1
|
Fan Y, Xu Y, Huo Z, Zhang H, Peng L, Jiang X, Thomson AW, Dai H. Role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in kidney diseases: A biomarker and potential therapeutic target. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:1663-1673. [PMID: 38809056 PMCID: PMC11268828 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. As an amplifier of the inflammatory response, TREM-1 is mainly involved in the production of inflammatory mediators and the regulation of cell survival. TREM-1 has been studied in infectious diseases and more recently in non-infectious disorders. More and more studies have shown that TREM-1 plays an important pathogenic role in kidney diseases. There is evidence that TREM-1 can not only be used as a biomarker for diagnosis of disease but also as a potential therapeutic target to guide the development of novel therapeutic agents for kidney disease. This review summarized molecular biology of TREM-1 and its signaling pathways as well as immune response in the progress of acute kidney injury, renal fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, immune nephropathy, and renal cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Fan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Medical College of Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Zhi Huo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Hedong Zhang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Longkai Peng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine (Zhengzhou People’s Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Angus W. Thomson
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Helong Dai
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qian M, Zhong J, Lu Z, Zhang W, Weng M, Zhang K, Jin Y. Bibliometric Analysis of TREM2 (2001-2022): Trends, Hotspots and Prospects in Human Disease. Int J Med Sci 2024; 21:1852-1865. [PMID: 39113887 PMCID: PMC11302561 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.96851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a transmembrane receptor, has garnered extensive research attention due to its pivotal role in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Despite the abundance of studies on its function, there is a gap in comprehensive analysis and summarization of the current state of this research field. Methods: Articles and reviews related to TREM2 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) on October 1, 2023. A bibliometric analysis of TREM2 was conducted using CiteSpace, VOSviewer and Bibliometrix (R package). Results: A total of 1,502 articles, spanning from 2001 to 2022, met the search criteria. The number of publications and citations has increased steadily over the years. The United States and China are the most active countries in TREM2 research, with the University of Washington as the leading research institution. The most influential journal in the field is Neurology of Aging. The predominant research areas include molecular, biology and immunology. Alzheimer's disease, microglia, variants, and inflammation are significant keywords. Emerging directions such as metabolism and tumor microenvironment have recently gained attention in numerous studies. Conclusion: The current study utilizes bibliometric analysis software and visual graphics to intuitively highlight TREM2-related hotspots, trends, and prospects in human disease. Such insights are valuable for scholars seeking a deeper understanding of TREM2-related research progress, enabling a focused approach to its application in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minyue Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongteng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengcao Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bharadwaj S, Groza Y, Mierzwicka JM, Malý P. Current understanding on TREM-2 molecular biology and physiopathological functions. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112042. [PMID: 38703564 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2), a glycosylated receptor belonging to the immunoglobin superfamily and especially expressed in the myeloid cell lineage, is frequently explained as a reminiscent receptor for both adaptive and innate immunity regulation. TREM-2 is also acknowledged to influence NK cell differentiation via the PI3K and PLCγ signaling pathways, as well as the partial activation or direct inhibition of T cells. Additionally, TREM-2 overexpression is substantially linked to cell-specific functions, such as enhanced phagocytosis, reduced toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammatory cytokine production, increased transcription of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reshaped T cell function. Whereas TREM-2-deficient cells exhibit diminished phagocytic function and enhanced proinflammatory cytokines production, proceeding to inflammatory injuries and an immunosuppressive environment for disease progression. Despite the growing literature supporting TREM-2+ cells in various diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, substantial facets of TREM-2-mediated signaling remain inadequately understood relevant to pathophysiology conditions. In this direction, herein, we have summarized the current knowledge on TREM-2 biology and cell-specific TREM-2 expression, particularly in the modulation of pivotal TREM-2-dependent functions under physiopathological conditions. Furthermore, molecular regulation and generic biological relevance of TREM-2 are also discussed, which might provide an alternative approach for preventing or reducing TREM-2-associated deformities. At last, we discussed the TREM-2 function in supporting an immunosuppressive cancer environment and as a potential drug target for cancer immunotherapy. Hence, summarized knowledge of TREM-2 might provide a window to overcome challenges in clinically effective therapies for TREM-2-induced diseases in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Yaroslava Groza
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna M Mierzwicka
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rao Y, Peng B. Allogenic microglia replacement: A novel therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 4:237-245. [PMID: 38933508 PMCID: PMC11197774 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play vital roles in CNS development, homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Genetic defects in microglia lead to microglial dysfunction, which in turn leads to neurological disorders. The correction of the specific genetic defects in microglia in these disorders can lead to therapeutic effects. Traditional genetic defect correction approaches are dependent on viral vector-based genetic defect corrections. However, the viruses used in these approaches, including adeno-associated viruses, lentiviruses and retroviruses, do not primarily target microglia; therefore, viral vector-based genetic defect corrections are ineffective in microglia. Microglia replacement is a novel approach to correct microglial genetic defects via replacing microglia of genetic defects with allogenic healthy microglia. In this paper, we systematically review the history, rationale and therapeutic perspectives of microglia replacement, which would be a novel strategy for treating CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Rao
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang S, Xu L, Xin X, Zhang R, Wu Y. Study on pyroptosis-related genes Casp8, Gsdmd and Trem2 in mice with cerebral infarction. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16818. [PMID: 38348100 PMCID: PMC10860548 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Cerebral infarction is the main cause of death in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Our research aimed to screen and validate pyroptosis-related genes in cerebral infarction for the targeted therapy of cerebral infarction. Methods and results A total of 1,517 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by DESeq2 software analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis results indicated that genes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice aged 3 months and 18 months were enriched in pyroptosis, respectively. Differentially expressed pyroptosis-related genes (including Aim2, Casp8, Gsdmd, Naip2, Naip5, Naip6 and Trem2) were obtained through intersection of DEGs and genes from pyroptosis Gene Ontology Term (GO:0070269), and they were up-regulated in the brain tissues of MCAO mice in GSE137482. In addition, Casp8, Gsdmd, and Trem2 were verified to be significantly up-regulated in MCAO mice in GSE93376. The evaluation of neurologic function and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining showed that the MCAO mouse models were successfully constructed. Meanwhile, the expressions of TNF-α, pyroptosis-related proteins, Casp8, Gsdmd and Trem2 in MCAO mice were significantly up-regulated. We selected Trem2 for subsequent functional analysis. OGD treatment of BV2 cell in vitro significantly upregulated the expressions of Trem2. Subsequent downregulation of Trem2 expression in OGD-BV2 cells further increased the level of pyroptosis. Therefore, Trem2 is a protective factor regulating pyroptosis, thus influencing the progression of cerebral infarction. Conclusions Casp8, Gsdmd and Trem2 can regulate pyroptosis, thus affecting cerebral infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Liang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linsheng Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xilin Xin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongbo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - You Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng H, Liu Y, Deng Y, Li Y, Liu S, Yang Y, Qiu Y, Li B, Sheng W, Liu J, Peng C, Wang W, Yu H. Recent advances of NFATc1 in rheumatoid arthritis-related bone destruction: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Mol Med 2024; 30:20. [PMID: 38310228 PMCID: PMC10838448 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial tissue and joint bone destruction, often leading to significant disability. The main pathological manifestation of joint deformity in RA patients is bone destruction, which occurs due to the differentiation and proliferation of osteoclasts. The transcription factor nuclear factor-activated T cell 1 (NFATc1) plays a crucial role in this process. The regulation of NFATc1 in osteoclast differentiation is influenced by three main factors. Firstly, NFATc1 is activated through the upstream nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling pathway. Secondly, the Ca2+-related co-stimulatory signaling pathway amplifies NFATc1 activity. Finally, negative regulation of NFATc1 occurs through the action of cytokines such as B-cell Lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), MAF basic leucine zipper transcription factor B (MafB), and LIM homeobox 2 (Lhx2). These three phases collectively govern NFATc1 transcription and subsequently affect the expression of downstream target genes including TRAF6 and NF-κB. Ultimately, this intricate regulatory network mediates osteoclast differentiation, fusion, and the degradation of both organic and inorganic components of the bone matrix. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in understanding the mechanism of NFATc1 in the context of RA-related bone destruction and discusses potential therapeutic agents that target NFATc1, with the aim of offering valuable insights for future research in the field of RA. To assess their potential as therapeutic agents for RA, we conducted a drug-like analysis of potential drugs with precise structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yuexuan Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yasi Deng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yunzhe Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yong Yang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yun Qiu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Wenbing Sheng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Jinzhi Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Caiyun Peng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
| | - Huanghe Yu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Takegahara N, Kim H, Choi Y. Unraveling the intricacies of osteoclast differentiation and maturation: insight into novel therapeutic strategies for bone-destructive diseases. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:264-272. [PMID: 38297158 PMCID: PMC10907717 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are the principal cells that efficiently resorb bone. Numerous studies have attempted to reveal the molecular pathways leading to the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts to improve the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and other bone-destructive diseases. While the cumulative knowledge of osteoclast regulatory molecules, such as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), contributes to the understanding of the developmental progression of osteoclasts, little is known about how the discrete steps of osteoclastogenesis modify osteoclast status but not the absolute number of osteoclasts. The regulatory mechanisms involved in osteoclast maturation but not those involved in differentiation deserve special attention due to their potential use in establishing a more effective treatment strategy: targeting late-phase differentiation while preserving coupled bone formation. Recent studies have shed light on the molecules that govern late-phase osteoclast differentiation and maturation, as well as the metabolic changes needed to adapt to shifting metabolic demands. This review outlines the current understanding of the regulation of osteoclast differentiation, as well as osteoclast metabolic adaptation as a differentiation control mechanism. Additionally, this review introduces molecules that regulate the late-phase osteoclast differentiation and thus minimally impact coupled bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takegahara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eren N, Gerike S, Üsekes B, Peters O, Cosma NC, Hellmann-Regen J. Effects of autologous serum on TREM2 and APOE in a personalized monocyte-derived macrophage assay of late-onset Alzheimer's patients. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:52. [PMID: 37833781 PMCID: PMC10576307 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-associated deterioration of the immune system contributes to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state known as "inflammaging" and is implicated in the pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Whether changes in the tissue environment caused by circulatory factors associated with aging may alter the innate immune response is unknown. Monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-MФs) infiltrating the brain alongside microglia are postulated to play a modulatory role in LOAD and both express triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) acts as a ligand for TREM2, and their role in amyloid beta (Aβ) clearance highlights their importance in LOAD. However, the influence of the patient's own milieu (autologous serum) on the synthesis of TREM2 and APOE in infiltrating macrophages remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To functionally assess patient-specific TREM2 and APOE synthesis, we designed a personalized assay based on Mo-MФs using monocytes from LOAD patients and matched controls (CO). We assessed the influence of each participant's own milieu, by examining the effect of short- (1 day) and long- (10 days) term differentiation of the cells in the presence of the donor´s autologous serum (AS) into M1-, M2- or M0-macrophages. Additionally, sex differences and Aβ-uptake ability in short- and long-term differentiated Mo-MФs were assessed. RESULTS We showed a time-dependent increase in TREM2 and APOE protein levels in LOAD- and CO-derived cells. While AS did not differentially modulate TREM2 compared to standard fetal calf serum (FCS), AS decreased APOE levels in M2 macrophages but increased levels in M1 macrophages. Interestingly, higher levels of TREM2 and lower levels of APOE were detected in female- than in male- LOAD patients. Finally, we report decreased Aβ-uptake in long-term differentiated CO- and LOAD-derived cells, particularly in APOEε4(+) carriers. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time the suitability of a personalized Mo-MФ cell culture-based assay for studying functional TREM2 and APOE synthesis in a patient's own aged milieu. Our strategy may thus provide a useful tool for future research on diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neriman Eren
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Susanna Gerike
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Berk Üsekes
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Peters
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG) Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicoleta-Carmen Cosma
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Julian Hellmann-Regen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREMs) encompass a family of cell-surface receptors chiefly expressed by granulocytes, monocytes and tissue macrophages. These receptors have been implicated in inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, bone remodelling, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis and cancer. Here, I review the structure, ligands, signalling modes and functions of TREMs in humans and mice and discuss the challenges that remain in understanding TREM biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao J, Lang M. New insight into protein glycosylation in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:314. [PMID: 37626031 PMCID: PMC10457297 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that seriously endangers the physical and mental health of patients, however, there are still no effective drugs or methods to cure this disease up to now. Protein glycosylation is the most common modifications of the translated proteins in eukaryotic cells. Recently many researches disclosed that aberrant glycosylation happens in some important AD-related proteins, such as APP, Tau, Reelin and CRMP-2, etc, suggesting a close link between abnormal protein glycosylation and AD. Because of its complexity and diversity, glycosylation is thus considered a completely new entry point for understanding the precise cause of AD. This review comprehensively summarized the currently discovered changes in protein glycosylation patterns in AD, and especially introduced the latest progress on the mechanism of protein glycosylation affecting the progression of AD and the potential application of protein glycosylation in AD detection and treatment, thereby providing a wide range of opportunities for uncovering the pathogenesis of AD and promoting the translation of glycosylation research into future clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minglin Lang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lei X, Wang Y, Broens C, Borst J, Xiao Y. Immune checkpoints targeting dendritic cells for antibody-based modulation in cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 382:145-179. [PMID: 38225102 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells which link innate to adaptive immunity. DC play a central role in regulating antitumor T-cell responses in both tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) and the tumor microenvironment (TME). They modulate effector T-cell responses via immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs) that can be either stimulatory or inhibitory. Functions of DC are often impaired by the suppressive TME leading to tumor immune escape. Therefore, better understanding of the mechanisms of action of ICPs expressed by (tumor-infiltrating) DC will lead to potential new treatment strategies. Genetic manipulation and high-dimensional analyses have provided insight in the interactions between DC and T-cells in TDLN and the TME upon ICP targeting. In this review, we discuss (tumor-infiltrating) DC lineage cells and tumor tissue specific "mature" DC states and their gene signatures in relation to anti-tumor immunity. We also review a number of ICPs expressed by DC regarding their functions in phagocytosis, DC activation, or inhibition and outline position in, or promise for clinical trials in cancer immunotherapy. Collectively, we highlight the critical role of DC and their exact status in the TME for the induction and propagation of T-cell immunity to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lei
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yizhi Wang
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chayenne Broens
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jannie Borst
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yanling Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cosma NC, Eren N, Üsekes B, Gerike S, Heuser I, Peters O, Hellmann-Regen J. Acute and Chronic Macrophage Differentiation Modulates TREM2 in a Personalized Alzheimer's Patient-Derived Assay. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01351-7. [PMID: 37198381 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer`s disease (AD). Brain macrophage populations differentially modulate the immune response to AD pathology according to the disease stage. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is known to play a protective role in AD and has been postulated as a putative therapeutic target. Whether, and to which extent TREM2 expression can be modulated in the aged macrophage population of the brain is unknown, emphasizing the need for a human, patient-specific model. Using cells from AD patients and matched controls (CO) we designed an assay based on monocyte-derived macrophages to mimic brain-infiltrating macrophages and to assess the individualized TREM2 synthesis in vitro. We systematically assessed the effects of short-term (acute-2 days) and long-term (chronic-10 days) M1- (LPS), M2- (IL-10, IL-4, TGF-β), and M0- (vehicle) macrophage differentiation on TREM2 synthesis. Moreover, the effects of retinoic acid (RA), a putative TREM2 modulator, on individualized TREM2 synthesis were assessed. We report increased TREM2 synthesis after acute M2- compared to M1-differentiation in CO- but not AD-derived cells. Chronic M2- and M0-differentiation however resulted in an increase of TREM2 synthesis in both AD- and CO-derived cells while chronic M1-differentiation increased TREM2 in AD-derived cells only. Moreover, chronic M2- and M0-differentiation improved the amyloid-β (Aβ) uptake of the CO-derived whereas M1-differentiation of the AD-derived cells. Interestingly, RA-treatment did not modulate TREM2. In the age of personalized medicine, our individualized model could be used to screen for potential drug-mediated treatment responses in vitro. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) has been postulated as a putative therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using cells from AD patients and matched controls (CO), we designed a monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-MФs) assay to assess the individualized TREM2 synthesis in vitro. We report increased TREM2 synthesis after acute M2- compared to M1- macrophage differentiation in CO- but not AD-derived cells. Chronic M2- and M0- differentiation however resulted in an increase of TREM2 synthesis in both AD- and CO-derived cells while chronic M1-differentiation increased TREM2 in AD-cells only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta-Carmen Cosma
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Neriman Eren
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Berk Üsekes
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanna Gerike
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabella Heuser
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Peters
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Hellmann-Regen
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Molgora M, Liu YA, Colonna M, Cella M. TREM2: A new player in the tumor microenvironment. Semin Immunol 2023; 67:101739. [PMID: 36989543 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
TREM2 is a myeloid cell receptor that has been extensively described in the context of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, TREM2 emerged as a crucial regulator of macrophage function in tumors. TREM2-deficiency or blockade provide protection and promote the response to anti-PD1 in different murine models. In human tumors, TREM2-expressing macrophages are present in numerous cohorts and tumor types and are generally associated with immunosuppression and poor prognosis. Here, we provide an overview of the impact of TREM2 in tumors considering current literature, with a focus on both murine models and human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Molgora
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Yizhou A Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bandow K, Smith A, Garlick J. Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) positively regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of CXC chemokine ligand 10 and 11 in mouse macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 635:227-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Hendrikx T, Porsch F, Kiss MG, Rajcic D, Papac-Miličević N, Hoebinger C, Goederle L, Hladik A, Shaw LE, Horstmann H, Knapp S, Derdak S, Bilban M, Heintz L, Krawczyk M, Paternostro R, Trauner M, Farlik M, Wolf D, Binder CJ. Soluble TREM2 levels reflect the recruitment and expansion of TREM2 + macrophages that localize to fibrotic areas and limit NASH. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1373-1385. [PMID: 35750138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Previous single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses have shown that Trem2-expressing macrophages are present in the liver during obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Herein, we aimed to functionally characterize the role of bone marrow-derived TREM2-expressing macrophage populations in NASH. METHODS We used bulk RNA sequencing to assess the hepatic molecular response to lipid-dependent dietary intervention in mice. Spatial mapping, bone marrow transplantation in two complementary murine models and single-cell sequencing were applied to functionally characterize the role of TREM2+ macrophage populations in NASH. RESULTS We found that the hepatic transcriptomic profile during steatohepatitis mirrors the dynamics of recruited bone marrow-derived monocytes that already acquire increased expression of Trem2 in the circulation. Increased Trem2 expression was reflected by elevated levels of systemic soluble TREM2 in mice and humans with NASH. In addition, soluble TREM2 levels were superior to traditionally used laboratory parameters for distinguishing between different fatty liver disease stages in two separate clinical cohorts. Spatial transcriptomics revealed that TREM2+ macrophages localize to sites of hepatocellular damage, inflammation and fibrosis in the steatotic liver. Finally, using multiple murine models and in vitro experiments, we demonstrate that hematopoietic Trem2 deficiency causes defective lipid handling and extracellular matrix remodeling, resulting in exacerbated steatohepatitis, cell death and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the functional properties of bone marrow-derived TREM2+ macrophages and implies the clinical relevance of systemic soluble TREM2 levels in the context of NASH. LAY SUMMARY Our study defines the origin and function of macrophages (a type of immune cell) that are present in the liver and express a specific protein called TREM2. We find that these cells have an important role in protecting against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (a progressive form of fatty liver disease). We also show that the levels of soluble TREM2 in the blood could serve as a circulating marker of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hendrikx
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Florentina Porsch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Máté G Kiss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dragana Rajcic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Constanze Hoebinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Goederle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasiya Hladik
- Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa E Shaw
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hauke Horstmann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia Derdak
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Heintz
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Centre for Preclinical Research, Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafael Paternostro
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KILM, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Filiberti S, Russo M, Lonardi S, Bugatti M, Vermi W, Tournier C, Giurisato E. Self-Renewal of Macrophages: Tumor-Released Factors and Signaling Pathways. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2709. [PMID: 36359228 PMCID: PMC9687165 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and have multiple important functions in cancer. During tumor growth, both tissue-resident macrophages and newly recruited monocyte-derived macrophages can give rise to tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which have been associated with poor prognosis in most cancers. Compelling evidence indicate that the high degree of plasticity of macrophages and their ability to self-renew majorly impact tumor progression and resistance to therapy. In addition, the microenvironmental factors largely affect the metabolism of macrophages and may have a major influence on TAMs proliferation and subsets functions. Thus, understanding the signaling pathways regulating TAMs self-renewal capacity may help to identify promising targets for the development of novel anticancer agents. In this review, we focus on the environmental factors that promote the capacity of macrophages to self-renew and the molecular mechanisms that govern TAMs proliferation. We also highlight the impact of tumor-derived factors on macrophages metabolism and how distinct metabolic pathways affect macrophage self-renewal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Filiberti
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mariapia Russo
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Lonardi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Cathy Tournier
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Emanuele Giurisato
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Y, Johnson KCC, Gatti-Mays ME, Li Z. Emerging strategies in targeting tumor-resident myeloid cells for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:118. [PMID: 36031601 PMCID: PMC9420297 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death protein 1, programmed death-ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 provide deep and durable treatment responses which have revolutionized oncology. However, despite over 40% of cancer patients being eligible to receive immunotherapy, only 12% of patients gain benefit. A key to understanding what differentiates treatment response from non-response is better defining the role of the innate immune system in anti-tumor immunity and immune tolerance. Teleologically, myeloid cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, and neutrophils, initiate a response to invading pathogens and tissue repair after pathogen clearance is successfully accomplished. However, in the tumor microenvironment (TME), these innate cells are hijacked by the tumor cells and are imprinted to furthering tumor propagation and dissemination. Major advancements have been made in the field, especially related to the heterogeneity of myeloid cells and their function in the TME at the single cell level, a topic that has been highlighted by several recent international meetings including the 2021 China Cancer Immunotherapy workshop in Beijing. Here, we provide an up-to-date summary of the mechanisms by which major myeloid cells in the TME facilitate immunosuppression, enable tumor growth, foster tumor plasticity, and confer therapeutic resistance. We discuss ongoing strategies targeting the myeloid compartment in the preclinical and clinical settings which include: (1) altering myeloid cell composition within the TME; (2) functional blockade of immune-suppressive myeloid cells; (3) reprogramming myeloid cells to acquire pro-inflammatory properties; (4) modulating myeloid cells via cytokines; (5) myeloid cell therapies; and (6) emerging targets such as Siglec-15, TREM2, MARCO, LILRB2, and CLEVER-1. There is a significant promise that myeloid cell-based immunotherapy will help advance immuno-oncology in years to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Margaret E Gatti-Mays
- Division of Medical Oncology, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Stefanie Spielman Comprehensive Breast Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Zihai Li
- Division of Medical Oncology, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wei R, Zhang L, Hu W, Wu J, Zhang W. CSTA plays a role in osteoclast formation and bone resorption by mediating the DAP12/TREM2 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 627:12-20. [PMID: 36007331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin A (CSTA) is a cysteine protease inhibitor that is expressed highly during osteoporosis. However, the exact role of CSTA in osteoporosis remains unknown. In this study, we examined the role of CSTA in the formation, differentiation, and bone resorption of osteoclasts. We extracted bone marrow cells from 8-week-old wildtype mice to obtain RANKL and M-CSF-induced osteoclasts. We performed CSTA overexpression and knockdown experiments in the cells. We analyzed the role of CSTA in the process of osteoclasts by trap staining. In addition, we studied the contribution of CSTA to osteogenesis through the DAP12/TREM2 (DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa/Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2) complex. We analyzed the role of CSTA in postmenopausal osteoporosis using OVX mouse models. We found that the silencing of CSTA inhibited the differentiation and formation of osteoclasts. The loss of CSTA weakened the expression of osteoclast marker genes. In contrast, overexpression of CSTA significantly increased differentiation and formation of osteoclasts and enhanced bone resorption. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that CSTA and DAP12 are co-expressed in osteoclasts, and the loss of either DAP12 or TREM2 inhibited osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Suppression of CSTA decreased DAP12 and TREM2 expression, whereas overexpression of CSTA rescued the loss of TREM2 expression caused by DAP12 knockdown. Co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization experiments indicated that CSTA interacted with DAP12. In addition, we found that injection of si-CSTA into OVX mice significantly improved bone parameters. Our research indicates that CSTA interacts with the DAP12/TREM2 complex and could be a potential targeted therapy for osteoporosis management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Wu Hua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Wu Hua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Wu Hua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Wu Hua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Wu Hua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang Y, Wang Q, Xu D. New insights into macrophage subsets in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1239-1251. [PMID: 35930063 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages in atherosclerotic patients are notably plastic and heterogeneous. Single-cell RNA sequencing (Sc RNA-seq) can provide information about all the RNAs in individual cells, and it is used to identify cell subpopulations in atherosclerosis (AS) and reveal the heterogeneity of these cells. Recently, some findings from Sc RNA-seq experiments have suggested the existence of multiple macrophage subsets in atherosclerotic plaque lesions, and these subsets exhibit significant differences in their gene expression levels and functions. These cells affect various aspects of plaque lesion development, stabilization, and regression, as well as plaque rupture. This article aims to review the content and results of current studies that used RNA-seq to explore the different types of macrophages in AS and the related molecular mechanisms as well as to identify the potential roles of these macrophage types in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaques. Also, this review listed some new therapeutic targets for delaying atherosclerotic lesion progression and treatment based on the experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Khantakova D, Brioschi S, Molgora M. Exploring the Impact of TREM2 in Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060943. [PMID: 35746551 PMCID: PMC9227554 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary TREM2+ macrophages were recently reported to be highly enriched and associated with immunosuppression in various cancer types. Hence, TREM2 targeting represents a new promising approach for cancer treatment that is based on reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages to reshape anti-tumor immunity and overcome resistance to current therapies. Abstract Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent a key component of the tumor microenvironment and are generally associated with immunosuppression and poor prognosis. TREM2 is a transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed in myeloid cells. TREM2 has been extensively studied in microglia and neurodegenerative diseases and recently emerged as a marker of pro-tumorigenic macrophages. The accumulation of TREM2-expressing TAMs was reported across numerous cancer patients and tumor models. TREM2 genetic blockade or TREM2 targeting with antibodies resulted in improved tumor control, enhanced response to anti-PD1, and significant changes in the tumor immune landscape. Preclinical studies paved the way for an ongoing clinical trial with a TREM2 depleting antibody and inspired further exploration of TREM2 targeting therapies. Here, we review the current knowledge about the impact of TREM2 in cancer, with an emphasis on the TREM2+ macrophage signature across different cancer types, the contribution of TREM2 to TAM phenotype and function, and the promising effects of TREM2 modulation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ferrer I. The Primary Microglial Leukodystrophies: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116341. [PMID: 35683020 PMCID: PMC9181167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary microglial leukodystrophy or leukoencephalopathy are disorders in which a genetic defect linked to microglia causes cerebral white matter damage. Pigmented orthochromatic leukodystrophy, adult-onset orthochromatic leukodystrophy associated with pigmented macrophages, hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with (axonal) spheroids, and adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) are different terms apparently used to designate the same disease. However, ALSP linked to dominantly inherited mutations in CSF1R (colony stimulating factor receptor 1) cause CSF-1R-related leukoencephalopathy (CRP). Yet, recessive ALSP with ovarian failure linked to AARS2 (alanyl-transfer (t)RNA synthase 2) mutations (LKENP) is a mitochondrial disease and not a primary microglial leukoencephalopathy. Polycystic membranous lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (PLOSL; Nasu–Hakola disease: NHD) is a systemic disease affecting bones, cerebral white matter, selected grey nuclei, and adipose tissue The disease is caused by mutations of one of the two genes TYROBP or TREM2, identified as PLOSL1 and PLOSL2, respectively. TYROBP associates with receptors expressed in NK cells, B and T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and microglia. TREM2 encodes the protein TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2), which forms a receptor signalling complex with TYROBP in macrophages and dendritic cells. Rather than pure microglial leukoencephalopathy, NHD can be considered a multisystemic “immunological” disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
TREM-2 mediates dendritic cell–induced NO to suppress Th17 activation and ameliorate chronic kidney diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:917-931. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
23
|
Filipello F, Goldsbury C, Feng YS, Locca A, Karch CM, Piccio L. Soluble TREM2: Innocent bystander or active player in neurological diseases? Neurobiol Dis 2022; 165:105630. [PMID: 35041990 PMCID: PMC10108835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor expressed by macrophages and microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). TREM2 has attracted a lot of interest in the past decade for its critical role in modulating microglia functions under homeostatic conditions and in neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic variation in TREM2 is sufficient to cause Nasu-Hakola disease, a rare pre-senile dementia with bone cysts, and to increase risk for Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Beyond the role played by TREM2 genetic variants in these diseases, TREM2 engagement is a key step in microglia activation in response to different types of tissue injury (e.g. β-Amyloid deposition, demyelination, apoptotic cell death) leading to enhanced microglia metabolism, phagocytosis, proliferation and survival. TREM2 also exists as a soluble form (sTREM2), generated from receptor shedding or alternative splicing, which is detectable in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Genetic variation, physiological conditions and disease status impact CSF sTREM2 levels. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that targeting and/or monitoring sTREM2 could have clinical and therapeutic implications. Despite the critical role of sTREM2 in neurologic disease, its function remains poorly understood. Here, we review the current literature on sTREM2 regarding its origin, genetic variation, and possible functions as a biomarker in neurological disorders and as a potential active player in CNS diseases and target for therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabia Filipello
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Claire Goldsbury
- Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - You Shih Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alberto Locca
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Cell membrane fusion and multinucleation in macrophages are associated with physiologic homeostasis as well as disease. Osteoclasts are multinucleated macrophages that resorb bone through increased metabolic activity resulting from cell fusion. Fusion of macrophages also generates multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese individuals. For years, our knowledge of MGCs in WAT has been limited to their description as part of crown-like structures (CLS) surrounding damaged adipocytes. However, recent evidence indicates that these cells can phagocytose oversized lipid remnants, suggesting that, as in osteoclasts, cell fusion and multinucleation are required for specialized catabolic functions. We thus reason that WAT MGCs can be viewed as functionally analogous to osteoclasts and refer to them in this article as adipoclasts. We first review current knowledge on adipoclasts and their described functions. In view of recent advances in single cell genomics, we describe WAT macrophages from a ‘fusion perspective’ and speculate on the ontogeny of adipoclasts. Specifically, we highlight the role of CD9 and TREM2, two plasma membrane markers of lipid-associated macrophages in WAT, which have been previously described as regulators of fusion and multinucleation in osteoclasts and MGCs. Finally, we consider whether strategies aiming to target WAT macrophages can be more selectively directed against adipoclasts.
Collapse
|
25
|
Schreuder WH, van der Wal JE, de Lange J, van den Berg H. Multiple versus solitary giant cell lesions of the jaw: Similar or distinct entities? Bone 2021; 149:115935. [PMID: 33771761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The majority of giant cell lesions of the jaw present as a solitary focus of disease in bones of the maxillofacial skeleton. Less frequently they occur as multifocal lesions. This raises the clinical dilemma if these should be considered distinct entities and therefore each need a specific therapeutic approach. Solitary giant cell lesions of the jaw present with a great diversity of symptoms. Recent molecular analysis revealed that these are associated with somatic gain-of-function mutations in KRAS, FGFR1 or TRPV4 in a large component of the mononuclear stromal cells which all act on the RAS/MAPK pathway. For multifocal lesions, a small group of neoplastic multifocal giant cell lesions of the jaw remain after ruling out hyperparathyroidism. Strikingly, most of these patients are diagnosed with jaw lesions before the age of 20 years, thus before the completion of dental and jaw development. These multifocal lesions are often accompanied by a diagnosis or strong clinical suspicion of a syndrome. Many of the frequently reported syndromes belong to the so-called RASopathies, with germline or mosaic mutations leading to downstream upregulation of the RAS/MAPK pathway. The other frequently reported syndrome is cherubism, with gain-of-function mutations in the SH3BP2 gene leading through assumed and unknown signaling to an autoinflammatory bone disorder with hyperactive osteoclasts and defective osteoblastogenesis. Based on this extensive literature review, a RAS/MAPK pathway activation is hypothesized in all giant cell lesions of the jaw. The different interaction between and contribution of deregulated signaling in individual cell lineages and crosstalk with other pathways among the different germline- and non-germline-based alterations causing giant cell lesions of the jaw can be explanatory for the characteristic clinical features. As such, this might also aid in the understanding of the age-dependent symptomatology of syndrome associated giant cell lesions of the jaw; hopefully guiding ideal timing when installing treatment strategies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willem H Schreuder
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jacqueline E van der Wal
- Department of Pathology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan de Lange
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk van den Berg
- Department of Pediatrics / Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ji KY, Kim SM, Yee SM, Kim MJ, Ban YJ, Kim EM, Lee EH, Choi HR, Yun H, Lee CW, Yun CH, Lee CJ, Lee HB, Kang HS. Cyclophilin A is an endogenous ligand for the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2). FASEB J 2021; 35:e21479. [PMID: 33710680 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002325rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a cell surface receptor expressed on macrophages, microglial cells, and pre-osteoclasts, and that participates in diverse cellular function, including inflammation, bone homeostasis, neurological development, and coagulation. In spite of the indispensable role of the TREM2 protein in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and osteoclast differentiation, the exact ligand for TREM2 has not yet been identified. Here, we report a putative TREM2 ligand which is secreted from MC38 cells and identified as a cyclophilin A (CypA). A specific interaction between CypA and TREM2 was shown at both protein and cellular levels. Exogenous CypA specifically interacted and co-localized with TREM2 in RAW264.7 cells, and the physical interactions were shown to regulate TREM2 signaling transduction. The Pro144 residue in the extracellular domain of TREM2 was found to be the specific binding site of CypA. When considered together, this provides evidence that CypA interacts specifically with TREM2 as a potent ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kon-Young Ji
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Man Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Yee
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jae Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Ban
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- R&D center for Advanced Pharmaceuticals & Evaluation, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Lee
- Product R&D Division Advanced Interdisciplinary Team, Deagu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Rim Choi
- Department of Nursing, Nambu University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosuk Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Yun
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shafi S, Singh A, Ibrahim AM, Alhajri N, Abu Izneid T, Pottoo FH. Role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) in neurodegenerative dementias. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3294-3310. [PMID: 33786894 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a debilitating condition that causes nerve cell degeneration or death. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Lewy body dementia (LBD) are posing a larger population burden of dementia worldwide. Neurodegenerative dementia is one of the main challenges in public health with its main characteristics being permanent loss of memory, impairment in cognition, and impaired daily functions. The published literature about genetic studies of these disorders suggests genetic underpinning in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative dementia. In the process of underlining the pathogenesis of NDD, growing evidence has related genetic variations in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2). This review paper aims to provide a detailed information regarding the association of TREM2 and NDDs leading to dementia. A central consideration is AD that accounts for almost 50%-70% of all late-life dementias alone or in combination with other neurological disorders. Other prevalent neurodegenerative conditions that lead to dementia are also discussed. Such studies are important as they can give a comprehensive knowledge of TREM2's role in various NDDs, in order to maximize the potential for developing new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadat Shafi
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Archu Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdallah Mohammad Ibrahim
- Fundamentals of Nursing Department, College of Nursing, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noora Alhajri
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Damman, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lee JW, Lee IH, Iimura T, Kong SW. Two macrophages, osteoclasts and microglia: from development to pleiotropy. Bone Res 2021; 9:11. [PMID: 33568650 PMCID: PMC7875961 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are highly specialized to their tissue-specific microenvironments, activated by various inflammatory signals and modulated by genetic and environmental factors. Osteoclasts and microglia are distinct tissue-resident cells of the macrophage lineage in bone and brain that are responsible for pathological changes in osteoporosis and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), respectively. Osteoporosis is more frequently observed in individuals with AD compared to the prevalence in general population. Diagnosis of AD is often delayed until underlying pathophysiological changes progress and cause irreversible damages in structure and function of brain. As such earlier diagnosis and intervention of individuals at higher risk would be indispensable to modify clinical courses. Pleiotropy is the phenomenon that a genetic variant affects multiple traits and the genetic correlation between two traits could suggest a shared molecular mechanism. In this review, we discuss that the Pyk2-mediated actin polymerization pathway in osteoclasts and microglia in bone and brain, respectively, is the horizontal pleiotropic mediator of shared risk factors for osteoporosis and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - In-Hee Lee
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tadahiro Iimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Finely-Tuned Calcium Oscillations in Osteoclast Differentiation and Bone Resorption. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010180. [PMID: 33375370 PMCID: PMC7794828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) plays an important role in regulating the differentiation and function of osteoclasts. Calcium oscillations (Ca oscillations) are well-known phenomena in receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via calcineurin. Many modifiers are involved in the fine-tuning of Ca oscillations in osteoclasts. In addition to macrophage colony-stimulating factors (M-CSF; CSF-1) and RANKL, costimulatory signaling by immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-harboring adaptors is important for Ca oscillation generation and osteoclast differentiation. DNAX-activating protein of 12 kD is always necessary for osteoclastogenesis. In contrast, Fc receptor gamma (FcRγ) works as a key controller of osteoclastogenesis especially in inflammatory situation. FcRγ has a cofactor in fine-tuning of Ca oscillations. Some calcium channels and transporters are also necessary for Ca oscillations. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are well-known environmental sensors, and TRP vanilloid channels play an important role in osteoclastogenesis. Lysosomes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are typical organelles for intracellular Ca2+ storage. Ryanodine receptor, inositol trisphosphate receptor, and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase on the ER modulate Ca oscillations. Research on Ca oscillations in osteoclasts has still many problems. Surprisingly, there is no objective definition of Ca oscillations. Causality between Ca oscillations and osteoclast differentiation and/or function remains to be examined.
Collapse
|
30
|
Vonderheide RH, Bear AS. Tumor-Derived Myeloid Cell Chemoattractants and T Cell Exclusion in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605619. [PMID: 33304355 PMCID: PMC7693439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Like many tumor types, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exhibits a rich network of tumor-derived cytokines and chemokines that drive recruitment of myeloid cells to the tumor microenvironment (TME). These cells, which include tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid derived suppressor cells, block the recruitment and priming of T cells, resulting in T cell exclusion within the TME. Genetic or pharmacologic disruption of this chemokine/cytokine network reliably converts the PDAC TME to a T cell-high phenotype and sensitizes tumors to immunotherapy across multiple preclinical models. Thus, neutralization of tumor-derived chemokines/cytokines or blockade of their respective receptors represents a potentially potent strategy to reverse myeloid immunosuppression in PDAC, enabling benefit from checkpoint inhibition not otherwise achievable in this disease. Inhibition of oncogenic pathways that drive tumor-intrinsic expression of chemoattractants may be similarly effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adham S Bear
- Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cignarella F, Filipello F, Bollman B, Cantoni C, Locca A, Mikesell R, Manis M, Ibrahim A, Deng L, Benitez BA, Cruchaga C, Licastro D, Mihindukulasuriya K, Harari O, Buckland M, Holtzman DM, Rosenthal A, Schwabe T, Tassi I, Piccio L. TREM2 activation on microglia promotes myelin debris clearance and remyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:513-534. [PMID: 32772264 PMCID: PMC7498497 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) triggered by autoimmune mechanisms. Microglia are critical for the clearance of myelin debris in areas of demyelination, a key step to allow remyelination. TREM2 is expressed by microglia and promotes microglial survival, proliferation, and phagocytic activity. Herein we demonstrate that TREM2 was highly expressed on myelin-laden phagocytes in active demyelinating lesions in the CNS of subjects with MS. In gene expression studies, macrophages from subjects with TREM2 genetic deficiency displayed a defect in phagocytic pathways. Treatment with a new TREM2 agonistic antibody promoted the clearance of myelin debris in the cuprizone model of CNS demyelination. Effects included enhancement of myelin uptake and degradation, resulting in accelerated myelin debris removal by microglia. Most importantly, antibody-dependent TREM2 activation on microglia increased density of oligodendrocyte precursors in areas of demyelination, as well as the formation of mature oligodendrocytes thus enhancing remyelination and axonal integrity. These results are relevant as they propose TREM2 on microglia as a potential new target to promote remyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cignarella
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Alector, 131 Oyster Point Blvd #600, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Fabia Filipello
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele - Milan, 20090, Italy
| | - Bryan Bollman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alberto Locca
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Robert Mikesell
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Melissa Manis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Adiljan Ibrahim
- Alector, 131 Oyster Point Blvd #600, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Danilo Licastro
- ARGO Open Lab Platform for Genome sequencing, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kathie Mihindukulasuriya
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael Buckland
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett St Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Arnon Rosenthal
- Alector, 131 Oyster Point Blvd #600, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tina Schwabe
- Alector, 131 Oyster Point Blvd #600, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ilaria Tassi
- Alector, 131 Oyster Point Blvd #600, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett St Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Isoliquiritigenin Derivatives Inhibit RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis by Regulating p38 and NF-κB Activation in RAW 264.7 Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173908. [PMID: 32867185 PMCID: PMC7504656 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone diseases may not be imminently life-threatening or a leading cause of death such as heart diseases or cancers. However, as aging population grows in almost every part of the world, they surely impose significant socioeconomic burden on the society, not to mention the patients and their families. Osteoporosis is the most common type of bone disease, which frequently develops in seniors, especially in postmenopausal women. Although currently several anti-osteoclastic drugs designed to suppress excessive osteoclast activation, a major cause of osteoporosis, are commercially available, accompanying adverse effects ranging from mild to severe have been reported as well. Natural products have become increasingly popular because of their effectiveness with fewer side effects. Isoliquiritigenin (ILG), a natural flavonoid from licorice, has been reported to suppress osteoclast differentiation and activation. In the present study, newly synthesized ILG derivatives were screened for their anti-osteoporotic activity as more potent substitute candidates to ILG. Out of the 12 ILG derivatives tested, two compounds demonstrated significantly improved bone loss in vitro by inhibiting both osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity. The results of the present study indicate that these compounds may serve as a potential drug for osteoporosis and warrant further studies to evaluate their in vivo efficacy.
Collapse
|
33
|
Price BR, Sudduth TL, Weekman EM, Johnson S, Hawthorne D, Woolums A, Wilcock DM. Therapeutic Trem2 activation ameliorates amyloid-beta deposition and improves cognition in the 5XFAD model of amyloid deposition. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:238. [PMID: 32795308 PMCID: PMC7427742 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-2 (TREM2) is a lipid and lipoprotein binding receptor expressed by cells of myeloid origin. Homozygous TREM2 mutations cause early onset progressive presenile dementia while heterozygous, point mutations triple the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although human genetic findings support the notion that loss of TREM2 function exacerbates neurodegeneration, it is not clear whether activation of TREM2 in a disease state would result in therapeutic benefits. To determine the viability of TREM2 activation as a therapeutic strategy, we sought to characterize an agonistic Trem2 antibody (AL002a) and test its efficacy and mechanism of action in an aggressive mouse model of amyloid deposition. METHODS To determine whether agonism of Trem2 results in therapeutic benefits, we designed both intracranial and systemic administration studies. 5XFAD mice in the intracranial administration study were assigned to one of two injection groups: AL002a, a Trem2-agonizing antibody, or MOPC, an isotype-matched control antibody. Mice were then subject to a single bilateral intracranial injection into the frontal cortex and hippocampus and euthanized 72 h later. The tissue from the left hemisphere was histologically examined for amyloid-beta and microglia activation, whereas the tissue from the right hemisphere was used for biochemical analyses. Similarly, mice in the systemic administration study were randomized to one of the aforementioned injection groups and the assigned antibody was administered intraperitoneally once a week for 14 weeks. Mice underwent behavioral assessment between the 12- and 14-week timepoints and were euthanized 24 h after their final injection. The tissue from the left hemisphere was used for histological analyses whereas the tissue from the right hemisphere was used for biochemical analyses. RESULTS Here, we show that chronic activation of Trem2, in the 5XFAD mouse model of amyloid deposition, leads to reversal of the amyloid-associated gene expression signature, recruitment of microglia to plaques, decreased amyloid deposition, and improvement in spatial learning and novel object recognition memory. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that Trem2 activators may be effective for the treatment of AD and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittani R Price
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Tiffany L Sudduth
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Erica M Weekman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Sherika Johnson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Danielle Hawthorne
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Abigail Woolums
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Molgora M, Esaulova E, Vermi W, Hou J, Chen Y, Luo J, Brioschi S, Bugatti M, Omodei AS, Ricci B, Fronick C, Panda SK, Takeuchi Y, Gubin MM, Faccio R, Cella M, Gilfillan S, Unanue ER, Artyomov MN, Schreiber RD, Colonna M. TREM2 Modulation Remodels the Tumor Myeloid Landscape Enhancing Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy. Cell 2020; 182:886-900.e17. [PMID: 32783918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint immunotherapy unleashes T cell control of tumors, but is undermined by immunosuppressive myeloid cells. TREM2 is a myeloid receptor that transmits intracellular signals that sustain microglial responses during Alzheimer's disease. TREM2 is also expressed by tumor-infiltrating macrophages. Here, we found that Trem2-/- mice are more resistant to growth of various cancers than wild-type mice and are more responsive to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Furthermore, treatment with anti-TREM2 mAb curbed tumor growth and fostered regression when combined with anti-PD-1. scRNA-seq revealed that both TREM2 deletion and anti-TREM2 are associated with scant MRC1+ and CX3CR1+ macrophages in the tumor infiltrate, paralleled by expansion of myeloid subsets expressing immunostimulatory molecules that promote improved T cell responses. TREM2 was expressed in tumor macrophages in over 200 human cancer cases and inversely correlated with prolonged survival for two types of cancer. Thus, TREM2 might be targeted to modify tumor myeloid infiltrates and augment checkpoint immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Molgora
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ekaterina Esaulova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Jinchao Hou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Siteman Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Simone Brioschi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | | | - Biancamaria Ricci
- Department of Orthopedics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Catrina Fronick
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Santosh K Panda
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yoshiko Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew M Gubin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberta Faccio
- Department of Orthopedics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Shriners Children's Hospital in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert D Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu LL, Cao ZH, He CL, Zhong YC, Liu WY, Zhang P, Yang F, Xu YJ. Ferric Ion Induction of Triggering Receptor Expressed in Myeloid Cells-2 Expression and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in Preosteoclast Cells to Promote Osteoclast Differentiation. Orthop Surg 2020; 12:1304-1312. [PMID: 32729185 PMCID: PMC7454152 DOI: 10.1111/os.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Iron plays a significant role in multiple biological processes. The purpose of this study was to measure whether iron mediated osteoclast differentiation through regulation of triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells‐2 (Trem‐2) expression and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Methods The effects of six different concentrations of ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) (100, 80, 40, 20, 10 and 0 μmol/L) on RAW 264.7 cells proliferation were assessed by Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) gassay. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay was performed to detect the effects of FAC on osteoclast formation. The expression of osteoclast differentiation‐related (TRAP, NFATc‐1, and c‐Fos) and Trem‐2 mRNA and proteins was analyzed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. Si‐Trem‐2 was constructed and transfected to RAW264.7 to measure the effects of Trem‐2 on FAC‐mediated osteoclast formation. TRAP assay and osteoclast differentiation‐related gene analyses were further performed to identify the role of Trem‐2 in osteoclastogenesis. The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) was used to explore the target genes of Trem‐2. Trem‐2‐related gene ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway were used for further in‐depth analysis. PI3K/Akt pathway‐related proteins were detected by immunofluorescence and western blot. Results In groups with FAC concentration of 10 (102.5 ± 3.1), 20 (100.5 ± 1.5), and 40 μmol/L (98.7 ± 3.1), compared with the control group (100.1 ± 2.2), cell viability was not significantly different from the control (P > 0.05). When the concentration of FAC exceeded 80 μmol/L, cell viability was significantly decreased (87.5 ± 2.8 vs 100.1 ± 2.2, P < 0.05). FAC promotes Trem‐2 expression and osteoclast differentiation in a dose‐response manner (P < 0.05). The number of osteoclast‐like cells was found to be reduced following transfection with the siRNA of Trem‐2 (42 ± 3 vs 30 ± 5, P < 0.05). We observed that most of Trem‐2 target genes are primarily involved in response to organic substance, regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process, and regulation of protein phosphorylation. The STRING database revealed that Trem‐2 directly target two gene nodes (Pik3ca and Pik3r1), which are key transcriptional cofactors of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. KEGG pathways include the “PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway,” the “thyroid hormone signaling pathway”, “prostate cancer,” the “longevity regulating pathway,” and “insulin resistance.” Expression of p‐PI3K and p‐Akt protein, measured by immunofluorescence and western blotting, was markedly increased in the FAC groups. Trem‐2 siRNA caused partial reduction of these two proteins (p‐PI3K and p‐Akt) compared to the FAC alone group. Conclusion The FAC promoted osteoclast differentiation through the Trem‐2‐mediated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. However, its regulation osteoclastogenesis should be verified through further in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zi-Hou Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chun-Lei He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yan-Chun Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wu-Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Osteoporosis Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - You-Jia Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Osteoporosis Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Deczkowska A, Weiner A, Amit I. The Physiology, Pathology, and Potential Therapeutic Applications of the TREM2 Signaling Pathway. Cell 2020; 181:1207-1217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
37
|
Trem2 Deletion Reduces Late-Stage Amyloid Plaque Accumulation, Elevates the Aβ42:Aβ40 Ratio, and Exacerbates Axonal Dystrophy and Dendritic Spine Loss in the PS2APP Alzheimer's Mouse Model. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1956-1974. [PMID: 31980586 PMCID: PMC7046459 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1871-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
TREM2 is an Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene expressed in microglia. To study the role of Trem2 in a mouse model of β-amyloidosis, we compared PS2APP transgenic mice versus PS2APP mice lacking Trem2 (PS2APP;Trem2ko) at ages ranging from 4 to 22 months. Microgliosis was impaired in PS2APP;Trem2ko mice, with Trem2-deficient microglia showing compromised expression of proliferation/Wnt-related genes and marked accumulation of ApoE. TREM2 is an Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene expressed in microglia. To study the role of Trem2 in a mouse model of β-amyloidosis, we compared PS2APP transgenic mice versus PS2APP mice lacking Trem2 (PS2APP;Trem2ko) at ages ranging from 4 to 22 months. Microgliosis was impaired in PS2APP;Trem2ko mice, with Trem2-deficient microglia showing compromised expression of proliferation/Wnt-related genes and marked accumulation of ApoE. Plaque abundance was elevated in PS2APP;Trem2ko females at 6–7 months; but by 12 or 19–22 months of age, it was notably diminished in female and male PS2APP;Trem2ko mice, respectively. Across all ages, plaque morphology was more diffuse in PS2APP;Trem2ko brains, and the Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio was elevated. The amount of soluble, fibrillar Aβ oligomers also increased in PS2APP;Trem2ko hippocampi. Associated with these changes, axonal dystrophy was exacerbated from 6 to 7 months onward in PS2APP;Trem2ko mice, notwithstanding the reduced plaque load at later ages. PS2APP;Trem2ko mice also exhibited more dendritic spine loss around plaque and more neurofilament light chain in CSF. Thus, aggravated neuritic dystrophy is a more consistent outcome of Trem2 deficiency than amyloid plaque load, suggesting that the microglial packing of Aβ into dense plaque is an important neuroprotective activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Genetic studies indicate that TREM2 gene mutations confer increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. We studied the effects of Trem2 deletion in the PS2APP mouse AD model, in which overproduction of Aβ peptide leads to amyloid plaque formation and associated neuritic dystrophy. Interestingly, neuritic dystrophies were intensified in the brains of Trem2-deficient mice, despite these mice displaying reduced plaque accumulation at later ages (12–22 months). Microglial clustering around plaques was impaired, plaques were more diffuse, and the Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio and amount of soluble, fibrillar Aβ oligomers were elevated in Trem2-deficient brains. These results suggest that the Trem2-dependent compaction of Aβ into dense plaques is a protective microglial activity, limiting the exposure of neurons to toxic Aβ species.
Collapse
|
38
|
Bandow K, Hasegawa H, Tomomura M, Tomomura A. Caldecrin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and M1 macrophage polarization through the immunoreceptor triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:1027-1033. [PMID: 31973822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Caldecrin was previously isolated as a serum calcium-decreasing factor from the pancreas and is known to suppress receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced calcium oscillation pathways in osteoclasts. Here, we explored the effects of caldecrin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) signaling pathways in macrophages. Caldecrin inhibited the LPS-induced gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and M1 macrophage polarization in mouse bone marrow macrophages and the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line. Next, we focused on triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) as a co-receptor common to RANKL receptor and TLR-4, and established Trem2-KO RAW264.7 cells, in which Trem2 gene was deleted using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Caldecrin-mediated alterations in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and M1 macrophage polarization were not observed in Trem2-KO RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that caldecrin is not only an inhibitor of osteoclast activation but also a negative regulator of LPS-induced inflammatory responses, functioning via TREM-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Bandow
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Hiroya Hasegawa
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Human Development and Fostering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Mineko Tomomura
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0283, Japan; Department of Oral Health Sciences, Meikai University School of Health Sciences, 1 Akemi, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-8550, Japan
| | - Akito Tomomura
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0283, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Angata T. Siglec-15: a potential regulator of osteoporosis, cancer, and infectious diseases. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:10. [PMID: 31900164 PMCID: PMC6941304 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglec-15 is a member of the Siglec family of glycan-recognition proteins, primarily expressed on a subset of myeloid cells. Siglec-15 has been known to be involved in osteoclast differentiation, and is considered to be a potential therapeutic target for osteoporosis. Recent studies revealed unexpected roles of Siglec-15 in microbial infection and the cancer microenvironment, expanding the potential pathophysiological roles of Siglec-15. Chemical biology has advanced our understanding of the nature of Siglec-15 ligands, but the exact nature of Siglec-15 ligand depends on the biological context, leaving plenty of room for further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Angata
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang District, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Deming Y, Filipello F, Cignarella F, Cantoni C, Hsu S, Mikesell R, Li Z, Del-Aguila JL, Dube U, Farias FG, Bradley J, Budde J, Ibanez L, Fernandez MV, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Heslegrave A, Johansson PM, Svensson J, Nellgård B, Lleo A, Alcolea D, Clarimon J, Rami L, Molinuevo JL, Suárez-Calvet M, Morenas-Rodríguez E, Kleinberger G, Ewers M, Harari O, Haass C, Brett TJ, Benitez BA, Karch CM, Piccio L, Cruchaga C. The MS4A gene cluster is a key modulator of soluble TREM2 and Alzheimer's disease risk. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaau2291. [PMID: 31413141 PMCID: PMC6697053 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). TREM2 plays a critical role in microglial activation, survival, and phagocytosis; however, the pathophysiological role of sTREM2 in AD is not well understood. Understanding the role of sTREM2 in AD may reveal new pathological mechanisms and lead to the identification of therapeutic targets. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genetic modifiers of CSF sTREM2 obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Common variants in the membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A (MS4A) gene region were associated with CSF sTREM2 concentrations (rs1582763; P = 1.15 × 10-15); this was replicated in independent datasets. The variants associated with increased CSF sTREM2 concentrations were associated with reduced AD risk and delayed age at onset of disease. The single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1582763 modified expression of the MS4A4A and MS4A6A genes in multiple tissues, suggesting that one or both of these genes are important for modulating sTREM2 production. Using human macrophages as a proxy for microglia, we found that MS4A4A and TREM2 colocalized on lipid rafts at the plasma membrane, that sTREM2 increased with MS4A4A overexpression, and that silencing of MS4A4A reduced sTREM2 production. These genetic, molecular, and cellular findings suggest that MS4A4A modulates sTREM2. These findings also provide a mechanistic explanation for the original GWAS signal in the MS4A locus for AD risk and indicate that TREM2 may be involved in AD pathogenesis not only in TREM2 risk-variant carriers but also in those with sporadic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuetiva Deming
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Fabia Filipello
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Francesca Cignarella
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Simon Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert Mikesell
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zeran Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jorge L Del-Aguila
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Umber Dube
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fabiana Geraldo Farias
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura Ibanez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Per M Johansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Helsingborg, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Nellgård
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alberto Lleo
- Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimon
- Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Rami
- IDIBAPS, Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, ICN Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- IDIBAPS, Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, ICN Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Suárez-Calvet
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Estrella Morenas-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Gernot Kleinberger
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, 2152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Michael Ewers
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas J Brett
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hammond TR, Marsh SE, Stevens B. Immune Signaling in Neurodegeneration. Immunity 2019; 50:955-974. [PMID: 30995509 PMCID: PMC6822103 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system progressively rob patients of their memory, motor function, and ability to perform daily tasks. Advances in genetics and animal models are beginning to unearth an unexpected role of the immune system in disease onset and pathogenesis; however, the role of cytokines, growth factors, and other immune signaling pathways in disease pathogenesis is still being examined. Here we review recent genetic risk and genome-wide association studies and emerging mechanisms for three key immune pathways implicated in disease, the growth factor TGF-β, the complement cascade, and the extracellular receptor TREM2. These immune signaling pathways are important under both healthy and neurodegenerative conditions, and recent work has highlighted new functional aspects of their signaling. Finally, we assess future directions for immune-related research in neurodegeneration and potential avenues for immune-related therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Hammond
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel E Marsh
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tiedemann K, Sadvakassova G, Mikolajewicz N, Juhas M, Sabirova Z, Tabariès S, Gettemans J, Siegel PM, Komarova SV. Exosomal Release of L-Plastin by Breast Cancer Cells Facilitates Metastatic Bone Osteolysis. Transl Oncol 2018; 12:462-474. [PMID: 30583289 PMCID: PMC6305809 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis from breast and prostate carcinomas is facilitated by activation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Using proteomics approaches, we have identified peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4) as a cancer-secreted mediator of osteoclastogenesis. We now report characterization of L-plastin in the conditioned media (CM) of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells using immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. The osteoclastogenic potential of MDA-MB-231 CM with siRNA-silenced L-plastin was significantly reduced. L-plastin was detected in cancer-derived exosomes, and inhibition of exosomal release significantly decreased the osteoclastogenic capacity of MDA-MB-231 CM. When added to osteoclast precursors primed with RANKL for 2 days, recombinant L-plastin induced calcium/NFATc1-mediated osteoclastogenesis to the levels similar to continuous treatment with RANKL. Using shRNA, we generated MDA-MB-231 cells lacking L-plastin, PRDX4, or both and injected these cell populations intratibially in CD-1 immunodeficient mice. Micro-CT and histomorphometric analysis demonstrated a complete loss of osteolysis when MDA-MB-231 cells lacking both L-plastin and PRDX4 were injected. A meta-analysis established an increase in L-plastin and PRDX4 mRNA expression in numerous human cancers, including breast and prostate carcinomas. This study demonstrates that secreted L-plastin and PRDX4 mediate osteoclast activation by human breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Tiedemann
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 0C7; Shriner's Hospital for Children - Canada, 1003 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 0A9
| | - Gulzhakhan Sadvakassova
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 0C7; Shriner's Hospital for Children - Canada, 1003 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 0A9
| | - Nicholas Mikolajewicz
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 0C7; Shriner's Hospital for Children - Canada, 1003 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 0A9
| | - Michal Juhas
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 0C7
| | - Zarina Sabirova
- Shriner's Hospital for Children - Canada, 1003 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 0A9
| | - Sébastien Tabariès
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1A3; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Rommelaere Campus, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1A3; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1A3; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Svetlana V Komarova
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 0C7; Shriner's Hospital for Children - Canada, 1003 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 0A9.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gratuze M, Leyns CEG, Holtzman DM. New insights into the role of TREM2 in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:66. [PMID: 30572908 PMCID: PMC6302500 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia. The two histopathological markers of AD are amyloid plaques composed of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, and neurofibrillary tangles of aggregated, abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The majority of AD cases are late-onset, after the age of 65, where a clear cause is still unknown. However, there are likely different multifactorial contributors including age, enviornment, biology and genetics which can increase risk for the disease. Genetic predisposition is considerable, with heritability estimates of 60-80%. Genetic factors such as rare variants of TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2) strongly increase the risk of developing AD, confirming the role of microglia in AD pathogenesis. In the last 5 years, several studies have dissected the mechanisms by which TREM2, as well as its rare variants affect amyloid and tau pathologies and their consequences in both animal models and in human studies. In this review, we summarize increases in our understanding of the involvement of TREM2 and microglia in AD development that may open new therapeutic strategies targeting the immune system to influence AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Gratuze
- Department of Neurology, St. Louis, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, St. Louis, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Cheryl E. G. Leyns
- Department of Neurology, St. Louis, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, St. Louis, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, St. Louis, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, St. Louis, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Poly-γ-glutamic acid suppresses osteoclastogenesis in human osteoclast precursors and prevents joint damage in a collagen-induced murine arthritis model. Immunol Lett 2018; 203:80-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
45
|
|
46
|
Song WM, Colonna M. The identity and function of microglia in neurodegeneration. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1048-1058. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
47
|
Xu H, Mu S, Qin W. Microglia TREM2 is required for electroacupuncture to attenuate neuroinflammation in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:3225-3234. [PMID: 30149915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in ischemic stroke pathology and could be a promising target in ischemic stroke. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a microglia-specific receptor in the CNS that is involved in regulating neuroinflammation in cerebral ischemia. However, the role of TREM2 in ischemic stroke is controversial. Electroacupuncture (EA) is an effective therapy for alleviating stroke-induced neuroinflammation. Here, we found that ischemic stroke induced an increased microglial TREM2 expression, and EA treatment can further promote microglial TREM2 expression following cerebral ischemia. TREM2 overexpression was observed to play a neuroprotective role by improving the neurobehavioral deficit and reducing the cerebral infarct volume 72 h after reperfusion, whereas TREM2 silencing had the opposite effects. Moreover, the effects of EA on improving stroke outcome and suppressing neuroinflammation in the brain were reversed by TREM2 silencing. Finally, TREM2 silencing also suppressed the ability of EA to regulate the PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways. Altogether, the results show that TREM2 could be a potential target in EA treatment for attenuating inflammatory injury following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Song Mu
- Department of Anus & Intestine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Wenyi Qin
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Systemic Activation of Activin A Signaling Causes Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092490. [PMID: 30142896 PMCID: PMC6163495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The high cardiovascular mortality associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is caused in part by the CKD-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) syndrome. The CKD-MBD consists of skeletal, vascular and cardiac pathology caused by metabolic derangements produced by kidney disease. The prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis resulting from the skeletal component of the CKD-MBD, renal osteodystrophy (ROD), in patients with CKD exceeds that of the general population and is a major public health concern. That CKD is associated with compromised bone health is widely accepted, yet the mechanisms underlying impaired bone metabolism in CKD are not fully understood. Therefore, clarification of the molecular mechanisms by which CKD produces ROD is of crucial significance. We have shown that activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β super family, is an important positive regulator of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis with Smad-mediated signaling being crucial for inducing osteoclast development and function. Recently, we have demonstrated systemic activation of activin receptors and activin A levels in CKD mouse models, such as diabetic CKD and Alport (AL) syndrome. In these CKD mouse models, bone remodeling caused by increased osteoclast numbers and activated osteoclastic bone resorption was observed and treatment with an activin receptor ligand trap repaired CKD-induced-osteoclastic bone resorption and stimulated individual osteoblastic bone formation, irrespective of parathyroid hormone (PTH) elevation. These findings have opened a new field for exploring mechanisms of activin A-enhanced osteoclast formation and function in CKD. Activin A appears to be a strong candidate for CKD-induced high-turnover ROD. Therefore, the treatment with the decoy receptor for activin A might be a good candidate for treatment for CKD-induced osteopenia or osteoporosis, indicating that the new findings from in these studies will lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for CKD-related and osteopenia and osteoporosis in general. In this review, we describe the impact of CKD-induced Smad signaling in osteoclasts, osteoblasts and vascular cells in CKD.
Collapse
|
49
|
Ye Y, Song Y, Zhuang J, Wang G, Ni J, Xia W. Anticancer effects of echinacoside in hepatocellular carcinoma mouse model and HepG2 cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1880-1888. [PMID: 30067868 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Echinacoside (ECH) is a phenylethanoid glycoside extracted from a Chinese herbal medicine, Cistanches salsa. ECH possesses many biological properties, including anti-inflammation, neural protection, liver protection, and antitumor. In the current study, we aimed to explore the effects of ECH on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that ECH could attenuate diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC in mice, and exerted antiproliferative and proapoptotic functions on HepG2 HCC cell line. ECH exposure in HepG2 cells dose-dependently reduced the phosphorylation of AKT (p-AKT) and enhanced the expression of p21 (a cell cycle inhibitor) and Bax (a proapoptotic protein). Furthermore, ECH significantly suppressed insulin-like growth factor-1-induced p-AKT and cell proliferation. These data indicated that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling was involved in the anti-HCC activity of ECH. Gene set enrichment analysis results revealed a positive correlation between the PI3K pathway and triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) expression in HCC tissues. ECH exposure significantly decreased TREM2 protein levels in HepG2 cells and DEN-induced HCC. Furthermore, ECH-mediated proliferation inhibition and AKT signaling inactivation were notably attenuated by TREM2 overexpression. In conclusion, ECH exerted its antitumor activity via decreasing TREM2 expression and PI3K/AKT signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ni
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Deming Y, Li Z, Benitez BA, Cruchaga C. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2): a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer disease? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:587-598. [PMID: 29889572 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1486823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are currently no effective therapeutics for Alzheimer disease (AD). Clinical trials targeting amyloid beta thus far have shown very little benefit and only in the earliest stages of disease. These limitations have driven research to identify alternative therapeutic targets, one of the most promising is the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2). Areas covered: Here, we review the literature to-date and discuss the potentials and pitfalls for targeting TREM2 as a potential therapeutic for AD. We focus on research in animal and cell models for AD and central nervous system injury models which may help in understanding the role of TREM2 in disease. Expert opinion: Studies suggest TREM2 plays a key role in AD pathology; however, results have been conflicting about whether TREM2 is beneficial or harmful. More research is necessary before designing TREM2-targeting therapies. Successful therapeutics will most likely be administered early in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuetiva Deming
- a Department of Psychiatry , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA
| | - Zeran Li
- a Department of Psychiatry , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- b Department of Medicine , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- a Department of Psychiatry , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA.,c Department of Developmental Biology , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA.,d Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA.,e Hope Center for Neurological Disorders , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA
| |
Collapse
|