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Franks ML, An JH, Leavenworth JW. The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Oncolytic Virotherapy: Friends or Foes? Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:721. [PMID: 39066359 PMCID: PMC11281503 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) has emerged as a promising cancer immunotherapy, and is capable of potentiating other immunotherapies due to its capacity to increase tumor immunogenicity and to boost host antitumor immunity. Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical cellular component for mediating the antitumor response, but hold a mixed reputation for their role in mediating the therapeutic efficacy of OVT. This review will discuss the pros and cons of how NK cells impact OVT, and how to harness this knowledge for the development of effective strategies that could modulate NK cells to improve OVT-based therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Franks
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (M.L.F.)
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (M.L.F.)
| | - Jianmei W. Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (M.L.F.)
- The O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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2
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Hu S, Meng K, Wang T, Qu R, Wang B, Xi Y, Yu T, Yuan Z, Cai Z, Tian Y, Zeng C, Wang X, Zou W, Fu X, Li L. Lung cancer cell-intrinsic IL-15 promotes cell migration and sensitizes murine lung tumors to anti-PD-L1 therapy. Biomark Res 2024; 12:40. [PMID: 38637902 PMCID: PMC11027539 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00586-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-15 plays a vital role in enhancing NK cell- and T-cell-mediated antitumor immune responses; however, the direct effect of IL-15 on tumor cells has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we investigated the effect of IL-15 on lung adenocarcinoma cells. METHODS Silencing and overexpression techniques were used to modify endogenous IL-15 expression in tumor cells. Transwell assays were used to assess tumor cell migration and invasion; a live-cell analysis system was used to evaluate cell motility; cellular morphological changes were quantified by confocal fluorescence microscopy; the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of IL-15 on tumor cells were analyzed by western blotting; and RhoA and Cdc42 activities were evaluated by a pulldown assay. NCG and C57BL/6 mouse models were used to evaluate the functions of IL-15 in vivo. RESULTS Cancer cell-intrinsic IL-15 promoted cell motility and migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo via activation of the AKT-mTORC1 pathway; however, exogenous IL-15 inhibited cell motility and migration via suppression of the RhoA-MLC2 axis. Mechanistic analysis revealed that both the intracellular and extracellular IL-15-mediated effects required the expression of IL-15Rα by tumor cells. Detailed analyses revealed that the IL-2/IL-15Rβ and IL-2Rγ chains were undetected in the complex formed by intracellular IL-15 and IL-15Rα. However, when exogenous IL-15 engaged tumor cells, a complex containing the IL-15Rα, IL-2/IL-15Rβ, and IL-2Rγ chains was formed, indicating that the differential actions of intracellular and extracellular IL-15 on tumor cells might be caused by their distinctive modes of IL-15 receptor engagement. Using a Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) metastasis model, we showed that although IL-15 overexpression facilitated the lung metastasis of LLC cells, IL-15-overexpressing LLC tumors were more sensitive to anti-PD-L1 therapy than were IL-15-wild-type LLC tumors via an enhanced antitumor immune response, as evidenced by their increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration compared to that of their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Cancer cell-intrinsic IL-15 and exogenous IL-15 differentially regulate cell motility and migration. Thus, cancer cell-intrinsic IL-15 acts as a double-edged sword in tumor progression. Additionally, high levels of IL-15 expressed by tumor cells might improve the responsiveness of tumors to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Hu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kelin Meng
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tianlai Wang
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rirong Qu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Boyu Wang
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Xi
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Taiyan Yu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiwei Yuan
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zihao Cai
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yitao Tian
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenxi Zeng
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenbin Zou
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangning Fu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Lequn Li
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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3
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Lee H, Park SH, Shin EC. IL-15 in T-Cell Responses and Immunopathogenesis. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e11. [PMID: 38455459 PMCID: PMC10917573 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
IL-15 belongs to the common gamma chain cytokine family and has pleiotropic immunological functions. IL-15 is a homeostatic cytokine essential for the development and maintenance of NK cells and memory CD8+ T cells. In addition, IL-15 plays a critical role in the activation, effector functions, tissue residency, and senescence of CD8+ T cells. IL-15 also activates virtual memory T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and γδ T cells. Recently, IL-15 has been highlighted as a major trigger of TCR-independent activation of T cells. This mechanism is involved in T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis in diverse diseases, including viral infections and chronic inflammatory diseases. Deeper understanding of IL-15-mediated T-cell responses and their underlying mechanisms could optimize therapeutic strategies to ameliorate host injury by T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis. This review highlights recent advancements in comprehending the role of IL-15 in relation to T cell responses and immunopathogenesis under various host conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung Lee
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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M. S. Barron A, Fabre T, De S. Distinct fibroblast functions associated with fibrotic and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and their implications for therapeutic development. F1000Res 2024; 13:54. [PMID: 38681509 PMCID: PMC11053351 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.143472.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are ubiquitous cells that can adopt many functional states. As tissue-resident sentinels, they respond to acute damage signals and shape the earliest events in fibrotic and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Upon sensing an insult, fibroblasts produce chemokines and growth factors to organize and support the response. Depending on the size and composition of the resulting infiltrate, these activated fibroblasts may also begin to contract or relax thus changing local stiffness within the tissue. These early events likely contribute to the divergent clinical manifestations of fibrotic and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Further, distinct changes to the cellular composition and signaling dialogue in these diseases drive progressive fibroblasts specialization. In fibrotic diseases, fibroblasts support the survival, activation and differentiation of myeloid cells, granulocytes and innate lymphocytes, and produce most of the pathogenic extracellular matrix proteins. Whereas, in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, sequential accumulation of dendritic cells, T cells and B cells programs fibroblasts to support local, destructive adaptive immune responses. Fibroblast specialization has clear implications for the development of effective induction and maintenance therapies for patients with these clinically distinct diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. S. Barron
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Fabre
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Saurav De
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
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5
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Régnier P, Vetillard M, Bansard A, Pierre E, Li X, Cagnard N, Gautier EL, Guermonprez P, Manoury B, Podsypanina K, Darrasse-Jèze G. FLT3L-dependent dendritic cells control tumor immunity by modulating Treg and NK cell homeostasis. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101256. [PMID: 38118422 PMCID: PMC10772324 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
FLT3-L-dependent classical dendritic cells (cDCs) recruit anti-tumor and tumor-protecting lymphocytes. We evaluate cancer growth in mice with low, normal, or high levels of cDCs. Paradoxically, both low or high numbers of cDCs improve survival in mice with melanoma. In low cDC context, tumors are restrained by the adaptive immune system through influx of effector T cells and depletion of Tregs and NK cells. High cDC numbers favor the innate anti-tumor response, with massive recruitment of activated NK cells, despite high Treg infiltration. Anti CTLA-4 but not anti PD-1 therapy synergizes with FLT3-L therapy in the cDCHi but not in the cDCLo context. A combination of cDC boost and Treg depletion dramatically improves survival of tumor-bearing mice. Transcriptomic data confirm the paradoxical effect of cDC levels on survival in several human tumor types. cDCHi-TregLo state in such patients predicts best survival. Modulating cDC numbers via FLT3 signaling may have therapeutic potential in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Régnier
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR-8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, DMU3ID, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Vetillard
- Université de Paris Cité, Centre for Inflammation Research, INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France; Dendritic Cells and Adaptive Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Adèle Bansard
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR-8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | | | - Xinyue Li
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel L Gautier
- Inserm, UMR_S1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Guermonprez
- Université de Paris Cité, Centre for Inflammation Research, INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France; Dendritic Cells and Adaptive Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Manoury
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR-8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Katrina Podsypanina
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR-8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UMR3664, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Darrasse-Jèze
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR-8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.
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6
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Jiang H, Jiang J. Balancing act: the complex role of NK cells in immune regulation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275028. [PMID: 38022497 PMCID: PMC10652757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, as fundamental components of innate immunity, can quickly react to abnormalities within the body. In-depth research has revealed that NK cells possess regulatory functions not only in innate immunity but also in adaptive immunity under various conditions. Multiple aspects of the adaptive immune process are regulated through NK cells. In our review, we have integrated multiple studies to illuminate the regulatory function of NK cells in regulating B cell and T cell responses during adaptive immune processes, focusing on aspects including viral infections and the tumor microenvironment (TME). These insights provide us with many new understandings on how NK cells regulate different phases of the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute for Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute for Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Abe S, Asahi T, Hara T, Cui G, Shimba A, Tani-Ichi S, Yamada K, Miyazaki K, Miyachi H, Kitano S, Nakamura N, Kikuta J, Vandenbon A, Miyazaki M, Yamada R, Ohteki T, Ishii M, Sexl V, Nagasawa T, Ikuta K. Hematopoietic cell-derived IL-15 supports NK cell development in scattered and clustered localization within the bone marrow. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113127. [PMID: 37729919 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells critical for protective immune responses against infection and cancer. Although NK cells differentiate in the bone marrow (BM) in an interleukin-15 (IL-15)-dependent manner, the cellular source of IL-15 remains elusive. Using NK cell reporter mice, we show that NK cells are localized in the BM in scattered and clustered manners. NK cell clusters overlap with monocyte and dendritic cell accumulations, whereas scattered NK cells require CXCR4 signaling. Using cell-specific IL-15-deficient mice, we show that hematopoietic cells, but not stromal cells, support NK cell development in the BM through IL-15. In particular, IL-15 produced by monocytes and dendritic cells appears to contribute to NK cell development. These results demonstrate that hematopoietic cells are the IL-15 niche for NK cell development in the BM and that BM NK cells are present in scattered and clustered compartments by different mechanisms, suggesting their distinct functions in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Abe
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takuma Asahi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hara
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Guangwei Cui
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shimba
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shizue Tani-Ichi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamada
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuko Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- Reproductive Engineering Team, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kitano
- Reproductive Engineering Team, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakamura
- Interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Junichi Kikuta
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Alexis Vandenbon
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masaki Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Statistical Genetics, Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohteki
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Uyangaa E, Choi JY, Park SO, Byeon HW, Cho HW, Kim K, Eo SK. TLR3/TRIF pathway confers protection against herpes simplex encephalitis through NK cell activation mediated by a loop of type I IFN and IL-15 from epithelial and dendritic cells. Immunology 2023; 170:83-104. [PMID: 37278103 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive (AR) and dominant (AD) deficiencies of TLR3 and TRIF are believed to be crucial genetic causes of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), which is a fatal disease causing focal or global cerebral dysfunction following infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). However, few studies have been conducted on the immunopathological networks of HSE in the context of TLR3 and TRIF defects at the cellular and molecular levels. In this work, we deciphered the crosstalk between type I IFN (IFN-I)-producing epithelial layer and IL-15-producing dendritic cells (DC) to activate NK cells for the protective role of TLR3/TRIF pathway in HSE progression after vaginal HSV-1 infection. TLR3- and TRIF-ablated mice showed enhanced susceptibility to HSE progression, along with high HSV-1 burden in vaginal tract, lymphoid tissues and CNS. The increased HSV-1 burden in TLR3- and TRIF-ablated mice did not correlate with increased infiltration of Ly-6C+ monocytes, but it was closely associated with impaired NK cell activation in vaginal tract. Furthermore, using delicate ex vivo experiments and bone marrow transplantation, TRIF deficiency in tissue-resident cells, such as epithelial cells in vaginal tract, was found to cause impaired NK cell activation by means of low IFN-I production, whereas IFN-I receptor in DC was required for NK cell activation via IL-15 production in response to IFN-I produced from epithelial layer. These results provide new information about IFN-I- and IL-15-mediated crosstalk between epithelial cells and DC at the primary infection site, which suppresses HSE progression in a TLR3- and TRIF-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ok Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Won Byeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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9
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Leśnik P, Janc J, Mierzchala-Pasierb M, Tański W, Wierciński J, Łysenko L. Interleukin-7 and interleukin-15 as prognostic biomarkers in sepsis and septic shock: Correlation with inflammatory markers and mortality. Cytokine 2023; 169:156277. [PMID: 37348189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection and a syndrome shaped by pathogen and host factors evolving over time. During sepsis, the absolute number of lymphocytes decreases. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, and NK cells are reduced. Lymphocytes are an essential element of the body's defence against pathogens. Interleukin 7 has strong anti-apoptotic properties and induces the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. IL-15 prompts the generation of mature NK cells in the bone marrow, plays an important role in the generation, cytotoxicity, and survival of CD8+ T lymphocytes, and is essential for the survival of natural killer T (NKT) and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). The study highlights the importance of monitoring IL-7 levels in patients with sepsis and septic shock, as low levels of this cytokine were associated with an increased risk of mortality. Physicians should consider using IL-7 levels as a biomarker to identify patients who are at higher risk of mortality and may require more aggressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Leśnik
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, 4th Military Clinical Hospital, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Janc
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, 4th Military Clinical Hospital, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | - Wojciech Tański
- Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Military Clinical Hospital, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jan Wierciński
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, 4th Military Clinical Hospital, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Lidia Łysenko
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
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10
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Fallone L, Walzer T, Marçais A. Signaling Pathways Leading to mTOR Activation Downstream Cytokine Receptors in Lymphocytes in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12736. [PMID: 37628917 PMCID: PMC10454121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes important in the response to intracellular pathogens and cancer. Their activity depends on the integration of a large set of intracellular and environmental cues, including antigenic signals, cytokine stimulation and nutrient availability. This integration is achieved by signaling hubs, such as the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR is a conserved protein kinase that controls cellular growth and metabolism in eukaryotic cells and, therefore, is essential for lymphocyte development and maturation. However, our current understanding of mTOR signaling comes mostly from studies performed in transformed cell lines, which constitute a poor model for comprehending metabolic pathway regulation. Therefore, it is only quite recently that the regulation of mTOR in primary cells has been assessed. Here, we review the signaling pathways leading to mTOR activation in CD8+ T and NK cells, focusing on activation by cytokines. We also discuss how this knowledge can contribute to immunotherapy development, particularly for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antoine Marçais
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team Lyacts), Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (L.F.); (T.W.)
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11
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Asahi T, Abe S, Cui G, Shimba A, Nabekura T, Miyachi H, Kitano S, Ohira K, Dijkstra JM, Miyazaki M, Shibuya A, Ohno H, Ikuta K. Liver type 1 innate lymphoid cells lacking IL-7 receptor are a native killer cell subset fostered by parenchymal niches. eLife 2023; 12:e84209. [PMID: 37352115 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 1 innate lymphoid cells (G1-ILCs), including circulating natural killer (NK) cells and tissue-resident type 1 ILCs (ILC1s), are innate immune sentinels critical for responses against infection and cancer. In contrast to relatively uniform NK cells through the body, diverse ILC1 subsets have been characterized across and within tissues in mice, but their developmental and functional heterogeneity remain unsolved. Here, using multimodal in vivo approaches including fate-mapping and targeting of the interleukin 15 (IL-15)-producing microenvironment, we demonstrate that liver parenchymal niches support the development of a cytotoxic ILC1 subset lacking IL-7 receptor (7 R- ILC1s). During ontogeny, fetal liver (FL) G1-ILCs arise perivascularly and then differentiate into 7 R- ILC1s within sinusoids. Hepatocyte-derived IL-15 supports parenchymal development of FL G1-ILCs to maintain adult pool of 7 R- ILC1s. IL-7R+ (7R+) ILC1s in the liver, candidate precursors for 7 R- ILC1s, are not essential for 7 R- ILC1 development in physiological conditions. Functionally, 7 R- ILC1s exhibit killing activity at steady state through granzyme B expression, which is underpinned by constitutive mTOR activity, unlike NK cells with exogenous stimulation-dependent cytotoxicity. Our study reveals the unique ontogeny and functions of liver-specific ILC1s, providing a detailed interpretation of ILC1 heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Asahi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Abe
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Guangwei Cui
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shimba
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Nabekura
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- Reproductive Engineering Team, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kitano
- Reproductive Engineering Team, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keizo Ohira
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Masaki Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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Trinh T, Adams WA, Calescibetta A, Tu N, Dalton R, So T, Wei M, Ward G, Kostenko E, Christiansen S, Cen L, McLemore A, Reed K, Whitting J, Gilvary D, Blanco NL, Segura CM, Nguyen J, Kandell W, Chen X, Cheng P, Wright GM, Cress WD, Liu J, Wright KL, Wei S, Eksioglu EA. CX3CR1 deficiency-induced TIL tumor restriction as a novel addition for CAR-T design in solid malignancies. iScience 2023; 26:106443. [PMID: 37070068 PMCID: PMC10105289 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the tumor microenvironment have led to development of immunotherapeutic strategies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts). However, despite success in blood malignancies, CAR-T therapies in solid tumors have been hampered by their restricted infiltration. Here, we used our understanding of early cytotoxic lymphocyte infiltration of human lymphocytes in solid tumors in vivo to investigate the receptors in normal, adjacent, and tumor tissues of primary non-small-cell lung cancer specimens. We found that CX3CL1-CX3CR1 reduction restricts cytotoxic cells from the solid-tumor bed, contributing to tumor escape. Based on this, we designed a CAR-T construct using the well-established natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) CAR-T expression together with overexpression of CX3CR1 to promote their infiltration. These CAR-Ts infiltrate tumors at higher rates than control-activated T cells or IL-15-overexpressing NKG2D CAR-Ts. This construct also had similar functionality in a liver-cancer model, demonstrating potential efficacy in other solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- ThuLe Trinh
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - William A. Adams
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alexandra Calescibetta
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nhan Tu
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert Dalton
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tina So
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Max Wei
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Grace Ward
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Cancer Biology PhD Program, University of South Florida and H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Elena Kostenko
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sean Christiansen
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ling Cen
- Bioinformatics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Amy McLemore
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kayla Reed
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Junmin Whitting
- Cancer Biology PhD Program, University of South Florida and H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Danielle Gilvary
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Neale Lopez Blanco
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Carlos Moran Segura
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Wendy Kandell
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Cancer Biology PhD Program, University of South Florida and H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xianghong Chen
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Pingyan Cheng
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gabriela M. Wright
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - W. Douglas Cress
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jinghong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Wright
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sheng Wei
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Erika A. Eksioglu
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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13
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Abeynaike SA, Huynh TR, Mehmood A, Kim T, Frank K, Gao K, Zalfa C, Gandarilla A, Shultz L, Paust S. Human Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engrafted IL-15 Transgenic NSG Mice Support Robust NK Cell Responses and Sustained HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:365. [PMID: 36851579 PMCID: PMC9960100 DOI: 10.3390/v15020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice reconstituted with human immune systems are instrumental in the investigation of HIV-1 pathogenesis and therapeutics. Natural killer (NK) cells have long been recognized as a key mediator of innate anti-HIV responses. However, established humanized mouse models do not support robust human NK cell development from engrafted human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). A major obstacle to human NK cell reconstitution is the lack of human interleukin-15 (IL-15) signaling, as murine IL-15 is a poor stimulator of the human IL-15 receptor. Here, we demonstrate that immunodeficient NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice expressing a transgene encoding human IL-15 (NSG-Tg(IL-15)) have physiological levels of human IL-15 and support long-term engraftment of human NK cells when transplanted with human umbilical-cord-blood-derived HSCs. These Hu-NSG-Tg(IL-15) mice demonstrate robust and long-term reconstitution with human immune cells, but do not develop graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), allowing for long-term studies of human NK cells. Finally, we show that these HSC engrafted mice can sustain HIV-1 infection, resulting in human NK cell responses in HIV-infected mice. We conclude that Hu-NSG-Tg(IL-15) mice are a robust novel model to study NK cell responses to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A. Abeynaike
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tridu R. Huynh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Division of Internal Medicine, Scripps Clinic/Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Abeera Mehmood
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Teha Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kayla Frank
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kefei Gao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cristina Zalfa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Angel Gandarilla
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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14
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Mortier E, Maillasson M, Quéméner A. Counteracting Interleukin-15 to Elucidate Its Modes of Action in Physiology and Pathology. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2023; 43:2-22. [PMID: 36651845 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 belongs to the common gamma-dependent cytokine family, along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21. IL-15 is crucial for the homeostasis of Natural Killer (NK) and memory CD8 T cells, and to fight against cancer progression. However, dysregulations of IL-15 expression could occur and participate in the emergence of autoimmune inflammatory diseases as well as hematological malignancies. It is therefore important to understand the different modes of action of IL-15 to decrease its harmful action in pathology without affecting its beneficial effects in the immune system. In this review, we present the different approaches used by researchers to inhibit the action of IL-15, from most broad to the most selective. Indeed, it appears that it is important to selectively target the mode of action of the cytokine rather than the cytokine itself as they are involved in numerous biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Mortier
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Agnès Quéméner
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
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15
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Lee GH, Lee JY, Jang J, Kang YJ, Choi SA, Kim HC, Park S, Kim MS, Lee W. Anti‐thymocyte globulin‐mediated immunosenescent alterations of T cells in kidney transplant patients. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1431. [PMCID: PMC9686013 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Kidney transplant (KT) is the most effective treatment for end‐stage renal disease. The immunosuppressant anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG) has been applied for induction therapy to reduce the risk of acute transplant rejection for patients at high immunological risk. Despite its putative role in replicative stress during immune reconstitution, the effects of ATG on T‐cell immunosenescent changes remain to be understood. Methods Phenotypic and functional features of senescent T cells were examined by flow cytometry in 116 healthy controls (HC) and 95 KT patients for comparative analysis according to ATG treatment and CMV reactivation. The TCR repertoire was analysed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of KT patients. Results T cells of KT patients treated with ATG (ATG+) show typical immunosenescent features, accumulation of CD28−, CD85j+ or CD57+ T cells, and imbalance of functional T‐cell subsets, compared with untreated KT patients (ATG−). Plasma IL‐15 and CMV‐IgG levels were higher in KT patients than in HCs, and the IL‐15 level positively correlated with the frequency of CD28− T cells in KT patients. ATG+ patients had a higher prevalence of CMV reactivation, which is associated with an increased frequency of CD28− T cells. As a result, ATG+ patients had expanded CMV‐specific T cells and decreased TCR diversity. However, proliferation, cytokine‐producing capacity and polyfunctionality of T cells were preserved in ATG+ patients. Conclusion Our findings suggest that ATG treatment contributes to the accumulation of senescent T cells, which may have lifelong clinical implications in KT patients. Thus, these patients require long‐term and comprehensive immune monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Hye Lee
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation (LAI), Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea,Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jee Youn Lee
- Department of SurgeryKangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jiyeon Jang
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation (LAI), Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea,Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yeon Jun Kang
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation (LAI), Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea,Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Seung Ah Choi
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation (LAI), Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea,Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Hyeon Chang Kim
- Department of Preventive MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Sungha Park
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular HospitalYonsei University Health SystemSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Kim
- Department of SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Won‐Woo Lee
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation (LAI), Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea,Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea,Cancer Research Institute, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, and Institute of Infectious DiseasesSeoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research InstituteSeoulSouth Korea
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16
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IL-15/IL-15Rα in SJS/TEN: Relevant Expression of IL15 and IL15RA in Affected Skin. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081868. [PMID: 36009415 PMCID: PMC9405300 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) is a life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction to medications characterized by keratinocyte apoptosis and skin detachment. IL-15 serum levels have been associated with severity and prognosis of SJS/TEN. We have measured IL-15 concentrations in serum and blister fluid (BF) from patients with SJS/TEN by ELISA and used quantitative RT-PCR to analyze the expression of IL15 and IL15RA (encoding for IL-15 Receptor-α chain) genes in peripheral blood and BF cells, including isolated monocytes, and in affected skin. A positive correlation was found between IL-15 serum levels and a percent of detached skin. BF concentrations were higher, but no correlation was found. Higher IL15 and IL15RA gene expression levels were found in skin-infiltrating blister fluid cells compared to peripheral mononuclear cells. Moreover, IL15RA transcripts were barely detected in healthy skin, being the highest expression levels found in samples from two SJS/TEN patients who did not survive. The cutaneous expression of IL-15Rα in SJS/TEN may provide an explanation to the tissue-specific immune cytotoxic response in this clinical entity, and the results suggest that the effects of IL-15 in SJS/TEN patients may be dependent on the expression of its private receptor IL-15Rα in affected skin.
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17
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Meghnem D, Maillasson M, Barbieux I, Morisseau S, Keita D, Jacques Y, Quéméner A, Mortier E. Selective Targeting of IL-15Rα Is Sufficient to Reduce Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886213. [PMID: 35592318 PMCID: PMC9110858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are crucial molecules for maintaining the proper functioning of the immune system. Nevertheless, a dysregulation of cytokine expression could be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Interleukin (IL)-15 is a key factor for natural killer cells (NK) and CD8 T cells homeostasis, necessary to fight cancer and infections but could also be considered as a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in autoimmune inflammatory disease, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, along with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-1β. The molecular mechanisms by which IL-15 exerts its inflammatory function in these diseases are still unclear. In this study, we generated an IL-15-derived molecule called NANTIL-15 (New ANTagonist of IL-15), designed to selectively inhibit the action of IL-15 through the high-affinity trimeric IL-15Rα/IL-2Rβ/γc receptor while leaving IL-15 signaling through the dimeric IL-2Rβ/γc receptor unaffected. Administrating of NANTIL-15 in healthy mice did not affect the IL-15-dependent cell populations such as NK and CD8 T cells. In contrast, we found that NANTIL-15 efficiently reduced signs of inflammation in a collagen-induced arthritis model. These observations demonstrate that the inflammatory properties of IL-15 are linked to its action through the trimeric IL-15Rα/IL-2Rβ/γc receptor, highlighting the interest of selectively targeting this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dihia Meghnem
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Bonamy, UMS BioCore, IMPACT Platform, Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Barbieux
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Sébastien Morisseau
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU), Nantes Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Dalloba Keita
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Yannick Jacques
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Agnès Quéméner
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Erwan Mortier
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Bonamy, UMS BioCore, IMPACT Platform, Nantes, France
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18
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CCL22 mutations drive natural killer cell lymphoproliferative disease by deregulating microenvironmental crosstalk. Nat Genet 2022; 54:637-648. [PMID: 35513723 PMCID: PMC9117519 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of natural killer cells (CLPD-NK) is characterized by clonal expansion of natural killer (NK) cells where the underlying genetic mechanisms are incompletely understood. In the present study, we report somatic mutations in the chemokine gene CCL22 as the hallmark of a distinct subset of CLPD-NK. CCL22 mutations were enriched at highly conserved residues, mutually exclusive of STAT3 mutations and associated with gene expression programs that resembled normal CD16dim/CD56bright NK cells. Mechanistically, the mutations resulted in ligand-biased chemokine receptor signaling, with decreased internalization of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) for CCL22, CCR4, via impaired β-arrestin recruitment. This resulted in increased cell chemotaxis in vitro, bidirectional crosstalk with the hematopoietic microenvironment and enhanced NK cell proliferation in vivo in transgenic human IL-15 mice. Somatic CCL22 mutations illustrate a unique mechanism of tumor formation in which gain-of-function chemokine mutations promote tumorigenesis by biased GPCR signaling and dysregulation of microenvironmental crosstalk.
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19
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Rocca Y, Pouxvielh K, Marotel M, Benezech S, Jaeger B, Allatif O, Bendriss-Vermare N, Marçais A, Walzer T. Combinatorial Expression of NK Cell Receptors Governs Cell Subset Reactivity and Effector Functions but Not Tumor Specificity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1802-1812. [PMID: 35288470 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NK cell receptors allow NK cells to recognize targets such as tumor cells. Many of them are expressed on a subset of NK cells, independently of each other, which creates a vast diversity of receptor combinations. Whether these combinations influence NK cell antitumor responses is not well understood. We addressed this question in the C57BL/6 mouse model and analyzed the individual effector response of 444 mouse NK cell subsets, defined by combinations of 12 receptors, against tumor cell lines originating from different tissues and mouse strains. We found a wide range of reactivity among NK subsets, but the same hierarchy of responses was observed for the different tumor types, showing that the repertoire of NK cell receptors does not encode for different tumor specificities but for different intrinsic reactivities. The coexpression of CD27, NKG2A, and DNAM-1 identified subsets with relative cytotoxic specialization, whereas reciprocally, CD11b and KLRG1 defined the best IFN-γ producers. The expression of educating receptors Ly49C, Ly49I, and NKG2A was also strongly correlated with IFN-γ production, but this effect was suppressed by unengaged receptors Ly49A, Ly49F, and Ly49G2. Finally, IL-15 coordinated NK cell effector functions, but education and unbound inhibitory receptors retained some influence on their response. Collectively, these data refine our understanding of the mechanisms governing NK cell reactivity, which could help design new NK cell therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamila Rocca
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France.,Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Kevin Pouxvielh
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Marotel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Benezech
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Baptiste Jaeger
- Faculty of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and.,Faculty of Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Omran Allatif
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Marçais
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France;
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France;
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20
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Cubitt CC, McClain E, Becker-Hapak M, Foltz JA, Wong P, Wagner JA, Neal CC, Marin ND, Marsala L, Foster M, Schappe T, Soon-Shiong P, Lee J, Berrien-Elliott MM, Fehniger TA. A novel fusion protein scaffold 18/12/TxM activates the IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 receptors to induce human memory-like natural killer cells. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:585-596. [PMID: 35284622 PMCID: PMC8889352 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphoid cells that are emerging as a cellular immunotherapy for various malignancies. NK cells are particularly dependent on interleukin (IL)-15 for their survival, proliferation, and cytotoxic function. NK cells differentiate into memory-like cells with enhanced effector function after a brief activation with IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18. N-803 is an IL-15 superagonist composed of an IL-15 mutant (IL-15N72D) bound to the sushi domain of IL-15Rα fused to the Fc region of IgG1, which results in physiological trans-presentation of IL-15. Here, we describe the creation of a novel triple-cytokine fusion molecule, 18/12/TxM, using the N-803 scaffold fused to IL-18 via the IL-15N72D domain and linked to a heteromeric single-chain IL-12 p70 by the sushi domain of the IL-15Rα. This molecule displays trispecific cytokine activity through its binding and signaling through the individual cytokine receptors. Compared with activation with the individual cytokines, 18/12/TxM induces similar short-term activation and memory-like differentiation of NK cells on both the transcriptional and protein level and identical in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity. Thus, N-803 can be modified as a functional scaffold for the creation of cytokine immunotherapies with multiple receptor specificities to activate NK cells for adoptive cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia C Cubitt
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ethan McClain
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michelle Becker-Hapak
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer A Foltz
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pamela Wong
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julia A Wagner
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carly C Neal
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nancy D Marin
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lynne Marsala
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark Foster
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy Schappe
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - John Lee
- ImmunityBio, Culver City, CA 90232, USA
| | - Melissa M Berrien-Elliott
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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21
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Yoshida S, Fujimoto T, Takahashi T, Sugimoto K, Akasaka H, Tanaka M, Huang Y, Yasunobe Y, Xie K, Ohnishi Y, Minami T, Takami Y, Yamamoto K, Rakugi H. IL-15RA regulates IL-15 localization and protein expression in skeletal muscle cells. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:222-232. [PMID: 35100657 DOI: 10.1113/ep090205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? How are the dynamics of IL-15 and its receptors altered during the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes, and how is IL-15 regulated? What is the main finding and its importance? ABSTRACT Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a myokine in the Interleukin-2 (IL-2) family that is generated in the skeletal muscle during exercise. The functional effect of IL-15 involves muscle regeneration and metabolic regulation in skeletal muscle. Reports have indicated that the mechanism of Interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha (IL-15RA) regulates IL-15 localization in immune cells. However, the dynamic of IL-15 and its receptors, which regulate the IL-15 pathway in skeletal muscle differentiation, have not yet been clarified. This study investigated the mechanism of IL-15 regulation using a mouse skeletal muscle cell line, C2C12 cells. We found that the mRNA expression of IL-15, Interleukin 2 Receptor Subunit Beta (IL-2RB) (CD122), and Interleukin 2 Receptor Subunit Gamma (IL-2RG) (CD132) increased, but that IL-15RA exhibits different kinetics as differentiation progresses. We also found that IL-15, mainly localized in the cytosol, preassembled with IL-15RA in the cytosol and fused to the plasma membrane. Moreover, IL-15RA increased IL-15 protein levels. Our findings suggest that genes comprising the IL-15 signaling complex are enhanced with the differentiation of myotubes and that IL-15RA regulates the protein kinetics of IL-15 signaling in skeletal muscle. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Yoshida
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taku Fujimoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Toshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- Department of General and Geriatric Medicine, Kawasaki Medical University, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akasaka
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, 530-0043, Japan
| | - Yibin Huang
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yasunobe
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keyu Xie
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuri Ohnishi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Minami
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takami
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamamoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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22
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Kim TS, Rha MS, Shin EC. IFN-γ Induces IL-15 Trans-Presentation by Epithelial Cells via IRF1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:338-346. [PMID: 34893528 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 exhibits pleiotropic effects on NK and CD8+ T cells and contributes to host protection or immunopathology during infection. Although both type I IFNs and IFN-γ upregulate IL-15 expression, their effects on IL-15 upregulation and underlying mechanisms have not been compared comprehensively. In addition, little is known about trans-presentation of IL-15 by epithelial cells to lymphocytes. In this study, we analyzed the expression of IL-15 and IL-15Rα in the human hepatocyte-derived Huh-7 cell line after stimulation with IFN-α, IFN-β, or IFN-γ using RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. We also performed knockdown experiments to investigate the signaling pathway involved in IL-15 upregulation. IFN-γ more potently upregulated IL-15 expression in Huh-7 cells than IFN-α and IFN-β. Knockdown experiments revealed that IFN-γ- and IFN-β-induced IL-15 expression relied on IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), which is upregulated by STAT1 and IFN-stimulated gene factor 3, respectively. Inhibitor of κB kinase α/β was also involved in IFN-γ-induced upregulation of IL-15. Furthermore, human NK cells were activated by coculture with IFN-γ-treated Huh-7 cells, which was abrogated by knocking down IL-15Rα in IFN-γ-treated Huh-7 cells, indicating that IFN-γ-induced IL-15 on Huh-7 cells activates NK cells via trans-presentation. In summary, our data demonstrate that IFN-γ potently elicits IL-15 trans-presentation by epithelial cells via IRF1. These data also suggest that the IFN-γ-IRF1-IL-15 axis may be a regulatory target for the treatment of diseases with IL-15 dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Shin Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Rha
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; .,The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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23
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Exhausted NK cells and cytokine storms in COVID-19: Whether NK cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:86-98. [PMID: 34583856 PMCID: PMC8423992 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The global outbreak of coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) still claims more lives daily around the world due to the lack of a definitive treatment and the rapid tendency of virus to mutate, which even jeopardizes vaccination efficacy. At the forefront battle against SARS-CoV-2, an effective innate response to the infection has a pivotal role in the initial control and treatment of disease. However, SARS-CoV-2 subtly interrupts the equations of immune responses, disrupting the cytolytic antiviral effects of NK cells, while seriously activating infected macrophages and other immune cells to induce an unleashed "cytokine storm", a dangerous and uncontrollable inflammatory response causing life-threatening symptoms in patients. Notably, the NK cell exhaustion with ineffective cytolytic function against the sources of exaggerated cytokine release, acts as an Achilles' heel which exacerbates the severity of COVID-19. Given this, approaches that improve NK cell cytotoxicity may benefit treatment protocols. As a suggestion, adoptive transfer of NK or CAR-NK cells with proper cytotolytic potentials and the lowest capacity of cytokine-release (for example CD56dim NK cells brightly express activating receptors), to severe COVID-19 patients may provide an effective cure especially in cases suffering from cytokine storms. More intriguingly, the ongoing evidence for persistent clonal expansion of NK memory cells characterized by an activating phenotype in response to viral infections, can benefit the future studies on vaccine development and adoptive NK cell therapy in COVID-19. Whether vaccinated volunteers or recovered patients can also be considered as suitable candidates for cell donation could be the subject of future research.
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24
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Bou-Tayeh B, Laletin V, Salem N, Just-Landi S, Fares J, Leblanc R, Balzano M, Kerdiles YM, Bidaut G, Hérault O, Olive D, Aurrand-Lions M, Walzer T, Nunès JA, Fauriat C. Chronic IL-15 Stimulation and Impaired mTOR Signaling and Metabolism in Natural Killer Cells During Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730970. [PMID: 34975835 PMCID: PMC8718679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are potent anti-leukemic immune effectors. However, they display multiple defects in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients leading to reduced anti-tumor potential. Our limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying these defects hampers the development of strategies to restore NK cell potential. Here, we have used a mouse model of AML to gain insight into these mechanisms. We found that leukemia progression resulted in NK cell maturation defects and functional alterations. Next, we assessed NK cell cytokine signaling governing their behavior. We showed that NK cells from leukemic mice exhibit constitutive IL-15/mTOR signaling and type I IFN signaling. However, these cells failed to respond to IL-15 stimulation in vitro as illustrated by reduced activation of the mTOR pathway. Moreover, our data suggest that mTOR-mediated metabolic responses were reduced in NK cells from AML-bearing mice. Noteworthy, the reduction of mTOR-mediated activation of NK cells during AML development partially rescued NK cell metabolic and functional defects. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that NK cells from leukemic mice are metabolically and functionally exhausted as a result of a chronic cytokine activation, at least partially IL-15/mTOR signaling. NK cells from AML patients also displayed reduced IL-2/15Rβ expression and showed cues of reduced metabolic response to IL-15 stimulation in vitro, suggesting that a similar mechanism might occur in AML patients. Our study pinpoints the dysregulation of cytokine stimulation pathways as a new mechanism leading to NK cell defects in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Bou-Tayeh
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Vladimir Laletin
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Nassim Salem
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Sylvaine Just-Landi
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
- IBiSA Immunomonitoring Platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Joanna Fares
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Raphael Leblanc
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Marielle Balzano
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Yann M. Kerdiles
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Ghislain Bidaut
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
- Cibi Technological Platform, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Hérault
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7292, LNOx Team, François Rabelais University, Tours, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
- IBiSA Immunomonitoring Platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Michel Aurrand-Lions
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Jacques A. Nunès
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Cyril Fauriat
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Cyril Fauriat,
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25
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Conlon K, Watson DC, Waldmann TA, Valentin A, Bergamaschi C, Felber BK, Peer CJ, Figg WD, Potter EL, Roederer M, McNeel DG, Thompson JA, Gupta S, Leidner R, Wang-Gillam A, Parikh NS, Long D, Kurtulus S, Ho Lee L, Chowdhury NR, Bender F, Pavlakis GN. Phase I study of single agent NIZ985, a recombinant heterodimeric IL-15 agonist, in adult patients with metastatic or unresectable solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003388. [PMID: 34799399 PMCID: PMC8606766 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NIZ985 is a recombinant heterodimer of physiologically active interleukin (IL-)15 and IL-15 receptor alpha. In preclinical models, NIZ985 promotes cytotoxic lymphocyte proliferation, killing function, and organ/tumor infiltration, with resultant anticancer effects. In this first-in-human study, we assessed the safety, pharmacokinetics, and immune effects of NIZ985 in patients with metastatic or unresectable solid tumors. Methods Single agent NIZ985 dose escalation data are reported from a phase I dose escalation/expansion study of NIZ985 as monotherapy. Adult patients (N=14) received 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 µg/kg subcutaneous NIZ985 three times weekly (TIW) for the first 2 weeks of each 28-day cycle, in an accelerated 3+3 dose escalation trial design. IL-15 and endogenous cytokines were monitored by ELISA and multiplexed electrochemiluminescent assays. Multiparameter flow cytometry assessed the frequency, phenotype and proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Preliminary antitumor activity was assessed by overall response rate (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors V.1.1). Results As of March 2, 2020, median treatment duration was 7.5 weeks (range 1.1–77.1). Thirteen patients had discontinued and one (uveal melanoma) remains on treatment with stable disease. Best clinical response was stable disease (3 of 14 patients; 21%). The most frequent adverse events (AEs) were circular erythematous injection site reactions (100%), chills (71%), fatigue (57%), and fever (50%). Treatment-related grade 3/4 AEs occurred in six participants (43%); treatment-related serious AEs (SAEs) in three (21%). The per-protocol maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Pharmacokinetic accumulation of serum IL-15 in the first week was followed by significantly lower levels in week 2, likely due to more rapid cytokine consumption by an expanding lymphocyte pool. NIZ985 treatment was associated with increases in several cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-18, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, and tumor necrosis factor-β, plus significant induction of cytotoxic lymphocyte proliferation (including natural killer and CD8+ T cells), increased CD16+ monocytes, and increased CD163+ macrophages at injection sites. Conclusions Subcutaneous NIZ985 TIW was generally well tolerated in patients with advanced cancer and produced immune activation paralleling preclinical observations, with induction of IFN-γ and proliferation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Due to delayed SAEs at the two highest dose levels, administration is being changed to once-weekly in a revised protocol, as monotherapy and combined with checkpoint inhibitor spartalizumab. These alterations are expected to maximize the potential of NIZ985 as a novel immunotherapy. Trial registration number NCT02452268.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Conlon
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dionysios C Watson
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Cody J Peer
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William D Figg
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - E Lake Potter
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Douglas G McNeel
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Sumati Gupta
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Rom Leidner
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrea Wang-Gillam
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nehal S Parikh
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Debby Long
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sema Kurtulus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lang Ho Lee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Florent Bender
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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26
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Kenesei Á, Volkó J, Szalóki N, Mocsár G, Jambrovics K, Balajthy Z, Bodnár A, Tóth K, Waldmann TA, Vámosi G. IL-15 Trans-Presentation Is an Autonomous, Antigen-Independent Process. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2489-2500. [PMID: 34654688 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 plays a pivotal role in the long-term survival of T cells and immunological memory. Its receptor consists of three subunits (IL-15Rα, IL-2/15Rβ, and γc). IL-15 functions mainly via trans-presentation (TP), during which an APC expressing IL-15 bound to IL-15Rα presents the ligand to the βγc receptor-heterodimer on a neighboring T/NK cell. To date, no direct biophysical evidence for the intercellular assembly of the IL-15R heterotrimer exists. Ag presentation (AP), the initial step of T cell activation, is also based on APC-T cell interaction. We were compelled to ask whether AP has any effect on IL-15 TP or whether they are independent processes. In our human Raji B cell-Jurkat T cell model system, we monitored inter-/intracellular protein interactions upon formation of IL-15 TP and AP receptor complexes by Förster resonance energy transfer measurements. We detected enrichment of IL-15Rα and IL-2/15Rβ at the synapse and positive Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency if Raji cells were pretreated with IL-15, giving direct biophysical evidence for IL-15 TP. IL-15Rα and MHC class II interacted and translocated jointly to the immunological synapse when either ligand was present, whereas IL-2/15Rβ and CD3 moved independently of each other. IL-15 TP initiated STAT5 phosphorylation in Jurkat cells, which was not further enhanced by AP. Conversely, IL-15 treatment slightly attenuated Ag-induced phosphorylation of the CD3ζ chain. Our studies prove that in our model system, IL-15 TP and AP can occur independently, and although AP enhances IL-15R assembly, it has no significant effect on IL-15 signaling during TP. Thus, IL-15 TP can be considered an autonomous, Ag-independent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Kenesei
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Julianna Volkó
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Szalóki
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mocsár
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Károly Jambrovics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balajthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Bodnár
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Tóth
- Division of Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - György Vámosi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary;
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27
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Lutz CT, Livas L, Presnell SR, Sexton M, Wang P. Gender Differences in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Effects of Natural Killer Lymphocyte Immunity. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10215163. [PMID: 34768683 PMCID: PMC8584838 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Men are more likely to develop cancer than women. In fact, male predominance is one of the most consistent cancer epidemiology findings. Additionally, men have a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of secondary malignancies compared to women. These differences have been investigated in order to better understand cancer and to better treat both men and women. In this review, we discuss factors that may cause this gender difference, focusing on urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) pathogenesis. We consider physiological factors that may cause higher male cancer rates, including differences in X chromosome gene expression. We discuss how androgens may promote bladder cancer development directly by stimulating bladder urothelium and indirectly by suppressing immunity. We are particularly interested in the role of natural killer (NK) cells in anti-cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T. Lutz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.L.); (S.R.P.); (M.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Lydia Livas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.L.); (S.R.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Steven R. Presnell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.L.); (S.R.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Morgan Sexton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.L.); (S.R.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Peng Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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28
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Lam KC, Araya RE, Huang A, Chen Q, Di Modica M, Rodrigues RR, Lopès A, Johnson SB, Schwarz B, Bohrnsen E, Cogdill AP, Bosio CM, Wargo JA, Lee MP, Goldszmid RS. Microbiota triggers STING-type I IFN-dependent monocyte reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment. Cell 2021; 184:5338-5356.e21. [PMID: 34624222 PMCID: PMC8650838 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) influences cancer progression and therapy response. Therefore, understanding what regulates the TME immune compartment is vital. Here we show that microbiota signals program mononuclear phagocytes in the TME toward immunostimulatory monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that absence of microbiota skews the TME toward pro-tumorigenic macrophages. Mechanistically, we show that microbiota-derived stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists induce type I interferon (IFN-I) production by intratumoral monocytes to regulate macrophage polarization and natural killer (NK) cell-DC crosstalk. Microbiota modulation with a high-fiber diet triggered the intratumoral IFN-I-NK cell-DC axis and improved the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). We validated our findings in individuals with melanoma treated with ICB and showed that the predicted intratumoral IFN-I and immune compositional differences between responder and non-responder individuals can be transferred by fecal microbiota transplantation. Our study uncovers a mechanistic link between the microbiota and the innate TME that can be harnessed to improve cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khiem C Lam
- Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Romina E Araya
- Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - April Huang
- Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Quanyi Chen
- Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Kelly Government Solutions, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martina Di Modica
- Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Richard R Rodrigues
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Microbiome and Genetics Core, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amélie Lopès
- Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah B Johnson
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Eric Bohrnsen
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Alexandria P Cogdill
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Catharine M Bosio
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maxwell P Lee
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Romina S Goldszmid
- Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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29
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Fiore PF, Di Matteo S, Tumino N, Mariotti FR, Pietra G, Ottonello S, Negrini S, Bottazzi B, Moretta L, Mortier E, Azzarone B. Interleukin-15 and cancer: some solved and many unsolved questions. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001428. [PMID: 33203664 PMCID: PMC7674108 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble interleukin (IL)-15 exists under two forms: as monomer (sIL-15) or as heterodimeric complex in association with sIL-15Rα (sIL-15/IL-15Rα). Both forms have been successfully tested in experimental tumor murine models and are currently undergoing investigation in phase I/II clinical trials. Despite more than 20 years research on IL-15, some controversial issues remain to be addressed. A first point concerns the detection of the sIL-15/IL-15Rα in plasma of healthy donors or patients with cancer and its biological significance. The second and third unsolved question regards the protumorigenic role of the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex in human cancer and the detrimental immunological consequences associated to prolonged exposure of natural killer (NK) cells to both forms of soluble IL-15, respectively. Data suggest that in vivo prolonged or repeated exposure to monomeric sIL-15 or the soluble complex may lead to NK hypo-responsiveness through the expansion of the CD8+/CD44+ T cell subset that would suppress NK cell functions. In vitro experiments indicate that soluble complex and monomeric IL-15 may cause NK hyporesponsiveness through a direct effect caused by their prolonged stimulation, suggesting that this mechanism could also be effective in vivo. Therefore, a better knowledge of IL-15 and a more appropriate use of both its soluble forms, in terms of concentrations and time of exposure, are essential in order to improve their therapeutic use. In cancer, the overproduction of sIL-15/IL-15Rα could represent a novel mechanism of immune escape. The soluble complex may act as a decoy cytokine unable to efficiently foster NK cells, or could induce NK hyporesponsiveness through an excessive and prolonged stimulation depending on the type of IL-15Rα isoforms associated. All these unsolved questions are not merely limited to the knowledge of IL-15 pathophysiology, but are crucial also for the therapeutic use of this cytokine. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss key unanswered issues on the heterogeneity and biological significance of IL-15 isoforms, analyzing both their cancer-related biological functions and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabina Di Matteo
- Immunology Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Tumino
- Immunology Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Pietra
- Immuology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DiMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Selene Ottonello
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DiMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simone Negrini
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Barbara Bottazzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Immunology Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Erwan Mortier
- University of Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, CRCINA, University of Nantes, Nantes, France .,Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology, LabEx IGO, Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Azzarone
- Immunology Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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30
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Bardou M, Postat J, Loaec C, Lemaître F, Ronteix G, Garcia Z, Bousso P. Quorum sensing governs collective dendritic cell activation in vivo. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107176. [PMID: 34124789 PMCID: PMC8327941 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) activation by viral RNA sensors such as TLR3 and MDA-5 is critical for initiating antiviral immunity. Optimal DC activation is promoted by type I interferon (IFN) signaling which is believed to occur in either autocrine or paracrine fashion. Here, we show that neither autocrine nor paracrine type I IFN signaling can fully account for DC activation by poly(I:C) in vitro and in vivo. By controlling the density of type I IFN-producing cells in vivo, we establish that instead a quorum of type I IFN-producing cells is required for optimal DC activation and that this process proceeds at the level of an entire lymph node. This collective behavior, governed by type I IFN diffusion, is favored by the requirement for prolonged cytokine exposure to achieve DC activation. Furthermore, collective DC activation was found essential for the development of innate and adaptive immunity in lymph nodes. Our results establish how collective rather than cell-autonomous processes can govern the initiation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Bardou
- Dynamics of Immune Responses UnitEquipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- INSERM U1223ParisFrance
| | - Jérémy Postat
- Dynamics of Immune Responses UnitEquipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- INSERM U1223ParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Clémence Loaec
- Dynamics of Immune Responses UnitEquipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- INSERM U1223ParisFrance
| | - Fabrice Lemaître
- Dynamics of Immune Responses UnitEquipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- INSERM U1223ParisFrance
| | - Gustave Ronteix
- Physical microfluidics and BioengineeringInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- LadHyXCNRSEcole PolytechniqueInstitut Polytechnique de ParisPalaiseauFrance
| | - Zacarias Garcia
- Dynamics of Immune Responses UnitEquipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- INSERM U1223ParisFrance
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses UnitEquipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- INSERM U1223ParisFrance
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31
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Bergin SM, Xiao R, Huang W, Judd CRT, Liu X, Mansour AG, Queen N, Widstrom KJ, Caligiuri MA, Cao L. Environmental activation of a hypothalamic BDNF-adipocyte IL-15 axis regulates adipose-natural killer cells. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:477-488. [PMID: 33989745 PMCID: PMC8493653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical and social environments influence immune homeostasis within adipose tissue, yet the mechanisms remain poorly defined. We report that an enriched environment (EE) housing modulates the immune cell population in white adipose tissue of mice including an increase in the abundance of natural killer (NK) cells. EE upregulates the expression of IL-15 and its receptor IL-15Rα specifically within mature adipocytes. Mechanistically, we show that hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) upregulates IL-15 production in adipocytes via sympathetic β-adrenergic signaling. Overexpressing BDNF mediated by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector in the hypothalamus expands adipose NK cells. Conversely, inhibition of hypothalamic BDNF signaling via gene transfer of a dominant negative TrkB receptor suppresses adipose NK cells. In white adipose tissue, overexpression of IL-15 using an adipocyte-specific rAAV vector stimulates adipose NK cells and inhibits the progression of subcutaneous melanoma, whereas local IL-15 knockdown blocks the EE effect. These results suggest that bio-behavioral factors regulate adipose NK cells via a hypothalamic BDNF-sympathoneural-adipocyte IL-15 axis. Targeting this pathway may have therapeutic significance for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Bergin
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Run Xiao
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Wei Huang
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - C Ryan T Judd
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Xianglan Liu
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Anthony G Mansour
- Department of Hematological Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, United States
| | - Nicholas Queen
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Kyle J Widstrom
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Department of Hematological Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, United States.
| | - Lei Cao
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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32
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Castleman MJ, Dillon SM, Thompson TA, Santiago ML, McCarter MD, Barker E, Wilson CC. Gut Bacteria Induce Granzyme B Expression in Human Colonic ILC3s In Vitro in an IL-15-Dependent Manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:3043-3052. [PMID: 34117105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) in the gut mucosa have long been thought to be noncytotoxic lymphocytes that are critical for homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells through secretion of IL-22. Recent work using human tonsillar cells demonstrated that ILC3s exposed to exogenous inflammatory cytokines for a long period of time acquired expression of granzyme B, suggesting that under pathological conditions ILC3s may become cytotoxic. We hypothesized that inflammation associated with bacterial exposure might trigger granzyme B expression in gut ILC3s. To test this, we exposed human colon lamina propria mononuclear cells to a panel of enteric bacteria. We found that the Gram-negative commensal and pathogenic bacteria induced granzyme B expression in a subset of ILC3s that were distinct from IL-22-producing ILC3s. A fraction of granzyme B+ ILC3s coexpressed the cytolytic protein perforin. Granzyme B expression was mediated, in part, by IL-15 produced upon exposure to bacteria. ILC3s coexpressing all three IL-15R subunits (IL15Rα/β/γ) increased following bacterial stimulation, potentially allowing for cis presentation of IL-15 during bacterial exposure. Additionally, a large frequency of colonic myeloid dendritic cells expressed IL-15Rα, implicating myeloid dendritic cells in trans presentation of IL-15 to ILC3s. Tonsillar ILC3s minimally expressed granzyme B when exposed to the same bacteria or to rIL-15. Overall, these data establish the novel, to our knowledge, finding that human colonic ILC3s can express granzyme B in response to a subset of enteric bacteria through a process mediated by IL-15. These observations raise new questions about the multifunctional role of human gut ILC3s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J Castleman
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Stephanie M Dillon
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Tezha A Thompson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Mario L Santiago
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Martin D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO;
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33
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Wang X, Zhao XY. Transcription Factors Associated With IL-15 Cytokine Signaling During NK Cell Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:610789. [PMID: 33815365 PMCID: PMC8013977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.610789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes primarily involved in innate immunity and possess important functional properties in anti-viral and anti-tumor responses; thus, these cells have broad potential for clinical utilization. NK cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through the following two independent and continuous processes: early commitment from HSCs to IL-15-responsive NK cell progenitors (NKPs) and subsequent differentiation into mature NK cells in response to IL-15. IL-15 is the most important cytokine for NK cell development, is produced by both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells, and functions through a distinct delivery process termed transpresentation. Upon being transpresented to NK cells, IL-15 contributes to NK cell development via the activation of several downstream signaling pathways, including the Ras-MEK-MAPK, JAK-STAT5, and PI3K-ATK-mTOR pathways. Nonetheless, the exact role of IL-15 in NK cell development has not been discussed in a consecutive and comprehensive manner. Here, we review current knowledge about the indispensable role of IL-15 in NK cell development and address which cells produce IL-15 to support NK cell development and when IL-15 exerts its function during multiple developmental stages. Specifically, we highlight how IL-15 supports NK cell development by elucidating the distinct transpresentation of IL-15 to NK cells and revealing the downstream target of IL-15 signaling during NK cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Laboratory for Cellular Therapy, Beijing, China
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34
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Bergamaschi C, Pandit H, Nagy BA, Stellas D, Jensen SM, Bear J, Cam M, Valentin A, Fox BA, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN. Heterodimeric IL-15 delays tumor growth and promotes intratumoral CTL and dendritic cell accumulation by a cytokine network involving XCL1, IFN-γ, CXCL9 and CXCL10. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000599. [PMID: 32461349 PMCID: PMC7254133 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-15 (IL-15) promotes growth and activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells. Bioactive IL-15 is produced in the body as a heterodimeric cytokine, comprising the IL-15 and IL-15 receptor alpha chains (hetIL-15). Several preclinical models support the antitumor activity of hetIL-15 promoting its application in clinical trials. METHODS The antitumor activity of hetIL-15 produced from mammalian cells was tested in mouse tumor models (MC38 colon carcinoma and TC-1 epithelial carcinoma). The functional diversity of the immune infiltrate and the cytokine/chemokine network within the tumor was evaluated by flow cytometry, multicolor immunohistochemistry (IHC), gene expression profiling by Nanostring Technologies, and protein analysis by electrochemiluminescence and ELISA assays. RESULTS hetIL-15 treatment resulted in delayed primary tumor growth. Increased NK and CD8+ T cell tumoral infiltration with an increased CD8+/Treg ratio were found by flow cytometry and IHC in hetIL-15 treated animals. Intratumoral NK and CD8+ T cells showed activation features with enhanced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production, proliferation (Ki67+), cytotoxic potential (Granzyme B+) and expression of the survival factor Bcl-2. Transcriptomics and proteomics analyses revealed complex effects on the tumor microenvironment triggered by hetIL-15 therapy, including increased levels of IFN-γ and XCL1 with intratumoral accumulation of XCR1+IRF8+CD103+ conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1). Concomitantly, the production of the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 by tumor-localized myeloid cells, including cDC1, was boosted by hetIL-15 in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. An increased frequency of circulating CXCR3+ NK and CD8+ T cells was found, suggesting their ability to migrate toward the tumors following the CXCL9 and CXCL10 chemokine gradient. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that hetIL-15 administration enhances T cell entry into tumors, increasing the success rate of immunotherapy interventions. Our study further supports the incorporation of hetIL-15 in tumor immunotherapy approaches to promote the development of antitumor responses by favoring effector over regulatory cells and by promoting lymphocyte and DC localization into tumors through the modification of the tumor chemokine and cytokine milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Hrishikesh Pandit
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Bethany A Nagy
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimitris Stellas
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Shawn M Jensen
- Robert W Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jenifer Bear
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Maggie Cam
- Office of Science and Technology Resources, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Robert W Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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35
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Tao H, Li L, Liao NS, Schluns KS, Luckhart S, Sleasman JW, Zhong XP. Thymic Epithelial Cell-Derived IL-15 and IL-15 Receptor α Chain Foster Local Environment for Type 1 Innate Like T Cell Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:623280. [PMID: 33732245 PMCID: PMC7957058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.623280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) in thymic epithelial cells (TECs) ensures negative selection of highly self-reactive T cells to establish central tolerance. Whether some of these TRAs could exert their canonical biological functions to shape thymic environment to regulate T cell development is unclear. Analyses of publicly available databases have revealed expression of transcripts at various levels of many cytokines and cytokine receptors such as IL-15, IL-15Rα, IL-13, and IL-23a in both human and mouse TECs. Ablation of either IL-15 or IL-15Rα in TECs selectively impairs type 1 innate like T cell, such as iNKT1 and γδT1 cell, development in the thymus, indicating that TECs not only serve as an important source of IL-15 but also trans-present IL-15 to ensure type 1 innate like T cell development. Because type 1 innate like T cells are proinflammatory, our data suggest the possibility that TEC may intrinsically control thymic inflammatory innate like T cells to influence thymic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishan Tao
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nan-Shih Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kimberly S Schluns
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - John W Sleasman
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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Heterodimeric IL-15 in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040837. [PMID: 33671252 PMCID: PMC7922495 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The rapidly expanding field of cancer immunotherapy uses diverse technologies, including cytokines, T cells, and antibody administration, with the aim to induce effective immune responses leading to tumor control. Interleukin-15 (IL-15), a cytokine discovered in 1994, supports the homeostasis of cytotoxic immune cells and shows promise as an anti-tumor agent. Many studies have elucidated IL-15 synthesis, regulation and biological function and explored its therapeutic efficacy in preclinical cancer models. Escherichia coli-derived single-chain IL-15 was tested in the first in-human trial in cancer patients. Its effects were limited by the biology of IL-15, which in vivo comprises a complex of the IL-15 chain with the IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) chain, together forming the IL-15 heterodimer (hetIL-15). Currently, single-chain IL-15 and several heterodimeric IL-15:IL-15Rα variants (hetIL-15, N-803 and RLI) are being tested in clinical trials. This review presents a summary of contemporary preclinical and clinical research on IL-15. Abstract Immunotherapy has emerged as a valuable strategy for the treatment of many cancer types. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) promotes the growth and function of cytotoxic CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells. It also enhances leukocyte trafficking and stimulates tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes expansion and activity. Bioactive IL-15 is produced in the body as a heterodimeric cytokine, comprising the IL-15 and the so-called IL-15 receptor alpha chain that are together termed “heterodimeric IL-15” (hetIL-15). hetIL-15, closely resembling the natural form of the cytokine produced in vivo, and IL-15:IL-15Rα complex variants, such as hetIL-15Fc, N-803 and RLI, are the currently available IL-15 agents. These molecules have showed favorable pharmacokinetics and biological function in vivo in comparison to single-chain recombinant IL-15. Preclinical animal studies have supported their anti-tumor activity, suggesting IL-15 as a general method to convert “cold” tumors into “hot”, by promoting tumor lymphocyte infiltration. In clinical trials, IL-15-based therapies are overall well-tolerated and result in the expansion and activation of NK and memory CD8+ T cells. Combinations with other immunotherapies are being investigated to improve the anti-tumor efficacy of IL-15 agents in the clinic.
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Maurer S, Ferrari de Andrade L. NK Cell Interaction With Platelets and Myeloid Cells in the Tumor Milieu. Front Immunol 2020; 11:608849. [PMID: 33424862 PMCID: PMC7785787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells recognize and kill tumor cells via germ-line encoded receptors and polarized degranulation of cytotoxic molecules, respectively. As such, NK cells help to inhibit the development of cancers. The activating receptor NKG2D induces NK cell-mediated killing of metastasizing tumor cells by recognition of the stress-induced ligands MICA, MICB, and ULBP1-6. However, platelets enable escape from this immune surveillance mechanism by obstructing the interactions between NK cells and tumor cells or by cleaving the stress-induced ligands. It is also being increasingly appreciated that NK cells play additional roles in cancer immunity, including chemokine-mediated recruitment of antigen presenting cells in the tumor microenvironment that is followed by generation of adaptive immunity. However, the NK cell interplays with dendritic cells, and macrophages are extremely complex and involve molecular interactions via NKG2D and cytokine receptors. Specifically, NKG2D-mediated chronic interaction between NK cells and tumor-infiltrating macrophages causes immune suppression by differentiating NK cells toward a dysfunctional state. Here we discuss the underlying mechanisms of NK cell control by platelets and myeloid cells with focus on NKG2D and its ligands, and provide a timely perspective on how to harness these pathways with novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Maurer
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lucas Ferrari de Andrade
- Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, and The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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38
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Wang W, Wang J, Lei L, Xu J, Qin Y, Gao Q, Zou J. Characterisation of IL-15 and IL-2Rβ in grass carp: IL-15 upregulates cytokines and transcription factors of type 1 immune response and NK cell activation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:104-117. [PMID: 32971272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) -15 belongs to the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γC) family and has diverse functions in regulating the development, proliferation and activation of NK and T cells. It activates a hetero-trimeric receptor complex consisting of IL-2Rα, IL-2Rβ and a common γ chain (γC). In this study, the full-length cDNA sequences of IL-15 and IL-2Rβ were identified in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Ci) and their expression profiles analysed. The CiIL-15 and CiIL-2Rβ were shown to be broadly expressed in tissues, with the highest levels detected in the spleen. Moreover, the CiIL-15 and CiIL-2Rβ were modulated in primary head kidney leucocytes (HKLs) and splenocytes by immunostimulants and cytokines, and in the head kidney and spleen of fish after infection of Flavobacterium columnare and grass carp reovirus. The bioactivity of bacteria derived recombinant CiIL-15 protein was evaluated in the primary leucocytes. The CiIL-15 was shown to induce signature genes of type 1 immune response (IFN-γ and T-bet) and NK cell activation (perforin and Eomesa), whilst exhibiting inhibitory effects on the genes involved in the type 2 immune response (IL-4/13, IL-10 and Gata3). Our data suggest that IL-15 is a key regulator in promoting the type 1 immune response and NK cell activation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Lei
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Qin
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Yang C, Malarkannan S. Transcriptional Regulation of NK Cell Development by mTOR Complexes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:566090. [PMID: 33240877 PMCID: PMC7683515 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.566090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is essential for multiple cellular processes. The unique roles of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) or mTOR2 in regulating immune functions are emerging. NK cells are the major lymphocyte subset of innate immunity, and their development and effector functions require metabolic reprogramming. Recent studies demonstrate that in NK cells, conditionally disrupting the formation of mTORC1 or mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) alters their development significantly. Transcriptomic profiling of NK cells at the single-cell level demonstrates that mTORC1 was critical for the early developmental progression, while mTORC2 regulated the terminal maturation. In this review, we summarize the essential roles of mTOR complexes in NK development and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Abstract
Tumors represent a hostile environment for the effector cells of cancer immunosurveillance. Immunosuppressive receptors and soluble or membrane-bound ligands are abundantly exposed and released by malignant entities and their stromal accomplices. As a consequence, executioners of antitumor immunity inefficiently navigate across cancer tissues and fail to eliminate malignant targets. By inducing immunogenic cancer cell death, oncolytic viruses profoundly reshape the tumor microenvironment. They trigger the local spread of danger signals and tumor-associated (as well as viral) antigens, thus attracting antigen-presenting cells, promoting the activation and expansion of lymphocytic populations, facilitating their infiltration in the tumor bed, and reinvigorating cytotoxic immune activity. The present review recapitulates key chemokines, growth factors and other cytokines that orchestrate this ballet of antitumoral leukocytes upon oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France.
| | - Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Meissl K, Simonović N, Amenitsch L, Witalisz-Siepracka A, Klein K, Lassnig C, Puga A, Vogl C, Poelzl A, Bosmann M, Dohnal A, Sexl V, Müller M, Strobl B. STAT1 Isoforms Differentially Regulate NK Cell Maturation and Anti-tumor Activity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2189. [PMID: 33042133 PMCID: PMC7519029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important components of the innate immune defense against infections and cancers. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a transcription factor that is essential for NK cell maturation and NK cell-dependent tumor surveillance. Two alternatively spliced isoforms of STAT1 exist: a full-length STAT1α and a C-terminally truncated STAT1β isoform. Aberrant splicing is frequently observed in cancer cells and several anti-cancer drugs interfere with the cellular splicing machinery. To investigate whether NK cell-mediated tumor surveillance is affected by a switch in STAT1 splicing, we made use of knock-in mice expressing either only the STAT1α (Stat1α/α) or the STAT1β (Stat1β/β ) isoform. NK cells from Stat1α/α mice matured normally and controlled transplanted tumor cells as efficiently as NK cells from wild-type mice. In contrast, NK cells from Stat1β/β mice showed impaired maturation and effector functions, albeit less severe than NK cells from mice that completely lack STAT1 (Stat1-/- ). Mechanistically, we show that NK cell maturation requires the presence of STAT1α in the niche rather than in NK cells themselves and that NK cell maturation depends on IFNγ signaling under homeostatic conditions. The impaired NK cell maturation in Stat1β/β mice was paralleled by decreased IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) surface levels on dendritic cells, macrophages and monocytes. Treatment of Stat1β/β mice with exogenous IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes rescued NK cell maturation but not their effector functions. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that STAT1 isoforms are not functionally redundant in regulating NK cell activity and that the absence of STAT1α severely impairs, but does not abolish, NK cell-dependent tumor surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Meissl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalija Simonović
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Amenitsch
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnieszka Witalisz-Siepracka
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klara Klein
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Lassnig
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Puga
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Vogl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Poelzl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Dohnal
- Tumor Immunology, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children’s Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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42
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Allard-Chamard H, Mishra HK, Nandi M, Mayhue M, Menendez A, Ilangumaran S, Ramanathan S. Interleukin-15 in autoimmunity. Cytokine 2020; 136:155258. [PMID: 32919253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a member of the IL-2 family of cytokines, which use receptor complexes containing the common gamma (γc) chain for signaling. IL-15 plays important roles in innate and adaptative immune responses and is implicated in the pathogenesis of several immune diseases. The IL-15 receptor consists of 3 subunits namely, the ligand-binding IL-15Rα chain, the β chain (also used by IL-2) and the γc chain. IL-15 uses a unique signaling pathway whereby IL-15 associates with IL-15Rα during biosynthesis, and this complex is 'trans-presented' to responder cells that expresses the IL-2/15Rβγc receptor complex. IL-15 is subject to post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation, and evidence also suggests that IL-15 cis-signaling can occur under certain conditions. IL-15 has been implicated in the pathology of various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease and psoriasis. Studies with pre-clinical models have shown the beneficial effects of targeting IL-15 signaling in autoimmunity. Unlike therapies targeting other cytokines, anti-IL-15 therapies have not yet been successful in humans. We discuss the complexities of IL-15 signaling in autoimmunity and explore potential immunotherapeutic approaches to target the IL-15 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Allard-Chamard
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Hemant K Mishra
- Vet & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Madhuparna Nandi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marian Mayhue
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alfredo Menendez
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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43
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Pilones KA, Charpentier M, Garcia-Martinez E, Daviaud C, Kraynak J, Aryankalayil J, Formenti SC, Demaria S. Radiotherapy Cooperates with IL15 to Induce Antitumor Immune Responses. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1054-1063. [PMID: 32532811 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Focal radiotherapy can promote cross-presentation of tumor antigens to T cells, but by itself, it is insufficient to induce therapeutically effective T-cell responses. The common gamma-chain cytokine IL15 promotes and sustains the proliferation and effector function of CD8+ T cells but has limited activity against poorly immunogenic tumors that do not elicit significant spontaneous T-cell responses. Here, we show that radiotherapy and subcutaneous IL15 had complementary effects and induced CD8+ T-cell-mediated tumor regression and long-term protective memory responses in two mouse carcinoma models unresponsive to IL15 alone. Mechanistically, radiotherapy-induced IFN type I production and Batf3-dependent conventional dendritic cells type 1 (cDC1) were required for priming of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells and for the therapeutic effect of the combination. IL15 cooperated with radiotherapy to activate and recruit cDC1s to the tumor. IL15 alone and in complex with a hybrid molecule containing the IL15α receptor have been tested in early-phase clinical trials in patients with cancer and demonstrated good tolerability, especially when given subcutaneously. Expansion of natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells was noted, without clear clinical activity, suggesting further testing of IL15 as a component of a combinatorial treatment with other agents. Our results provide the rationale for testing combinations of IL15 with radiotherapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten A Pilones
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Maud Charpentier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Elena Garcia-Martinez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.,Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Camille Daviaud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey Kraynak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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Wang J, Matosevic S. Functional and metabolic targeting of natural killer cells to solid tumors. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:577-600. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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45
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Guo L, Liu MF, Huang JN, Li JM, Jiang J, Wang JA. Role of interleukin-15 in cardiovascular diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7094-7101. [PMID: 32406586 PMCID: PMC7339208 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)‐15 is a recently identified cytokine, which belongs to the interleukin‐2(IL‐2) family, and plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunoreaction. Given the fact that the structure of IL‐15 is partially similar to IL‐2, they share some common biological effects, including immunoregulation. IL‐2 was proven to protect cardiac function in mouse myocardial infarction models. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) dominate the cause of mortality worldwide. Besides atherosclerosis, inflammation is also widely involved in the pathogenesis of many CVDs including hypertension, heart failure (HF) and aneurysm. IL‐15, as a pro‐inflammatory cytokine, is up‐regulated in some cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis. The current understanding of IL‐15, including its signal pathway and cellular function, was described. Furthermore, IL‐15 has a protective effect in myocardial infarction and myocarditis by decreasing cardiomyocyte death and improving heart function. The inhibited effect of IL‐15 in ductus arteriosus (DA) should be focused on. IL‐15 promoted atherogenesis. IL‐15 may be a good target in treatment of cardiovascular diabetology. Finally, future research direction of IL‐15 deserves attention. Since IL‐15 plays several roles in CVDs, understanding the role of the IL‐15/IL‐15R system may provide a scientific basis for the development of new approaches that use IL‐15 for the treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Fei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Niu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Min Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-An Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Nicolai CJ, Wolf N, Chang IC, Kirn G, Marcus A, Ndubaku CO, McWhirter SM, Raulet DH. NK cells mediate clearance of CD8 + T cell-resistant tumors in response to STING agonists. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/45/eaaz2738. [PMID: 32198222 PMCID: PMC7228660 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaz2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several immunotherapy approaches that mobilize CD8+ T cell responses stimulate tumor rejection, and some, such as checkpoint blockade, have been approved for several cancer indications and show impressive increases in patient survival. However, tumors may evade CD8+ T cell recognition via loss of MHC molecules or because they contain few or no neoantigens. Therefore, approaches are needed to combat CD8+ T cell-resistant cancers. STING-activating cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are a new class of immune-stimulating agents that elicit impressive CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor rejection in preclinical tumor models and are now being tested in clinical trials. Here, we demonstrate powerful CDN-induced, natural killer (NK) cell-mediated tumor rejection in numerous tumor models, independent of CD8+ T cells. CDNs enhanced NK cell activation, cytotoxicity, and antitumor effects in part by inducing type I interferon (IFN). IFN acted in part directly on NK cells in vivo and in part indirectly via the induction of IL-15 and IL-15 receptors, which were important for CDN-induced NK activation and tumor control. After in vivo administration of CDNs, dendritic cells (DCs) up-regulated IL-15Rα in an IFN-dependent manner. Mice lacking the type I IFN receptor specifically on DCs had reduced NK cell activation and tumor control. Therapeutics that activate NK cells, such as CDNs, checkpoint inhibitors, NK cell engagers, and cytokines, may represent next-generation approaches to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Nicolai
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Natalie Wolf
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - I-Chang Chang
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Georgia Kirn
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Assaf Marcus
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | | - David H. Raulet
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,corresponding author:
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Role of Dendritic Cells in Exposing Latent HIV-1 for the Kill. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010037. [PMID: 31905690 PMCID: PMC7019604 DOI: 10.3390/v12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective yet nontoxic strategies to target the latent human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) reservoir in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed individuals poses a critical barrier to a functional cure. The ‘kick and kill’ approach to HIV eradication entails proviral reactivation during ART, coupled with generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or other immune effectors equipped to eliminate exposed infected cells. Pharmacological latency reversal agents (LRAs) that have produced modest reductions in the latent reservoir ex vivo have not impacted levels of proviral DNA in HIV-infected individuals. An optimal cure strategy incorporates methods that facilitate sufficient antigen exposure on reactivated cells following the induction of proviral gene expression, as well as the elimination of infected targets by either polyfunctional HIV-specific CTLs or other immune-based strategies. Although conventional dendritic cells (DCs) have been used extensively for the purpose of inducing antigen-specific CTL responses in HIV-1 clinical trials, their immunotherapeutic potential as cellular LRAs has been largely ignored. In this review, we discuss the challenges associated with current HIV-1 eradication strategies, as well as the unharnessed potential of ex vivo-programmed DCs for both the ‘kick and kill’ of latent HIV-1.
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Trans-endocytosis of intact IL-15Rα-IL-15 complex from presenting cells into NK cells favors signaling for proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:522-531. [PMID: 31871169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911678117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is an essential cytokine for the survival and proliferation of natural killer (NK) cells. IL-15 activates signaling by the β and common γ (γc) chain heterodimer of the IL-2 receptor through trans-presentation by cells expressing IL-15 bound to the α chain of the IL-15 receptor (IL-15Rα). We show here that membrane-associated IL-15Rα-IL-15 complexes are transferred from presenting cells to NK cells through trans-endocytosis and contribute to the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 and NK cell proliferation. NK cell interaction with soluble or surface-bound IL-15Rα-IL-15 complex resulted in Stat5 phosphorylation and NK cell survival at a concentration or density of the complex much lower than required to stimulate S6 phosphorylation. Despite this efficient response, Stat5 phosphorylation was reduced after inhibition of metalloprotease-induced IL-15Rα-IL-15 shedding from trans-presenting cells, whereas S6 phosphorylation was unaffected. Conversely, inhibition of trans-endocytosis by silencing of the small GTPase TC21 or expression of a dominant-negative TC21 reduced S6 phosphorylation but not Stat5 phosphorylation. Thus, trans-endocytosis of membrane-associated IL-15Rα-IL-15 provides a mode of regulating NK cells that is not afforded to IL-2 and is distinct from activation by soluble IL-15. These results may explain the strict IL-15 dependence of NK cells and illustrate how the cellular compartment in which receptor-ligand interaction occurs can influence functional outcome.
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Nolz JC, Richer MJ. Control of memory CD8 + T cell longevity and effector functions by IL-15. Mol Immunol 2019; 117:180-188. [PMID: 31816491 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 is a member of the common gamma chain family of cytokines and plays important roles in regulating several aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. Besides its established role in controlling homeostatic proliferation and survival of memory CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells, recent findings demonstrate that inflammatory IL-15 can also stimulate a variety of effector functions, such as enhanced cytotoxicity, entry into the cell cycle, and trafficking into non-lymphoid tissues. Here, we discuss how IL-15 is critical in regulating many functions of memory CD8+ T cells and how these processes act collectively to ensure optimal protective cellular immunity against re-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 712 McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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50
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Quéméner A, Morisseau S, Sousa RP, Trillet K, Maillasson M, Leray I, Jacques Y, Dion J, Barbieux I, Frutoso M, Laurent AD, Le Questel JY, Mortier E. IL-15Rα membrane anchorage in either cis or trans is required for stabilization of IL-15 and optimal signaling. J Cell Sci 2019; 133:jcs.236802. [PMID: 31653781 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 plays an important role in the communication between immune cells. It delivers its signal through different modes involving three receptor chains: IL-15Rα, IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc. The combination of the different chains result in the formation of IL-15Rα/IL-2Rβ/γc trimeric or IL-2Rβ/γc dimeric receptors. In this study, we have investigated the role of the IL-15Rα chain in stabilizing the cytokine in the IL-2Rβ/γc dimeric receptor. By analyzing the key amino acid residues of IL-15 facing IL-2Rβ, we provide evidence of differential interfaces in the presence or in the absence of membrane-anchored IL-15Rα. Moreover, we found that the anchorage of IL-15Rα to the cell surface regardless its mode of presentation - i.e. cis or trans - is crucial for complete signaling. These observations show how the cells can finely modulate the intensity of cytokine signaling through the quality and the level of expression of the receptor chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Quéméner
- CRCINA, CNRS, Inserm, University of Angers, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO, Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Sébastien Morisseau
- CRCINA, CNRS, Inserm, University of Angers, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO, Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology, Nantes, France.,CHU, Nantes Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Rui P Sousa
- CRCINA, CNRS, Inserm, University of Angers, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO, Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology, Nantes, France.,CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, UFR Sciences et Techniques, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Kilian Trillet
- CRCINA, CNRS, Inserm, University of Angers, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO, Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- CRCINA, CNRS, Inserm, University of Angers, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO, Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology, Nantes, France.,Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, FED 4203, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, IMPACT Platform, Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Leray
- CRCINA, CNRS, Inserm, University of Angers, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO, Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Yannick Jacques
- CRCINA, CNRS, Inserm, University of Angers, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO, Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Johann Dion
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, FED 4203, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, IMPACT Platform, Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Barbieux
- CRCINA, CNRS, Inserm, University of Angers, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO, Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Frutoso
- CRCINA, CNRS, Inserm, University of Angers, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO, Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Adèle D Laurent
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, UFR Sciences et Techniques, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Yves Le Questel
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, UFR Sciences et Techniques, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Erwan Mortier
- CRCINA, CNRS, Inserm, University of Angers, University of Nantes, Nantes, France .,LabEx IGO, Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology, Nantes, France.,Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, FED 4203, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, IMPACT Platform, Nantes, France
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