1
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Lucas ED, Huggins MA, Peng C, O'Connor C, Gress AR, Thefaine CE, Dehm EM, Kubota Y, Jameson SC, Hamilton SE. Circulating KLRG1 + long-lived effector memory T cells retain the flexibility to become tissue resident. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadj8356. [PMID: 38941479 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj8356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
KLRG1+ CD8 T cells persist for months after clearance of acute infections and maintain high levels of effector molecules, contributing protective immunity against systemic pathogens. Upon secondary infection, these long-lived effector cells (LLECs) are incapable of forming other circulating KLRG1- memory subsets such as central and effector memory T cells. Thus, KLRG1+ memory T cells are frequently referred to as a terminally differentiated population that is relatively short lived. Here, we show that after viral infection of mice, effector cells derived from LLECs rapidly enter nonlymphoid tissues and reduce pathogen burden but are largely dependent on receiving antigen cues from vascular endothelial cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that secondary memory cells in nonlymphoid tissues arising from either KLRG1+ or KLRG1- memory precursors develop a similar resident memory transcriptional signature. Thus, although LLECs cannot differentiate into other circulating memory populations, they still retain the flexibility to enter tissues and establish residency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Lucas
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Matthew A Huggins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Changwei Peng
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christine O'Connor
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Abigail R Gress
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Claire E Thefaine
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emma M Dehm
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sara E Hamilton
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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2
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Lanfermeijer J, van de Ven K, Hendriks M, van Dijken H, Lenz S, Vos M, Borghans JAM, van Baarle D, de Jonge J. The Memory-CD8+-T-Cell Response to Conserved Influenza Virus Epitopes in Mice Is Not Influenced by Time Since Previous Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:419. [PMID: 38675801 PMCID: PMC11054904 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To protect older adults against influenza A virus (IAV) infection, innovative strategies are imperative to overcome the decrease in protective immune response with age. One approach involves the boosting of CD8+ T cells at middle age that were previously induced by natural infection. At this stage, the immune system is still fit. Given the high conservation of T-cell epitopes within internal viral proteins, such a response may confer lasting protection against evolving influenza strains at older age, also reducing the high number of influenza immunizations currently required. However, at the time of vaccination, some individuals may have been more recently exposed to IAV than others, which could affect the T-cell response. We therefore investigated the fundamental principle of how the interval between the last infection and booster immunization during middle age influences the CD8+ T-cell response. To model this, female mice were infected at either 6 or 9 months of age and subsequently received a heterosubtypic infection booster at middle age (12 months). Before the booster infection, 6-month-primed mice displayed lower IAV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in the spleen and lung than 9-month-primed mice. Both groups were better protected against the subsequent heterosubtypic booster infection compared to naïve mice. Notably, despite the different CD8+ T-cell levels between the 6-month- and 9-month-primed mice, we observed comparable responses after booster infection, based on IFNγ responses, and IAV-specific T-cell frequencies and repertoire diversity. Lung-derived CD8+ T cells of 6- and 9-month-primed mice expressed similar levels of tissue-resident memory-T-cell markers 30 days post booster infection. These data suggest that the IAV-specific CD8+ T-cell response after boosting is not influenced by the time post priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- AstraZeneca, 2594 AV Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Koen van de Ven
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- DICA (Dutch Institute for Clinical Auditing), 2333 AA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Hendriks
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Deventer Ziekenhuis, 7416 SE Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Dijken
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Lenz
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- MSD Animal Health, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vos
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Virology & Immunology Research, Department Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jørgen de Jonge
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Doan TA, Forward TS, Schafer JB, Lucas ED, Fleming I, Uecker-Martin A, Ayala E, Guthmiller JJ, Hesselberth JR, Morrison TE, Tamburini BAJ. Immunization-induced antigen archiving enhances local memory CD8+ T cell responses following an unrelated viral infection. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:66. [PMID: 38514656 PMCID: PMC10957963 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Antigens from viruses or immunizations can persist or are archived in lymph node stromal cells such as lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) and fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC). Here, we find that, during the time frame of antigen archiving, LEC apoptosis caused by a second, but unrelated, innate immune stimulus such as vaccina viral infection or CpG DNA administration resulted in cross-presentation of archived antigens and boosted memory CD8 + T cells specific to the archived antigen. In contrast to "bystander" activation associated with unrelated infections, the memory CD8 + T cells specific to the archived antigen from the immunization were significantly higher than memory CD8 + T cells of a different antigen specificity. Finally, the boosted memory CD8 + T cells resulted in increased protection against Listeria monocytogenes expressing the antigen from the immunization, but only for the duration that the antigen was archived. These findings outline an important mechanism by which lymph node stromal cell archived antigens, in addition to bystander activation, can augment memory CD8 + T cell responses during repeated inflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu A Doan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tadg S Forward
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Johnathon B Schafer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erin D Lucas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ira Fleming
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aspen Uecker-Martin
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Edgardo Ayala
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jenna J Guthmiller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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4
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Tamburini B, Doan T, Forward T, Lucas E, Fleming I, Uecker-Martin A, Hesselberth J, Morrison T. Vaccine-induced antigen archiving enhances local memory CD8+ T cell responses following an unrelated viral infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3307809. [PMID: 37841845 PMCID: PMC10571600 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3307809/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Viral and vaccine antigens persist or are archived in lymph node stromal cells (LNSC) such as lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) and fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC). Here, we find that, during the time frame of antigen archiving, LEC apoptosis caused by a second, but unrelated, innate immune stimulus such as vaccina viral infection or CpG DNA administration boosted memory CD8+ T cells specific to the archived antigen. In contrast to "bystander" activation associated with unrelated infections, the memory CD8+ T cells specific to the vaccine archived antigen were significantly higher than memory CD8+ T cells of a different antigen specificity. Finally, the boosted memory CD8+ T cells resulted in increased protection against Listeria monocytogenes expressing the vaccine antigen, but only for the duration that the vaccine antigen was archived. These findings outline a novel mechanism by which LNSC archived antigens, in addition to bystander activation, can augment memory CD8+ T cell responses during repeated inflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thu Doan
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | | | - Erin Lucas
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Ira Fleming
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
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5
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Heidarian M, Griffith TS, Badovinac VP. Sepsis-induced changes in differentiation, maintenance, and function of memory CD8 T cell subsets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130009. [PMID: 36756117 PMCID: PMC9899844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of long-lasting memory lymphocytes is one of the foundational characteristics of adaptive immunity and the basis of many vaccination strategies. Following the rapid expansion and contraction of effector CD8 T cells, the surviving antigen (Ag)-specific cells give rise to the memory CD8 T cells that persist for a long time and are phenotypically and functionally distinct from their naïve counterparts. Significant heterogeneity exists within the memory CD8 T cell pool, as different subsets display distinct tissue localization preferences, cytotoxic ability, and proliferative capacity, but all memory CD8 T cells are equipped to mount an enhanced immune response upon Ag re-encounter. Memory CD8 T cells demonstrate numerical stability under homeostatic conditions, but sepsis causes a significant decline in the number of memory CD8 T cells and diminishes their Ag-dependent and -independent functions. Sepsis also rewires the transcriptional profile of memory CD8 T cells, which profoundly impacts memory CD8 T cell differentiation and, ultimately, the protective capacity of memory CD8 T cells upon subsequent stimulation. This review delves into different aspects of memory CD8 T cell subsets as well as the immediate and long-term impact of sepsis on memory CD8 T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Vladimir P. Badovinac,
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6
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Moioffer SJ, Berton RR, McGonagill PW, Jensen IJ, Griffith TS, Badovinac VP. Inefficient Recovery of Repeatedly Stimulated Memory CD8 T Cells after Polymicrobial Sepsis Induction Leads to Changes in Memory CD8 T Cell Pool Composition. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:168-179. [PMID: 36480268 PMCID: PMC9840817 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Long-lasting sepsis-induced immunoparalysis has been principally studied in primary (1°) memory CD8 T cells; however, the impact of sepsis on memory CD8 T cells with a history of repeated cognate Ag encounters is largely unknown but important in understanding the role of sepsis in shaping the pre-existing memory CD8 T cell compartment. Higher-order memory CD8 T cells are crucial in providing immunity against common pathogens that reinfect the host or are generated by repeated vaccination. In this study, we analyzed peripheral blood from septic patients and show that memory CD8 T cells with defined Ag specificity for recurring CMV infection proliferate less than bulk populations of central memory CD8 T cells. Using TCR-transgenic T cells to generate 1° and higher-order (quaternary [4°]) memory T cells within the same host, we demonstrate that the susceptibility and loss of both memory subsets are similar after sepsis induction, and sepsis diminished Ag-dependent and -independent (bystander) functions of these memory subsets equally. Both the 1° and 4° memory T cell populations proliferated in a sepsis-induced lymphopenic environment; however, due to the intrinsic differences in baseline proliferative capacity, expression of receptors (e.g., CD127/CD122), and responsiveness to homeostatic cytokines, 1° memory T cells become overrepresented over time in sepsis survivors. Finally, IL-7/anti-IL-7 mAb complex treatment early after sepsis induction preferentially rescued the proliferation and accumulation of 1° memory T cells, whereas recovery of 4° memory T cells was less pronounced. Thus, inefficient recovery of repeatedly stimulated memory cells after polymicrobial sepsis induction leads to changes in memory T cell pool composition, a notion with important implications in devising strategies to recover the number and function of pre-existing memory CD8 T cells in sepsis survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger R. Berton
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA;,Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Isaac J. Jensen
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,,Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA;,Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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7
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Oladipo OO, Adedeji BO, Adedokun SP, Gbadamosi JA, Salaudeen M. Regulation of effector and memory CD8 + T cell differentiation: a focus on orphan nuclear receptor NR4A family, transcription factor, and metabolism. Immunol Res 2022; 71:314-327. [PMID: 36571657 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CD8 + T cells undergo rapid expansion followed by contraction and the development of memory cells after their receptors are activated. The development of immunological memory following acute infection is a complex phenomenon that involves several molecular, transcriptional, and metabolic mechanisms. As memory cells confer long-term protection and respond to secondary stimulation with strong effector function, understanding the mechanisms that influence their development is of great importance. Orphan nuclear receptors, NR4As, are immediate early genes that function as transcription factors and bind with the NBRE region of chromatin. Interestingly, the NBRE region of activated CD8 + T cells is highly accessible at the same time the expression of NR4As is induced. This suggests a potential role of NR4As in the early events post T cell activation that determines cell fate decisions. In this review, we will discuss the influence of NR4As on the differentiation of CD8 + T cells during the immune response to acute infection and the development of immunological memory. We will also discuss the signals, transcription factors, and metabolic mechanisms that control cell fate decisions. HIGHLIGHTS: Memory CD8 + T cells are an essential subset that mediates long-term protection after pathogen encounters. Some specific environmental cues, transcriptional factors, and metabolic pathways regulate the differentiation of CD8 + T cells and the development of memory cells. Orphan nuclear receptor NR4As are early genes that act as transcription factors and are highly expressed post-T cell receptor activation. NR4As influence the effector function and differentiation of CD8 + T cells and also control the development of immunological memory following acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo O Oladipo
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Bernard O Adedeji
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Samson P Adedokun
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Jibriil A Gbadamosi
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Marzuq Salaudeen
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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8
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Charmoy M, Wyss T, Delorenzi M, Held W. PD-1 + Tcf1 + CD8 + T cells from established chronic infection can form memory while retaining a stableimprint of persistent antigen exposure. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109672. [PMID: 34496259 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific PD1+ Tcf1+ memory-like CD8+ T cells (TMLs) maintain the CD8+ T cell response during chronic viral infection. However, the fate of these cells following cessation of persistent antigen exposure has been unclear. Here, we find that TMLs persist upon transfer into antigen-free hosts and form memory following recall stimulation. Phenotypic, functional, and transcriptome analyses show that TML-derived memory cells resemble those arising in response to acute, resolved infection, but they retain features of chronically stimulated cells, including elevated PD-1 and Tox and reduced cytokine expression. This chronic infection imprint is largely accounted for by constitutive Tox expression. Virus-specific Tcf1+ CD8+ T cells that persist after clearance of systemic infection also display a chronic infection imprint. Notwithstanding, renewed virus exposure induces a recall response, which controls virus infection in part. Thus, cessation of chronic antigen exposure yields a memory CD8+ T cell compartment that reflects prior stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Charmoy
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tania Wyss
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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9
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Khan A, Sayedahmed EE, Singh VK, Mishra A, Dorta-Estremera S, Nookala S, Canaday DH, Chen M, Wang J, Sastry KJ, Mittal SK, Jagannath C. A recombinant bovine adenoviral mucosal vaccine expressing mycobacterial antigen-85B generates robust protection against tuberculosis in mice. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100372. [PMID: 34467249 PMCID: PMC8385328 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the BCG vaccine offers partial protection, tuberculosis remains a leading cause of infectious disease death, killing ∼1.5 million people annually. We developed mucosal vaccines expressing the autophagy-inducing peptide C5 and mycobacterial Ag85B-p25 epitope using replication-defective human adenovirus (HAdv85C5) and bovine adenovirus (BAdv85C5) vectors. BAdv85C5-infected dendritic cells (DCs) expressed a robust transcriptome of genes regulating antigen processing compared to HAdv85C5-infected DCs. BAdv85C5-infected DCs showed enhanced galectin-3/8 and autophagy-dependent in vitro Ag85B-p25 epitope presentation to CD4 T cells. BCG-vaccinated mice were intranasally boosted using HAdv85C5 or BAdv85C5 followed by infection using aerosolized Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). BAdv85C5 protected mice against tuberculosis both as a booster after BCG vaccine (>1.4-log10 reduction in Mtb lung burden) and as a single intranasal dose (>0.5-log10 reduction). Protection was associated with robust CD4 and CD8 effector (TEM), central memory (TCM), and CD103+/CD69+ lung-resident memory (TRM) T cell expansion, revealing BAdv85C5 as a promising mucosal vaccine for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute & Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ekramy E. Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Vipul K. Singh
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute & Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute & Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Sita Nookala
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David H. Canaday
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and Cleveland Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, and Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K. Jagannadha Sastry
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute & Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Omilusik KD, Nadjsombati MS, Yoshida TM, Shaw LA, Goulding J, Goldrath AW. Ubiquitin Specific Protease 1 Expression and Function in T Cell Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1377-1387. [PMID: 34380645 PMCID: PMC8387442 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T cells are essential mediators of immune responses against infectious diseases and provide long-lived protection from reinfection. The differentiation of naive to effector T cells and the subsequent differentiation and persistence of memory T cell populations in response to infection is a highly regulated process. E protein transcription factors and their inhibitors, Id proteins, are important regulators of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses; however, their regulation at the protein level has not been explored. Recently, the deubiquitinase USP1 was shown to stabilize Id2 and modulate cellular differentiation in osteosarcomas. In this study, we investigated a role for Usp1 in posttranslational control of Id2 and Id3 in murine T cells. We show that Usp1 was upregulated in T cells following activation in vitro or following infection in vivo, and the extent of Usp1 expression correlated with the degree of T cell expansion. Usp1 directly interacted with Id2 and Id3 following T cell activation. However, Usp1 deficiency did not impact Id protein abundance in effector T cells or alter effector T cell expansion or differentiation following a primary infection. Usp1 deficiency resulted in a gradual loss of memory CD8+ T cells over time and reduced Id2 protein levels and proliferation of effector CD8+ T cell following reinfection. Together, these results identify Usp1 as a player in modulating recall responses at the protein level and highlight differences in regulation of T cell responses between primary and subsequent infection encounters. Finally, our observations reveal differential regulation of Id2/3 proteins between immune versus nonimmune cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Omilusik
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Marija S Nadjsombati
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tomomi M Yoshida
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Laura A Shaw
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - John Goulding
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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11
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Anthony SM, Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Moioffer SJ, van de Wall S, Shan Q, Vijay R, Sompallae R, Hartwig SM, Jensen IJ, Varga SM, Butler NS, Xue HH, Badovinac VP, Harty JT. Protective function and durability of mouse lymph node-resident memory CD8 + T cells. eLife 2021; 10:68662. [PMID: 34143731 PMCID: PMC8213409 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective lung tissue-resident memory CD8+T cells (Trm) form after influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We show that IAV infection of mice generates CD69+CD103+and other memory CD8+T cell populations in lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes (mLNs) from circulating naive or memory CD8+T cells. Repeated antigen exposure, mimicking seasonal IAV infections, generates quaternary memory (4M) CD8+T cells that protect mLN from viral infection better than 1M CD8+T cells. Better protection by 4M CD8+T cells associates with enhanced granzyme A/B expression and stable maintenance of mLN CD69+CD103+4M CD8+T cells, vs the steady decline of CD69+CD103+1M CD8+T cells, paralleling the durability of protective CD69+CD103+4M vs 1M in the lung after IAV infection. Coordinated upregulation in canonical Trm-associated genes occurs in circulating 4M vs 1M populations without the enrichment of canonical downregulated Trm genes. Thus, repeated antigen exposure arms circulating memory CD8+T cells with enhanced capacity to form long-lived populations of Trm that enhance control of viral infections of the mLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Anthony
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | | | - Steven J Moioffer
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | | | - Qiang Shan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, United States
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | | | - Stacey M Hartwig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Isaac J Jensen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Steven M Varga
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
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12
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Chung HK, McDonald B, Kaech SM. The architectural design of CD8+ T cell responses in acute and chronic infection: Parallel structures with divergent fates. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211912. [PMID: 33755719 PMCID: PMC7992501 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to infection, T cells adopt a range of differentiation states, creating numerous heterogeneous subsets that exhibit different phenotypes, functions, and migration patterns. This T cell heterogeneity is a universal feature of T cell immunity, needed to effectively control pathogens in a context-dependent manner and generate long-lived immunity to those pathogens. Here, we review new insights into differentiation state dynamics and population heterogeneity of CD8+ T cells in acute and chronic viral infections and cancer and highlight the parallels and distinctions between acute and chronic antigen stimulation settings. We focus on transcriptional and epigenetic networks that modulate the plasticity and terminal differentiation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and generate functionally diverse T cell subsets with different roles to combat infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kay Chung
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bryan McDonald
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
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13
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Johnnidis JB, Muroyama Y, Ngiow SF, Chen Z, Manne S, Cai Z, Song S, Platt JM, Schenkel JM, Abdel-Hakeem M, Beltra JC, Greenplate AR, Ali MAA, Nzingha K, Giles JR, Harly C, Attanasio J, Pauken KE, Bengsch B, Paley MA, Tomov VT, Kurachi M, Vignali DAA, Sharpe AH, Reiner SL, Bhandoola A, Johnson FB, Wherry EJ. Inhibitory signaling sustains a distinct early memory CD8 + T cell precursor that is resistant to DNA damage. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/55/eabe3702. [PMID: 33452106 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The developmental origins of memory T cells remain incompletely understood. During the expansion phase of acute viral infection, we identified a distinct subset of virus-specific CD8+ T cells that possessed distinct characteristics including expression of CD62L, T cell factor 1 (TCF-1), and Eomesodermin; relative quiescence; expression of activation markers; and features of limited effector differentiation. These cells were a quantitatively minor subpopulation of the TCF-1+ pool and exhibited self-renewal, heightened DNA damage surveillance activity, and preferential long-term recall capacity. Despite features of memory and somewhat restrained proliferation during the expansion phase, this subset displayed evidence of stronger TCR signaling than other responding CD8+ T cells, coupled with elevated expression of multiple inhibitory receptors including programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), lymphocyte activating gene 3 (LAG-3), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), CD5, and CD160. Genetic ablation of PD-1 and LAG-3 compromised the formation of this CD62Lhi TCF-1+ subset and subsequent CD8+ T cell memory. Although central memory phenotype CD8+ T cells were formed in the absence of these cells, subsequent memory CD8+ T cell recall responses were compromised. Together, these results identify an important link between genome integrity maintenance and CD8+ T cell memory. Moreover, the data indicate a role for inhibitory receptors in preserving key memory CD8+ T cell precursors during initial activation and differentiation. Identification of this rare subpopulation within the memory CD8+ T cell precursor pool may help reconcile models of the developmental origin of long-term CD8+ T cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Johnnidis
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuki Muroyama
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shin Foong Ngiow
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhangying Cai
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shufei Song
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jesse M Platt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Hakeem
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Beltra
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Allison R Greenplate
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mohammed-Alkhatim A Ali
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kito Nzingha
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Josephine R Giles
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christelle Harly
- T-Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Université de Nantes, INSERM, CNRS, CRCINA, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO 'Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology', Nantes, France
| | - John Attanasio
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristen E Pauken
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany.,Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael A Paley
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vesselin T Tomov
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh PA 15232, USA.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven L Reiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- T-Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - F Bradley Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. .,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Rostamian H, Fallah-Mehrjardi K, Khakpoor-Koosheh M, Pawelek JM, Hadjati J, Brown CE, Mirzaei HR. A metabolic switch to memory CAR T cells: Implications for cancer treatment. Cancer Lett 2020; 500:107-118. [PMID: 33290868 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is associated with their expansion, persistence and effector function. Although CAR T cell therapy has shown remarkable therapeutic effects in hematological malignancies, its therapeutic efficacy has been limited in some types of cancers - in particular, solid tumors - partially due to the cells' inability to persist and the acquisition of T cell dysfunction within a harsh immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Therefore, it would be expected that generation of CAR T cells with intrinsic properties for functional longevity, such as the cells with early-memory phenotypes, could beneficially enhance antitumor immunity. Furthermore, because the metabolic pathways of CAR T cells help determine cellular differentiation and lifespan, therapies targeting such pathways like glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, can alter CAR T cell fate and durability within tumors. Here we discuss how reprogramming of CAR T cell metabolism and metabolic switch to memory CAR T cells influences their antitumor activity. We also offer potential strategies for targeting these metabolic circuits in the setting of adoptive CAR T cell therapy, aiming to better unleash the potential of adoptive CAR T cell therapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Rostamian
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Fallah-Mehrjardi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khakpoor-Koosheh
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - John M Pawelek
- Department of Dermatology and the Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA; Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Hamid R Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Parga-Vidal L, van Gisbergen KPJM. Area under Immunosurveillance: Dedicated Roles of Memory CD8 T-Cell Subsets. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037796. [PMID: 32839203 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory, defined as the ability to respond in an enhanced manner upon secondary encounter with the same pathogen, can provide substantial protection against infectious disease. The improved protection is mediated in part by different populations of memory CD8 T cells that are retained after primary infection. Memory cells persist in the absence of pathogen-derived antigens and enable secondary CD8 T-cell responses with accelerated kinetics and of larger magnitude after reencounter with the same pathogen. At least three subsets of memory T cells have been defined that are referred to as central memory CD8 T cells (Tcm), effector memory CD8 T cells (Tem), and tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (Trm). Tcm and Tem are circulating memory T cells that mediate bodywide immune surveillance in search of invading pathogens. In contrast, Trm permanently reside in peripheral barrier tissues, where they form a stationary defensive line of sentinels that alert the immune system upon pathogen reencounter. The characterization of these different subsets has been instrumental in our understanding of the strategies that memory T cells employ to counter invading pathogens. It is clear that memory T cells not only have a numerical advantage over naive T cells resulting in improved protection in secondary responses, but also acquire distinct sets of competencies that assist in pathogen clearance. Nevertheless, inherent challenges are associated with the allocation of memory T cells to a limited number of subsets. The classification of memory T cells into Tcm, Tem, and Trm may not take into account the full extent of the heterogeneity that is observed in the memory population. Therefore, in this review, we will revisit the current classification of memory subsets, elaborate on functional and migratory properties attributed to Tcm, Tem, and Trm, and discuss how potential heterogeneity within these populations arises and persists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Parga-Vidal
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Malhotra D, Burrack KS, Jenkins MK, Frosch AE. Antigen-Specific CD4 + T Cells Exhibit Distinct Kinetic and Phenotypic Patterns During Primary and Secondary Responses to Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2125. [PMID: 32983171 PMCID: PMC7492679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although CD4+ T cell memory is a critical component of adaptive immunity, antigen-specific CD4+ T cell recall responses to secondary infection have been inadequately studied. Here we examine the kinetics of the secondary response in an important immunological model, infection with attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). We identify CD4+ T cell subsets that preferentially expand during a secondary response and highlight the importance of prime-boost strategies in expanding and maintaining antigen-specific, tissue-resident memory CD4+ T cells. Following intravenous infection with an attenuated strain of Lm, we found that total antigen-specific CD4+ T cells responded more robustly in secondary compared with primary infection, reaching near-peak levels in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) and the liver by three days post-infection. During the secondary response, CD4+ T cells also contracted more quickly. Primary Lm infection generated two main classes of effector cells: Th1 cells that assist macrophages and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that aid B cells in antibody production. We found that during the secondary response, a population of Ly6C+ Tfh cells emerged in SLOs and was the basis for the skewing of this response to a Tfh phenotype. Deletion of T-bet in T cells precluded development of Ly6C+ Tfh cells, but did not alter anti-Lm antibody responses. Moreover, during recall responses, CD49a+ Th1 cells preferentially expanded and accumulated in the liver, achieving a new set point. Parabiosis experiments indicated that, in contrast to Tfh cells and most splenic Th1 cells, the majority of CD49a+ Th1 cells in the liver were tissue resident. Overall, these data demonstrate a robust secondary CD4+ T cell response that differs in kinetics and composition from the primary response and provide insight into targets to enhance both peripheral and tissue-resident CD4+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kristina S Burrack
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Anne E Frosch
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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17
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Davenport B, Eberlein J, Nguyen TT, Victorino F, van der Heide V, Kuleshov M, Ma'ayan A, Kedl R, Homann D. Chemokine Signatures of Pathogen-Specific T Cells II: Memory T Cells in Acute and Chronic Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2188-2206. [PMID: 32948682 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-specific memory T cells (TM) contribute to enhanced immune protection under conditions of reinfection, and their effective recruitment into a recall response relies, in part, on cues imparted by chemokines that coordinate their spatiotemporal positioning. An integrated perspective, however, needs to consider TM as a potentially relevant chemokine source themselves. In this study, we employed a comprehensive transcriptional/translational profiling strategy to delineate the identities, expression patterns, and dynamic regulation of chemokines produced by murine pathogen-specific TM CD8+TM, and to a lesser extent CD4+TM, are a prodigious source for six select chemokines (CCL1/3/4/5, CCL9/10, and XCL1) that collectively constitute a prominent and largely invariant signature across acute and chronic infections. Notably, constitutive CCL5 expression by CD8+TM serves as a unique functional imprint of prior antigenic experience; induced CCL1 production identifies highly polyfunctional CD8+ and CD4+TM subsets; long-term CD8+TM maintenance is associated with a pronounced increase of XCL1 production capacity; chemokines dominate the earliest stages of the CD8+TM recall response because of expeditious synthesis/secretion kinetics (CCL3/4/5) and low activation thresholds (CCL1/3/4/5/XCL1); and TM chemokine profiles modulated by persisting viral Ags exhibit both discrete functional deficits and a notable surplus. Nevertheless, recall responses and partial virus control in chronic infection appear little affected by the absence of major TM chemokines. Although specific contributions of TM-derived chemokines to enhanced immune protection therefore remain to be elucidated in other experimental scenarios, the ready visualization of TM chemokine-expression patterns permits a detailed stratification of TM functionalities that may be correlated with differentiation status, protective capacities, and potential fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Davenport
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jens Eberlein
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Tom T Nguyen
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Francisco Victorino
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Verena van der Heide
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Maxim Kuleshov
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and.,Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and.,Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ross Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Dirk Homann
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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18
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Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells shape local and systemic secondary T cell responses. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1070-1081. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Straub RH. The memory of the fatty acid system. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101049. [PMID: 32589906 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mental memory system has sensory memory, short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory. Working memory "keeps things in mind in parallel" when performing complex tasks. Similar aspects can be found for immunological memory. However, there exists another one, the memory of the fatty acid system. This article shows sensory memory of the fatty acid system, which is the perception apparatus of small intestine enterocytes (CD36, SR-B1, FATP4, FABP1, FABP2) and hepatocytes. In these cells, the fatty acid short-term memory is located, consisting of a cytoplasmic lipid droplet cycle. Similar like a working memory in the brain, the short-term memory of enterocytes and hepatocytes use parallel processing and recourse to long-term fatty acid memory. The fatty acid long-term memory is far away from these primary points of uptake. It is located in the adipocyte and in cellular membranes. The process of building a fatty acid memory is described with constructs like sensing environmental material, encoding, consolidation, long-term storage, retrieval, re-encoding, re-consolidation, and renewed long-term storage. The article illustrates the dynamics of building a fatty acid memory, the information content of fatty acids including the code, the roles of fatty acids in the body, and a new understanding of the expression "you are what you eat". The memory of the fatty acid system, plays a decisive role in integrating environmental signals over time (diet and microbiome).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.
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20
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Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Varga SM, Badovinac VP, Harty JT. Repeated Antigen Exposure Extends the Durability of Influenza-Specific Lung-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells and Heterosubtypic Immunity. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3374-3382.e3. [PMID: 30257199 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung-resident primary memory CD8+ T cell populations (Trm) induced by a single influenza infection decline within months, rendering the host susceptible to new heterosubtypic influenza infections. Here, we demonstrate that, relative to single virus exposure, repeated antigen exposure dramatically alters the dynamics of influenza-specific lung Trm populations. Lung Trm derived from repeatedly stimulated circulating memory CD8+ T cells exhibit extended durability and protective heterosubtypic immunity relative to primary lung Trm. Parabiosis studies reveal that the enhanced durability of lung Trm after multiple antigen encounters resulted from the generation of long-lasting circulating effector memory (Tem) populations, which maintained the ability to be recruited to the lung parenchyma and converted to Trm, in combination with enhanced survival of these cells in the lung. Thus, generating a long-lasting Trm precursor pool through repeated intranasal immunizations might be a promising strategy to establish long-lasting lung Trm-mediated heterosubtypic immunity against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven M Varga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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21
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Nolz JC, Richer MJ. Control of memory CD8 + T cell longevity and effector functions by IL-15. Mol Immunol 2019; 117:180-188. [PMID: 31816491 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 is a member of the common gamma chain family of cytokines and plays important roles in regulating several aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. Besides its established role in controlling homeostatic proliferation and survival of memory CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells, recent findings demonstrate that inflammatory IL-15 can also stimulate a variety of effector functions, such as enhanced cytotoxicity, entry into the cell cycle, and trafficking into non-lymphoid tissues. Here, we discuss how IL-15 is critical in regulating many functions of memory CD8+ T cells and how these processes act collectively to ensure optimal protective cellular immunity against re-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 712 McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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22
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Soni B, Singh S. Cytokine Milieu in Infectious Disease: A Sword or a Boon? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 40:24-32. [PMID: 31553263 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines have a myriad role in an infectious disease, whether being pathogenic, bacterial, or viral. All proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine biological function are dependent on its concentration, followed by combination with the other cytokines and the stage of the disease. Plasticity in switching off from one phenotype to the other of these regulatory mediators in congruence with the traditional concept of inhibitory and stimulatory effects on immune system is dealt with. This review highlights the dual functionality of some of these cytokines and cytokine-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavnita Soni
- Department of Pathogenesis and Cellular Response, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Shailza Singh
- Department of Pathogenesis and Cellular Response, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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23
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Shrestha AC, Wijesundara DK, Masavuli MG, Mekonnen ZA, Gowans EJ, Grubor-Bauk B. Cytolytic Perforin as an Adjuvant to Enhance the Immunogenicity of DNA Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020038. [PMID: 31052178 PMCID: PMC6630607 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines present one of the most cost-effective platforms to develop global vaccines, which have been tested for nearly three decades in preclinical and clinical settings with some success in the clinic. However, one of the major challenges for the development of DNA vaccines is their poor immunogenicity in humans, which has led to refinements in DNA delivery, dosage in prime/boost regimens and the inclusion of adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. In this review, we focus on adjuvants that can enhance the immunogenicity of DNA encoded antigens and highlight the development of a novel cytolytic DNA platform encoding a truncated mouse perforin. The application of this innovative DNA technology has considerable potential in the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish C Shrestha
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Danushka K Wijesundara
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Makutiro G Masavuli
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Zelalem A Mekonnen
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Eric J Gowans
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
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24
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Osborn JF, Hobbs SJ, Mooster JL, Khan TN, Kilgore AM, Harbour JC, Nolz JC. Central memory CD8+ T cells become CD69+ tissue-residents during viral skin infection independent of CD62L-mediated lymph node surveillance. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007633. [PMID: 30875408 PMCID: PMC6420010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells in the circulation rapidly infiltrate non-lymphoid tissues following infection and provide protective immunity in an antigen-specific manner. However, the subsequent fate of memory CD8+ T cells after entering non-lymphoid tissues such as the skin during a secondary infection is largely unknown. Furthermore, because expression of CD62L is often used to identify the central memory (TCM) CD8+ T cell subset, uncoupling the physical requirement for CD62L-mediated lymph node homing versus other functional attributes of TCM CD8+ T cells remains unresolved. Here, we show that in contrast to naïve CD8+ T cells, memory CD8+ T cells traffic into the skin independent of CD62L-mediated lymph node re-activation and provide robust protective immunity against Vaccinia virus (VacV) infection. TCM, but not effector memory (TEM), CD8+ T cells differentiated into functional CD69+/CD103- tissue residents following viral clearance, which was also dependent on local recognition of antigen in the skin microenvironment. Finally, we found that memory CD8+ T cells expressed granzyme B after trafficking into the skin and utilized cytolysis to provide protective immunity against VacV infection. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that TCM CD8+ T cells become cytolytic following rapid infiltration of the skin to protect against viral infection and subsequently differentiate into functional CD69+ tissue-residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossef F. Osborn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Samuel J. Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jana L. Mooster
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tahsin N. Khan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Augustus M. Kilgore
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jake C. Harbour
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Hashimoto M, Im SJ, Araki K, Ahmed R. Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of CD8 T-Cell Responses During Acute and Chronic Viral Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a028464. [PMID: 29101105 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The common γ-chain cytokines, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, and IL-15, regulate critical aspects of antiviral CD8 T-cell responses. During acute infections, IL-2 controls expansion and differentiation of antiviral CD8 T cells, whereas IL-7 and IL-15 are key cytokines to maintain memory CD8 T cells long term in an antigen-independent manner. On the other hand, during chronic infections, in which T-cell exhaustion is established, precise roles of these cytokines in regulation of antiviral CD8 T-cell responses are not well defined. Nonetheless, administration of IL-2, IL-7, or IL-15 can increase function of exhausted CD8 T cells, and thus can be an attractive therapeutic approach. A new subset of stem-cell-like CD8 T cells, which provides a proliferative burst after programmed cell death (PD)-1 therapy, has been recently described during chronic viral infection. Further understanding of cytokine-mediated regulation of this CD8 T-cell subset will improve cytokine therapies to treat chronic infections and cancer in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Hashimoto
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Se Jin Im
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Koichi Araki
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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26
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Abstract
CD8 T cells comprising the memory pool display considerable heterogeneity, with individual cells differing in phenotype and function. This review will focus on our current understanding of heterogeneity within the antigen-specific memory CD8 T cell compartment and classifications of memory CD8 T cell subsets with defined and discrete functionalities. Recent data suggest that phenotype and/or function of numerically stable circulatory memory CD8 T cells are defined by the age of memory CD8 T cell (or time after initial antigen-encounter). In addition, history of antigen stimulations has a profound effect on memory CD8 T cell populations, suggesting that repeated infections (or vaccination) have the capacity to further shape the memory CD8 T cell pool. Finally, genetic background of hosts and history of exposure to diverse microorganisms likely contribute to the observed heterogeneity in the memory CD8 T cell compartment. Extending our tool box and exploring alternative mouse models (i.e., "dirty" and/or outbred mice) to encompass and better model diversity observed in humans will remain an important goal for the near future that will likely shed new light into the mechanisms that govern biology of memory CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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27
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Understanding Subset Diversity in T Cell Memory. Immunity 2018; 48:214-226. [PMID: 29466754 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made in recent years in understanding the generation and function of memory T cells. Memory T cells are typically parsed into discreet subsets based on phenotypic definitions that connote distinct roles in immunity. Here we consider new developments in the field and focus on how emerging differences between memory cells with respect to their trafficking, metabolism, epigenetic regulation, and longevity may fail to fit into small groups of "memory subsets." Rather, the properties of individual memory T cells fall on a continuum within each of these and other parameters. We discuss how this continuum influences the way that the efficacy of vaccination is assessed, as well as the suitability of a memory population for protective immunity.
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28
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Rapp M, Wiedemann GM, Sun JC. Memory responses of innate lymphocytes and parallels with T cells. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:343-355. [PMID: 29808388 PMCID: PMC6054893 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are classified as innate immune cells, given their ability to rapidly respond and kill transformed or virally infected cells without prior sensitization. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that NK cells also exhibit many characteristics similar to cells of the adaptive immune system. Analogous to T cells, NK cells acquire self-tolerance during development, express antigen-specific receptors, undergo clonal-like expansion, and can become long-lived, self-renewing memory cells with potent effector function providing potent protection against reappearing pathogens. In this review, we discuss the requirements for memory NK cell generation and highlight the similarities with the formation of memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Rapp
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 408 East 69th Street, ZRC-1462, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gabriela M Wiedemann
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 408 East 69th Street, ZRC-1462, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 408 East 69th Street, ZRC-1462, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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29
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Osborn JF, Mooster JL, Hobbs SJ, Munks MW, Barry C, Harty JT, Hill AB, Nolz JC. Enzymatic synthesis of core 2 O-glycans governs the tissue-trafficking potential of memory CD8 + T cells. Sci Immunol 2018; 2:2/16/eaan6049. [PMID: 29030501 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aan6049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trafficking of memory CD8+ T cells out of the circulation is essential to provide protective immunity against intracellular pathogens in nonlymphoid tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms that dictate the trafficking potential of diverse memory CD8+ T cell populations are not completely defined. We show that after infection or inflammatory challenge, central memory (TCM) CD8+ T cells rapidly traffic into nonlymphoid tissues, whereas most effector memory cells remain in the circulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cellular migration of memory CD8+ T cells into nonlymphoid tissues is driven by interleukin-15 (IL-15)-stimulated enzymatic synthesis of core 2 O-glycans, which generates functional ligands for E- and P-selectins. Given that IL-15-stimulated expression of glycosyltransferase enzymes is largely a feature of TCM CD8+ T cells, this allows TCM to selectively migrate out of the circulation and into nonlymphoid tissues. Collectively, our data indicate that entry of memory CD8+ T cells into inflamed, nonlymphoid tissues is primarily restricted to TCM cells that have the capacity to synthesize core 2 O-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossef F Osborn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jana L Mooster
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Samuel J Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael W Munks
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Conrad Barry
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ann B Hill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA. .,Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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30
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Martin MD, Danahy DB, Hartwig SM, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Revealing the Complexity in CD8 T Cell Responses to Infection in Inbred C57B/6 versus Outbred Swiss Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1527. [PMID: 29213267 PMCID: PMC5702636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has suggested that current mouse models may underrepresent the complexity of human immune responses. While most mouse immunology studies utilize inbred mouse strains, it is unclear if conclusions drawn from inbred mice can be extended to all mouse strains or generalized to humans. We recently described a “surrogate activation marker” approach that could be used to track polyclonal CD8 T cell responses in inbred and outbred mice and noted substantial discord in the magnitude and kinetics of CD8 T cell responses in individual outbred mice following infection. However, how the memory CD8 T cell response develops following infection and the correlates of memory CD8 T cell-mediated protection against re-infection in outbred mice remains unknown. In this study, we investigated development of pathogen-specific memory CD8 T cell responses in inbred C57B/6 and outbred National Institutes of Health Swiss mice following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or L. monocytogenes infection. Interestingly, the size of the memory CD8 T cell pool generated and rate of phenotypic progression was considerably more variable in individual outbred compared to inbred mice. Importantly, while prior infection provided both inbred and outbred cohorts of mice with protection against re-infection that was dependent on the dose of primary infection, levels of memory CD8 T cells generated and degree of protection against re-infection did not correlate with primary infection dose in all outbred mice. While variation in CD8 T cell responses to infection is not entirely surprising due to the genetic diversity present, analysis of infection-induced immunity in outbred hosts may reveal hidden complexity in CD8 T cell responses in genetically diverse populations and might help us further bridge the gap between mouse and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Derek B Danahy
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Stacey M Hartwig
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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31
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Martin MD, Shan Q, Xue HH, Badovinac VP. Time and Antigen-Stimulation History Influence Memory CD8 T Cell Bystander Responses. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28642758 PMCID: PMC5462920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells can be activated and induced to produce cytokines and increase stores of cytolytic proteins not only in response to cognate antigen (Ag) but also in response to inflammatory cytokines (bystander responses). Importantly, bystander memory CD8 T cell functions have been shown to be dependent upon memory CD8 T cell fitness, since exhausted CD8 T cells have diminished capacity to respond to inflammatory cues. While it is known that memory CD8 T cell functional abilities, including ability to produce cytokines in response to cognate Ag, change with time after initial Ag encounter and upon multiple Ag stimulations (e.g., primary vs. tertiary CD8 T cell responses), it is unknown if bystander memory CD8 T cell responses are influenced by time or by Ag-exposure history. Here, we examined time and Ag-stimulation history-dependent alterations in virus-specific memory CD8 T cell bystander functions in response to inflammatory cytokines and unrelated bacterial infection. We found that expression of cytokine receptors and ability to produce IFN-γ following heterologous infection or incubation with inflammatory cytokines decreases with time following initial Ag encounter and increases with additional Ag encounters, suggesting that the ability to sense inflammation and respond with bystander cytokine production is dependent on age and Ag-stimulation history of memory CD8 T cells. These data shed further light on the regulation of memory CD8 T cell effector functions and have important implications for the development of vaccines designed to elicit protective memory CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Qiang Shan
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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32
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Chu HH, Chan SW, Gosling JP, Blanchard N, Tsitsiklis A, Lythe G, Shastri N, Molina-París C, Robey EA. Continuous Effector CD8(+) T Cell Production in a Controlled Persistent Infection Is Sustained by a Proliferative Intermediate Population. Immunity 2016; 45:159-71. [PMID: 27421704 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Highly functional CD8(+) effector T (Teff) cells can persist in large numbers during controlled persistent infections, as exemplified by rare HIV-infected individuals who control the virus. Here we examined the cellular mechanisms that maintain ongoing T effector responses using a mouse model for persistent Toxoplasma gondii infection. In mice expressing the protective MHC-I molecule, H-2L(d), a dominant T effector response against a single parasite antigen was maintained without a contraction phase, correlating with ongoing presentation of the dominant antigen. Large numbers of short-lived Teff cells were continuously produced via a proliferative, antigen-dependent intermediate (Tint) population with a memory-effector hybrid phenotype. During an acute, resolved infection, decreasing antigen load correlated with a sharp drop in the Tint cell population and subsequent loss of the ongoing effector response. Vaccination approaches aimed at the development of Tint populations might prove effective against pathogens that lead to chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hamlet Chu
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Shiao-Wei Chan
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John Paul Gosling
- Departments of Statistics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Center of Pathophysiology of Toulouse-Purpan, INSERM UMR1043-CNRS UMR5282, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Alexandra Tsitsiklis
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Grant Lythe
- Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nilabh Shastri
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carmen Molina-París
- Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ellen A Robey
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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33
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Schenkel JM, Fraser KA, Casey KA, Beura LK, Pauken KE, Vezys V, Masopust D. IL-15-Independent Maintenance of Tissue-Resident and Boosted Effector Memory CD8 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3920-6. [PMID: 27001957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IL-15 regulates central and effector memory CD8 T cell (TCM and TEM, respectively) homeostatic proliferation, maintenance, and longevity. Consequently, IL-15 availability hypothetically defines the carrying capacity for total memory CD8 T cells within the host. In conflict with this hypothesis, previous observations demonstrated that boosting generates preternaturally abundant TEM that increases the total quantity of memory CD8 T cells in mice. In this article, we provide a potential mechanistic explanation by reporting that boosted circulating TEM do not require IL-15 for maintenance. We also investigated tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM), which protect nonlymphoid tissues from reinfection. We observed up to a 50-fold increase in the total magnitude of TRM in mouse mucosal tissues after boosting, suggesting that the memory T cell capacity in tissues is flexible and that TRM may not be under the same homeostatic regulation as primary central memory CD8 T cells and TEM Further analysis identified distinct TRM populations that depended on IL-15 for homeostatic proliferation and survival, depended on IL-15 for homeostatic proliferation but not for survival, or did not depend on IL-15 for either process. These observations on the numerical regulation of T cell memory indicate that there may be significant heterogeneity among distinct TRM populations and also argue against the common perception that developing vaccines that confer protection by establishing abundant TEM and TRM will necessarily erode immunity to previously encountered pathogens as the result of competition for IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kathryn A Fraser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kerry A Casey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kristen E Pauken
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455;
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Ziraldo C, Gong C, Kirschner DE, Linderman JJ. Strategic Priming with Multiple Antigens can Yield Memory Cell Phenotypes Optimized for Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Computational Study. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1477. [PMID: 26779136 PMCID: PMC4701940 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of an effective vaccine results in 9 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) every year and 1.8 million deaths worldwide. Although many infants are vaccinated at birth with BCG (an attenuated M. bovis), this does not prevent infection or development of TB after childhood. Immune responses necessary for prevention of infection or disease are still unknown, making development of effective vaccines against TB challenging. Several new vaccines are ready for human clinical trials, but these trials are difficult and expensive; especially challenging is determining the appropriate cellular response necessary for protection. The magnitude of an immune response is likely key to generating a successful vaccine. Characteristics such as numbers of central memory (CM) and effector memory (EM) T cells responsive to a diverse set of epitopes are also correlated with protection. Promising vaccines against TB contain mycobacterial subunit antigens (Ag) present during both active and latent infection. We hypothesize that protection against different key immunodominant antigens could require a vaccine that produces different levels of EM and CM for each Ag-specific memory population. We created a computational model to explore EM and CM values, and their ratio, within what we term Memory Design Space. Our model captures events involved in T cell priming within lymph nodes and tracks their circulation through blood to peripheral tissues. We used the model to test whether multiple Ag-specific memory cell populations could be generated with distinct locations within Memory Design Space at a specific time point post vaccination. Boosting can further shift memory populations to memory cell ratios unreachable by initial priming events. By strategically varying antigen load, properties of cellular interactions within the LN, and delivery parameters (e.g., number of boosts) of multi-subunit vaccines, we can generate multiple Ag-specific memory populations that cover a wide range of Memory Design Space. Given a set of desired characteristics for Ag-specific memory populations, we can use our model as a tool to predict vaccine formulations that will generate those populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Ziraldo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann ArborMI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann ArborMI, USA
| | - Chang Gong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann ArborMI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann ArborMI, USA
| | - Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA
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Martin MD, Badovinac VP. Antigen-dependent and -independent contributions to primary memory CD8 T cell activation and protection following infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18022. [PMID: 26658291 PMCID: PMC4675085 DOI: 10.1038/srep18022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8 T-cell activation, including expression of IFN-γ and granzymeB, can be induced by antigen (Ag)-dependent signals through the T-cell-receptor, or by pathogen-derived inflammatory cytokines in an Ag-independent manner. Recent studies have come to conflicting results regarding the contributions of Ag and/or inflammation to memory CD8 T-cell activation. Additionally, research has indicated that inflammation-driven CD8 T-cell responses during un-related infections (bystander activation) have the potential to provide protection, but whether protection occurs in immuno-competent hosts is unclear. To investigate these questions, we examined activation of virus-specific memory CD8 T-cells following infection with L. monocytogenes either expressing or not cognate Ag. We show that Ag and inflammation act synergistically in vitro to induce memory activation. In vivo, we found that when memory CD8 T-cells significantly contribute to clearance of infection, early activation and continued responses by these cells are enhanced by cognate Ag recognition. Mechanistically, we show that bystander responses by memory are dependent upon the dose of infection and the amount of inflammation elicited following infection and are able to provide protection in IFN-γ deficient mice, but not in immuno-competent hosts. The data elucidate the requirements for memory CD8 T-cell activation and the protective role of bystander responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Dominguez CX, Amezquita RA, Guan T, Marshall HD, Joshi NS, Kleinstein SH, Kaech SM. The transcription factors ZEB2 and T-bet cooperate to program cytotoxic T cell terminal differentiation in response to LCMV viral infection. J Exp Med 2015; 212:2041-56. [PMID: 26503446 PMCID: PMC4647261 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor T-bet is critical for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) differentiation, but it is unclear how it operates in a graded manner in the formation of both terminal effector and memory precursor cells during viral infection. We find that, at high concentrations, T-bet induced expression of Zeb2 mRNA, which then triggered CTLs to adopt terminally differentiated states. ZEB2 and T-bet cooperate to switch on a terminal CTL differentiation program, while simultaneously repressing genes necessary for central memory CTL development. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing showed that a large proportion of these genes were bound by T-bet, and this binding was altered by ZEB2 deficiency. Furthermore, T-bet overexpression could not fully bypass ZEB2 function. Thus, the coordinated actions of T-bet and ZEB2 outline a novel genetic pathway that forces commitment of CTLs to terminal differentiation, thereby restricting their memory cell potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia X Dominguez
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Robert A Amezquita
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Tianxia Guan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Heather D Marshall
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Nikhil S Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
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Individuals with inherited chromosomally integrated human herpes virus 6 (ciHHV-6) have functionally active HHV-6 specific T-cell immunity. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 22:209.e5-209.e8. [PMID: 26482270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) -specific immune response in individuals with chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (ciHHV-6), we measured HHV-6-antigen-specific cytokine responses (interferon-γ, interleukin-2, tumour necrosis factor-α) in T cells by flow cytometry in 12 and 16 individuals with and without ciHHV-6, respectively. All individuals with ciHHV-6 showed HHV-6-specific T cells with higher frequencies of HHV-6-specific CD8(+) cells (0.03-14.93, median 2.15% of CD8(+) cells) compared with non-ciHHV-6 (0.0-10.67, median 0.36%, p 0.026). The observed increased HHV-6-specific functionally active responses in individuals with ciHHV-6 clearly disprove speculations on immune tolerance in ciHHV-6 and indicate clinical and immunological implications of ciHHV-6.
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Martin MD, Kim MT, Shan Q, Sompallae R, Xue HH, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Phenotypic and Functional Alterations in Circulating Memory CD8 T Cells with Time after Primary Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005219. [PMID: 26485703 PMCID: PMC4618693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells confer increased protection to immune hosts upon secondary viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. The level of protection provided depends on the numbers, quality (functional ability), and location of memory CD8 T cells present at the time of infection. While primary memory CD8 T cells can be maintained for the life of the host, the full extent of phenotypic and functional changes that occur over time after initial antigen encounter remains poorly characterized. Here we show that critical properties of circulating primary memory CD8 T cells, including location, phenotype, cytokine production, maintenance, secondary proliferation, secondary memory generation potential, and mitochondrial function change with time after infection. Interestingly, phenotypic and functional alterations in the memory population are not due solely to shifts in the ratio of effector (CD62Llo) and central memory (CD62Lhi) cells, but also occur within defined CD62Lhi memory CD8 T cell subsets. CD62Lhi memory cells retain the ability to efficiently produce cytokines with time after infection. However, while it is was not formally tested whether changes in CD62Lhi memory CD8 T cells over time occur in a cell intrinsic manner or are due to selective death and/or survival, the gene expression profiles of CD62Lhi memory CD8 T cells change, phenotypic heterogeneity decreases, and mitochondrial function and proliferative capacity in either a lymphopenic environment or in response to antigen re-encounter increase with time. Importantly, and in accordance with their enhanced proliferative and metabolic capabilities, protection provided against chronic LCMV clone-13 infection increases over time for both circulating memory CD8 T cell populations and for CD62Lhi memory cells. Taken together, the data in this study reveal that memory CD8 T cells continue to change with time after infection and suggest that the outcome of vaccination strategies designed to elicit protective memory CD8 T cells using single or prime-boost immunizations depends upon the timing between antigen encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Martin
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Marie T. Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Qiang Shan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ramakrishna Sompallae
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Bioinformatics Division, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John T. Harty
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Khan SH, Martin MD, Starbeck-Miller GR, Xue HH, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. The Timing of Stimulation and IL-2 Signaling Regulate Secondary CD8 T Cell Responses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005199. [PMID: 26431533 PMCID: PMC4592272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells provide protection to immune hosts by eliminating pathogen-infected cells during re-infection. While parameters influencing the generation of primary (1°) CD8 T cells are well established, the factors controlling the development of secondary (2°) CD8 T cell responses remain largely unknown. Here, we address the mechanisms involved in the generation and development of 2° memory (M) CD8 T cells. We observed that the time at which 1° M CD8 T cells enter into immune response impacts their fate and differentiation into 2° M CD8 T cells. Late-entry of 1° M CD8 T cells into an immune response (relative to the onset of infection) not only facilitated the expression of transcription factors associated with memory formation in 2° effector CD8 T cells, but also influenced the ability of 2° M CD8 T cells to localize within the lymph nodes, produce IL-2, and undergo Ag-driven proliferation. The timing of stimulation of 1° M CD8 T cells also impacted the duration of expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor (CD25) on 2° effector CD8 T cells and their sensitivity to IL-2 signaling. Importantly, by blocking or enhancing IL-2 signaling in developing 2° CD8 T cells, we provide direct evidence for the role of IL-2 in controlling the differentiation of Ag-driven 2° CD8 T cell responses. Thus, our data suggest that the process of 1° M to 2° M CD8 T cell differentiation is not fixed and can be manipulated, a notion with relevance for the design of future prime-boost vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniya H. Khan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Martin
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gabriel R. Starbeck-Miller
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John T. Harty
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Listeria monocytogenes: a model pathogen to study antigen-specific memory CD8 T cell responses. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:301-10. [PMID: 25860798 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells play a critical role in providing protection to immune hosts by orchestrating rapid elimination of pathogen-infected cells after re-infection. Systemic bacterial infection with Listeria monocytogenes has been a favored approach for researchers to characterize pathogen-specific CD8 T cell responses, and in-depth understanding of L. monocytogenes biology has provided invaluable experimental tools that have been used to increase our understanding of memory CD8 T cell differentiation. Here, we describe how the tools from this murine model system of infection have been utilized to characterize pathogen-specific CD8 T cells in inbred and genetically diverse outbred hosts as they undergo naïve-to-memory CD8 T cell differentiation in vivo. We also discuss how studying L. monocytogenes-evoked CD8 T cell responses have provided insight on the degree of diminished T cell immunity in clinically relevant conditions such as sepsis and obesity. Overall, this review will highlight how infection with the intracellular pathogen L. monocytogenes has enabled analysis of systemic CD8 T cell responses and greatly contributed to what is known about memory CD8 T cell generation and differentiation.
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41
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Martin MD, Badovinac VP. Influence of time and number of antigen encounters on memory CD8 T cell development. Immunol Res 2015; 59:35-44. [PMID: 24825776 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cells are an important part of the adaptive immune system providing protection against intracellular bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. After infection and/or vaccination, increased numbers of antigen-specific CD8 T cells remain as a memory population that is capable of responding and providing enhanced protection during reinfection. Experimental studies indicate that while memory CD8 T cells can be maintained for great lengths of time, their properties change with time after infection and/or vaccination. However, the full scope of these changes and what effects they have on memory CD8 T cell function remain unknown. In addition, memory CD8 T cells can encounter antigen multiple times through either reinfection or prime-boost vaccine strategies designed to increase numbers of protective memory CD8 T cells. Importantly, recent studies suggest that memory CD8 T cell development following infection and/or vaccination is influenced by the number of times they have encountered cognate antigen. Since protection offered by memory CD8 T cells in response to infection depends on both the numbers and quality (functional characteristics) at the time of pathogen re-encounter, a thorough understanding of how time and antigen stimulation history impacts memory CD8 T cell properties is critical for the design of vaccines aimed at establishing populations of long-lived, protective memory CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, 1160 Med Labs, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Quinn M, Turula H, Tandon M, Deslouches B, Moghbeli T, Snyder CM. Memory T cells specific for murine cytomegalovirus re-emerge after multiple challenges and recapitulate immunity in various adoptive transfer scenarios. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1726-1736. [PMID: 25595792 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reconstitution of CMV-specific immunity after transplant remains a primary clinical objective to prevent CMV disease, and adoptive immunotherapy of CMV-specific T cells can be an effective therapeutic approach. Because of viral persistence, most CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells become terminally differentiated effector phenotype CD8(+) T cells (TEFF). A minor subset retains a memory-like phenotype (memory phenotype CD8(+) T cells [TM]), but it is unknown whether these cells retain memory function or persist over time. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells with different phenotypes have different abilities to reconstitute sustained immunity after transfer. The immunology of human CMV infections is reflected in the murine CMV (MCMV) model. We found that human CMV- and MCMV-specific T cells displayed shared genetic programs, validating the MCMV model for studies of CMV-specific T cells in vivo. The MCMV-specific TM population was stable over time and retained a proliferative capacity that was vastly superior to TEFF. Strikingly, after transfer, TM established sustained and diverse T cell populations even after multiple challenges. Although both TEFF and TM could protect Rag(-/-) mice, only TM persisted after transfer into immune replete, latently infected recipients and responded if recipient immunity was lost. Interestingly, transferred TM did not expand until recipient immunity was lost, supporting that competition limits the Ag stimulation of TM. Ultimately, these data show that CMV-specific TM retain memory function during MCMV infection and can re-establish CMV immunity when necessary. Thus, TM may be a critical component for consistent, long-term adoptive immunotherapy success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Quinn
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Holly Turula
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mayank Tandon
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Berthony Deslouches
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Toktam Moghbeli
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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Molecular mechanisms of CD8(+) T cell trafficking and localization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2461-73. [PMID: 25577280 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells are potent mediators of host protection against disease due to their ability to directly kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens and produce inflammatory cytokines at the site of infection. To fully achieve this objective, naïve CD8(+) T cells must be able to survey the entire body for the presence of foreign or "non-self" antigen that is delivered to draining lymph nodes following infection or tissue injury. Once activated, CD8(+) T cells undergo many rounds of cell division, acquire effector functions, and are no longer restricted to the circulation and lymphoid compartments like their naïve counterparts, but rather are drawn to inflamed tissues to combat infection. As CD8(+) T cells transition from naïve to effector to memory populations, this is accompanied by dynamic changes in the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors that ultimately dictate their localization in vivo. Thus, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating CD8(+) T cell trafficking and localization is critical for vaccine design, control of infectious diseases, treatment of autoimmune disorders, and cancer immunotherapy.
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Kobayashi T, Doff BL, Rearden RC, Leggatt GR, Mattarollo SR. NKT cell-targeted vaccination plus anti-4-1BB antibody generates persistent CD8 T cell immunity against B cell lymphoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e990793. [PMID: 25949907 PMCID: PMC4404843 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.990793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the immune adjuvant properties of natural killer T (NKT) cells is an effective strategy to generate anticancer immunity. The objective of this study was to increase the potency and durability of vaccine-induced immunity against B cell lymphoma by combining α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-loaded tumor cell vaccination with an agonistic antibody targeting the immune checkpoint molecule 4–1BB (CD137). We observed potent synergy when combining vaccination and anti-4–1BB antibody treatment resulting in significantly enhanced survival of mice harboring Eμ-myc tumors, including complete eradication of lymphoma in over 50% of mice. Tumor-free survival required interferon γ (IFNγ)-dependent expansion of CD8+ T cells and was associated with 4–1BB-mediated differentiation of KLRG1+ effector CD8+ T cells. 'Cured' mice were also resistant to lymphoma re-challenge 80 days later indicating successful generation of immunological memory. Overall, our results demonstrate that therapeutic anticancer vaccination against B cell lymphoma using an NKT cell ligand can be boosted by subsequent co-stimulation through 4–1BB leading to a sustainable immune response that may enhance outcomes to conventional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kobayashi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
| | - Brianna L Doff
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
| | - Rory C Rearden
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham R Leggatt
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen R Mattarollo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
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Khan SH, Hemann EA, Legge KL, Norian LA, Badovinac VP. Diet-induced obesity does not impact the generation and maintenance of primary memory CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5873-82. [PMID: 25378592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which obesity compromises the differentiation and maintenance of protective memory CD8 T cell responses and renders obese individuals susceptible to infection remains unknown. In this study, we show that diet-induced obesity did not impact the maintenance of pre-existing memory CD8 T cells, including acquisition of a long-term memory phenotype (i.e., CD27(hi), CD62L(hi), KLRG1(lo)) and function (i.e., cytokine production, secondary expansion, and memory CD8 T cell-mediated protection). Additionally, obesity did not influence the differentiation and maintenance of newly evoked memory CD8 T cell responses in inbred and outbred hosts generated in response to different types of systemic (LCMV, L. monocytogenes) and/or localized (influenza virus) infections. Interestingly, the rate of naive-to-memory CD8 T cell differentiation after a peptide-coated dendritic cell immunization was similar in lean and obese hosts, suggesting that obesity-associated inflammation, unlike pathogen- or adjuvant-induced inflammation, did not influence the development of endogenous memory CD8 T cell responses. Therefore, our studies reveal that the obese environment does not influence the development or maintenance of memory CD8 T cell responses that are either primed before or after obesity is established, a surprising notion with important implications for future studies aiming to elucidate the role obesity plays in host susceptibility to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniya H Khan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Emily A Hemann
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - Lyse A Norian
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
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Kinetic and phenotypic analysis of CD8+ T cell responses after priming with alphavirus replicons and homologous or heterologous booster immunizations. J Virol 2014; 88:12438-51. [PMID: 25122792 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02223-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alphavirus replicons are potent inducers of CD8(+) T cell responses and thus constitute an attractive vaccine vector platform for developing novel vaccines. However, the kinetics and memory phenotype of CD8(+) T cell responses induced by alphavirus replicons are not well characterized. Furthermore, little is known how priming with alphavirus replicons affects booster immune responses induced by other vaccine modalities. We demonstrate here that a single immunization with an alphavirus replicon, administered as viral particles or naked DNA, induced an antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell response that had a sharp peak, followed by a rapid contraction. Administering a homologous boost before contraction had occurred did not further increase the response. In contrast, boosting after contraction when CD8(+) T cells had obtained a memory phenotype (based on CD127/CD62L expression), resulted in maintenance of CD8(+) T cells with a high recall capacity (based on CD27/CD43 expression). Increasing the dose of replicon particles promoted T effector memory (Tem) and inhibited T central memory development. Moreover, infection with a replicating alphavirus induced a similar distribution of CD8(+) T cells as the replicon vector. Lastly, the distribution of T cell subpopulations induced by a DNA-launched alphavirus replicon could be altered by heterologous boosts. For instance, boosting with a poxvirus vector (MVA) favored expansion of the Tem compartment. In summary, we have characterized the antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell response induced by alphavirus replicon vectors and demonstrated how it can be altered by homologous and heterologous boost immunizations. IMPORTANCE Alphavirus replicons are promising vaccine candidates against a number of diseases and are by themselves developed as vaccines against, for example, Chikungunya virus infection. Replicons are also considered to be used for priming, followed by booster immunization using different vaccine modalities. In order to rationally design prime-boost immunization schedules with these vectors, characterization of the magnitude and phenotype of CD8(+) T cell responses induced by alphavirus replicons is needed. Here, we demonstrate how factors such as timing and dose affect the phenotypes of memory T cell populations induced by immunization with alphavirus replicons. These findings are important for designing future clinical trials with alphaviruses, since they can be used to tailor vaccination regimens in order to induce a CD8(+) T cell response that is optimal for control and/or clearance of a specific pathogen.
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Abstract
The adaptive immune system provides critical defense against pathogenic bacteria. Commensal bacteria have begun to receive much attention in recent years, especially in the gut where there is growing evidence of complex interactions with the adaptive immune system. In the present study, we observed that commensal skin bacteria are recognized by major populations of T cells in skin-draining lymph nodes of mice. Recombination activating gene 1 (Rag1)(-/-) mice, which lack adaptive immune cells, contained living skin-derived bacteria and bacterial sequences, especially mycobacteria, in their skin-draining lymph nodes. T cells from skin-draining lymph nodes of normal mice were shown, in vitro, to specifically recognize bacteria of several species that were grown from Rag1(-/-) lymph nodes. T cells from skin-draining lymph nodes, transferred into Rag1(-/-) mice proliferated in skin-draining lymph nodes, expressed a restricted T-cell receptor spectrotype and produced cytokines. Transfer of T cells into Rag1(-/-) mice had the effect of reducing bacterial sequences in skin-draining lymph nodes and in skin itself. Antibacterial effects of transferred T cells were dependent on IFNγ and IL-17A. These studies suggest a previously unrecognized role for T cells in controlling skin commensal bacteria and provide a mechanism to account for cutaneous infections and mycobacterial infections in T-cell-deficient patients.
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48
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Kim C, Jay DC, Williams MA. Dynamic functional modulation of CD4+ T cell recall responses is dependent on the inflammatory environment of the secondary stimulus. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004137. [PMID: 24854337 PMCID: PMC4031222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The parameters that modulate the functional capacity of secondary Th1 effector cells are poorly understood. In this study, we employ a serial adoptive transfer model system to show that the functional differentiation and secondary memory potential of secondary CD4+ effector T cells are dependent on the inflammatory environment of the secondary challenge. Adoptive transfer of TCR transgenic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Glycoprotein-specific SMARTA memory cells into LCMV-immune hosts, followed by secondary challenge with Listeria monocytogenes recombinantly expressing a portion of the LCMV Glycoprotein (Lm-gp61), resulted in the rapid emergence of SMARTA secondary effector cells with heightened functional avidity (as measured by their ability to make IFNγ in response to ex vivo restimulation with decreasing concentrations of peptide), limited contraction after pathogen clearance and stable maintenance secondary memory T cell populations. In contrast, transfer of SMARTA memory cells into naïve hosts prior to secondary Lm-gp61 challenge, which resulted in a more extended infectious period, resulted in poor functional avidity, increased death during the contraction phase and poor maintenance of secondary memory T cell populations. The modulation of functional avidity during the secondary Th1 response was independent of differences in antigen load or persistence. Instead, the inflammatory environment strongly influenced the function of the secondary Th1 response, as inhibition of IL-12 or IFN-I activity respectively reduced or increased the functional avidity of secondary SMARTA effector cells following rechallenge in a naïve secondary hosts. Our findings demonstrate that secondary effector T cells exhibit inflammation-dependent differences in functional avidity and memory potential, and have direct bearing on the design of strategies aimed at boosting memory T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulwoo Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - David C. Jay
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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49
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Rai D, Martin MD, Badovinac VP. The longevity of memory CD8 T cell responses after repetitive antigen stimulations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5652-9. [PMID: 24829415 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In experimental models in which the Ag-stimulation history of memory CD8 T cell populations was clearly defined (adoptive transfer of a known number of TCR-transgenic memory CD8 T cells), all facets of the ensuing CD8 T cell responses, including proliferative expansion, duration and extent of contraction, diversification of memory CD8 T cell transcriptomes, and life-long survival, were dependent on the number of prior Ag encounters. However, the extent to which sequential adoptive-transfer models reflect the physiological scenario in which memory CD8 T cells are generated by repetitive Ag challenges of individual hosts (no adoptive transfer involved) is not known. Direct comparison of endogenous memory CD8 T cell responses generated in repetitively infected hosts revealed that recurrent homologous boosting was required to preserve the numbers and increase the phenotypic and functional complexity of the developing memory CD8 T cell pool. Although life-long survival of the memory CD8 T cells was not impacted, phenotype (i.e., upregulation of CD62L) and function (i.e., homeostatic turnover, Ag-stimulated IL-2 production) of repeatedly stimulated memory CD8 T cells were dependent on time after last Ag encounter. Therefore, repetitive Ag challenges of individual hosts can substantially influence the numerical and functional attributes of polyclonal memory CD8 T cells, a notion with important implications for the design of future vaccination strategies aimed at increasing the number of protective memory CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Rai
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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50
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Khan AA, Srivastava R, Lopes PP, Wang C, Pham TT, Cochrane J, Thai NTU, Gutierrez L, Benmohamed L. Asymptomatic memory CD8+ T cells: from development and regulation to consideration for human vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:945-63. [PMID: 24499824 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation and maintenance of high quantity and quality memory CD8(+) T cells determine the level of protection from viral, bacterial, and parasitic re-infections, and hence constitutes a primary goal for T cell epitope-based human vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Phenotypically and functionally characterizing memory CD8(+) T cells that provide protection against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infections, which cause blinding ocular herpes, genital herpes, and oro-facial herpes, is critical for better vaccine design. We have recently categorized 2 new major sub-populations of memory symptomatic and asymptomatic CD8(+) T cells based on their phenotype, protective vs. pathogenic function, and anatomical locations. In this report we are discussing a new direction in developing T cell-based human herpes vaccines and immunotherapeutics based on the emerging new concept of "symptomatic and asymptomatic memory CD8(+) T cells."
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Azam Khan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Patricia Prado Lopes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Christine Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Thanh T Pham
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Justin Cochrane
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Nhi Thi Uyen Thai
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Lucas Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Lbachir Benmohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA; Institute for Immunology; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
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