1
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Arnold IC, Munitz A. Spatial adaptation of eosinophils and their emerging roles in homeostasis, infection and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01048-y. [PMID: 38982311 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived granulocytes that are traditionally associated with type 2 immune responses, such as those that occur during parasite infections and allergy. Emerging evidence demonstrates the remarkable functional plasticity of this elusive cell type and its pleiotropic functions in diverse settings. Eosinophils broadly contribute to tissue homeostasis, host defence and immune regulation, predominantly at mucosal sites. The scope of their activities primarily reflects the breadth of their portfolio of secreted mediators, which range from cytotoxic cationic proteins and reactive oxygen species to multiple cytokines, chemokines and lipid mediators. Here, we comprehensively review basic eosinophil biology that is directly related to their activities in homeostasis, protective immunity, regeneration and cancer. We examine how dysregulation of these functions contributes to the physiopathology of a broad range of inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss recent findings regarding the tissue compartmentalization and adaptation of eosinophils, shedding light on the factors that likely drive their functional diversification within tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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2
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Marr JH, Al‐Shammari A. Regression of metastatic malignant melanoma with dupilumab: A case report. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2024; 4:e362. [PMID: 38846700 PMCID: PMC11150746 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Excoriated pruritus can be an intolerable symptom in patients with cancer where Type 2 inflammation and its associated cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 play major roles in the pruritus. Dupilumab, an antibody blocking IL-4 and IL-13, is approved for treating moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD) where itching is a significant symptom. We present a case report of intractable malignancy-associated AD and pruritus with eosinophilia in a patient with stage IV malignant melanoma who was treated with dupilumab. Biweekly treatment with dupilumab led to an immediate improvement in itching and resolution of the AD, which subsided after a few doses and without significant adverse effects. Routine radiologic monitoring of the malignant melanoma showed concomitant resolution of secondary nodules in the lung, liver, and pleura. It was concluded that dupilumab may be a safe and effective treatment for intractable malignancy-associated AD with pruritus and may have potential for moderating metastatic malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbas Al‐Shammari
- Department of DermatologyLocum Consultant DermatologistWest Suffolk HospitalSuffolkUK
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3
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Jacenik D. Tumor microenvironment and immune response: A gateway to novel therapies in gastrointestinal cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167203. [PMID: 38688415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Jacenik
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Cytobiochemistry, Lodz, Poland.
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4
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Wendlinger S, Wohlfarth J, Siedel C, Kreft S, Kilian T, Junker S, Schmid L, Sinnberg T, Dischinger U, Heppt MV, Wistuba-Hamprecht K, Meier F, Erpenbeck L, Neubert E, Goebeler M, Gesierich A, Schrama D, Kosnopfel C, Schilling B. Susceptibility of Melanoma Cells to Targeted Therapy Correlates with Protection by Blood Neutrophils. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1767. [PMID: 38730718 PMCID: PMC11083732 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of peripheral blood and tumor tissue neutrophils are associated with poorer clinical response and therapy resistance in melanoma. The underlying mechanism and the role of neutrophils in targeted therapy is still not fully understood. Serum samples of patients with advanced melanoma were collected and neutrophil-associated serum markers were measured and correlated with response to targeted therapy. Blood neutrophils from healthy donors and patients with advanced melanoma were isolated, and their phenotypes, as well as their in vitro functions, were compared. In vitro functional tests were conducted through nonadherent cocultures with melanoma cells. Protection of melanoma cell lines by neutrophils was assessed under MAPK inhibition. Blood neutrophils from advanced melanoma patients exhibited lower CD16 expression compared to healthy donors. In vitro, both healthy-donor- and patient-derived neutrophils prevented melanoma cell apoptosis upon dual MAPK inhibition. The effect depended on cell-cell contact and melanoma cell susceptibility to treatment. Interference with protease activity of neutrophils prevented melanoma cell protection during treatment in cocultures. The negative correlation between neutrophils and melanoma outcomes seems to be linked to a protumoral function of neutrophils. In vitro, neutrophils exert a direct protective effect on melanoma cells during dual MAPK inhibition. This study further hints at a crucial role of neutrophil-related protease activity in protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Wendlinger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center Wuerzburg, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Wohlfarth
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Siedel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Kreft
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Teresa Kilian
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Junker
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Luisa Schmid
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Sinnberg
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dischinger
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus V. Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kilian Wistuba-Hamprecht
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Friedegund Meier
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Skin Cancer Center at the University Cancer Centre Dresden and National Center for Tumor Diseases, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Luise Erpenbeck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Elsa Neubert
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Göttingen University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anja Gesierich
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Kosnopfel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center Wuerzburg, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bastian Schilling
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
For our immune system to contain or eliminate malignant solid tumours, both myeloid and lymphoid haematopoietic cells must not only extravasate from the bloodstream into the tumour tissue but also further migrate to various specialized niches of the tumour microenvironment to functionally interact with each other, with non-haematopoietic stromal cells and, ultimately, with cancer cells. These interactions regulate local immune cell survival, proliferative expansion, differentiation and their execution of pro-tumour or antitumour effector functions, which collectively determine the outcome of spontaneous or therapeutically induced antitumour immune responses. None of these interactions occur randomly but are orchestrated and critically depend on migratory guidance cues provided by chemokines, a large family of chemotactic cytokines, and their receptors. Understanding the functional organization of the tumour immune microenvironment inevitably requires knowledge of the multifaceted roles of chemokines in the recruitment and positioning of its cellular constituents. Gaining such knowledge will not only generate new insights into the mechanisms underlying antitumour immunity or immune tolerance but also inform the development of biomarkers (or 'biopatterns') based on spatial tumour tissue analyses, as well as novel strategies to therapeutically engineer immune responses in patients with cancer. Here we will discuss recent observations on the role of chemokines in the tumour microenvironment in the context of our knowledge of their physiological functions in development, homeostasis and antimicrobial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Julia K Lill
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lukas M Altenburger
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Xiu J, Wang X, Xu W, Wang S, Hu Y, Ding R, Hua Y, Liu D. Diagnostic value of peripheral blood eosinophils for benign and malignant pulmonary nodule. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35936. [PMID: 37932999 PMCID: PMC10627640 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study aims to assess the diagnostic utility of peripheral blood eosinophil counts in distinguishing between benign and malignant pulmonary nodules (PNs) prior to surgical intervention. We involved patients presenting with PNs measuring ≤30 mm as the primary CT imaging finding prior to surgical procedures at the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command in Shenyang, China, during the period spanning 2021 to 2022. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and receiver operator characteristic curve analysis, along with area under the curve (AUC) calculations, were used to determine the diagnostic value of eosinophil. A total of 361 patients with PN were included, consisting of 135 with benign PN and 226 with malignant PN. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that eosinophil percentage (OR = 1.909, 95% CI: 1.323-2.844, P < .001), absolute eosinophil value (OR = 0.001, 95% CI: 0.000-0.452, P = .033), tumor diameter (OR = 0.918, 95% CI: 0.877-0.959, P < .001), nodule type (OR = 0.227, 95% CI: 0.125-0.400, P < .001), sex (OR = 2.577, 95% CI: 1.554-4.329, P < .001), and age (OR = 0.967, 95% CI: 0.945-0.989, P = .004) were independently associated with malignant PN. The diagnostic value of regression model (AUC [95% CI]: 0.775 [0.725-0.825]; sensitivity: 74.3%; specificity: 71.1%) was superior to eosinophil percentage (AUC [95% CI]: 0.616 [0.556-0.677]; specificity: 66.8%; specificity: 51.1%) (Delong test: P < .001). Peripheral blood eosinophil percentage might be useful for early malignant PN diagnosis, and combining that with other characteristics might improve the diagnostic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xiu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Graduate School, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xilong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuhang Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Renquan Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yujuan Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Dazhi Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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7
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Mamuladze T, Kipnis J. Type 2 immunity in the brain and brain borders. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1290-1299. [PMID: 37429945 PMCID: PMC10616183 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research in neuroimmunology has revolutionized our understanding of the intricate interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS, an "immune-privileged organ", is now known to be intimately connected to the immune system through different cell types and cytokines. While type 2 immune responses have traditionally been associated with allergy and parasitic infections, emerging evidence suggests that these responses also play a crucial role in CNS homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Type 2 immunity encompasses a delicate interplay among stroma, Th2 cells, innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2s), mast cells, basophils, and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-25, TSLP and IL-33. In this review, we discuss the beneficial and detrimental roles of type 2 immune cells and cytokines in CNS injury and homeostasis, cognition, and diseases such as tumors, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tornike Mamuladze
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Immunology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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8
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Filin IY, Mayasin YP, Kharisova CB, Gorodilova AV, Chulpanova DS, Kitaeva KV, Rizvanov AA, Solovyeva VV. T-Lymphocytes Activated by Dendritic Cells Loaded by Tumor-Derived Vesicles Decrease Viability of Melanoma Cells In Vitro. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7827-7841. [PMID: 37886937 PMCID: PMC10605065 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy represents an innovative approach to cancer treatment, based on activating the body's own immune system to combat tumor cells. Among various immunotherapy strategies, dendritic cell vaccines hold a special place due to their ability to activate T-lymphocytes, key players in cellular immunity, and direct them to tumor cells. In this study, the influence of dendritic cells processed with tumor-derived vesicles on the viability of melanoma cells in vitro was investigated. Dendritic cells were loaded with tumor-derived vesicles, after which they were used to activate T-cells. The study demonstrated that such modified T-cells exhibit high activity against melanoma cells, leading to a decrease in their viability. Our analysis highlights the potential efficacy of this approach in developing immunotherapy against melanoma. These results provide new prospects for further research and the development of antitumor strategies based on the mechanisms of T-lymphocyte activation using tumor-derived vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Albert Anatolyevich Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (I.Y.F.); (Y.P.M.); (C.B.K.); (A.V.G.); (D.S.C.); (K.V.K.); (V.V.S.)
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9
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Ghaffari S, Rezaei N. Eosinophils in the tumor microenvironment: implications for cancer immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:551. [PMID: 37587450 PMCID: PMC10433623 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being an integral part of the immune response in the tumor microenvironment (TME), few studies have mechanistically elucidated eosinophil functions in cancer outcomes. Eosinophils are a minor population of granulocytes that are mostly explored in asthma and allergic disorders. Their influence on primary and metastatic tumors, however, has recently come to light. Eosinophils' diverse armamentarium of mediators and receptors allows them to participate in innate and adaptive immunity, such as type 1 and type 2 immunity, and shape TME and tumor outcomes. Based on TME cells and cytokines, activated eosinophils drive other immune cells to ultimately promote or suppress tumor growth. Discovering exactly what conditions determine the pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic role of eosinophils allows us to take advantage of these signals and devise novel strategies to target cancer cells. Here, we first revisit eosinophil biology and differentiation as recognizing eosinophil mediators is crucial to their function in homeostatic and pathological conditions as well as tumor outcome. The bulk of our paper discusses eosinophil interactions with tumor cells, immune cells-including T cells, plasma cells, natural killer (NK) cells-and gut microbiota. Eosinophil mediators, such as IL-5, IL-33, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and CCL11 also determine eosinophil behavior toward tumor cells. We then examine the implications of these findings for cancer immunotherapy approaches, including immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. Eosinophils synergize with CAR T cells and ICB therapy to augment immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Ghaffari
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Andreu-Sanz D, Kobold S. Role and Potential of Different T Helper Cell Subsets in Adoptive Cell Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061650. [PMID: 36980536 PMCID: PMC10046829 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, CD8+ T cells have been considered the most relevant effector cells involved in the immune response against tumors and have therefore been the focus of most cancer immunotherapy approaches. However, CD4+ T cells and their secreted factors also play a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment and can orchestrate both pro- and antitumoral immune responses. Depending on the cytokine milieu to which they are exposed, CD4+ T cells can differentiate into several phenotypically different subsets with very divergent effects on tumor progression. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the role of the different T helper subsets in the immune system, with special emphasis on their implication in antitumoral immune responses. Furthermore, we also summarize therapeutic applications of each subset and its associated cytokines in the adoptive cell therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Andreu-Sanz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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11
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Yu JL, Jang SRJ, Liu KY. Exploring the Interactions of Oncolytic Viral Therapy and Immunotherapy of Anti-CTLA-4 for Malignant Melanoma Mice Model. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030507. [PMID: 36766849 PMCID: PMC9914370 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic ability to direct target and lyse tumor cells makes oncolytic virus therapy (OVT) a promising approach to treating cancer. Despite its therapeutic potential to stimulate anti-tumor immune responses, it also has immunosuppressive effects. The efficacy of OVTs as monotherapies can be enhanced by appropriate adjuvant therapy such as anti-CTLA-4. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model to explore the interactions of combined therapy of oncolytic viruses and a checkpoint inhibitor, anti-CTLA-4. The model incorporates both the susceptible and infected tumor populations, natural killer cell population, virus population, tumor-specific immune populations, virus-specific immune populations, tumor suppressive cytokine IFN-g, and the effect of immune checkpoint inhibitor CTLA-4. In particular, we distinguish the tumor-specific immune abilities of CD8+ T, NK cells, and CD4+ T cells and describe the destructive ability of cytokine on tumor cells as well as the inhibitory capacity of CTLA-4 on various components. Our model is validated through the experimental results. We also investigate various dosing strategies to improve treatment outcomes. Our study reveals that tumor killing rate by cytokines, cytokine decay rate, and tumor growth rate play important roles on both the OVT monotherapy and the combination therapy. Moreover, parameters related to CD8+ T cell killing have a large impact on treatment outcomes with OVT alone, whereas parameters associated with IFN-g strongly influence treatment responses for the combined therapy. We also found that virus killing by NK cells may halt the desired spread of OVs and enhance the probability of tumor escape during the treatment. Our study reveals that it is the activation of host anti-tumor immune system responses rather than its direct destruction of the tumor cells plays a major biological function of the combined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Ling Yu
- Department of Data Science and Big Data Analytics, Providence University, Taichung City 43301, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Sophia R.-J. Jang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Kwei-Yan Liu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 53053, Taiwan
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12
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Hidayati T, Indrayanti I, Darmawan E, Akrom A. Herbal Honey Preparations of Curcuma Xanthorriza and Black Cumin Protect against Carcinogenesis through Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities in Sprague Dawley (SD) Rats Induced with Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020371. [PMID: 36678242 PMCID: PMC9867330 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally, Curcuma xanthorriza (CX), black cumin seed (BC), and honey have been used by the Indonesian people as medicinal ingredients to treat various health symptoms. CX extracts and BC have been proven in the laboratory as chemopreventive agents, antioxidants, and immunomodulators. In this study, we developed CX extract, BC oil, and honey into herbal honey preparations (CXBCH) and hypothesized that the preparations show chemopreventive activity. The purpose of the study was to determine the CXBCH potential as chemopreventive, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory. METHOD In this experimental laboratory research, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic activities were tested on human mammary cancer cell lines (T47D cells) while the chemopreventive activity of the CXBCH preparations on Sprague Dawley (SD) rats induced with dimethylbenzene(a)anthracene (DMBA). RESULTS CXBCH preparations demonstrated immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities in T47D, Hela, and HTB-183 cells and in DMBA-induced SD rats, as the preparations inhibited tumor nodule formation, increased the number of CD4, CD8 and CD4CD25 cells, and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, and decreased serum NO levels. CONCLUSIONS CXBCH preparations display chemopreventive, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titiek Hidayati
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55252, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Indrayanti Indrayanti
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55252, Indonesia
| | - Endang Darmawan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta 55252, Indonesia
| | - Akrom Akrom
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Master Pharmacy Degree Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta 55252, Indonesia
- Ahmad Dahlan Drug Information and Research Center, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta 55252, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (A.A.)
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13
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Jacenik D, Karagiannidis I, Beswick EJ. Th2 cells inhibit growth of colon and pancreas cancers by promoting anti-tumorigenic responses from macrophages and eosinophils. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:387-397. [PMID: 36376448 PMCID: PMC9902541 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy of gastrointestinal cancers is challenging; however, several lines of evidence suggest that adoptive transfer of stimulated or modified immune cells support not only protective role of immune cells in tumor microenvironment, but actively participate in the elimination of cancer cells. METHODS In vivo studies employing cancer cell-derived allograft murine models of gastrointestinal cancers were performed. The effects of T helper (Th) 2 cells on gastrointestinal cancers growth and tumor microenvironment composition using adoptive transfer of Th2 cells, interleukin (IL)-5 treatment, and immunofluorescence, multiplex and real-time PCR were explored. RESULTS Here, we show that Th2 cells play an essential role in the inhibition of colon and pancreas cancers progression. In murine models of gastrointestinal tumors using adoptive transfer of Th2 cells, we identify that Th2 cells are responsible for generation of apoptotic factors and affect macrophage as well as eosinophil recruitment into tumors where they produce cytotoxic factors. Moreover, we found that Th2 cells lead to IL-5 hypersecretion, which links the anti-tumorigenic function of Th2 cells and eosinophils. Importantly, we noted that recombinant IL-5 administration is also related with inhibition of gastrointestinal tumor growth. Finally, using an in vitro approach, we documented that both Th2 cells and eosinophils are directly responsible for gastrointestinal cancer cell killing. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the significance of Th2 cells, eosinophils and IL-5 in the inhibition of gastrointestinal tumor growth, and pointed toward tumor microenvironment reprogramming as a Th2 cell-mediated anti-tumorigenic mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Jacenik
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Ioannis Karagiannidis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
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14
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Silva RCMC, Lopes MF, Travassos LH. Distinct T helper cell-mediated antitumor immunity: T helper 2 cells in focus. CANCER PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY 2023; 1:76-86. [PMID: 38328613 PMCID: PMC10846313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpt.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The adaptive arm of the immune system is crucial for appropriate antitumor immune responses. It is generally accepted that clusters of differentiation 4+ (CD4+) T cells, which mediate T helper (Th) 1 immunity (type 1 immunity), are the primary Th cell subtype associated with tumor elimination. In this review, we discuss evidence showing that antitumor immunity and better prognosis can be associated with distinct Th cell subtypes in experimental mouse models and humans, with a focus on Th2 cells. The aim of this review is to provide an overview and understanding of the mechanisms associated with different tumor outcomes in the face of immune responses by focusing on the (1) site of tumor development, (2) tumor properties (i. e., tumor metabolism and cytokine receptor expression), and (3) type of immune response that the tumor initially escaped. Therefore, we discuss how low-tolerance organs, such as lungs and brains, might benefit from a less tissue-destructive immune response mediated by Th2 cells. In addition, Th2 cells antitumor effects can be independent of CD8+ T cells, which would circumvent some of the immune escape mechanisms that tumor cells possess, like low expression of major histocompatibility-I (MHC-I). Finally, this review aims to stimulate further studies on the role of Th2 cells in antitumor immunity and briefly discusses emerging treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marcela Freitas Lopes
- Laboratory of Immunity Biology George DosReis,Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Holanda Travassos
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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15
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Identification of m7G Methylation-Related miRNA Signature Associated with Survival and Immune Microenvironment Regulation in Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8776678. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8776678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background. N7-methylguanosine (m7G) has been implicated in the development of cancer. The role of m7G-related miRNAs in the survival prediction of UCEC patients has not been investigated. Current research was the first to construct an m7G-related miRNA model to accurately predict the survival of patients with uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) and to explore immune cell infiltration and immune activity in the tumor microenvironment. Methods. RNA-seq data and clinical information of UCEC patients were derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Using the TargetScan online database, we predicted miRNAs linked to the m7G-related genes and identified miRNAs which were significantly associated with the survival in UCEC patients and constructed a risk scoring model. The TCGA-UCEC cases were scored according to the risk model, and the high- and low-risk groups were divided by the median risk value. Gene enrichment analysis and immune cell infiltration and immune function analysis were performed using “clusterProfiler” and “GSVA” packages in R. Results. The survival prediction model consisted of 9 miRNAs, namely, hsa-miR-1301, hsa-miR-940, hsa-miR-592, hsa-miR-3170, hsa-miR-876, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-934, hsa-miR-3920, and hsa-miR-216b. Survival of UCEC patients in the high-risk group was worse than that in the low-risk group (
). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the model had good predictive performance, and the area under the curve was 0.800, 0.690, and 0.705 for 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival predictions, respectively. There were differences in the degree of immune cell infiltration and immune activity between the low-risk and high-risk groups. The expression levels of the identified differentially expressed genes correlated with the susceptibility to multiple anticancer drugs. Conclusions. The survival prediction model constructed based on 9 m7G-related miRNAs had good predictive performance.
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16
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Ammann NL, Schwietzer YF, Mess C, Stadler JC, Geidel G, Kött J, Pantel K, Schneider SW, Utikal J, Bauer AT, Gebhardt C. Activated Eosinophils Predict Longer Progression-Free Survival under Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225676. [PMID: 36428768 PMCID: PMC9688620 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has yielded remarkable results in prolonging survival of metastatic melanoma patients but only a subset of individuals treated respond to therapy. Success of ICI treatment appears to depend on the number of tumor-infiltrating effector T-cells, which are known to be influenced by activated eosinophils. To verify the co-occurrence of activated eosinophils and T-cells in melanoma, immunofluorescence was performed in 285 primary or metastatic tumor tissue specimens from 118 patients. Moreover, eosinophil counts and activity markers such as eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) were measured in the serum before therapy start and before the 4th infusion of ICI in 45 metastatic unresected melanoma patients. We observed a positive correlation between increased tumor-infiltrating eosinophils and T-cells associated with delayed melanoma progression. High baseline levels of eosinophil count, serum ECP and EPX were linked to prolonged progression-free survival in metastatic melanoma. Our data provide first indications that activated eosinophils are related to the T-cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment and could be considered as potential future prognostic biomarkers in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine L. Ammann
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yasmin F. Schwietzer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Mess
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia-Christina Stadler
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Glenn Geidel
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Kött
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan W. Schneider
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander T. Bauer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoffer Gebhardt
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-40-7410-53263
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Syeda MZ, Hong T, Zhang C, Ying S, Shen H. Eosinophils: A Friend or Foe in Human Health and Diseases. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:26-38. [PMID: 36756082 PMCID: PMC9900469 DOI: 10.1159/000528156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Since their discovery, around 150 years, eosinophils research has been a field of changing perspective, and new directions are emerging since then. Summary Initially, eosinophils were perceived as terminally differentiated cytotoxic effector cells. Clearly, eosinophils are capable of playing functions other than immune responses, which is not surprising given their intricate interactions with pathogens as well as other circulating leukocytes. Attempts to comprehend the eosinophil biology and functions have yielded remarkable insights into their roles in human health and sickness. The use of FDA-approved eosinophils-targeting biologics has provided exciting opportunities to directly explore the contributions of eosinophils in disease etiology in humans. Key Messages In this review, we will focus on the eosinophils' lifecycle and discuss the current state of knowledge from mouse models and retrospective human studies demonstrating eosinophils' roles in the pathogenesis of human diseases such as asthma, cancer, and kidney disorders. Despite three recently approved anti-eosinophil agents, a number of key questions and challenges remain far from settled, thereby generating opportunity to further explore this enigmatic cell. A comprehensive understanding of eosinophils biology and function will surely aid in developing improved therapeutic strategies against eosinophils-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Zahra Syeda
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China,International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Tu Hong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China,International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China,International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China,*Songmin Ying,
| | - Huahao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China,**Huahao Shen,
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18
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Boieri M, Marchese E, Pham QM, Azin M, Steidl LE, Malishkevich A, Demehri S. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin-stimulated CD4+ T cells induce senescence in advanced breast cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1002692. [PMID: 36467403 PMCID: PMC9714463 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1002692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays a prominent role in inducing type 2 immune response, commonly associated with atopic diseases. TSLP-activated CD4+ T helper 2 cells block early carcinogenesis by inducing terminal differentiation in spontaneous breast and lung cancer models. However, the impact of TSLP induction on advanced cancer with altered cellular phenotypes is unclear. Using an established MMTV-PyMttg breast cancer cell line, we demonstrate that TSLP-stimulated CD4+ T cells possess an antitumor effect in advanced breast cancer. In contrast to early breast cancer suppression, the antitumor immunity mediated by TSLP-stimulated CD4+ T cells in advanced breast cancer is mediated by the induction of a senescent-like phenotype in cancer cells. Inflammatory CD4+ T cells drive breast cancer cells into senescence by releasing interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which directly bind to their receptors on cancer cells. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of TSLP-activated CD4+ T cell immunity against advanced breast cancer, mediated by cellular senescence as a distinct effector mechanism for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Boieri
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emanuela Marchese
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Quan Minh Pham
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marjan Azin
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lauren E. Steidl
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna Malishkevich
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shadmehr Demehri
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Shadmehr Demehri,
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19
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Grisaru-Tal S, Rothenberg ME, Munitz A. Eosinophil-lymphocyte interactions in the tumor microenvironment and cancer immunotherapy. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1309-1316. [PMID: 36002647 PMCID: PMC9554620 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are important effector cells and therapeutic targets in allergic diseases. Emerging data indicate that eosinophils infiltrate a variety of solid tumor types and have pleiotropic activities by at least two non-mutually exclusive mechanisms: direct interactions with tumor cells, and intricate cross-talk with lymphocytes. In light of the immune checkpoint inhibition revolution in cancer therapy, we review eosinophil-lymphocyte interactions in the tumor microenvironment. We also analyze potential interactions between eosinophils and lymphocyte subsets, including T cells, natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells. We provide perspectives on the consequences of these interactions and how eosinophils are accessory cells that can affect the response to various forms of T cell-mediated immunotherapies and might be therapeutically targeted to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Grisaru-Tal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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20
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Ikutani M, Nakae S. Heterogeneity of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Defines Their Pleiotropic Roles in Cancer, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:939378. [PMID: 35844571 PMCID: PMC9278653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.939378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are typically known for their ability to respond rapidly to parasitic infections and play a pivotal role in the development of certain allergic disorders. ILC2s produce cytokines such as Interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 similar to the type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. Recent findings have highlighted that ILC2s, together with IL-33 and eosinophils, participate in a considerably broad range of physiological roles such as anti-tumor immunity, metabolic regulation, and vascular disorders. Therefore, the focus of the ILC2 study has been extended from conventional Th2 responses to these unexplored areas of research. However, disease outcomes accompanied by ILC2 activities are paradoxical mostly in tumor immunity requiring further investigations. Although various environmental factors that direct the development, activation, and localization of ILC2s have been studied, IL-33/ILC2/eosinophil axis is presumably central in a multitude of inflammatory conditions and has guided the research in ILC2 biology. With a particular focus on this axis, we discuss ILC2s across different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ikutani
- Laboratory of Immunology, Program of Food and AgriLife Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masashi Ikutani, ; Susumu Nakae,
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Laboratory of Immunology, Program of Food and AgriLife Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masashi Ikutani, ; Susumu Nakae,
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21
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CCL22-Polarized TAMs to M2a Macrophages in Cervical Cancer In Vitro Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132027. [PMID: 35805111 PMCID: PMC9265611 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are dynamic cells susceptible to the local microenvironment which includes tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in cancers. TAMs are a collection of heterogeneous macrophages, including M1 and M2 subtypes, shaped by various activation modes and labeled with various markers in different tumors. CCL22+-infiltrating cells are thought to be significantly associated with the prognosis of cervical cancer patients. Moreover, CCL22 is an established marker of M2a macrophages. Although the phenotypic identification of M1 and M2 macrophages is well established in mice and human macrophages cultured in a medium with fetal calf serum (FCS), fewer studies have focused on M2 subtypes. In addition, the question of whether CCL22 affects polarization of M2a macrophages remains unanswered. This study constructed a co-culture system to shape TAMs in vitro. We found that CCL22 was mainly secreted by TAMs but not cervical cancer cell lines. Human peripheral blood monocytes were differentiated into uncommitted macrophages (M0) and then polarized to M1, M2a, M2b, and M2c macrophages using LPS plus IFNr, IL-4, LPS plus IL1β, and IL-10, respectively. Using flowcytometry, we found CD80++ was the marker of M1 and M2b, CD206++ was the marker of M2a, and CD163++ was the marker of M2c, compared with M0 macrophages. By regulating CCL22, we found that the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD206 in TAMs was significantly affected compared to the control group. Therefore, CCL22 could polarize TAMs of cervical cancer toward M2a macrophages. In conclusion, our study revealed that CCL22 could be a therapeutic target for cervical cancer, which might be because of its role in regulating macrophage polarization.
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22
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Blood Eosinophils Are Associated with Efficacy of Targeted Therapy in Patients with Advanced Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092294. [PMID: 35565423 PMCID: PMC9104271 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Eosinophils appear to contribute to the efficacy of immunotherapy and their frequency was suggested as a predictive biomarker. Whether this observation could be transferred to patients treated with targeted therapy remains unknown. Methods: Blood and serum samples of healthy controls and 216 patients with advanced melanoma were prospectively and retrospectively collected. Freshly isolated eosinophils were phenotypically characterized by flow cytometry and co-cultured in vitro with melanoma cells to assess cytotoxicity. Soluble serum markers and peripheral blood counts were used for correlative studies. Results: Eosinophil-mediated cytotoxicity towards melanoma cells, as well as phenotypic characteristics, were similar when comparing healthy donors and patients. However, high relative pre-treatment eosinophil counts were significantly associated with response to MAPKi (p = 0.013). Eosinophil-mediated cytotoxicity towards melanoma cells is dose-dependent and requires proximity of eosinophils and their target in vitro. Treatment with targeted therapy in the presence of eosinophils results in an additive tumoricidal effect. Additionally, melanoma cells affected eosinophil phenotype upon co-culture. Conclusion: High pre-treatment eosinophil counts in advanced melanoma patients were associated with a significantly improved response to MAPKi. Functionally, eosinophils show potent cytotoxicity towards melanoma cells, which can be reinforced by MAPKi. Further studies are needed to unravel the molecular mechanisms of our observations.
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23
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Robinson I, Lucia GS, Li A, Oberholtzer N, Plante J, Quinn KM, Reuben D, Mehrotra S, Valdebran M. Eosinophils and melanoma: Implications for immunotherapy. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:192-202. [PMID: 34927354 PMCID: PMC9012984 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New therapies such as immune checkpoint blockers (ICB) have offered extended survival to patients affected by advanced melanoma. However, ICBs have demonstrated debilitating side effects on the joints, liver, lungs, skin, and gut. Several biomarkers have been identified for their role in predicting which patients better tolerate ICBs. Still, these biomarkers are limited by immunologic and genetic heterogeneity and the complexity of translation into clinical practice. Recent observational studies have suggested eosinophil counts, and serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein are significantly associated with prolonged survival in advanced-stage melanoma. It is likely that eosinophils thereby modulate treatment response through mechanisms yet to be explored. Here, we review the functionality of eosinophils, their oncogenic role in melanoma and discuss how these mechanisms may influence patient response to ICBs and their implications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- India Robinson
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Gabriella Santa Lucia
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Andraia Li
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Nathaniel Oberholtzer
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - John Plante
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kristen M Quinn
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daniel Reuben
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Manuel Valdebran
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Newnes HV, Armitage JD, Audsley KM, Bosco A, Waithman J. Directing the Future Breakthroughs in Immunotherapy: The Importance of a Holistic Approach to the Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235911. [PMID: 34885021 PMCID: PMC8656826 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapies have changed the way we treat cancer and, while some patients have benefitted greatly, there are still those that do not respond to therapy. Understanding why some patients respond to therapy and others do not is critical in developing new immunotherapeutic strategies. The increasing awareness of the importance of investigating the tumour in its entirety, including the surrounding tissue and role of various immune cells is helping to differentiate responders and non-responders. In addition, the resolution gained by the development of sophisticated bioinformatic technologies allows for a deeper understanding of the complex roles of individual cells in the tumour. This advancement will be critical for the development of novel therapies to treat cancer. Abstract Immunotherapy has revolutionised the treatment of cancers by exploiting the immune system to eliminate tumour cells. Despite the impressive response in a proportion of patients, clinical benefit has been limited thus far. A significant focus to date has been the identification of specific markers associated with response to immunotherapy. Unfortunately, the heterogeneity between patients and cancer types means identifying markers of response to therapy is inherently complex. There is a growing appreciation for the role of the tumour microenvironment (TME) in directing response to immunotherapy. The TME is highly heterogeneous and contains immune, stromal, vascular and tumour cells that all communicate and interact with one another to form solid tumours. This review analyses major cell populations present within the TME with a focus on their diverse and often contradictory roles in cancer and how this informs our understanding of immunotherapy. Furthermore, we discuss the role of integrated omics in providing a comprehensive view of the TME and demonstrate the potential of leveraging multi-omics to decipher the underlying mechanisms of anti-tumour immunity for the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Wagner M, Koyasu S. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Skin Homeostasis and Malignancy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758522. [PMID: 34691082 PMCID: PMC8531516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are mostly tissue resident lymphocytes that are preferentially enriched in barrier tissues such as the skin. Although they lack the expression of somatically rearranged antigen receptors present on T and B cells, ILCs partake in multiple immune pathways by regulating tissue inflammation and potentiating adaptive immunity. Emerging evidence indicates that ILCs play a critical role in the control of melanoma, a type of skin malignancy thought to trigger immunity mediated mainly by adaptive immune responses. Here, we compile our current understanding of ILCs with regard to their role as the first line of defence against melanoma development and progression. We also discuss areas that merit further investigation. We envisage that the possibility to harness therapeutic potential of ILCs might benefit patients suffering from skin malignancies such as melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Wagner
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Shigeo Koyasu
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
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26
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Brito C, Costa-Silva B, Barral DC, Pojo M. Unraveling the Relevance of ARL GTPases in Cutaneous Melanoma Prognosis through Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9260. [PMID: 34502169 PMCID: PMC8431576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is the deadliest skin cancer, whose molecular pathways underlying its malignancy remain unclear. Therefore, new information to guide evidence-based clinical decisions is required. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation factor-like (ARL) proteins are membrane trafficking regulators whose biological relevance in CM is undetermined. Here, we investigated ARL expression and its impact on CM prognosis and immune microenvironment through integrated bioinformatics analysis. Our study found that all 22 ARLs are differentially expressed in CM. Specifically, ARL1 and ARL11 are upregulated and ARL15 is downregulated regardless of mutational frequency or copy number variations. According to TCGA data, ARL1 and ARL15 represent independent prognostic factors in CM as well as ARL11 based on GEPIA and OncoLnc. To investigate the mechanisms by which ARL1 and ARL11 increase patient survival while ARL15 reduces it, we evaluated their correlation with the immune microenvironment. CD4+ T cells and neutrophil infiltrates are significantly increased by ARL1 expression. Furthermore, ARL11 expression was correlated with 17 out of 21 immune infiltrates, including CD8+ T cells and M2 macrophages, described as having anti-tumoral activity. Likewise, ARL11 is interconnected with ZAP70, ADAM17, and P2RX7, which are implicated in immune cell activation. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence that ARL1, ARL11, and ARL15 may influence CM progression, prognosis, and immune microenvironment remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheila Brito
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Avenida de Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Duarte C. Barral
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Marta Pojo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisbon, Portugal;
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Poncin A, Onesti CE, Josse C, Boulet D, Thiry J, Bours V, Jerusalem G. Immunity and Breast Cancer: Focus on Eosinophils. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091087. [PMID: 34572273 PMCID: PMC8470317 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of eosinophils, a cell type involved in the immune response to parasitic infections and allergies, has been investigated in different cancer types, in both tumor tissue and at the circulating level. Most studies showed a role mainly in conjunction with immunotherapy in melanomas and lung tumors, while few data are available in breast cancer. In this review, we summarize literature data on breast cancer, showing a prognostic role of circulating eosinophil counts as well as of the presence of tumor tissue infiltration by eosinophils. In particular, some studies showed an association between a higher circulating eosinophil count and a good prognosis, as well as an association with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in hormone receptor-negative/HER2-positive and in triple negative breast cancer. Several mechanistic studies have also been conducted in in vivo models, but the exact mechanism by which eosinophils act in the presence of breast cancer is still unknown. Further studies on this subject are desirable, in order to understand their role at the cellular level, identify related biomarkers and/or possibly search for new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Poncin
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (A.P.); (G.J.)
| | - Concetta Elisa Onesti
- Clinical and Oncological Research Department, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Claire Josse
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (C.J.); (D.B.); (J.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Delphine Boulet
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (C.J.); (D.B.); (J.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Jérôme Thiry
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (C.J.); (D.B.); (J.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Vincent Bours
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (C.J.); (D.B.); (J.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Guy Jerusalem
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (A.P.); (G.J.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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LaSalle T, Austin EE, Rigney G, Wehrenberg-Klee E, Nesti S, Larimer B, Mahmood U. Granzyme B PET imaging of immune-mediated tumor killing as a tool for understanding immunotherapy response. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000291. [PMID: 32461343 PMCID: PMC7254099 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer immunotherapy research is expanding to include a more robust understanding of the mechanisms of treatment response and resistance. Identification of drivers of pro-tumor and anti-tumor immunity during treatment offers new strategies for effective alternative or combination immunotherapies. Currently, tissue or blood samples are collected and analyzed, then dichotomized based on clinical end points that may occur months or years after tissue is collected. While overall survival is ultimately the desired clinical outcome, this dichotomization fails to incorporate the nuances that may occur during an anti-tumor response. By failing to directly measure immune activation at the time of sampling, tumors may be misclassified and potentially obscure important biological information. Non-invasive techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET), allow for global and quantitative measurements of cancer specific processes and are widely used clinically to help manage disease. Methods We have previously developed a novel PET agent that can non-invasively quantify granzyme B release in tumors and have demonstrated its ability to predict response to checkpoint inhibitor therapy in multiple murine models of cancer. Here, we used the quantitative measurement of granzyme B release as a direct and time-matched marker of immune cell activation in order to determine immune cell types and cytokines that correlate with effective checkpoint inhibitor therapy in both tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes. Results Through PET imaging, we were able to successfully distinguish distinct microenvironments, based on tumor type, which influenced immune cell subpopulations and cytokine release. Although each tumor was marked by functionally distinct pathways of immune cell activation and inflammation, they also shared commonalities that ultimately resulted in granzyme B release and tumor killing. Conclusions These results suggest that discrete tumor immune microenvironments can be identified in both responsive and non-responsive tumors and offers strategic targets for intervention to overcome checkpoint inhibitor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas LaSalle
- Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily E Austin
- Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Grant Rigney
- Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sarah Nesti
- Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin Larimer
- Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Gao S, Hsu TW, Li MO. Immunity beyond cancer cells: perspective from tumor tissue. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:1010-1019. [PMID: 34305041 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of cancer as a cell-level disease has led to the development of cancer cell-directed therapies including cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-based immunotherapy; yet, many patients are refractory to these modalities of cancer treatment and acquired resistance frequently occurs. Of note, cancer environment controls the manifestation of cancerous cell phenotype. Helper T (Th) cells orchestrate immune defense responses targeting cancer cells as well as the tumor microenvironment. Recent studies have shown that in addition to interferon (IFN)-γ-producing Th1 cells, interleukin (IL)-4-producing Th2 cells function as potent anticancer effectors in part by promoting tumor stroma reconfiguration and tumor tissue repair. Such Th cell-mediated tissue-level immunity may be harnessed for novel modalities of cancer environment immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Gao
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner Jr Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ting-Wei Hsu
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner Jr Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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30
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Zhang Y, Coleman M, Brekken RA. Perspectives on Hypoxia Signaling in Tumor Stroma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3070. [PMID: 34202979 PMCID: PMC8234221 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a well-known characteristic of solid tumors that contributes to tumor progression and metastasis. Oxygen deprivation due to high demand of proliferating cancer cells and standard of care therapies induce hypoxia. Hypoxia signaling, mainly mediated by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF) family, results in tumor cell migration, proliferation, metabolic changes, and resistance to therapy. Additionally, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment impacts multiple cellular and non-cellular compartments in the tumor stroma, including disordered tumor vasculature, homeostasis of ECM. Hypoxia also has a multifaceted and often contradictory influence on immune cell function, which contributes to an immunosuppressive environment. Here, we review the important function of HIF in tumor stromal components and summarize current clinical trials targeting hypoxia. We provide an overview of hypoxia signaling in tumor stroma that might help address some of the challenges associated with hypoxia-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhang
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (Y.Z.); (M.C.)
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Morgan Coleman
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (Y.Z.); (M.C.)
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rolf A. Brekken
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (Y.Z.); (M.C.)
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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31
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Schreiber S, Hammers CM, Kaasch AJ, Schraven B, Dudeck A, Kahlfuss S. Metabolic Interdependency of Th2 Cell-Mediated Type 2 Immunity and the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632581. [PMID: 34135885 PMCID: PMC8201396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of T cells is critically dependent on their ability to generate metabolic building blocks to fulfil energy demands for proliferation and consecutive differentiation into various T helper (Th) cells. Th cells then have to adapt their metabolism to specific microenvironments within different organs during physiological and pathological immune responses. In this context, Th2 cells mediate immunity to parasites and are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases including asthma, while CD8+ T cells and Th1 cells mediate immunity to viruses and tumors. Importantly, recent studies have investigated the metabolism of Th2 cells in more detail, while others have studied the influence of Th2 cell-mediated type 2 immunity on the tumor microenvironment (TME) and on tumor progression. We here review recent findings on the metabolism of Th2 cells and discuss how Th2 cells contribute to antitumor immunity. Combining the evidence from both types of studies, we provide here for the first time a perspective on how the energy metabolism of Th2 cells and the TME interact. Finally, we elaborate how a more detailed understanding of the unique metabolic interdependency between Th2 cells and the TME could reveal novel avenues for the development of immunotherapies in treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Achim J. Kaasch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne Dudeck
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Kahlfuss
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI-3), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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32
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Hijacked Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Molecular Mechanisms of Immunosuppression and Cues to Improve T Cell-Based Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115736. [PMID: 34072260 PMCID: PMC8199456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been expanding in recent years in the context of interactions among different cell types, through direct cell–cell communication as well as through soluble factors. It has become evident that the development of a successful antitumor response depends on several TME factors. In this context, the number, type, and subsets of immune cells, as well as the functionality, memory, and exhaustion state of leukocytes are key factors of the TME. Both the presence and functionality of immune cells, in particular T cells, are regulated by cellular and soluble factors of the TME. In this regard, one fundamental reason for failure of antitumor responses is hijacked immune cells, which contribute to the immunosuppressive TME in multiple ways. Specifically, reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolites, and anti-inflammatory cytokines have central roles in generating an immunosuppressive TME. In this review, we focused on recent developments in the immune cell constituents of the TME, and the micromilieu control of antitumor responses. Furthermore, we highlighted the current challenges of T cell-based immunotherapies and potential future strategies to consider for strengthening their effectiveness.
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Miao KZ, Kim GY, Meara GK, Qin X, Feng H. Tipping the Scales With Zebrafish to Understand Adaptive Tumor Immunity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660969. [PMID: 34095125 PMCID: PMC8173129 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The future of improved immunotherapy against cancer depends on an in-depth understanding of the dynamic interactions between the immune system and tumors. Over the past two decades, the zebrafish has served as a valuable model system to provide fresh insights into both the development of the immune system and the etiologies of many different cancers. This well-established foundation of knowledge combined with the imaging and genetic capacities of the zebrafish provides a new frontier in cancer immunology research. In this review, we provide an overview of the development of the zebrafish immune system along with a side-by-side comparison of its human counterpart. We then introduce components of the adaptive immune system with a focus on their roles in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of teleosts. In addition, we summarize zebrafish models developed for the study of cancer and adaptive immunity along with other available tools and technology afforded by this experimental system. Finally, we discuss some recent research conducted using the zebrafish to investigate adaptive immune cell-tumor interactions. Without a doubt, the zebrafish will arise as one of the driving forces to help expand the knowledge of tumor immunity and facilitate the development of improved anti-cancer immunotherapy in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Z Miao
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Grace Y Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Grace K Meara
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaodan Qin
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Zhan X, Wang Y, Yang J. Janus Kinase/Signal Converters, and the Transcriptional Activator Signaling Pathway Promotes Lung Cancer Through Increasing M2 Macrophage. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence highlights the salient function of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in tumorigenesis and development. But the mechanism of JAK/STAT signaling in lung cancer remains elusive. This study assessed the impact of JAK/STAT on lung tumorigenesis and its interaction with microenvironment.
Mouse model of primary lung cancer was established and then treated with JAK/STAT inhibitor. Immunofluorescence was performed to analyze fluorescent labels. Transwell assay determined the cell migration ability, and Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence to detect the expression
of JAK/STAT key proteins. Cell proliferation was measured by Kit-8 and colony formation. JAK/STAT key proteins were upregulated in lung cancer models. Inhibition of JAK/STAT led to a decrease in proliferative, migratory and invasive capability of lung cancer cells and macrophages from bone
marrow and spleen. The cell invasion ability in the bone marrow and the proliferation of macrophages in the treatment group was weakened. When co-cultured with the treated macrophages, the proliferation of LLC1 cells was inhibited. Furthermore, in vitro flow cytometry indicated that
JAK/STAT affected lung cancer progression by affecting the polarization of M1/M2 macrophages. Taken altogether, JAK/STAT signal enhances M2 macrophage expression and promotes lung cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Zhan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huangmei County People’s Hospital, Huanggang, Hubei, 435500, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jiang jin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 402260, China
| | - Jing Yang
- No. 1 Ward, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huangshi Central Hospital of Edong Healthcare Group, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei, 435000, China
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35
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Tumor-Derived Lactic Acid Contributes to the Paucity of Intratumoral ILC2s. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2743-2757.e5. [PMID: 32101749 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are abundant in non-lymphoid tissues and increase following infectious and inflammatory insults. In solid tumors, however, ILC2s constitute a relatively small proportion of immune cells. Here, we show, using melanoma as a model, that while the IL-33/IL C2/eosinophil axis suppresses tumor growth, tumor-derived lactate attenuates the function and survival of ILC2s. Melanomas with reduced lactate production (LDHAlow) are growth delayed and typified by an increased number of ILC2s compared with control tumors. Upon IL-33 stimulation, ILC2s accompanied by eosinophils more effectively restrain the growth of LDHAlow tumors than control melanomas. Furthermore, database analysis reveals a negative correlation between the expression of LDHA and markers associated with ILC2s and the association of high expression of IL33 and an eosinophil marker SIGLEC8 with better overall survival in human cutaneous melanoma patients. This work demonstrates that the balance between the IL-33/ILC2/eosinophil axis and lactate production by tumor cells regulates melanoma growth.
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36
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Yang X, Wang L, Du H, Lin B, Yi J, Wen X, Geng L, Du X. Prognostic impact of eosinophils in peripheral blood and tumor site in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24328. [PMID: 33546064 PMCID: PMC7837956 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, no effective biological markers have been identified for predicting the prognosis of esophageal cancer patients. Recent studies have shown that eosinophils are independent prognostic factors in some cancers. This study aimed to identify the prognostic impact of eosinophils in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT).This study enrolled 136 patients who received CCRT for locally advanced unresectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We evaluated the survival time and clinical pathological characteristics of eosinophils. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival data. The log-rank test was used for univariate analysis and the Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to conduct a multivariate analysis.Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high eosinophil infiltration correlated with better overall survival (OS) (P = .008) and better progression-free survival (PFS) (P = .015). The increase in absolute eosinophil count after CCRT also enhanced OS (P = .005) and PFS (P = .007). The PFS and OS in patients with high blood eosinophil count before CCRT (>2%) was better than those with low blood eosinophil count(<2%) (P = .006 and P = .001, respectively). Additionally, the multivariate analysis revealed that disease stage and high eosinophil infiltration, increased peripheral blood absolute eosinophil count after CCRT, and high peripheral blood eosinophil count before CCRT were independent prognostic indicators.High eosinophil count of tumor site, increased peripheral blood absolute eosinophil count after CCRT, and high peripheral blood eosinophil count before CCRT are favorable prognostic factors for patients with ESCC treated with CCRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Yang
- Department of Oncology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nan Chong
| | - Lei Wang
- Pathology department, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Du
- Department of Oncology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nan Chong
| | - Binwei Lin
- Department of Oncology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan
| | - Jie Yi
- Pathology department, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Wen
- Department of Oncology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan
| | - Lidan Geng
- Department of Oncology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan
| | - Xiaobo Du
- Department of Oncology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan
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37
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Luo Y, Pei S, Xu J, Xiao Y, Zhu X. Combined chemotherapy of platinum and fluorouracil promotes T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:29-35. [PMID: 33201175 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-drug combined chemotherapy of platinum and fluorouracil has been reported to efficiently kill tumor cells as the first-line treatment for advanced gastric cancer. However, the effect of these drugs on T cells remains unclear. Here, we showed that T cells including CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells of the patients with advanced gastric cancer after platinum and fluorouracil chemotherapy exhibited enhanced ex vivo proliferation ability as compared to that before chemotherapy. In addition, platinum and fluorouracil also promoted the differentiation of human T cells into Th1 and Th9 subtypes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, the combination therapy greatly suppressed tumor growth with increased tumor infiltration of Th1, Th9, and CTL cells in a mouse tumor model. Moreover, in activated T cells, long-term treatment with these two drugs further facilitates T cell activation along with promoted nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Our findings demonstrate a previously unidentified function of platinum and fluorouracil combination chemotherapy in promoting T cell-mediated antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Luo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Siyu Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
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38
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Farc O, Cristea V. An overview of the tumor microenvironment, from cells to complex networks (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:96. [PMID: 33363607 PMCID: PMC7725019 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long period, cancer has been believed to be a gene disease, in which oncogenic and suppressor mutations accumulate gradually, finally leading to the malignant transformation of cells. This vision has changed in the last few years, the involvement of the tumor microenvironment, the non-malignant part of the tumors, as an important contributor to the malignant growth being now largely recognized. There is a consensus according to which the understanding of the tumor microenvironment is important as a means to develop new approaches in the therapy of cancer. In this context, the present study is a review of the different types of non-malignant cells that can be found in tumors, with their pro or antitumoral actions, presence in tumors and therapeutic targeting. These cells establish complex relations between them, through cytokines, exosomes, cell adhesion, co-stimulation and co-inhibition; these relations will also be examined in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Farc
- Immunology Department, ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Victor Cristea
- Immunology Department, ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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39
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Zhang Y, Guan XY, Jiang P. Cytokine and Chemokine Signals of T-Cell Exclusion in Tumors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:594609. [PMID: 33381115 PMCID: PMC7768018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of cancer immunotherapy in solid tumors depends on a sufficient distribution of effector T cells into malignant lesions. However, immune-cold tumors utilize many T-cell exclusion mechanisms to resist immunotherapy. T cells have to go through three steps to fight against tumors: trafficking to the tumor core, surviving and expanding, and maintaining the memory phenotype for long-lasting responses. Cytokines and chemokines play critical roles in modulating the recruitment of T cells and the overall cellular compositions of the tumor microenvironment. Manipulating the cytokine or chemokine environment has brought success in preclinical models and early-stage clinical trials. However, depending on the immune context, the same cytokine or chemokine signals may exhibit either antitumor or protumor activities and induce unwanted side effects. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the cytokine and chemokine signals is the premise of overcoming T-cell exclusion for effective and innovative anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Cancer Data Science Lab, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xin-yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Peng Jiang
- Cancer Data Science Lab, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Abstract
The immune system uses two distinct defence strategies against infections: microbe-directed pathogen destruction characterized by type 1 immunity1, and host-directed pathogen containment exemplified by type 2 immunity in induction of tissue repair2. Similar to infectious diseases, cancer progresses with self-propagating cancer cells inflicting host-tissue damage. The immunological mechanisms of cancer cell destruction are well defined3-5, but whether immune-mediated cancer cell containment can be induced remains poorly understood. Here we show that depletion of transforming growth factor-β receptor 2 (TGFBR2) in CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, halts cancer progression as a result of tissue healing and remodelling of the blood vasculature, causing cancer cell hypoxia and death in distant avascular regions. Notably, the host-directed protective response is dependent on the T helper 2 cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4), but not the T helper 1 cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Thus, type 2 immunity can be mobilized as an effective tissue-level defence mechanism against cancer.
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41
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Nicotinamide inhibits melanoma in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:211. [PMID: 33028392 PMCID: PMC7542872 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Even though new therapies are available against melanoma, novel approaches are needed to overcome resistance and high-toxicity issues. In the present study the anti-melanoma activity of Nicotinamide (NAM), the amide form of Niacin, was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Methods Human (A375, SK-MEL-28) and mouse (B16-F10) melanoma cell lines were used for in vitro investigations. Viability, cell-death, cell-cycle distribution, apoptosis, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide+ (NAD+), Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels were measured after NAM treatment. NAM anti-SIRT2 activity was tested in vitro; SIRT2 expression level was investigated by in silico transcriptomic analyses. Melanoma growth in vivo was measured in thirty-five C57BL/6 mice injected subcutaneously with B16-F10 melanoma cells and treated intraperitoneally with NAM. Interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting murine cells were counted with ELISPOT assay. Cytokine/chemokine plasmatic levels were measured by xMAP technology. Niacin receptors expression in human melanoma samples was also investigated by in silico transcriptomic analyses. Results NAM reduced up to 90% melanoma cell number and induced: i) accumulation in G1-phase (40% increase), ii) reduction in S- and G2-phase (about 50% decrease), iii) a 10-fold increase of cell-death and 2.5-fold increase of apoptosis in sub-G1 phase, iv) a significant increase of NAD+, ATP, and ROS levels, v) a strong inhibition of SIRT2 activity in vitro. NAM significantly delayed tumor growth in vivo (p ≤ 0.0005) and improved survival of melanoma-bearing mice (p ≤ 0.0001). About 3-fold increase (p ≤ 0.05) of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) producing cells was observed in NAM treated mice. The plasmatic expression levels of 6 cytokines (namely: Interleukin 5 (IL-5), Eotaxin, Interleukin 12 (p40) (IL12(p40)), Interleukin 3 (IL-3), Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and Regulated on Activation Normal T Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) were significantly changed in the blood of NAM treated mice, suggesting a key role of the immune response. The observed inhibitory effect of NAM on SIRT2 enzymatic activity confirmed previous evidence; we show here that SIRT2 expression is significantly increased in melanoma and inversely related to melanoma-patients survival. Finally, we show for the first time that the expression levels of Niacin receptors HCAR2 and HCAR3 is almost abolished in human melanoma samples. Conclusion NAM shows a relevant anti-melanoma activity in vitro and in vivo and is a suitable candidate for further clinical investigations.
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Grisaru-Tal S, Itan M, Klion AD, Munitz A. A new dawn for eosinophils in the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:594-607. [PMID: 32678342 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are evolutionarily conserved, pleotropic cells that display key effector functions in allergic diseases, such as asthma. Nonetheless, eosinophils infiltrate multiple tumours and are equipped to regulate tumour progression either directly by interacting with tumour cells or indirectly by shaping the tumour microenvironment (TME). Eosinophils can readily respond to diverse stimuli and are capable of synthesizing and secreting a large range of molecules, including unique granule proteins that can potentially kill tumour cells. Alternatively, they can secrete pro-angiogenic and matrix-remodelling soluble mediators that could promote tumour growth. Herein, we aim to comprehensively outline basic eosinophil biology that is directly related to their activity in the TME. We discuss the mechanisms of eosinophil homing to the TME and examine their diverse pro-tumorigenic and antitumorigenic functions. Finally, we present emerging data regarding eosinophils as predictive biomarkers and effector cells in immunotherapy, especially in response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy, and highlight outstanding questions for future basic and clinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Grisaru-Tal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Itan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amy D Klion
- Human Eosinophil Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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43
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Onesti CE, Josse C, Boulet D, Thiry J, Beaumecker B, Bours V, Jerusalem G. Blood eosinophilic relative count is prognostic for breast cancer and associated with the presence of tumor at diagnosis and at time of relapse. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1761176. [PMID: 32923121 PMCID: PMC7458605 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1761176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer outcome is associated with circulating immune cells, including eosinophils. Here we analyze the relative eosinophil count (REC) in different breast cancer subtypes. Methods Stage I–III breast cancer patients were included in the study and classified as REC-high vs low (cutoff 1.5%) or relative lymphocyte count (RLC)-high vs low (cutoff 17.5%). The co-primary endpoints were the breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) or the time to treatment failure (TTF) in the REC groups. Results Overall 930 patients were included in the study. We observed a benefit for REC-high vs REC-low in TTF (HR 0.610, 95% CI 0.458–0.812), and in BCSS (HR 0.632, 95% CI 0.433–0.923). Similarly, we observed a better TTF (HR 0.421, 95% CI 0.262–0.677) and BCSS (HR 0.350, 95% CI 0.200–0.614) in RLC-high vs low. A lower relapse rate was observed in the REC-high vs REC-low group (17.1% vs 24.7%, p = 0.005), not confirmed in the multivariate analysis. A lower median REC at baseline and at relapse was observed compared to REC after surgery and during cancer-free follow-up (p < .0001). Conclusions REC could be a new promising, affordable and accessible predictive and prognostic biomarker in all breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Elisa Onesti
- Medical Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Institute, Liège, Belgium
| | - Claire Josse
- Medical Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Institute, Liège, Belgium
| | - Delphine Boulet
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Institute, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Thiry
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Institute, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Vincent Bours
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Institute, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Guy Jerusalem
- Medical Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
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44
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Jackson DJ, Korn S, Mathur SK, Barker P, Meka VG, Martin UJ, Zangrilli JG. Safety of Eosinophil-Depleting Therapy for Severe, Eosinophilic Asthma: Focus on Benralizumab. Drug Saf 2020; 43:409-425. [PMID: 32242310 PMCID: PMC7165132 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-020-00926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils play a pivotal role in the inflammatory pathology of asthma and have been the target of new biologic treatments for patients with eosinophilic asthma. Given the central role of interleukin (IL)-5 in the eosinophil lifecycle, several therapies directed against the IL-5 pathway have been developed, including the anti-IL-5 antibodies mepolizumab and reslizumab and the IL-5 receptor α (IL-5Rα)-directed cytolytic antibody benralizumab. Eosinophil-depleting therapies represent a relatively new class of asthma treatment, and it is important to understand their long-term efficacy and safety. Eosinophils have been associated with host protection and tumor growth, raising potential concerns about the consequences of long-term therapies that deplete eosinophils. However, evidence for these associations in humans is conflicting and largely indirect or based on mouse models. Substantial prospective clinical trial and postmarketing data have accrued, providing insight into the potential risks associated with eosinophil depletion. In this review, we explore the current safety profile of eosinophil-reducing therapies, with particular attention to the potential risks of malignancies and severe infections and a focus on benralizumab. Benralizumab is an IL-5Rα-directed cytolytic monoclonal antibody that targets and efficiently depletes blood and tissue eosinophils through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Benralizumab is intended to treat patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma with eosinophilic inflammation. The integrated analyses of benralizumab safety data from the phase III SIROCCO and CALIMA trials and subsequent BORA extension trial for patients with asthma, and the phase III GALATHEA and TERRANOVA trials for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, form the principal basis for this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Jackson
- Guy's Severe Asthma Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK
- Asthma UK Centre, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Korn
- Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstr, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sameer K Mathur
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peter Barker
- Research and Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Ubaldo J Martin
- Research and Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - James G Zangrilli
- Global Medical Affairs, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
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45
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Blood Eosinophilia is an on-Treatment Biomarker in Patients with Solid Tumors Undergoing Dendritic Cell Vaccination with Autologous Tumor-RNA. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030210. [PMID: 32121531 PMCID: PMC7150785 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The approvals of immune checkpoint inhibitors for several cancer types and the rapidly growing recognition that T cell-based immunotherapy significantly improves outcomes for cancer patients led to a re-emergence of cancer vaccines, including dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy. Blood and tissue biomarkers to identify responders and long-term survivors and to optimize cost and cost-effectiveness of treatment are greatly needed. We wanted to investigate whether blood eosinophilia is a predictive biomarker for patients with solid tumors receiving vaccinations with DCs loaded with autologous tumor-RNA. Methods: In total, 67 patients with metastatic solid tumors, who we treated with autologous monocyte-derived DCs transfected with total tumor mRNA, were serially analyzed for eosinophil counts and survival over the course of up to 14 years. Eosinophilic counts were performed on peripheral blood smears. Results: Up to 87% of the patients treated with DC-based immunotherapy experienced at least once an eosinophilia of ≥ 5% after initiation of therapy; 61 % reached levels of ≥ 10% eosinophils, and 13% of patients showed eosinophil counts of 20% or above. While prevaccination eosinophil levels were not associated with survival, patients with blood eosinophilia at any point after initiation of DC-based immunotherapy showed a trend towards longer survival. There was a statistically significant difference for the patients with eosinophil counts of 20% or more (p = 0.03). In those patients, survival was prolonged to a median of 58 months (range 2–111 months), compared to a median of 20 months (range 0–119 months) in patients with lower eosinophil counts. In 12% of the patients, an immediate increase in eosinophil count of at least 10 percentage points could be detected after the first vaccine, which also appeared to correlate with survival (65 vs. 24 months; p = 0.06). Conclusion: Blood eosinophilia appears to be an early, on-therapy biomarker in patients with solid tumors undergoing vaccination with RNA-transfected DC, specifically autologous tumor mRNA-transfected DC vaccines, and it correlates with long-term patient outcome. Eosinophilia should be systematically investigated in future trials.
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46
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Makhlouf AM, El-Shennawy L, Elkaranshawy HA. Mathematical Modelling for the Role of CD4 +T Cells in Tumor-Immune Interactions. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7187602. [PMID: 32148558 PMCID: PMC7049850 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7187602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical modelling has been used to study tumor-immune cell interaction. Some models were proposed to examine the effect of circulating lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and CD8+T cells, but they neglected the role of CD4+T cells. Other models were constructed to study the role of CD4+T cells but did not consider the role of other immune cells. In this study, we propose a mathematical model, in the form of a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, that predicts the interaction between tumor cells and natural killer cells, CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, and circulating lymphocytes with or without immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy. This system is stiff, and the Runge-Kutta method failed to solve it. Consequently, the "Adams predictor-corrector" method is used. The results reveal that the patient's immune system can overcome small tumors; however, if the tumor is large, adoptive therapy with CD4+T cells can be an alternative to both CD8+T cell therapy and cytokines in some cases. Moreover, CD4+T cell therapy could replace chemotherapy depending upon tumor size. Even if a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy is necessary, using CD4+T cell therapy can better reduce the dose of the associated chemotherapy compared to using combined CD8+T cells and cytokine therapy. Stability analysis is performed for the studied patients. It has been found that all equilibrium points are unstable, and a condition for preventing tumor recurrence after treatment has been deduced. Finally, a bifurcation analysis is performed to study the effect of varying system parameters on the stability, and bifurcation points are specified. New equilibrium points are created or demolished at some bifurcation points, and stability is changed at some others. Hence, for systems turning to be stable, tumors can be eradicated without the possibility of recurrence. The proposed mathematical model provides a valuable tool for designing patients' treatment intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Makhlouf
- Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa El-Shennawy
- Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hesham A. Elkaranshawy
- Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Guisier F, Barros-Filho MC, Rock LD, Strachan-Whaley M, Marshall EA, Dellaire G, Lam WL. Janus or Hydra: The Many Faces of T Helper Cells in the Human Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1224:35-51. [PMID: 32036603 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35723-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (TH) cells are key regulators in the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME), mediating the adaptive immunological response towards cancer, mainly through the activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. After antigen recognition and proper co-stimulation, naïve TH cells are activated, undergo clonal expansion, and release cytokines that will define the differentiation of a specific effector TH cell subtype. These different subtypes have different functions, which can mediate both anti- and pro-tumour immunological responses. Here, we present the dual role of TH cells restraining or promoting the tumour, the factors controlling their homing and differentiation in the TIME, their influence on immunotherapy, and their use as prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Guisier
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Pneumology, Thoracic Oncology and Intensive Respiratory Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
| | - Mateus Camargo Barros-Filho
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leigha D Rock
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Oral and Biological Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Erin A Marshall
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Canadian Environmental Exposures in Cancer (CE2C) Network (CE2C.ca), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Canadian Environmental Exposures in Cancer (CE2C) Network (CE2C.ca), Halifax, NS, Canada
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48
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Fu C, Jiang L, Hao S, Liu Z, Ding S, Zhang W, Yang X, Li S. Activation of the IL-4/STAT6 Signaling Pathway Promotes Lung Cancer Progression by Increasing M2 Myeloid Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2638. [PMID: 31798581 PMCID: PMC6863933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) plays critical roles in tumor development. We previously found high-level expression of STAT6 in human lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, specifically in infiltrated immune cells located in the lung interstitium. Nevertheless, the role of STAT6 signaling in lung carcinogenesis and lung cancer proliferation and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of STAT6 and the interaction between STAT6 and the tumor microenvironment in pulmonary tumorigenesis. We established a murine model of primary lung carcinogenesis in STAT6-deficient (STAT6−/−) and STAT6 wild-type (WT) BALB/c mice using the carcinogen urethane. Two-month-old male mice were intraperitoneally injected with urethane (1 g/kg) dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Primary tumors were monitored in vivo by positron emission tomography scanning. At 4, 6, and 9 months after urethane injection, lung tumors were harvested from the STAT6−/− and WT mice for analysis. Small interfering RNA was used to downregulate the expression of STAT6 in tumor cells. Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis was used to analyze fluorescence-conjugated cell markers. Transwell assays were used in coculturing experiments. STAT6 protein expression was detected by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. STAT6 mRNA expression was detected by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction. Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays were performed to evaluate cell proliferation. We detected high expression of STAT6 in CD11b+ cells of lung carcinoma. Our results indicate that STAT6 deficiency inhibits carcinogen-induced tumor growth and improves prognosis. STAT6 deficiency also decreased the mobilization and differentiation of CD11b+ cells. STAT6 deficiency in CD11b+ cells but not tumor cells decreased interleukin (IL)-4 secretion and the differentiation of CD11b+ cells into M2 macrophage cells. In conclusion, our findings indicate that IL-4/STAT6 signaling in CD11b+ cells promotes lung cancer progression by triggering an IL-4 positive feedback loop and increasing M2 myeloid cells. STAT6 may be a new therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Fu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengyu Hao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilong Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suling Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanqun Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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49
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Andreone S, Spadaro F, Buccione C, Mancini J, Tinari A, Sestili P, Gambardella AR, Lucarini V, Ziccheddu G, Parolini I, Zanetti C, D’Urso MT, De Ninno A, Businaro L, Afferni C, Mattei F, Schiavoni G. IL-33 Promotes CD11b/CD18-Mediated Adhesion of Eosinophils to Cancer Cells and Synapse-Polarized Degranulation Leading to Tumor Cell Killing. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111664. [PMID: 31717819 PMCID: PMC6895824 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are major effectors of Th2-related pathologies, frequently found infiltrating several human cancers. We recently showed that eosinophils play an essential role in anti-tumor responses mediated by immunotherapy with the ‘alarmin’ intereukin-33 (IL-33) in melanoma mouse models. Here, we analyzed the mechanisms by which IL-33 mediates tumor infiltration and antitumor activities of eosinophils. We show that IL-33 recruits eosinophils indirectly, via stimulation of tumor cell-derived chemokines, while it activates eosinophils directly, up-regulating CD69, the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and CD11b/CD18, and the degranulation marker CD63. In co-culture experiments with four different tumor cell lines, IL-33-activated eosinophils established large numbers of stable cell conjugates with target tumor cells, with the polarization of eosinophil effector proteins (ECP, EPX, and granzyme-B) and CD11b/CD18 to immune synapses, resulting in efficient contact-dependent degranulation and tumor cell killing. In tumor-bearing mice, IL-33 induced substantial accumulation of degranulating eosinophils within tumor necrotic areas, indicating cytotoxic activity in vivo. Blocking of CD11b/CD18 signaling significantly reduced IL-33-activated eosinophils’ binding and subsequent killing of tumor cells, indicating a crucial role for this integrin in triggering degranulation. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights for eosinophil-mediated anti-tumoral function driven by IL-33. Treatments enabling tumor infiltration and proper activation of eosinophils may improve therapeutic response in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Andreone
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesca Spadaro
- Microscopy Unit, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Carla Buccione
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Jacopo Mancini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Antonella Tinari
- Center for Gender Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy;
| | - Paola Sestili
- Microscopy Unit, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Adriana Rosa Gambardella
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Valeria Lucarini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Giovanna Ziccheddu
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Isabella Parolini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Cristiana Zanetti
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa D’Urso
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Adele De Ninno
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR), 00156 Rome, Italy; (A.D.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Luca Businaro
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR), 00156 Rome, Italy; (A.D.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Claudia Afferni
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.B.); (J.M.); (A.R.G.); (V.L.); (G.Z.); (I.P.); (C.Z.); (M.T.D.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649906099
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Nabizadeh JA, Manthey HD, Panagides N, Steyn FJ, Lee JD, Li XX, Akhir FNM, Chen W, Boyle GM, Taylor SM, Woodruff TM, Rolfe BE. C5a receptors C5aR1 and C5aR2 mediate opposing pathologies in a mouse model of melanoma. FASEB J 2019; 33:11060-11071. [PMID: 31298935 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800980rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The canonical complement component 5a (C5a) receptor (C5aR) 1 has well-described roles in tumorigenesis but the contribution of the second receptor, C5aR2, is unclear. The present study demonstrates that B16.F0 melanoma cells express mRNA for both C5aR1 and C5aR2 and signal through ERK and p38 MAPKs in response to C5a. Despite this, C5a had no impact on melanoma cell proliferation or migration in vitro. In vivo studies demonstrated that the growth of B16.F0 melanoma tumors was increased in C5aR2-/- mice but reduced in C5aR1-/- mice and wild-type mice treated with a C5aR1 antagonist. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating leukocyte populations showed no significant differences between wild-type and C5aR2-/- mice. Conversely, percentages of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, macrophages, and regulatory T lymphocytes were lower in tumors from C5aR1-/- mice, whereas total (CD3+) T lymphocytes and CD4+ subsets were higher. Analysis of cytokine and chemokine levels also showed plasma IFN-γ was higher and tumor C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 was lower in the absence of C5aR1. The results suggest that C5aR1 signaling supports melanoma growth by promoting infiltration of immunosuppressive leukocyte populations into the tumor microenvironment, whereas C5aR2 has a more restricted but beneficial role in limiting tumor growth. Overall, these data support the potential of C5aR1-inhibitory therapies for melanoma.-Nabizadeh, J. A., Manthey, H. D., Panagides, N., Steyn, F. J., Lee, J. D., Li, X. X., Akhir, F. N. M., Chen, W., Boyle, G. M., Taylor, S. M., Woodruff, T. M., Rolfe, B. E. C5a receptors C5aR1 and C5aR2 mediate opposing pathologies in a mouse model of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamileh A Nabizadeh
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helga D Manthey
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nadya Panagides
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xaria X Li
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fazrena N M Akhir
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Weiyu Chen
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen M Boyle
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen M Taylor
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Barbara E Rolfe
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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