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L’Estrange-Stranieri E, Gottschalk TA, Wright MD, Hibbs ML. The dualistic role of Lyn tyrosine kinase in immune cell signaling: implications for systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395427. [PMID: 39007135 PMCID: PMC11239442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus) is a debilitating, multisystem autoimmune disease that can affect any organ in the body. The disease is characterized by circulating autoantibodies that accumulate in organs and tissues, which triggers an inflammatory response that can cause permanent damage leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Lyn, a member of the Src family of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases, is highly implicated in SLE as remarkably both mice lacking Lyn or expressing a gain-of-function mutation in Lyn develop spontaneous lupus-like disease due to altered signaling in B lymphocytes and myeloid cells, suggesting its expression or activation state plays a critical role in maintaining tolerance. The past 30 years of research has begun to elucidate the role of Lyn in a duplicitous signaling network of activating and inhibitory immunoreceptors and related targets, including interactions with the interferon regulatory factor family in the toll-like receptor pathway. Gain-of-function mutations in Lyn have now been identified in human cases and like mouse models, cause severe systemic autoinflammation. Studies of Lyn in SLE patients have presented mixed findings, which may reflect the heterogeneity of disease processes in SLE, with impairment or enhancement in Lyn function affecting subsets of SLE patients that may be a means of stratification. In this review, we present an overview of the phosphorylation and protein-binding targets of Lyn in B lymphocytes and myeloid cells, highlighting the structural domains of the protein that are involved in its function, and provide an update on studies of Lyn in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan L’Estrange-Stranieri
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy A. Gottschalk
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark D. Wright
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret L. Hibbs
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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2
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Merrill JT, Guthridge J, Smith M, June J, Koumpouras F, Machua W, Askanase A, Khosroshahi A, Sheikh SZ, Rathi G, Burington B, Foster P, Matijevic M, Arora S, Wang X, Gao M, Wax S, James JA, Zack DJ. Obexelimab in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Exploration of Response Based on Gene Pathway Co-Expression Patterns: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Trial. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:2185-2194. [PMID: 37459248 DOI: 10.1002/art.42652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obexelimab is an investigational, bifunctional, noncytolytic monoclonal antibody that binds CD19 and FcyRIIb to inhibit B cells, plasmablasts, and plasma cells. This trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of obexelimab in the treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS During screening, patients with active, non-organ-threatening SLE received corticosteroid injections to ameliorate symptoms while immunosuppressants were withdrawn (≤10 mg/day prednisone equivalent and ≤400 mg/day hydroxychloroquine allowed). Patients with improved disease activity were randomized 1:1 to obexelimab 5 mg/kg intravenously or placebo once every 2 weeks until week 32 or loss of improvement (LOI). RESULTS In this study, 104 patients were randomized. Analysis of the primary endpoint, proportion of patients reaching week 32 without LOI, used an efficacy-evaluable (EE) population defined as patients who completed the study or withdrew for flare or treatment-related toxicity. This endpoint did not reach statistical significance: 21 of 50 obexelimab-treated patients (42.0%) versus 12 of 42 patients (28.6%) treated with a placebo (P = 0.183). Time to LOI was increased in obexelimab-treated patients versus patients treated with a placebo in the EE (hazard ratio [HR] 0.53, P = 0.025) and intention-to-treat (HR 0.59, P = 0.062) populations. In obexelimab-treated patients, B cells decreased approximately 50%, and trough concentration and inclusion in baseline gene expression clusters with high B cell pathway modules were associated with increased time to LOI. Obexelimab was associated with infusion reactions but was generally safe and well-tolerated. CONCLUSION Although the primary endpoint was not reached, secondary analysis showed time to LOI was significantly increased in obexelimab-treated patients, and analysis of patient subsets defined by gene expression patterns at baseline suggests a responding subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan T Merrill
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Joel Guthridge
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Miles Smith
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Joshua June
- Great Lakes Center of Rheumatology, Lansing, Michigan
| | | | | | - Anca Askanase
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | | | - Saira Z Sheikh
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Judith A James
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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3
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Gao X, Ma H, Niu J, Li D. FcγRIIB expression increases during primary biliary cholangitis. Mol Immunol 2023; 162:30-37. [PMID: 37634276 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a severe disease with unknown aetiology and poor prognosis owing to ineffective treatment. B-cell antibodies play a regulatory role during immune responses; therefore, their role in PBC should not be overlooked. Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) of IgG and cell surface glycoproteins play an important role in autoimmune and infectious disease prevention. In this study, 60 patients with PBC and 35 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. The number of B cells and the expression of the FcγRIIB on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with PBC were evaluated using FACS. The concentrations of soluble FcγRs were determined using ELISA, and intrahepatic FcγRIIB and CD19 expressions in patients with PBC were visualised using IHC. FcγRIIB expression in B cells was significantly higher in patients with PBC than in HCs (P < 0.0001). The soluble FcγRIIB levels in the plasma were higher in patients with PBC than in HCs (P = 0.0009). Notably, these levels were reduced by treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (P = 0.0236). CD19 and FcγRIIB expression increased in the liver of patients with PBC relative to that in HCs. These findings can provide new insights into PBC pathogenesis and can aid the future development of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhu Gao
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Heming Ma
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China.
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China; Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China.
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4
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Chancharoenthana W, Kamolratanakul S, Yiengwattananon P, Phuengmaung P, Udompornpitak K, Saisorn W, Hiengrach P, Visitchanakun P, Schultz MJ, Leelahavanichkul A. Enhanced lupus progression in alcohol-administered Fc gamma receptor-IIb-deficiency lupus mice, partly through leaky gut-induced inflammation. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:746-765. [PMID: 37575046 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol can induce a leaky gut, with translocation of microbial molecules from the gut into the blood circulation. Although the contribution of inflammation to organ-mediated damage in lupus has been previously demonstrated, the mechanistic roles of alcohol consumption in lupus activation are not known. Herein, we tested the effects of 10-week lasting alcohol administration on organ damages and immune responses in 8-week-old lupus-prone Fc gamma receptor IIb-deficient (FcγRIIb-/- ) mice. Our study endpoints were evaluation of systemic inflammation and assessment of fecal dysbiosis along with endotoxemia. In comparison with alcohol-administered wild-type mice, FcγRIIb-/- mice demonstrated more prominent liver damage (enzyme, histological score, apoptosis, malondialdehyde oxidant) and serum interleukin(IL)-6 levels, despite a similarity in leaky gut (fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran assay, endotoxemia and gut occludin-1 immunofluorescence), fecal dysbiosis (microbiome analysis) and endotoxemia. All alcohol-administered FcγRIIb-/- mice developed lupus-like characteristics (serum anti-dsDNA, proteinuria, serum creatinine and kidney injury score) with spleen apoptosis, whereas control FcγRIIb-/- mice showed only a subtle anti-dsDNA. Both alcohol and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) similarly impaired enterocyte integrity (transepithelial electrical resistance), and only LPS, but not alcohol, upregulated the IL-8 gene in Caco-2 cells. In macrophages, alcohol mildly activated supernatant cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6), but not M1 polarization-associated genes (IL-1β and iNOS), whereas LPS prominently induced both parameters (more prominent in FcγRIIb-/- macrophages than wild type). There was no synergy in LPS plus alcohol compared with LPS alone in both enterocytes and macrophages. In conclusion, alcohol might exacerbate lupus-like activity partly through a profound inflammation from the leaky gut in FcγRIIb-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwat Chancharoenthana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tropical Immunology and Translational Research Unit (TITRU), Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supitcha Kamolratanakul
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tropical Immunology and Translational Research Unit (TITRU), Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Pornpimol Phuengmaung
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Udompornpitak
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Saisorn
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pratsanee Hiengrach
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Visitchanakun
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- Department of Intensive Care & Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (LEICA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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5
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Boudreau CM, Burke JS, Roederer AL, Gorman MJ, Mundle S, Lingwood D, Delagrave S, Sridhar S, Ross TM, Kleanthous H, Alter G. Pre-existing Fc profiles shape the evolution of neutralizing antibody breadth following influenza vaccination. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100975. [PMID: 36921600 PMCID: PMC10040413 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Under the ever-present threat of a pandemic influenza strain, the evolution of a broadly reactive, neutralizing, functional, humoral immune response may hold the key to protection against both circulating and emerging influenza strains. We apply a systems approach to profile hemagglutinin- and neuraminidase-specific humoral signatures that track with the evolution of broad immunity in a cohort of vaccinated individuals and validate these findings in a second longitudinal cohort. Multivariate analysis reveals the presence of a unique pre-existing Fcγ-receptor-binding antibody profile in individuals that evolved broadly reactive hemagglutination inhibition activity (HAI), marked by the presence of elevated levels of pre-existing FCGR2B-binding antibodies. Moreover, vaccination with FCGR2B-binding antibody-opsonized influenza results in enhanced antibody titers and HAI activity in a murine model. Together, these data suggest that pre-existing FCGR2B binding antibodies are a key correlate of the evolution of broadly protective influenza-specific antibodies, providing insight for the design of next-generation influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Boudreau
- PhD Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John S Burke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexander L Roederer
- PhD Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew J Gorman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sophia Mundle
- Discovery North America, Sanofi-Pasteur, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Saranya Sridhar
- Discovery North America, Sanofi-Pasteur, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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6
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Barlev AN, Malkiel S, Kurata-Sato I, Dorjée AL, Suurmond J, Diamond B. FcɣRIIB regulates autoantibody responses by limiting marginal zone B cell activation. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:157250. [PMID: 35819855 PMCID: PMC9435648 DOI: 10.1172/jci157250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FcɣRIIB is an inhibitory receptor expressed throughout B cell development. Diminished expression or function is associated with lupus in mice and humans, in particular through an effect on autoantibody production and plasma cell differentiation. Here, we analysed the effect of B cell-intrinsic FcɣRIIB expression on B cell activation and plasma cell differentiation. Loss of FcɣRIIB on B cells (Fcgr2b cKO mice) led to a spontaneous increase in autoantibody titers. This increase was most striking for IgG3, suggestive of increased extrafollicular responses. Marginal zone (MZ) B cells had the highest expression of FcɣRIIB in both mouse and human. This high expression of FcɣRIIB was linked to increased MZ B cell activation, Erk phosphorylation, and calcium fluxin the absence of FcɣRIIB triggering. Marked increases in IgG3+ plasma cells and B cells were observed during extrafollicular plasma cell responses in Fcgr2b cKO mice. The increased IgG3 response following immunization of Fcgr2b cKO mice was lost in MZ-deficient Notch2/Fcgr2b cKO mice. Importantly, SLE patients exhibited decreased expression of FcɣRIIB, most strongly in MZ B cells. Thus, we present a model where high FcɣRIIB expression in MZ B cells prevents their hyperactivation and ensuing autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Barlev
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Susan Malkiel
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Izumi Kurata-Sato
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Annemarie L Dorjée
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jolien Suurmond
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
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7
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Wang W, Fan Y, Wang X. Lactobacillus: Friend or Foe for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? Front Immunol 2022; 13:883747. [PMID: 35677055 PMCID: PMC9168270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) remains largely unknown, despite the fact that it is well understood that a complex interaction between genes and environment is required for disease development. Microbiota serve as activators and are essential to immune homeostasis. Lactobacillus is thought to be an environmental agent affecting the development of SLE. However, beneficial therapeutic and anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus on SLE were also explored. The discovery of Lactobacillus involvement in SLE will shed light on how SLE develops, as well as finding microbiota-targeted biomarkers and novel therapies. In this review, we attempt to describe the two sides of Lactobacillus in the occurrence, development, treatment and prognosis of SLE. We also discuss the effect of different strains Lactobacillus on immune cells, murine lupus, and patients. Finally, we try to illustrate the potential immunological mechanisms of Lactobacillus on SLE and provide evidence for further microbiota-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Fan
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchang Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Banham GD, Lee CYC, Ferdinand JR, Matthews RJ, Jing C, Smithers N, Prinjha RK, Clatworthy MR. Bromodomain Inhibitors Modulate FcγR-Mediated Mononuclear Phagocyte Activation and Chemotaxis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:885101. [PMID: 35619690 PMCID: PMC9127238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG antibodies form immune complexes (IC) that propagate inflammation and tissue damage in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. IgG IC engage Fcγ receptors (FcγR) on mononuclear phagocytes (MNP), leading to widespread changes in gene expression that mediate antibody effector function. Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins are involved in governing gene transcription. We investigated the capacity of BET protein inhibitors (iBET) to alter IgG FcγR-mediated MNP activation. We found that iBET dampened IgG IC-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression and decreased activating FcγR expression on MNPs, reducing their ability to respond to IgG IC. Despite FcγR downregulation, iBET-treated macrophages demonstrated increased phagocytosis of protein antigen, IgG IC, and apoptotic cells. iBET also altered cell morphology, generating more amoeboid MNPs with reduced adhesion. iBET treatment impaired chemotaxis towards a CCL19 gradient in IC-stimulated dendritic cells (DC) in vitro, and inhibited IC-induced DC migration to draining lymph nodes in vivo, in a DC-intrinsic manner. Altogether, our data show that iBET modulates FcγR-mediated MNP activation and migration, revealing the therapeutic potential of BET protein inhibition in antibody-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma D. Banham
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Y. C. Lee
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebeccah J. Matthews
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chenzhi Jing
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Smithers
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Rab K. Prinjha
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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9
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Kotagiri P, Mescia F, Hanson AL, Turner L, Bergamaschi L, Peñalver A, Richoz N, Moore SD, Ortmann BM, Dunmore BJ, Morgan MD, Tuong ZK, Göttgens B, Toshner M, Hess C, Maxwell PH, Clatworthy MR, Nathan JA, Bradley JR, Lyons PA, Burrows N, Smith KGC. The impact of hypoxia on B cells in COVID-19. EBioMedicine 2022; 77:103878. [PMID: 35189575 PMCID: PMC8856886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prominent early features of COVID-19 include severe, often clinically silent, hypoxia and a pronounced reduction in B cells, the latter important in defence against SARS-CoV-2. This presentation resembles the phenotype of mice with VHL-deficient B cells, in which Hypoxia-Inducible Factors are constitutively active, suggesting hypoxia might drive B cell abnormalities in COVID-19. METHODS Detailed B cell phenotyping was undertaken by flow-cytometry on longitudinal samples from patients with COVID-19 across a range of severities (NIHR Cambridge BioResource). The impact of hypoxia on the transcriptome was assessed by single-cell and whole blood RNA sequencing analysis. The direct effect of hypoxia on B cells was determined through immunisation studies in genetically modified and hypoxia-exposed mice. FINDINGS We demonstrate the breadth of early and persistent defects in B cell subsets in moderate/severe COVID-19, including reduced marginal zone-like, memory and transitional B cells, changes also observed in B cell VHL-deficient mice. These findings were associated with hypoxia-related transcriptional changes in COVID-19 patient B cells, and similar B cell abnormalities were seen in mice kept in hypoxic conditions. INTERPRETATION Hypoxia may contribute to the pronounced and persistent B cell pathology observed in acute COVID-19 pneumonia. Assessment of the impact of early oxygen therapy on these immune defects should be considered, as their correction could contribute to improved outcomes. FUNDING Evelyn Trust, Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust, UKRI/NIHR, Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanti Kotagiri
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Mescia
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Aimee L Hanson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lorinda Turner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Bergamaschi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Peñalver
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
| | - Nathan Richoz
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton. United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Moore
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Brian M Ortmann
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Dunmore
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Morgan
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom; EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton. United Kingdom
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome & MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Toshner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Heart and Lung Research Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Hess
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick H Maxwell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton. United Kingdom
| | - James A Nathan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John R Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Burrows
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge.
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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10
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Yu X, Zizzo Z, Kennedy PG. An appraisal of antigen identification and IgG effector functions driving host immune responses in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 56:103328. [PMID: 34666240 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and oligoclonal bands (OCB) are the most characteristic features of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease with neurodegeneration at chronic stages. OCB are shown to be associated with disease activity and brain atrophy. Despite intensive research over the last several decades, the antigen specificities of the IgG in MS have remained elusive. We present evidence which supports that intrathecal IgG is not driven by antigen-stimulation, therefore provide reasoning for failed MS antigen identification. Further, the presence of co-deposition of IgG and activated complement products in MS lesions suggest that the IgG effector functions may play a critical role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America.
| | - Zoe Zizzo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Peter Ge Kennedy
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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11
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Zuo Y, Deng GM. Fc Gamma Receptors as Regulators of Bone Destruction in Inflammatory Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688201. [PMID: 34248975 PMCID: PMC8262610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone erosion is one of the primary features of inflammatory arthritis and is caused by excessive differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) have been implicated in osteoclastogenesis. Our recent studies demonstrate that joint-deposited lupus IgG inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. FcγRI is required for RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and lupus IgG-induced signaling transduction. We reviewed the results of studies that analyzed the association between FcγRs and bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis. The analysis revealed the dual roles of FcγRs in bone destruction in inflammatory arthritis. Thus, IgG/FcγR signaling molecules may serve as potential therapeutic targets against bone erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyue Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Min Deng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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12
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Chu SY, Pong E, Bonzon C, Yu N, Jacob CO, Chalmers SA, Putterman C, Szymkowski DE, Stohl W. Inhibition of B cell activation following in vivo co-engagement of B cell antigen receptor and Fcγ receptor IIb in non-autoimmune-prone and SLE-prone mice. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100075. [PMID: 33409482 PMCID: PMC7773957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of Fcγ receptor IIb (FcγRIIb) suppresses B cell activation and represents a promising target for therapy in autoimmunity. Obexelimab is a non-depleting anti-human CD19 mAb with an Fc region engineered to have high affinity for human FcγRIIb, thereby co-engaging BCR and FcγRIIb. To assess its ability to suppress B cell activation in vivo, we generated non-autoimmune-prone C57BL/6 (B6) and SLE-prone NZM 2328 (NZM) mice in which the human FcγRIIb extracellular domain was knocked into the mouse Fcgr2b locus (B6.hRIIb and NZM.hRIIb mice, respectively, the latter retaining features of SLE). XENP8206, a mAb which bears the same FcγRIIb-enhanced human Fc domain as does obexelimab but which recognizes murine CD19 rather than human CD19, inhibited in vitro BCR-triggered activation of B cells from both B6.hRIIb and NZM.hRIIb mice. Following administration of XENP8206 to B6.hRIIb or NZM.hRIIb mice, B cell numbers in the spleen and lymph nodes remained stable but became hyporesponsive to BCR-triggered activation for at least 14 days. These findings demonstrate proof-of-principle that pharmacologic co-engagement of BCR and human FcγRIIb inhibits B cell activation in non-autoimmune and SLE-prone hosts while preserving B cell numbers. These observations lay a strong foundation for clinical trials in human SLE with agents that co-engage BCR and FcγRIIb. Moreover, B6.hRIIb and NZM.hRIIb should serve as powerful in vivo models in the elucidation of the cellular and molecular underpinnings of the changes induced by BCR/FcγRIIb co-engagement. We generated non-autoimmune B6.hRIIb and SLE-prone NZM.hRIIb knockin mice for the human FcγRIIb extracellular domain. XENP8206 is an anti-murine CD19 mAb engineered to have high affinity for human FcγRIIb. XENP8206 inhibited in vitro BCR-triggered activation of B cells from both B6.hRIIb and NZM.hRIIb mice. XENP8206 inhibited in vivo BCR-triggered activation of B cells while preserving B cell numbers. These observations lay a strong foundation for clinical trials in human SLE with agents that co-engage BCR and FcγRIIb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Pong
- Xencor, Inc., Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | | | - Ning Yu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Chaim O Jacob
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Samantha A Chalmers
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | | | - William Stohl
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
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13
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Bournazos S, Gupta A, Ravetch JV. The role of IgG Fc receptors in antibody-dependent enhancement. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:633-643. [PMID: 32782358 PMCID: PMC7418887 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a mechanism by which the pathogenesis of certain viral infections is enhanced in the presence of sub-neutralizing or cross-reactive non-neutralizing antiviral antibodies. In vitro modelling of ADE has attributed enhanced pathogenesis to Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated viral entry, rather than canonical viral receptor-mediated entry. However, the putative FcγR-dependent mechanisms of ADE overlap with the role of these receptors in mediating antiviral protection in various viral infections, necessitating a detailed understanding of how this diverse family of receptors functions in protection and pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the diversity of immune responses mediated upon FcγR engagement and review the available experimental evidence supporting the role of FcγRs in antiviral protection and pathogenesis through ADE. We explore FcγR engagement in the context of a range of different viral infections, including dengue virus and SARS-CoV, and consider ADE in the context of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) has been described as a mechanism that contributes to the pathogenesis of dengue virus infection. Limited evidence also suggests that it can also occur in other viral infections. Here, the authors explore the history of the ADE phenomenon, discuss the diversity of Fc effector functions and consider its potential relevance in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aaron Gupta
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Huang L, Yu X, Li L, Liu J, Wu X, Zeng Y, Liao X, Liu W, Zhang F, Zhang X, Chen H, Zheng W. Aberrant FcγRIIb and FcγRIII expression on monocytes from patients with Behçet's disease. Clin Immunol 2020; 219:108549. [PMID: 32739412 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) patients have abnormal FcγR polymorphisms, the implication of which remains elusive. We examined FcγRIIb expression on neutrophils, monocytes, B cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells and T cells, and FcγRI and FcγRIII expression on monocytes in BD patients and healthy controls using flow cytometry. We further stimulated monocytes with IgG and (or) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and measured IL-6 and TNF-α production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that BD monocytes expressed a lower level of FcγRIIb and a higher level of FcγRIII, which were correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein and were rescued after treatment. Furthermore, LPS- and IgG-stimulated BD monocytes produced higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-α than HC monocytes. In summary, we found that BD monocytes downregulated FcγRIIb expression and upregulated FcγRIII expression, which were correlated with disease activity and potentially contributed to monocyte hyperactivation in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Shuafuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Shuafuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Shuafuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jinjing Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Shuafuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiuhua Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Shuafuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, China
| | - Xiangping Liao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First People's Hospital of ChenZhou, ChenZhou, Hunan 423000, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Shuafuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Shuafuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Shuafuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Shuafuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China.
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15
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Danzer H, Glaesner J, Baerenwaldt A, Reitinger C, Lux A, Heger L, Dudziak D, Harrer T, Gessner A, Nimmerjahn F. Human Fcγ-receptor IIb modulates pathogen-specific versus self-reactive antibody responses in lyme arthritis. eLife 2020; 9:55319. [PMID: 32613944 PMCID: PMC7438111 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-specific antibody responses need to be tightly regulated to generate protective but limit self-reactive immune responses. While loss of humoral tolerance has been associated with microbial infections, the pathways involved in balancing protective versus autoreactive antibody responses in humans are incompletely understood. Studies in classical mouse model systems have provided evidence that balancing of immune responses through inhibitory receptors is an important quality control checkpoint. Genetic differences between inbred mouse models and the outbred human population and allelic receptor variants not present in mice; however, argue for caution when directly translating these findings to the human system. By studying Borrelia burgdorferi infection in humanized mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells from donors homozygous for a functional or a non-functional FcγRIIb allele, we show that the human inhibitory FcγRIIb is a critical checkpoint balancing protective and autoreactive immune responses, linking infection with induction of autoimmunity in the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Danzer
- Institute of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim Glaesner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anne Baerenwaldt
- Laboratory for Cancer Immunotherapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Reitinger
- Institute of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Lux
- Institute of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Harrer
- Medical Department 3, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Institute of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Abstract
IgG antibodies cause inflammation and organ damage in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We investigated the metabolic profile of macrophages isolated from inflamed tissues in immune complex (IC)-associated diseases, including SLE and rheumatoid arthritis, and following IgG Fcγ receptor cross-linking. We found that human and mouse macrophages undergo a switch to glycolysis in response to IgG IC stimulation, mirroring macrophage metabolic changes in inflamed tissue in vivo. This metabolic reprogramming was required to generate a number of proinflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, and was dependent on mTOR and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α. Inhibition of glycolysis, or genetic depletion of HIF1α, attenuated IgG IC-induced activation of macrophages in vitro, including primary human kidney macrophages. In vivo, glycolysis inhibition led to a reduction in kidney macrophage IL-1β and reduced neutrophil recruitment in a murine model of antibody-mediated nephritis. Together, our data reveal the molecular mechanisms underpinning FcγR-mediated metabolic reprogramming in macrophages and suggest a therapeutic strategy for autoantibody-induced inflammation, including lupus nephritis.
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17
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Di Ceglie I, Kruisbergen NNL, van den Bosch MHJ, van Lent PLEM. Fc-gamma receptors and S100A8/A9 cause bone erosion during rheumatoid arthritis. Do they act as partners in crime? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 58:1331-1343. [PMID: 31180451 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone erosion is one of the central hallmarks of RA and is caused by excessive differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. Presence of autoantibodies in seropositive arthritis is associated with radiographic disease progression. ICs, formed by autoantibodies and their antigens, activate Fcγ-receptor signalling in immune cells, and as such stimulate inflammation-mediated bone erosion. Interestingly, ICs can also directly activate osteoclasts by binding to FcγRs on their surface. Next to autoantibodies, high levels of alarmins, among which is S100A8/A9, are typical for RA and they can further activate the immune system but also directly promote osteoclast function. Therefore, IC-activated FcγRs and S100A8/A9 might act as partners in crime to stimulate inflammation and osteoclasts differentiation and function, thereby stimulating bone erosion. This review discusses the separate roles of ICs, FcγRs and alarmins in bone erosion and sheds new light on the possible interplay between them, which could fuel bone erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Di Ceglie
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nik N L Kruisbergen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Rey-Suarez I, Wheatley BA, Koo P, Bhanja A, Shu Z, Mochrie S, Song W, Shroff H, Upadhyaya A. WASP family proteins regulate the mobility of the B cell receptor during signaling activation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:439. [PMID: 31974357 PMCID: PMC6978525 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of membrane receptor mobility tunes cellular response to external signals, such as in binding of B cell receptors (BCR) to antigen, which initiates signaling. However, whether BCR signaling is regulated by BCR mobility, and what factors mediate this regulation, are not well understood. Here we use single molecule imaging to examine BCR movement during signaling activation and a novel machine learning method to classify BCR trajectories into distinct diffusive states. Inhibition of actin dynamics downstream of the actin nucleating factors, Arp2/3 and formin, decreases BCR mobility. Constitutive loss or acute inhibition of the Arp2/3 regulator, N-WASP, which is associated with enhanced signaling, increases the proportion of BCR trajectories with lower diffusivity. Furthermore, loss of N-WASP reduces the diffusivity of CD19, a stimulatory co-receptor, but not that of FcγRIIB, an inhibitory co-receptor. Our results implicate a dynamic actin network in fine-tuning receptor mobility and receptor-ligand interactions for modulating B cell signaling. B cell receptors (BCR) capture antigen and initiate downstream antibody responses, but whether and how BCR signaling is regulated by BCR mobility is still unclear. Here the authors show, using single molecule imaging and machine learning analyses, that BCR and CD19 mobility is modulated by the actin nucleation regulators Arp2/3 and N-WASP to control BCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rey-Suarez
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brittany A Wheatley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Peter Koo
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Anshuman Bhanja
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zhou Shu
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Simon Mochrie
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Hari Shroff
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. .,Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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19
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Leaky-gut enhanced lupus progression in the Fc gamma receptor-IIb deficient and pristane-induced mouse models of lupus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:777. [PMID: 31964918 PMCID: PMC6972921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of gut-leakage or gut-microbiota upon lupus progression was explored in 2 lupus mouse models. Pristane, administered in 4-wk-old wild-type (WT) female mice, induced lupus characteristics at 24-wk-old similar to the lupus-onset in FcGRIIb−/− mice. Gut-microbiota alteration was induced by co-housing together with the gavage of feces from 40-wk-old FcGRIIb−/− mice (symptomatic lupus). On the other hand, gut-leakage was induced by dextran sulfate solution (DSS). DSS and gut-microbiota alteration induced high serum anti-dsDNA immunoglobulin (Ig) as early as 30 days post-DSS only in FcGRIIb−/− mice. DSS, but not gut-microbiota alteration, enhanced lupus characteristics (serum creatinine and proteinuria) in both lupus models (but not in WT) at 60 days post-DSS. Indeed, DSS induced the translocation of molecular components of gut-pathogens as determined by bacterial burdens in mesenteric lymph node (MLN), endotoxemia (gut-bacterial molecule) and serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG) (gut-fungal molecule) as early as 15 days post-DSS together with enhanced MLN apoptosis in both WT and lupus mice. However, DSS induced spleen apoptosis in FcGRIIb−/− and WT mice at 30 and 60 days post-DSS, respectively, suggesting the higher impact of gut-leakage against spleen of lupus mice. In addition, macrophages preconditioning with LPS plus BG were susceptible to starvation-induced apoptosis, predominantly in FcGRIIb−/− cell, implying the influence of gut-leakage upon cell stress. In summary, gut-leakage induced gut-translocation of organismal-molecules then enhanced the susceptibility of stress-induced apoptosis, predominantly in lupus. Subsequently, the higher burdens of apoptosis in lupus mice increased anti-dsDNA Ig and worsen lupus severity through immune complex deposition. Hence, therapeutic strategies addressing gut-leakage in lupus are interesting.
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20
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Kovacs B, Tillmann J, Freund LC, Nimmerjahn F, Sadik CD, Bieber K, Ludwig RJ, Karsten CM, Köhl J. Fcγ Receptor IIB Controls Skin Inflammation in an Active Model of Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3012. [PMID: 31993051 PMCID: PMC6971089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is an autoimmune skin blistering disease characterized by IgG autoantibodies (aAb) against type VII collagen (COL7). The mechanisms controlling the formation of such aAbs and their effector functions in the skin tissue are incompletely understood. Here, we assessed whether the inhibitory IgG Fc receptor, FcγRIIB, controls the development of autoimmune skin blistering disease in an active model of EBA. For this purpose, we immunized congenic EBA-susceptible B6.SJL-H2s (B6.s) and B6.s-Fcgr2b−/− mice with the immunodominant vWFA2 region of COL7. B6.s-Fcgr2b−/− mice developed a strong clinical phenotype with 15 ± 3.3% of affected body surface area at week 4. In contrast, the body surface area in B6.s mice was affected to a maximum of 5% at week 6 with almost no disease signs at week 4. Surprisingly, we already found strong but similar COL7-specific serum IgG1 and IgG2b aAb production at week 2. Further, aAb and C3b deposition in the skin of B6.s and B6.s-Fcgr2b−/− mice increased between weeks 2 and 6 after vWFA2 immunization. Importantly, neutrophil skin infiltration and activation was much stronger in B6s-Fcgr2b−/− than in B6.s mice and already present at week 2. Also, the early aAb response in B6.s-Fcgr2b−/− mice was more diverse than in wt B6.s mice. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) release from infiltrating neutrophils play a crucial role as mediator of skin inflammation in EBA. In line, sera from B6.s and B6.s-Fcgr2b−/− mice induced strong ROS release from bone marrow-neutrophils in vitro. In contrast to the antibody-transfer-induced EBA model, individual targeting of FcγRIII or FcγRIV decreased ROS release to 50%. Combined FcγR blocking abrogated ROS release from BM neutrophils. Also, ROS release induced by COL7-specific serum IgG aAbs was significantly higher using BM neutrophils from B6.s-Fcgr2b−/− than from B6.s mice. Together, our findings identified FcγRIIB as a suppressor of skin inflammation in the active EBA model through inhibition of early epitope spreading, protection from strong early neutrophil infiltration to and activation of neutrophils in the skin and suppression of FcγRIII activation by IgG1 aAbs which drive strong ROS release from neutrophils leading to tissue destruction at the dermal-epidermal junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balint Kovacs
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jenny Tillmann
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lisa-Christin Freund
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Chair of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian M Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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21
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Verbeek JS, Hirose S, Nishimura H. The Complex Association of FcγRIIb With Autoimmune Susceptibility. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2061. [PMID: 31681256 PMCID: PMC6803437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FcγRIIb is the only inhibitory Fc receptor and controls many aspects of immune and inflammatory responses. The observation 19 years ago that Fc γ RIIb -/- mice generated by gene targeting in 129 derived ES cells developed severe lupus like disease when backcrossed more than 7 generations into C57BL/6 background initiated extensive research on the functional understanding of this strong autoimmune phenotype. The genomic region in the distal part of Chr1 both in human and mice in which the Fc γ R gene cluster is located shows a high level of complexity in relation to the susceptibility to SLE. Specific haplotypes of closely linked genes including the Fc γ RIIb and Slamf genes are associated with increased susceptibility to SLE both in mice and human. Using forward and reverse genetic approaches including in human GWAS and in mice congenic strains, KO mice (germline and cell type specific, on different genetic background), knockin mice, overexpressing transgenic mice combined with immunological models such as adoptive transfer of B cells from Ig transgenic mice the involved genes and the causal mutations and their associated functional alterations were analyzed. In this review the results of this 19 years extensive research are discussed with a focus on (genetically modified) mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hirose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishimura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
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22
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Bagchi-Chakraborty J, Francis A, Bray T, Masters L, Tsiantoulas D, Nus M, Harrison J, Broekhuizen M, Leggat J, Clatworthy MR, Espéli M, Smith KG, Binder CJ, Mallat Z, Sage AP. B Cell Fcγ Receptor IIb Modulates Atherosclerosis in Male and Female Mice by Controlling Adaptive Germinal Center and Innate B-1-Cell Responses. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1379-1389. [PMID: 31092015 PMCID: PMC6636804 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.312272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Investigate the impact of modulating B cell FcγRIIb (Fcγ receptor IIb) expression on atherosclerosis. Approach and Results- Western diet-induced atherosclerosis was assessed in Ldlr-/- or Apoe-/- mice with B cell-specific overexpression of FcγRIIb or with an FcγRIIb promoter mutation that alters FcγRIIb expression in germinal center (GC) B cells. In males, overexpression of FcγRIIb on B cells severely reduced activated, class switched B cell responses, as indicated by reductions in GC B cells, plasma cells, and serum IgG but not IgM antibodies. Male mice overexpressing FcγRIIb developed less atherosclerosis, suggesting a pathogenic role for GC B cell IgG responses. In support of this hypothesis, male mice with a promoter polymorphism-driven reduction in FcγRIIb on GC B cells but not plasma cells have a converse phenotype of enhanced GC responses and IgG2c antibodies and enhanced atherosclerosis. IgG2c significantly enhanced TNF (tumor necrosis factor) secretion by CD11b+ CD11c+ cells expressing the high-affinity receptor FcγRIV. In females, overexpression of FcγRIIb on B cells not only reduced GC B cell responses but also substantially reduced B-1 cells and IgM antibodies, which translated into acceleration of atherosclerosis. Promoter-driven reduction in FcγRIIb did not alter GC B cell responses in females and, therefore, had no impact on atherosclerosis. Conclusions- B cell FcγRIIb differentially alters proatherogenic adaptive GC B cell and atheroprotective innate B-1 responses in male and female mice fed a western diet. Our results highlight the importance of a better understanding and ability to selectively target B cell responses in future immunotherapeutic approaches against human cardiovascular disease. Visual Overview- An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Bagchi-Chakraborty
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.-C., A.F., T.B., L.M., D.T., M.N., J.H., M.B., J.L., Z.M., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Francis
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.-C., A.F., T.B., L.M., D.T., M.N., J.H., M.B., J.L., Z.M., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Toni Bray
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.-C., A.F., T.B., L.M., D.T., M.N., J.H., M.B., J.L., Z.M., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Masters
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.-C., A.F., T.B., L.M., D.T., M.N., J.H., M.B., J.L., Z.M., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Tsiantoulas
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.-C., A.F., T.B., L.M., D.T., M.N., J.H., M.B., J.L., Z.M., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meritxell Nus
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.-C., A.F., T.B., L.M., D.T., M.N., J.H., M.B., J.L., Z.M., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Harrison
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.-C., A.F., T.B., L.M., D.T., M.N., J.H., M.B., J.L., Z.M., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Broekhuizen
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.-C., A.F., T.B., L.M., D.T., M.N., J.H., M.B., J.L., Z.M., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Leggat
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.-C., A.F., T.B., L.M., D.T., M.N., J.H., M.B., J.L., Z.M., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Division of Immunology (M.R.C., K.G.C.S., Z.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Espéli
- INSERM U1160, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France (M.E.)
| | - Kenneth G.C. Smith
- Division of Immunology (M.R.C., K.G.C.S., Z.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (C.J.B.)
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (C.J.B.)
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.-C., A.F., T.B., L.M., D.T., M.N., J.H., M.B., J.L., Z.M., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Division of Immunology (M.R.C., K.G.C.S., Z.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Universite Paris-Descartes, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, and Université Paris-Descartes, France (Z.M.)
| | - Andrew P. Sage
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.-C., A.F., T.B., L.M., D.T., M.N., J.H., M.B., J.L., Z.M., A.P.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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23
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Espéli M, Bashford-Rogers R, Sowerby JM, Alouche N, Wong L, Denton AE, Linterman MA, Smith KGC. FcγRIIb differentially regulates pre-immune and germinal center B cell tolerance in mouse and human. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1970. [PMID: 31036800 PMCID: PMC6488660 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several tolerance checkpoints exist throughout B cell development to control autoreactive B cells and prevent the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies. FcγRIIb is an Fc receptor that inhibits B cell activation and, if defective, is associated with autoimmune disease, yet its impact on specific B cell tolerance checkpoints is unknown. Here we show that reduced expression of FcγRIIb enhances the deletion and anergy of autoreactive immature B cells, but in contrast promotes autoreactive B cell expansion in the germinal center and serum autoantibody production, even in response to exogenous, non-self antigens. Our data thus show that FcγRIIb has opposing effects on pre-immune and post-immune tolerance checkpoints, and suggest that B cell tolerance requires the control of bystander germinal center B cells with low or no affinity for the immunizing antigen. The inhibitory receptor, FcγRIIb, is reported to limit autoimmune B cell response. Here the authors show that FcγRIIb has a dual role in both human and mouse, with reduced FcγRIIb expression or function associated with enhanced pre-immune B cell tolerance, yet defective control of mature autoreactive B cells in the germinal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Espéli
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 OXY, England, UK. .,UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, F-92140, France.
| | - Rachael Bashford-Rogers
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 OXY, England, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - John M Sowerby
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 OXY, England, UK.,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, CB2 0AW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nagham Alouche
- UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, Inserm, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, F-92140, France
| | - Limy Wong
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 OXY, England, UK
| | - Alice E Denton
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 OXY, England, UK.,Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 OXY, England, UK.,Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 OXY, England, UK. .,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, CB2 0AW, Cambridge, UK.
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24
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Castro-Dopico T, Dennison TW, Ferdinand JR, Mathews RJ, Fleming A, Clift D, Stewart BJ, Jing C, Strongili K, Labzin LI, Monk EJM, Saeb-Parsy K, Bryant CE, Clare S, Parkes M, Clatworthy MR. Anti-commensal IgG Drives Intestinal Inflammation and Type 17 Immunity in Ulcerative Colitis. Immunity 2019; 50:1099-1114.e10. [PMID: 30876876 PMCID: PMC6477154 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic, relapsing condition with two subtypes, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in UC implicate a FCGR2A variant that alters the binding affinity of the antibody receptor it encodes, FcγRIIA, for immunoglobulin G (IgG). Here, we aimed to understand the mechanisms whereby changes in FcγRIIA affinity would affect inflammation in an IgA-dominated organ. We found a profound induction of anti-commensal IgG and a concomitant increase in activating FcγR signaling in the colonic mucosa of UC patients. Commensal-IgG immune complexes engaged gut-resident FcγR-expressing macrophages, inducing NLRP3- and reactive-oxygen-species-dependent production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and neutrophil-recruiting chemokines. These responses were modulated by the FCGR2A genotype. In vivo manipulation of macrophage FcγR signal strength in a mouse model of UC determined the magnitude of intestinal inflammation and IL-1β-dependent type 17 immunity. The identification of an important contribution of IgG-FcγR-dependent inflammation to UC has therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Castro-Dopico
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Thomas W Dennison
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - John R Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Rebeccah J Mathews
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Aaron Fleming
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Dean Clift
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Benjamin J Stewart
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Chenzhi Jing
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Konstantina Strongili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cambridge Universities NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Larisa I Labzin
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Edward J M Monk
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Miles Parkes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cambridge Universities NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinton CB10 1SA, UK.
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25
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26
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Anania JC, Chenoweth AM, Wines BD, Hogarth PM. The Human FcγRII (CD32) Family of Leukocyte FcR in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:464. [PMID: 30941127 PMCID: PMC6433993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FcγRs have been the focus of extensive research due to their key role linking innate and humoral immunity and their implication in both inflammatory and infectious disease. Within the human FcγR family FcγRII (activatory FcγRIIa and FcγRIIc, and inhibitory FcγRIIb) are unique in their ability to signal independent of the common γ chain. Through improved understanding of the structure of these receptors and how this affects their function we may be able to better understand how to target FcγR specific immune activation or inhibition, which will facilitate in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in patients where FcγRII activity may be desirable for efficacy. This review is focused on roles of the human FcγRII family members and their link to immunoregulation in healthy individuals and infection, autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Anania
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alicia M Chenoweth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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27
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The Binding of Human IgG to Minipig FcγRs - Implications for Preclinical Assessment of Therapeutic Antibodies. Pharm Res 2019; 36:47. [PMID: 30721414 PMCID: PMC6373530 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The Göttingen minipig is a relevant non-rodent species for regulatory toxicological studies. Yet, its use with therapeutic antibodies has been limited by the unknown binding properties of human immunoglobulins (huIgG) to porcine Fc gamma receptors (poFcγR) influencing safety and efficacy readouts. Therefore, knowing IgG-FcγR interactions in the animal model is a prerequisite for the use of minipigs in preclinical safety and efficacy studies with therapeutic antibodies. Methods Here, we describe the cloning and expression of poFcγRs and their interactions with free and complexed human therapeutic IgG1 by surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry. Results We show here that poFcγRIa, poFcγRIIa, and poFcγRIIb bind huIgG1 antibodies with comparable affinities as corresponding huFcγRs. Importantly, poFcγRs bind huIgG immune complexes with high avidity, thus probably allowing human-like effector functions. However, poFcγRIIIa binds poIgG1a but not to huIgG1. Conclusions The lack of binding of poFcγRIIIa to huIgG1 might cause underestimation of FcγRIIIa-mediated efficacy or toxicity as mediated by porcine natural killer cells. Therefore, the suitability of minipigs in preclinical studies with human therapeutic antibodies has to be assessed case by case. Our results facilitate the use of Göttingen minipigs for assessment of human therapeutic antibodies in preclinical studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11095-019-2574-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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28
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Wieland A, Ahmed R. Fc Receptors in Antimicrobial Protection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 423:119-150. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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Hoffman TW, van Kessel DA, van Tol MJD, Vidarsson G, Jol‐van der Zijde EC, Rijkers GT, van Velzen‐Blad H. An unusual presentation of a patient with severe hypogammaglobulinemia. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:2416-2423. [PMID: 30564340 PMCID: PMC6293131 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a patient who was diagnosed with severe hypogammaglobulinemia after her newborn child presented with two episodes of meningitis. The patient had no history or symptoms suggestive of immunodeficiency. Thus far, a cause for the immunodeficiency has not been found, even after extensive immunological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs W. Hoffman
- Department of PulmonologySt. Antonius HospitalNieuwegeinThe Netherlands
| | - Diana A. van Kessel
- Department of PulmonologySt. Antonius HospitalNieuwegeinThe Netherlands
- Division of Heart and LungsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Ger T. Rijkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologySt. Antonius HospitalNieuwegeinThe Netherlands
- Department of ScienceUniversity College RooseveltMiddelburgThe Netherlands
| | - Heleen van Velzen‐Blad
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologySt. Antonius HospitalNieuwegeinThe Netherlands
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30
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Williams V, Rawat A, Vignesh P, Shandilya JK, Gupta A, Singh S. Fc-gamma receptor expression profile in a North-Indian cohort of pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: An observational study. Int J Rheum Dis 2018; 22:449-457. [PMID: 30399647 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms in the Fcγ-receptor (FcγR) have been associated with increased susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There is a paucity of data on FcγR expression pattern in pediatric subjects with SLE. The aim of the study was to assess the expression of various FcγRs by flow cytometry in children with pediatric-onset SLE (pSLE). METHODS Thirty-one children aged 0-15 years fulfilling 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Classification Criteria for SLE were enrolled. Disease-active (n = 14) and the inactive group were delineated using the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Thirteen age- and sex-matched controls were also enrolled. Blood samples of cases and controls were assessed for CD64, CD32B and CD16 expression on B lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes by flow cytometry using standard techniques. Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) and percentage expression were calculated using the FACS DIVA software and Kaluza software. RESULTS Median fluorescence intensity and percentage expression of CD64 on monocytes (MFI: 1.71 vs 1.51, P = 0.86) and neutrophils (MFI: 0.42 vs 0.64, P = 0.3) were comparable between patients and controls. MFIs of CD16 expression on neutrophils (3.47 vs 11.4, P = 0.05) and monocytes (1.28 vs 3.45, P = 0.07) were lower in patients compared to controls. CD32B expression on lymphocytes (MFI: 0.56 vs 1.37; % expression:18.3% vs 12.32%) was also comparable between cases and controls. Expression of CD64, CD16, and CD32B were also comparable between patients with active and inactive disease. CONCLUSION No significant differences were observed in FcγR expression between patients and controls. However, the overall trends of FcγR expression and decreased CD16 on monocytes and neutrophils are in consonance with data from larger cohorts of adult SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijai Williams
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Pandiarajan Vignesh
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Shandilya
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Anju Gupta
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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31
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Jhou JP, Yu IS, Hwai H, Chen CS, Chen PL, Tzeng SJ. The Lupus-Associated Fcγ Receptor IIb-I232T Polymorphism Results in Impairment in the Negative Selection of Low-Affinity Germinal Center B Cells Via c-Abl in Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1866-1878. [PMID: 29774664 PMCID: PMC6221021 DOI: 10.1002/art.40555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Fcγ receptor IIb (FcγRIIb) is an essential negative regulator of B cells that blocks B cell receptor (BCR) signaling and triggers c‐Abl–dependent apoptosis of B cells. FcγRIIb‐deficient mice display splenomegaly with expansion of B cells, leading to lupus. FcγRIIb‐I232T is a hypofunctional polymorphism associated with lupus susceptibility in humans, an autoimmune disease linked to diminished deletion of autoreactive B cells. In the context of the FcγRIIb‐I232T polymorphism, we investigated the role of FcγRIIb in the deletion of low‐affinity germinal center (GC) B cells, an important mechanism for preventing autoimmunity. Methods We generated FcγRIIb232T/T mice to mimic human FcγRIIb‐I232T carriers and immunized mice with chicken gamma globulin (CGG)–conjugated NP, a T cell–dependent antigen, to examine the response of GC B cells. Results Compared to wild‐type (WT) mice, FcγRIIb232T/T mice showed increased numbers of low‐affinity NP‐specific IgG and NP‐specific B cells and plasma cells; additionally, the expression of a somatic mutation (W33L) in their VH186.2 genes encoding high‐affinity BCR was reduced. Notably, FcγRIIb232T/T mice had a higher number of GC light zone B cells and showed less apoptosis than WT mice, despite having equivalent follicular helper T cell numbers and function. Moreover, phosphorylation of c‐Abl was reduced in FcγRIIb232T/T mice, and treatment of WT mice with the c‐Abl inhibitor nilotinib during the peak of GC response resulted in reduced affinity maturation reminiscent of FcγRIIb232T/T mice. Conclusion Our findings provide evidence of a critical role of FcγRIIb/c‐Abl in the negative selection of GC B cells in FcγRIIb232T/T mice. Importantly, our findings indicate potential benefits of up‐regulating FcγRIIb expression in B cells for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I-Shing Yu
- National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Haw Hwai
- National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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32
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Roghanian A, Stopforth RJ, Dahal LN, Cragg MS. New revelations from an old receptor: Immunoregulatory functions of the inhibitory Fc gamma receptor, FcγRIIB (CD32B). J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1077-1088. [PMID: 29406570 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mir0917-354r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fc gamma receptor IIB (FcγRIIB/CD32B) was generated million years ago during evolution. It is the sole inhibitory receptor for IgG, and has long been associated with the regulation of humoral immunity and innate immune homeostasis. However, new and surprising functions of FcγRIIB are emerging. In particular, FcγRIIB has been shown to perform unexpected activatory roles in both immune-signaling and monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunotherapy. Furthermore, although ITIM signaling is an integral part of FcγRIIB regulatory activity, it is now clear that inhibition/activation of immune responses can occur independently of the ITIM. In light of these new findings, we present an overview of the established and noncanonical functions of FcγRIIB and discuss how this knowledge might be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard J Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Abstract
IgG antibodies mediate a diversity of immune functions by coupling of antigen specificity through the Fab domain to signal transduction via Fc-Fc receptor interactions. Indeed, balanced IgG signaling through type I and type II Fc receptors is required for the control of proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory processes. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that govern IgG-Fc receptor interactions, highlighting the diversity of Fc receptor-mediated effector functions that regulate immunity and inflammation as well as determine susceptibility to infection and autoimmunity and responsiveness to antibody-based therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
| | - Taia T Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
| | - Rony Dahan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
| | - Jad Maamary
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065;
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34
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Jhou JP, Chen SJ, Huang HY, Lin WW, Huang DY, Tzeng SJ. Upregulation of FcγRIIB by resveratrol via NF-κB activation reduces B-cell numbers and ameliorates lupus. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e381. [PMID: 28960214 PMCID: PMC5628277 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, an anti-inflammatory agent, can inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators by activating Sirt1, which is a class III histone deacetylase. However, whether resveratrol can regulate inhibitory or anti-inflammatory molecules has been less studied. FcγRIIB, a receptor for IgG, is an essential inhibitory receptor of B cells for blocking B-cell receptor-mediated activation and for directly inducing apoptosis of B cells. Because mice deficient in either Sirt1 or FcγRIIB develop lupus-like diseases, we investigated whether resveratrol can alleviate lupus through FcγRIIB. We found that resveratrol enhanced the expression of FcγRIIB in B cells, resulting in a marked depletion of plasma cells in the spleen and notably in the bone marrow, thereby decreasing serum autoantibody titers in MRL/lpr mice. The upregulation of FcγRIIB by resveratrol involved an increase of Sirt1 protein and deacetylation of p65 NF-κB (K310). Moreover, increased binding of phosphor-p65 NF-κB (S536) but decreased association of acetylated p65 NF-κB (K310) and phosphor-p65 NF-κB (S468) to the −480 promoter region of Fcgr2b gene was responsible for the resveratrol-mediated enhancement of FcγRIIB gene transcription. Consequently, B cells, especially plasma cells, were considerably reduced in MRL/lpr mice, leading to improvement of nephritis and prolonged survival. Taken together, we provide evidence that pharmacological upregulation of FcγRIIB expression in B cells via resveratrol can selectively reduce B cells, decrease serum autoantibodies and ameliorate lupus nephritis. Our findings lead us to propose FcγRIIB as a new target for therapeutic exploitation, particularly for lupus patients whose FcγRIIB expression levels in B cells are downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Pei Jhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Se-Jie Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Yin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Wan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duen-Yi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Jong Tzeng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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35
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Abstract
The antiviral activity of antibodies reflects the bifunctional properties of these molecules. While the Fab domains mediate highly specific antigenic recognition to block virus entry, the Fc domain interacts with diverse types of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) expressed on the surface of effector leukocytes to induce the activation of distinct immunomodulatory pathways. Fc-FcγR interactions are tightly regulated to control IgG-mediated inflammation and immunity and are largely determined by the structural heterogeneity of the IgG Fc domain, stemming from differences in the primary amino acid sequence of the various subclasses, as well as the structure and composition of the Fc-associated N-linked glycan. Engagement of specific FcγR types on effector leukocytes has diverse consequences that affect several aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the complexity of FcγR-mediated pathways, discussing their role in the in vivo protective activity of anti-HIV-1 antibodies. We focus on recent studies on broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies that revealed that Fc-FcγR interactions are required to achieve full therapeutic activity through clearance of IgG-opsonized virions and elimination of HIV-infected cells. Manipulation of Fc-FcγR interactions to specifically activate distinct FcγR-mediated pathways has the potential to affect downstream effector responses, influencing thereby the in vivo protective activity of anti-HIV-1 antibodies; a strategy that has already been successfully applied to other IgG-based therapeutics, substantially improving their clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Bournazos
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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36
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Thom V, Arumugam TV, Magnus T, Gelderblom M. Therapeutic Potential of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Acute Brain Injury. Front Immunol 2017; 8:875. [PMID: 28824617 PMCID: PMC5534474 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic and traumatic injury of the central nervous system (CNS) is known to induce a cascade of inflammatory events that lead to secondary tissue damage. In particular, the sterile inflammatory response in stroke has been intensively investigated in the last decade, and numerous experimental studies demonstrated the neuroprotective potential of a targeted modulation of the immune system. Among the investigated immunomodulatory agents, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) stand out due to their beneficial therapeutic potential in experimental stroke as well as several other experimental models of acute brain injuries, which are characterized by a rapidly evolving sterile inflammatory response, e.g., trauma, subarachnoid hemorrhage. IVIg are therapeutic preparations of polyclonal immunoglobulin G, extracted from the plasma of thousands of donors. In clinical practice, IVIg are the treatment of choice for diverse autoimmune diseases and various mechanisms of action have been proposed. Only recently, several experimental studies implicated a therapeutic potential of IVIg even in models of acute CNS injury, and suggested that the immune system as well as neuronal cells can directly be targeted by IVIg. This review gives further insight into the role of secondary inflammation in acute brain injury with an emphasis on stroke and investigates the therapeutic potential of IVIg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Thom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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37
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Abstract
A key determinant for the survival of organisms is their capacity to recognize and respond efficiently to foreign antigens. This is largely accomplished by the orchestrated activity of the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system. Antibodies are specifically generated in response to foreign antigens, facilitating thereby the specific recognition of antigens of almost infinite diversity. Receptors specific for the Fc domain of antibodies, Fc receptors, are expressed on the surface of the various myeloid leukocyte populations and mediate the binding and recognition of antibodies by innate leukocytes. By directly linking the innate and the adaptive components of immunity, Fc receptors play a central role in host defense and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis through the induction of diverse proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory processes that are initiated upon engagement by the Fc domain. In this chapter, we discuss the mechanisms that regulate Fc domain binding to the various types of Fc receptors and provide an overview of the astonishing diversity of effector functions that are mediated through Fc-FcR interactions on myeloid cells. Lastly, we discuss the impact of FcR-mediated interactions in the context of IgG-mediated inflammation, autoimmunity, susceptibility to infection, and responsiveness to antibody-based therapeutics.
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38
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Bournazos S, Ravetch JV. Diversification of IgG effector functions. Int Immunol 2017; 29:303-310. [PMID: 28472280 PMCID: PMC5890892 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG is the major immunoglobulin class produced during an immune response against foreign antigens and efficiently provides protection through its bifunctional nature. While the Fab domains confer highly specific recognition of the antigen, the Fc domain mediates a wide range of effector functions that modulate several aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. Engagement of the various types of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) by an IgG Fc domain can activate distinct immunomodulatory pathways with pleiotropic functional consequences for several leukocyte types. Fc effector functions are not limited to phagocytosis and cytotoxicity of IgG-opsonized targets but exhibit remarkable diversity and include modulation of leukocyte activity and survival, cytokine and chemokine expression, maturation of antigen-presenting cells, antigen processing and presentation, B-cell selection and IgG affinity maturation, as well as regulation of IgG production. These functions are initiated upon specific interactions of the Fc domain with the various types of FcγRs-a process that is largely determined by the structural heterogeneity of the IgG Fc domain. Modulation of the Fc-associated glycan structure and composition along with differences in the primary amino acid sequence among the IgG subclasses represent the two main diversification mechanisms of the Fc domain that generate a spectrum of Fc domain phenotypes with distinct affinity for the various FcγR types and differential capacity to activate immunomodulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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39
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Extinct type of human parvovirus B19 persists in tonsillar B cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14930. [PMID: 28374737 PMCID: PMC5382274 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) DNA persists lifelong in human tissues, but the cell type harbouring it remains unclear. We here explore B19V DNA distribution in B, T and monocyte cell lineages of recently excised tonsillar tissues from 77 individuals with an age range of 2–69 years. We show that B19V DNA is most frequent and abundant among B cells, and within them we find a B19V genotype that vanished from circulation >40 years ago. Since re-infection or re-activation are unlikely with this virus type, this finding supports the maintenance of pathogen-specific humoral immune responses as a consequence of B-cell long-term survival rather than continuous replenishment of the memory pool. Moreover, we demonstrate the mechanism of B19V internalization to be antibody dependent in two B-cell lines as well as in ex vivo isolated tonsillar B cells. This study provides direct evidence for a cell type accountable for B19V DNA tissue persistence. The cell type that hosts parvovirus B19 (B19V) DNA lifelong is currently unknown. Here, the authors identify tonsillar B cells as a reservoir, detect an extinct B19V type in older adults, supporting a long-term association, and show that B19V uptake into B cells is antibody dependent.
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40
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Abstract
In the current era, one of the major factors limiting graft survival is chronic antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR), whilst patient survival is impacted by the effects of immunosuppression on susceptibility to infection, malignancy and atherosclerosis. IgG antibodies play a role in all of these processes, and many of their cellular effects are mediated by Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs). These surface receptors are expressed by most immune cells, including B cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. Genetic variation in FCGR genes is likely to affect susceptibility to ABMR and to modulate the physiological functions of IgG. In this review, we discuss the potential role played by FcγRs in determining outcomes in solid organ transplantation, and how genetic polymorphisms in these receptors may contribute to variations in transplant outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Castro-Dopico
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH UK
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH UK
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41
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by adaptive immune responses against self-antigens, including humoral responses resulting in the production of autoantibodies. Autoantibodies generate inflammation by activating complement and engaging Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). The inhibitory receptor FcγRIIB plays a central role in regulating the generation of autoantibodies and their effector functions, which include activation of innate immune cells and the cellular arm of the adaptive immune system, via effects on antigen presentation to CD4 T cells. Polymorphisms in FcγRIIB have been associated with susceptibility to autoimmunity but protection against infections in humans and mice. In the last few years, new mechanisms by which FcγRIIB controls the adaptive immune response have been described. Notably, FcγRIIB has been shown to regulate germinal center B cells and dendritic cell migration, with potential impact on the development of autoimmune diseases. Recent work has also highlighted the implication of FcγRIIB on the regulation of the innate immune system, via inhibition of Toll-like receptor- and complement receptor-mediated activation. This review will provide an update on the role of FcγRIIB in adaptive immune responses in autoimmunity, and then focus on their emerging function in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Espéli
- Inserm UMR_S996, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
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42
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Pauls SD, Ray A, Hou S, Vaughan AT, Cragg MS, Marshall AJ. FcγRIIB-Independent Mechanisms Controlling Membrane Localization of the Inhibitory Phosphatase SHIP in Human B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1587-96. [PMID: 27456487 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SHIP is an important regulator of immune cell signaling that functions to dephosphorylate the phosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate at the plasma membrane and mediate protein-protein interactions. One established paradigm for SHIP activation involves its recruitment to the phospho-ITIM motif of the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIB. Although SHIP is essential for the inhibitory function of FcγRIIB, it also has critical modulating functions in signaling initiated from activating immunoreceptors such as B cell Ag receptor. In this study, we found that SHIP is indistinguishably recruited to the plasma membrane after BCR stimulation with or without FcγRIIB coligation in human cell lines and primary cells. Interestingly, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis reveals differential mobility of SHIP-enhanced GFP depending on the mode of stimulation, suggesting that although BCR and FcγRIIB can both recruit SHIP, this occurs via distinct molecular complexes. Mutagenesis of a SHIP-enhanced GFP fusion protein reveals that the SHIP-Src homology 2 domain is essential in both cases whereas the C terminus is required for recruitment via BCR stimulation, but is less important with FcγRIIB coligation. Experiments with pharmacological inhibitors reveal that Syk activity is required for optimal stimulation-induced membrane localization of SHIP, whereas neither PI3K or Src kinase activity is essential. BCR-induced association of SHIP with binding partner Shc1 is dependent on Syk, as is tyrosine phosphorylation of both partners. Our results indicate that FcγRIIB is not uniquely able to promote membrane recruitment of SHIP, but rather modulates its function via formation of distinct signaling complexes. Membrane recruitment of SHIP via Syk-dependent mechanisms may be an important factor modulating immunoreceptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Pauls
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Arnab Ray
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Sen Hou
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Andrew T Vaughan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron J Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
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43
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Pasquarella A, Ebert A, Pereira de Almeida G, Hinterberger M, Kazerani M, Nuber A, Ellwart J, Klein L, Busslinger M, Schotta G. Retrotransposon derepression leads to activation of the unfolded protein response and apoptosis in pro-B cells. Development 2016; 143:1788-99. [PMID: 27013243 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The H3K9me3-specific histone methyltransferase Setdb1 impacts on transcriptional regulation by repressing both developmental genes and retrotransposons. How impaired retrotransposon silencing may lead to developmental phenotypes is currently unclear. Here, we show that loss of Setdb1 in pro-B cells completely abrogates B cell development. In pro-B cells, Setdb1 is dispensable for silencing of lineage-inappropriate developmental genes. Instead, we detect strong derepression of endogenous murine leukemia virus (MLV) copies. This activation coincides with an unusual change in chromatin structure, with only partial loss of H3K9me3 and unchanged DNA methylation, but strongly increased H3K4me3. Production of MLV proteins leads to activation of the unfolded protein response pathway and apoptosis. Thus, our data demonstrate that B cell development depends on the proper repression of retrotransposon sequences through Setdb1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pasquarella
- Ludwig Maximilians University and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM), Biomedical Center, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anja Ebert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gustavo Pereira de Almeida
- Ludwig Maximilians University and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM), Biomedical Center, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maria Hinterberger
- Ludwig Maximilians University, Institute for Immunology, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Maryam Kazerani
- Ludwig Maximilians University and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM), Biomedical Center, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander Nuber
- Ludwig Maximilians University and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM), Biomedical Center, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Joachim Ellwart
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Molecular Immunology, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Ludger Klein
- Ludwig Maximilians University, Institute for Immunology, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunnar Schotta
- Ludwig Maximilians University and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM), Biomedical Center, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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44
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Mo N, Lai R, Luo S, Xie J, Wang X, Liu L, Liu X, Chen G. A Transmembrane Polymorphism of Fcγ Receptor IIb Is Associated with Kidney Deficiency Syndrome in Rheumatoid Arthritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:3214657. [PMID: 27051449 PMCID: PMC4802036 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3214657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The purpose is to investigate the role of kidney deficiency and the association between kidney deficiency and a polymorphism FcγRIIb 695T>C coding for nonsynonymous substitution IIe232Thr (I232T) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. Clinical parameters and autoantibodies were analyzed and genotyping was performed in 159 kidney deficiency and 161 non-kidney-deficiency RA patients. Results. The age of disease onset and disease duration exhibited significant differences between two groups (P < 0.01). Patients with kidney deficiency tend to have higher activity of disease (P < 0.05). Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides antibodies (ACPA) levels of patients with kidney deficiency were higher than the controls (P = 0.039). 125 (78.6%) kidney deficiency and 114 (70.8%) non-kidney-deficiency patients had both ACPA-positive and RF-positive (P = 0.04, OR = 3.29). FcγRIIb I232TT homozygotes were identified in 10 of 159 (6.3%) kidney deficiency subjects and 1 of 161 (0.6%) controls (P = 0.000, OR = 16.45). Furthermore, in pooled genotype analysis, I232IT and I232TT homozygotes were significantly enriched in kidney deficiency individuals compared with the controls (P = 0.000, OR = 3.79). Frequency of T allele was associated with kidney deficiency RA population (P = 0.000, OR = 3.18). Conclusion. This study confirmed that kidney deficiency was closely associated with disease activity and autoimmune disorder in RA. Kidney deficiency in RA is first to reveal a strong genetic link to FcγRIIb variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Mo
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Ruogu Lai
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Shizi Luo
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jianglin Xie
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xizi Wang
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Guangxing Chen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
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45
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Dema B, Charles N. Autoantibodies in SLE: Specificities, Isotypes and Receptors. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5010002. [PMID: 31557984 PMCID: PMC6698872 DOI: 10.3390/antib5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by a wide spectrum of auto-antibodies which recognize several cellular components. The production of these self-reactive antibodies fluctuates during the course of the disease and the involvement of different antibody-secreting cell populations are considered highly relevant for the disease pathogenesis. These cells are developed and stimulated through different ways leading to the secretion of a variety of isotypes, affinities and idiotypes. Each of them has a particular mechanism of action binding to a specific antigen and recognized by distinct receptors. The effector responses triggered lead to a chronic tissue inflammation. DsDNA autoantibodies are the most studied as well as the first in being characterized for its pathogenic role in Lupus nephritis. However, others are of growing interest since they have been associated with other organ-specific damage, such as anti-NMDAR antibodies in neuropsychiatric clinical manifestations or anti-β2GP1 antibodies in vascular symptomatology. In this review, we describe the different auto-antibodies reported to be involved in SLE. How autoantibody isotypes and affinity-binding to their antigen might result in different pathogenic responses is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Dema
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS ERL8252, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Paris 75018, France.
| | - Nicolas Charles
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS ERL8252, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Paris 75018, France.
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46
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunotherapy is currently experiencing an unprecedented amount of success, delivering blockbuster sales for the pharmaceutical industry. Having experienced several false dawns and overcoming technical issues which limited progress, we are now entering a golden period where mAbs are becoming a mainstay of treatment regimes for diseases ranging from cancer to autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss how these mAbs are most likely working and focus in particular on the key receptors that they interact with to precipitate their therapeutic effects. Although their targets may vary, their engagement with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on numerous immune effector cells is almost universal, and here we review their roles in delivering successful immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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47
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Hargreaves CE, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Machado LR, Iriyama C, Hollox EJ, Cragg MS, Strefford JC. Fcγ receptors: genetic variation, function, and disease. Immunol Rev 2015; 268:6-24. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal E. Hargreaves
- Cancer Genomics Group; Cancer Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | | | - Lee R. Machado
- Department of Genetics; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
- School of Health; University of Northampton; Northampton UK
| | - Chisako Iriyama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | | | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - Jonathan C. Strefford
- Cancer Genomics Group; Cancer Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
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Mackern-Oberti JP, Llanos C, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Contribution of dendritic cells to the autoimmune pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology 2015; 146:497-507. [PMID: 26173489 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous disease in which excessive inflammation, autoantibodies and complement activation lead to multisystem tissue damage. The contribution of the individual genetic composition has been extensively studied, and several susceptibility genes related to immune pathways that participate in SLE pathogenesis have been identified. It has been proposed that SLE takes place when susceptibility factors interact with environmental stimuli leading to a deregulated immune response. Experimental evidence suggests that such events are related to the failure of T-cell and B-cell suppression mediated by defects in cell signalling, immune tolerance and apoptotic mechanism promoting autoimmunity. In addition, it has been reported that dendritic cells (DCs) from SLE patients, which are crucial in the modulation of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens, show an increased ratio of activating/inhibitory receptors on their surfaces. This phenotype and an augmented expression of co-stimulatory molecules is thought to be critical for disease pathogenesis. Accordingly, tolerogenic DCs can be a potential strategy for developing antigen-specific therapies to reduce detrimental inflammation without causing systemic immunosuppression. In this review article we discuss the most relevant data relative to the contribution of DCs to the triggering of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Mackern-Oberti
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), Science and Technology Center (CCT) of Mendoza, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.,Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Carolina Llanos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
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49
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Soto L, Ferrier A, Aravena O, Fonseca E, Berendsen J, Biere A, Bueno D, Ramos V, Aguillón JC, Catalán D. Systemic Sclerosis Patients Present Alterations in the Expression of Molecules Involved in B-Cell Regulation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:496. [PMID: 26483788 PMCID: PMC4586944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation threshold of B cells is tightly regulated by an array of inhibitory and activator receptors in such a way that disturbances in their expression can lead to the appearance of autoimmunity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of activating and inhibitory molecules involved in the modulation of B cell functions in transitional, naive, and memory B-cell subpopulations from systemic sclerosis patients. To achieve this, blood samples were drawn from 31 systemic sclerosis patients and 53 healthy individuals. Surface expression of CD86, MHC II, CD19, CD21, CD40, CD22, Siglec 10, CD35, and FcγRIIB was determined by flow cytometry. IL-10 production was evaluated by intracellular flow cytometry from isolated B cells. Soluble IL-6 and IL-10 levels were measured by ELISA from supernatants of stimulated B cells. Systemic sclerosis patients exhibit an increased frequency of transitional and naive B cells related to memory B cells compared with healthy controls. Transitional and naive B cells from patients express higher levels of CD86 and FcγRIIB than healthy donors. Also, B cells from patients show high expression of CD19 and CD40, whereas memory cells from systemic sclerosis patients show reduced expression of CD35. CD19 and CD35 expression levels associate with different autoantibody profiles. IL-10+ B cells and secreted levels of IL-10 were markedly reduced in patients. In conclusion, systemic sclerosis patients show alterations in the expression of molecules involved in B-cell regulation. These abnormalities may be determinant in the B-cell hyperactivation observed in systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Soto
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Ashley Ferrier
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile
| | - Octavio Aravena
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile
| | - Elianet Fonseca
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile
| | - Jorge Berendsen
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile
| | - Andrea Biere
- Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Daniel Bueno
- Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Verónica Ramos
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile
| | - Diego Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile
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50
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Quast I, Cueni F, Nimmerjahn F, Tackenberg B, Lünemann JD. Deregulated Fcγ receptor expression in patients with CIDP. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2015; 2:e148. [PMID: 26380354 PMCID: PMC4547878 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the expression of activating and inhibitory Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs) before and during clinically effective therapy with IV immunoglobulin (IVIg) in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Methods: Peripheral blood leukocyte subsets, including classical CD14highCD16− and nonclassical inflammatory CD14lowCD16+ monocytes as well as naive CD19+CD27− and memory CD19+CD27+ B cells, were obtained at baseline and monitored at 2 and 4–8 weeks after initiation of IVIg therapy. Results: Compared with healthy donors matched by age and sex, patients with CIDP showed increased expression levels of the activating high-affinity FcγR1 on CD14highCD16− (p < 0.001) and CD14lowCD16+ monocytes (p < 0.001). Expression of the activating low-affinity FcγRIIA was increased on CD14lowCD16+ monocytes (p = 0.023). Conversely, expression of the inhibitory FcγRIIB was reduced on naive (p = 0.009) and memory (p = 0.002) B cells as well as on CD14highCD16− monocytes (p = 0.046). Clinically effective IVIg therapy partially restored deregulated FcγR expression on B cell subsets and monocytes. Conclusions: The FcγR regulatory system is disturbed in patients with CIDP. Balancing activating vs inhibitory FcγR expression might provide a clinical benefit for patients with CIDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaak Quast
- Institute of Experimental Immunology (I.Q., F.C., J.D.L.), Department of Neuroinflammation, University of Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Biology (F.N.), Institute of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.T.), University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology (J.D.L.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Cueni
- Institute of Experimental Immunology (I.Q., F.C., J.D.L.), Department of Neuroinflammation, University of Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Biology (F.N.), Institute of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.T.), University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology (J.D.L.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Institute of Experimental Immunology (I.Q., F.C., J.D.L.), Department of Neuroinflammation, University of Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Biology (F.N.), Institute of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.T.), University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology (J.D.L.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Björn Tackenberg
- Institute of Experimental Immunology (I.Q., F.C., J.D.L.), Department of Neuroinflammation, University of Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Biology (F.N.), Institute of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.T.), University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology (J.D.L.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology (I.Q., F.C., J.D.L.), Department of Neuroinflammation, University of Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Biology (F.N.), Institute of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.T.), University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology (J.D.L.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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