Bochner BS, Gotlib J, Horny HP, Simon HU, Klion AD. Pathogenesis and classification of eosinophil disorders: a review of recent developments in the field. Expert Rev Hematol 2012; 5:157-76. [PMID: 22475285 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.11.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils and their products play an essential role in the pathogenesis of various reactive and neoplastic disorders. Depending on the underlying disease, molecular defect and involved cytokines, hypereosinophilia may develop and may lead to organ damage. In other patients, persistent eosinophilia is accompanied by typical clinical findings, but the causative role and impact of eosinophilia remain uncertain. For patients with eosinophil-mediated organ pathology, early therapeutic intervention with agents reducing eosinophil counts can be effective in limiting or preventing irreversible organ damage. Therefore, it is important to approach eosinophil disorders and related syndromes early by using established criteria, to perform all appropriate staging investigations, and to search for molecular targets of therapy. In this article, we review current concepts in the pathogenesis and evolution of eosinophilia and eosinophil-related organ damage in neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions. In addition, we discuss classifications of eosinophil disorders and related syndromes as well as diagnostic algorithms and standard treatment for various eosinophil-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Although development leads unidirectionally toward more restricted cell fates, recent work in cellular reprogramming has proven that one cellular identity can strikingly convert into another, promising countless applications in biomedical research and paving the way for modeling diseases with patient-derived stem cells. To date, there has been little discussion of which disease models are likely to be most informative. Here, we review evidence demonstrating that, because environmental influences and epigenetic signatures are largely erased during reprogramming, patient-specific models of diseases with strong genetic bases and high penetrance are likely to prove most informative in the near term. We also discuss the implications of the new reprogramming paradigm in biomedicine and outline how reprogramming of cell identities is enhancing our understanding of cell differentiation and prospects for cellular therapies and in vivo regeneration.
Collapse
|
33
|
Interleukin-17 drives pulmonary eosinophilia following repeated exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Infect Immun 2012; 80:1424-36. [PMID: 22252873 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05529-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research in our laboratory has demonstrated that repeated intranasal exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus conidia in C57BL/6 mice results in a chronic pulmonary inflammatory response that reaches its maximal level after four challenges. The inflammatory response is characterized by eosinophilia, goblet cell metaplasia, and T helper T(H)2 cytokine production, which is accompanied by sustained interleukin-17 (IL-17) expression that persists even after the T(H)2 response has begun to resolve. T(H)17 cells could develop in mice deficient in gamma interferon (IFN-γ), IL-4, or IL-10. In the lungs of IL-17 knockout mice repeatedly challenged with A. fumigatus conidia, inflammation was attenuated (with the most significant decrease occurring in eosinophils), conidial clearance was enhanced, and the early transient peak of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) cells blunted. IL-17 appeared to play only a minor role in eosinophil differentiation in the bone marrow but a central role in eosinophil extravasation from the blood into the lungs. These observations point to an expanded role for IL-17 in driving T(H)2-type inflammation to repeated inhalation of fungal conidia.
Collapse
|
34
|
Uhm TG, Kim BS, Chung IY. Eosinophil development, regulation of eosinophil-specific genes, and role of eosinophils in the pathogenesis of asthma. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2011; 4:68-79. [PMID: 22379601 PMCID: PMC3283796 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2012.4.2.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils arise from hematopoietic CD34+ stem cells in the bone marrow. They acquire IL-5Rα on their surface at a very early stage during eosinophilopoiesis, and differentiate under the strong influence of interleukin (IL)-5. They then exit to the bloodstream, and enter the lung upon exposure to airway inflammatory signals, including eotaxins. In inflamed tissues, eosinophils act as key mediators of terminal effector functions and innate immunity and in linking to adaptive immune responses. Transcription factors GATA-1, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, and PU.1 play instructive roles in eosinophil specification from multipotent stem cells through a network of cooperative and antagonistic interactions. Not surprisingly, the interplay of these transcription factors is instrumental in forming the regulatory circuit of expression of eosinophil-specific genes, encoding eosinophil major basic protein and neurotoxin, CC chemokine receptor 3 eotaxin receptor, and IL-5 receptor alpha. Interestingly, a common feature is that the critical cis-acting elements for these transcription factors are clustered in exon 1 and intron 1 of these genes rather than their promoters. Elucidation of the mechanism of eosinophil development and activation may lead to selective elimination of eosinophils in animals and human subjects. Furthermore, availability of a range of genetically modified mice lacking or overproducing eosinophil-specific genes will facilitate evaluation of the roles of eosinophils in the pathogenesis of asthma. This review summarizes eosinophil biology, focusing on development and regulation of eosinophil-specific genes, with a heavy emphasis on the causative link between eosinophils and pathological development of asthma using genetically modified mice as models of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gi Uhm
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Eosinophils are leukocytes resident in mucosal tissues. During T-helper 2 (Th2)-type inflammation, eosinophils are recruited from bone marrow and blood to the sites of immune response. While eosinophils have been considered end-stage cells involved in host protection against parasite infection and immunopathology in hypersensitivity disease, recent studies changed this perspective. Eosinophils are now considered multifunctional leukocytes involved in tissue homeostasis, modulation of adaptive immune responses, and innate immunity to certain microbes. Eosinophils are capable of producing immunoregulatory cytokines and are actively involved in regulation of Th2-type immune responses. However, such new information does not preclude earlier observations showing that eosinophils, in particular human eosinophils, are also effector cells with proinflammatory and destructive capabilities. Eosinophils with activation phenotypes are observed in biological specimens from patients with disease, and deposition of eosinophil products is readily seen in the affected tissues from these patients. Therefore, it would be reasonable to consider the eosinophil a multifaceted leukocyte that contributes to various physiological and pathological processes depending on their location and activation status. This review summarizes the emerging concept of the multifaceted immunobiology of eosinophils and discusses the roles of eosinophils in health and disease and the challenges and perspectives in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kim BS, Uhm TG, Lee SK, Lee SH, Kang JH, Park CS, Chung IY. The crucial role of GATA-1 in CCR3 gene transcription: modulated balance by multiple GATA elements in the CCR3 regulatory region. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6866-75. [PMID: 21041734 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GATA-1, a zinc finger-containing transcription factor, regulates not only the differentiation of eosinophils but also the expression of many eosinophil-specific genes. In the current study, we dissected CCR3 gene expression at the molecular level using several cell types that express varying levels of GATA-1 and CCR3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that GATA-1 preferentially bound to sequences in both exon 1 and its proximal intron 1. A reporter plasmid assay showed that constructs harboring exon 1 and/or intron 1 sequences retained transactivation activity, which was essentially proportional to cellular levels of endogenous GATA-1. Introduction of a dominant-negative GATA-1 or small interfering RNA of GATA-1 resulted in a decrease in transcription activity of the CCR3 reporter. Both point mutation and EMSA analyses demonstrated that although GATA-1 bound to virtually all seven putative GATA elements present in exon 1-intron 1, the first GATA site in exon 1 exhibited the highest binding affinity for GATA-1 and was solely responsible for GATA-1-mediated transactivation. The fourth and fifth GATA sites in exon 1, which were postulated previously to be a canonical double-GATA site for GATA-1-mediated transcription of eosinophil-specific genes, appeared to play an inhibitory role in transactivation, albeit with a high affinity for GATA-1. Furthermore, mutation of the seventh GATA site (present in intron 1) increased transcription, suggesting an inhibitory role. These data suggest that GATA-1 controls CCR3 transcription by interacting dynamically with the multiple GATA sites in the regulatory region of the CCR3 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Soo Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Primary eosinophilic disorders include hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES); chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise categorized (CEL-NOC); platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-rearranged myeloid neoplasms; and other myeloid malignancies associated with prominent blood eosinophilia. According to the World Health Organization consensus criteria, the diagnosis of HES requires the absence of clonal cytogenetic or molecular markers of an underlying myeloid or lymphoid neoplasm. CEL-NOC constitutes an HES-like phenotype associated with an abnormal karyotype or excess blasts in blood (> 2%) or bone marrow (> 5%). HES and CEL-NOC are considered distinct from molecularly defined eosinophilic disorders, such as those associated with activating mutations of PDGFR (PDGFRA and PDGFRB) and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1. This is an important distinction because PDGFR-mutated but not other eosinophilic neoplasms are effectively treated with imatinib. Current management in HES includes observation only for asymptomatic patients with no evidence of organ damage, systemic corticosteroid therapy for acute control of symptoms, and interferon-alfa-2a or hydroxyurea as steroid-sparing agents. In patients with HES who are refractory to usual therapy and have life-threatening disease complications, the use of investigational drugs such as alemtuzumab or mepolizumab might be considered, but data on long-term efficacy and safety are limited.
Collapse
|
38
|
Ellis AK, Ackerman SJ, Crawford L, Du J, Bedi R, Denburg JA. Cord blood molecular biomarkers of eosinophilopoiesis: kinetic analysis of GATA-1, MBP1 and IL-5R alpha mRNA expression. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21:640-648. [PMID: 20337967 PMCID: PMC10411049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil/basophil (Eo/B) progenitor phenotype and function in cord blood (CB) are associated with atopic risk at birth and infant clinical outcomes. Molecular analyses of eosinophil-basophil differentiation events could identify clinically predictive biomarkers. To determine CB kinetic patterns of Eo/B lineage-associated gene expression (GATA-1, MBP1 and IL-5R alpha) after IL-5 stimulation, CB non-adherent mononuclear cells were isolated from random fresh and frozen samples and incubated in the presence of recombinant human interleukin-5. Some underwent CD34+ positive selection using magnetic cell separation. At various time-points, mRNA expression of GATA-1, MBP1 and IL-5R alpha (total transcripts) was determined utilizing multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). Relative expression levels of the IL-5R alpha soluble vs. transmembrane isoforms were also analyzed. Stimulation of the non-adherent mononuclear cells with IL-5 resulted in early up-regulation of GATA-1, peaking at 48 h, followed by decreasing expression and down-regulation by 96 h. The CD34+ enriched population demonstrated an equivalent expression pattern (r = 0.963, p = 0.0349). MBP1 mRNA expression [non-adherent mononuclear cells (NAMNCs) and CD34+ alike; r = 0.988, p = 0.012] was slowly up-regulated in response to IL-5, maximal at 96 h. Total IL-5R alpha expression appeared stable over the time-course, mediated by differential expression of the soluble and transmembrane isoforms (i.e., initial increase in the transmembrane contribution followed by a predominance of the soluble isoform by 48-72 h). Multiplex Q-PCR analysis of mRNA from CB demonstrates expression of critical eosinophil-basophil lineage-specific events that are consistent with current understanding of eosinophil differentiation and maturation. The non-adherent mononuclear cell population provides a surrogate signal for the CD34+ progenitor population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Ellis
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Steven J. Ackerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lynn Crawford
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richa Bedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judah A. Denburg
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kim K, Suzuki N, Ohneda K, Minegishi N, Yamamoto M. Fractionation of mature eosinophils in GATA-reporter transgenic mice. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2010; 220:127-38. [PMID: 20139664 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.220.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils contribute to the pathophysiology of allergic and infectious diseases, albeit their molecular functions remain unknown. Mature eosinophils are identified by their unique morphology and staining characteristics. However, it is difficult to fractionate living eosinophils by flow cytometry because these granulocytes express multiple cell surface markers that are shared by other cells of hematopoietic or non-hematopoietic origin. In this study, we describe a flow cytometry-based method to enumerate and fractionate eosinophils by developmental stages. To fractionate these cell types, we used transgenic mouse lines that express fluorescent proteins under control of the Gata1 gene hematopoietic regulatory region (Gata1-HRD), which is exclusively active in Gata1-expressing hematopoietic cells, including eosinophils. As expected, mature eosinophils were highly enriched in the fluorescent reporter-expressing subfraction of bone marrow myeloid cells that were negatively selected by using multiple antibodies against B220, CD4, CD8, Ter119, c-Kit and CD71. Cytochemical analyses of flow-sorted cells identified the cells in this fraction as eosinophils harboring eosinophilic granules. Additionally, expression of eosinophil-specific genes, for instance eosinophil enzymes and the IL-5 receptor alpha gene, were specifically detected in this fraction. The expression of these eosinophil-specific genes increased as the cells differentiated. This method for enrichment of bone marrow eosinophils is applicable to fractionation of eosinophils and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from transgenic mice with atopic asthma. Thus, both pathological and developmental stages of eosinophils are efficiently fractionated by this flow cytometry-based method using Gata1-HRD transgenic reporter mice. This study, therefore, proposes a useful means to study the experimental allergic and inflammatory systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kibom Kim
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rogerio AP, Sá-Nunes A, Faccioli LH. The activity of medicinal plants and secondary metabolites on eosinophilic inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2010; 62:298-307. [PMID: 20450976 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are leukocytes that are present in several body compartments and in the blood at relatively low numbers under normal conditions. However, an increase in the number of eosinophils, in the blood or in the tissues, is observed in allergic or parasitic disorders. Although some progress has been made in understanding the development of eosinophil-mediated inflammation in allergic and parasitic diseases, the discovery of new compounds to control eosinophilia has lagged behind other advances. Plant-derived secondary metabolites are the basis for many drugs currently used to treat pathologic conditions, including eosinophilic diseases. Several studies, including our own, have demonstrated that plant extracts and secondary metabolites can reduce eosinophilia and eosinophil recruitment in different experimental animal models. In this review, we summarize these studies and describe the anti-eosinophilic activity of various plant extracts, such as Ginkgo biloba, Allium cepa, and Lafoensia pacari, as well as those of secondary metabolites (compounds isolated from plant extracts), such as quercetin and ellagic acid. In addition, we highlight the medical potential of these plant-derived compounds for treating eosinophil-mediated inflammation, such as asthma and allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Rogerio
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Getúlio Guaritá s/n, Uberaba, MG 38025-440, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Park YM, Bochner BS. Eosinophil survival and apoptosis in health and disease. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2010; 2:87-101. [PMID: 20358022 PMCID: PMC2846745 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2010.2.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilia is common feature of many disorders, including allergic diseases. There are many factors that influence the production, migration, survival and death of the eosinophil. Apoptosis is the most common form of physiological cell death and a necessary process to maintain but limit cell numbers in humans and other species. It has been directly demonstrated that eosinophil apoptosis is delayed in allergic inflammatory sites, and that this mechanism contributes to the expansion of eosinophil numbers within tissues. Among the proteins known to influence hematopoiesis and survival, expression of the cytokine interleukin-5 appears to be uniquely important and specific for eosinophils. In contrast, eosinophil death can result from withdrawal of survival factors, but also by activation of pro-apoptotic pathways via death factors. Recent observations suggest a role for cell surface death receptors and mitochondria in facilitating eosinophil apoptosis, although the mechanisms that trigger each of these death pathways remain incompletely delineated. Ultimately, the control of eosinophil apoptosis may someday become another therapeutic strategy for treating allergic diseases and other eosinophil-associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Mean Park
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ohira M, Ishiyama K, Tanaka Y, Doskali M, Igarashi Y, Tashiro H, Hiraga N, Imamura M, Sakamoto N, Asahara T, Chayama K, Ohdan H. Adoptive immunotherapy with liver allograft-derived lymphocytes induces anti-HCV activity after liver transplantation in humans and humanized mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:3226-35. [PMID: 19805910 DOI: 10.1172/jci38374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After liver transplantation in HCV-infected patients, the virus load inevitably exceeds pre-transplantation levels. This phenomenon reflects suppression of the host-effector immune responses that control HCV replication by the immunosuppressive drugs used to prevent rejection of the transplanted liver. Here, we describe an adoptive immunotherapy approach, using lymphocytes extracted from liver allograft perfusate (termed herein liver allograft-derived lymphocytes), which includes an abundance of NK/NKT cells that mounted an anti-HCV response in HCV-infected liver transplantation recipients, despite the immunosuppressive environment. This therapy involved intravenously injecting patients 3 days after liver transplantation with liver allograft-derived lymphocytes treated with IL-2 and the CD3-specific mAb OKT3. During the first month after liver transplantation, the HCV RNA titers in the sera of recipients who received immunotherapy were markedly lower than those in the sera of recipients who did not receive immunotherapy. We further explored these observations in human hepatocyte-chimeric mice, in which mouse hepatocytes were replaced by human hepatocytes. These mice unfailingly developed HCV infections after inoculation with HCV-infected human serum. However, injection of human liver-derived lymphocytes treated with IL-2/OKT3 completely prevented HCV infection. Furthermore, an in vitro study using genomic HCV replicon-containing hepatic cells revealed that IFN-gamma-secreting cells played a pivotal role in such anti-HCV responses. Thus, our study presents what we believe to be a novel paradigm for the inhibition of HCV replication in HCV-infected liver transplantation recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ohira
- Department of Surgery, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku,Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gata1 expression driven by the alternative HS2 enhancer in the spleen rescues the hematopoietic failure induced by the hypomorphic Gata1low mutation. Blood 2009; 114:2107-20. [PMID: 19571316 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-211680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigorously defined reconstitution assays developed in recent years have allowed recognition of the delicate relationship that exists between hematopoietic stem cells and their niches. This balance ensures that hematopoiesis occurs in the marrow under steady-state conditions. However, during development, recovery from hematopoietic stress and in myeloproliferative disorders, hematopoiesis occurs in extramedullary sites whose microenvironments are still poorly defined. The hypomorphic Gata1(low) mutation deletes the regulatory sequences of the gene necessary for its expression in hematopoietic cells generated in the marrow. By analyzing the mechanism that rescues hematopoiesis in mice carrying this mutation, we provide evidence that extramedullary microenvironments sustain maturation of stem cells that would be otherwise incapable of maturing in the marrow.
Collapse
|
44
|
Rehermann B. Hepatitis C virus versus innate and adaptive immune responses: a tale of coevolution and coexistence. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1745-54. [PMID: 19587449 DOI: 10.1172/jci39133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) 20 years ago, much progress has been made in our understanding of its life cycle and interaction with the host immune system. Much has been learned from HCV itself, which, via decades of coevolution, gained an intricate knowledge of host innate and adaptive immune responses and developed sophisticated ways to preempt, subvert, and antagonize them. This review discusses the clinical, virological, and immunological features of acute and chronic hepatitis C and the role of the immune response in spontaneous and treatment-induced HCV clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Qiu Z, Dyer KD, Xie Z, Rådinger M, Rosenberg HF. GATA transcription factors regulate the expression of the human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (RNase 2) gene. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:13099-109. [PMID: 19279013 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807307200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors GATA-1 and GATA-2 have been implicated in promoting differentiation of eosinophilic leukocytes. In this study, we examined the roles of GATA-1 and GATA-2 in activating transcription of the secretory ribonuclease, the eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN/RNase 2). Augmented expression of both GATA-1 and GATA-2 was detected in eosinophil promyelocyte HL-60 clone 15 cells in response to biochemical differentiation with butyric acid. Deletion or mutation of one or both of the two consensus GATA-binding sites in the extended 1000-bp 5' promoter of the EDN gene resulted in profound reduction in reporter gene activity. Antibody-augmented electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses indicate that GATA-1 and GATA-2 proteins bind to both functional GATA consensus sequences in the EDN promoter. Interestingly, RNA silencing of GATA-1 alone had no impact on EDN expression; silencing of GATA-2 resulted in diminished expression of EDN, and also diminished expression of GATA-1 in both butyric acid-induced HL-60 clone 15 cells and in differentiating human eosinophils derived from CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors. Likewise, overexpression of GATA-2 in uninduced HL-60 clone 15 cells resulted in augmented transcription of both EDN and GATA-1. Taken together, our data suggest that GATA-2 functions directly via interactions with the EDN promoter and also indirectly, via its ability to regulate the expression of GATA-1 in differentiating eosinophils and eosinophil cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Qiu
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a clinicopathological disease affecting both children and adults that is characterized by patchy or diffuse eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract with variable resultant clinical gastrointestinal manifestations. The eosinophil, eotaxin, and Th-2 cytokines are important in pathogenesis of this disease entity. It may be confused with parasitic and bacterial infections (including Helicobacter pylori), inflammatory bowel disease, hypereosinophilic syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, periarteritis, allergic vasculitis, scleroderma, drug injury, and drug hypersensivity. Obtaining the correct diagnosis is important, and a pathologist usually makes this distinction. Effective treatments include systemic/topical corticosteroids, specific food elimination or an elemental diet, certain drugs, and even surgery. A variety of new therapeutic approaches are now under trial.
Collapse
|
47
|
Fukushima K, Matsumura I, Ezoe S, Tokunaga M, Yasumi M, Satoh Y, Shibayama H, Tanaka H, Iwama A, Kanakura Y. FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha imposes eosinophil lineage commitment on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:7719-32. [PMID: 19147501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807489200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although leukemogenic tyrosine kinases (LTKs) activate a common set of downstream molecules, the phenotypes of leukemia caused by LTKs are rather distinct. Here we report the molecular mechanism underlying the development of hypereosinophilic syndrome/chronic eosinophilic leukemia by FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha. When introduced into c-Kit(high)Sca-1(+)Lineage(-) cells, FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha conferred cytokine-independent growth on these cells and enhanced their self-renewal, whereas it did not immortalize common myeloid progenitors in in vitro replating assays and transplantation assays. Importantly, FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha but not TEL-PDGFRbeta enhanced the development of Gr-1(+)IL-5Ralpha(+) eosinophil progenitors from c-Kit(high)Sca-1(+)Lineage(-) cells. FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha also promoted eosinophil development from common myeloid progenitors. Furthermore, when expressed in megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitors and common lymphoid progenitors, FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha not only inhibited differentiation toward erythroid cells, megakaryocytes, and B-lymphocytes but aberrantly developed eosinophil progenitors from megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitors and common lymphoid progenitors. As for the mechanism of FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha-induced eosinophil development, FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha was found to more intensely activate MEK1/2 and p38(MAPK) than TEL-PDGFRbeta. In addition, a MEK1/2 inhibitor and a p38(MAPK) inhibitor suppressed FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha-promoted eosinophil development. Also, reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha augmented the expression of C/EBPalpha, GATA-1, and GATA-2, whereas it hardly affected PU.1 expression. In addition, short hairpin RNAs against C/EBPalpha and GATA-2 and GATA-3KRR, which can act as a dominant-negative form over all GATA members, inhibited FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha-induced eosinophil development. Furthermore, FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha and its downstream Ras inhibited PU.1 activity in luciferase assays. Together, these results indicate that FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha enhances eosinophil development by modifying the expression and activity of lineage-specific transcription factors through Ras/MEK and p38(MAPK) cascades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Fukushima
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bedi R, Du J, Sharma AK, Gomes I, Ackerman SJ. Human C/EBP-epsilon activator and repressor isoforms differentially reprogram myeloid lineage commitment and differentiation. Blood 2009; 113:317-27. [PMID: 18832658 PMCID: PMC2615649 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-139741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-epsilon (C/EBP-epsilon) is required for the terminal differentiation of neutrophils and eosinophils. Human C/EBP-epsilon is expressed as 4 isoforms (32, 30, 27, and 14 kDa) through differential RNA splicing, and alternative promoters and translational start sites. The C/EBP-epsilon(32/30) isoforms are transcriptional activators, whereas C/EBP-epsilon(27) interacts with and represses GATA-1 transactivation of eosinophil promoters. C/EBP-epsilon(14) contains only DNA-binding and -dimerization domains and may function as a dominant-negative regulator. To define functional activities for these C/EBP-epsilon isoforms in myelopoiesis, human CD34(+) progenitors were transduced with internal ribosomal entry site-enhanced green fluorescent protein retroviral vectors encoding the 32/30, 27, and 14-kDa isoforms, purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorter, and analyzed in colony-forming assays and suspension cultures. Progenitors transduced with C/EBP-epsilon(32/30) default exclusively to eosinophil differentiation and gene expression, independent of interleukin-5, and regardless of inclusion of cytokines to induce other lineages. In contrast, the putative repressor C/EBP-epsilon(27) isoform strongly inhibits eosinophil differentiation and gene expression, including GATA-1, promoting granulocyte (neutrophil)-macrophage differen-tiation. The C/EBP-epsilon(14) repressor isoform strongly inhibits eosinophil development and gene expression, promoting erythroid differentiation, an effect enhanced by erythropoietin. Thus, C/EBP-epsilon isoforms can reprogram myeloid lineage commitment and differentiation consistent with their predicted activities based on activator and repressor domains and in vitro functional activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Bedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
In this review, we aim to put in perspective the biology of a multifunctional leukocyte, the eosinophil, by placing it in the context of innate and adaptive immune responses. Eosinophils have a unique contribution in initiating inflammatory and adaptive responses, due to their bidirectional interactions with dendritic cells and T cells, as well as their large panel of secreted cytokines and soluble mediators. The mechanisms and consequences of eosinophil responses in experimental inflammatory models and human diseases are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Blanchard
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, College of medicine 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039
| | - Marc E. Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, College of medicine 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Milanovic M, Terszowski G, Struck D, Liesenfeld O, Carstanjen D. IFN consensus sequence binding protein (Icsbp) is critical for eosinophil development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5045-53. [PMID: 18802108 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
IFN consensus sequence binding protein (Icsbp) (IFN response factor-8) is a hematopoietic transcription factor with dual functions in myelopoiesis and immunity. In this study, we report a novel role of Icsbp in regulating the development of eosinophils. Loss of Icsbp in mice leads to a reduction of eosinophils in different tissues. During parasite infection with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Icsbp-deficient mice fail to mount eosinophilia despite a vigorous IL-5 response. Numbers of phenotypically defined eosinophil progenitors are decreased and those progenitors have, on a per-cell basis, reduced eosinophil differentiation potential. The transcription factor Gata1, crucial for eosinophil development, is reduced expressed in committed eosinophil progenitors in wells as mature eosinophils. These findings identify Icsbp as a novel transcription factor critical for the development of the eosinophil lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Milanovic
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut fuer Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|