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Pećina-Šlaus N, Hrašćan R. Glioma Stem Cells-Features for New Therapy Design. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1557. [PMID: 38672638 PMCID: PMC11049195 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
On a molecular level, glioma is very diverse and presents a whole spectrum of specific genetic and epigenetic alterations. The tumors are unfortunately resistant to available therapies and the survival rate is low. The explanation of significant intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity and the infiltrative capability of gliomas, as well as its resistance to therapy, recurrence and aggressive behavior, lies in a small subset of tumor-initiating cells that behave like stem cells and are known as glioma cancer stem cells (GCSCs). They are responsible for tumor plasticity and are influenced by genetic drivers. Additionally, GCSCs also display greater migratory abilities. A great effort is under way in order to find ways to eliminate or neutralize GCSCs. Many different treatment strategies are currently being explored, including modulation of the tumor microenvironment, posttranscriptional regulation, epigenetic modulation and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Pećina-Šlaus
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Reno Hrašćan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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2
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Al Barashdi MAS, Ali A, McMullin MF, Mills K. CD45 inhibition in myeloid leukaemia cells sensitizes cellular responsiveness to chemotherapy. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:73-88. [PMID: 37917373 PMCID: PMC10761371 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid malignancies are a group of blood disorders characterized by the proliferation of one or more haematopoietic myeloid cell lineages, predominantly in the bone marrow, and are often caused by aberrant protein tyrosine kinase activity. The protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is a trans-membrane molecule expressed on all haemopoietic blood cells except that of platelets and red cells. CD45 regulates various cellular physiological processes including proliferation, apoptosis, and lymphocyte activation. However, its role in chemotherapy response is still unknown; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of CD45 in myeloid malignancies in terms of cellular growth, apoptosis, and response to chemotherapy. The expression of CD45 on myeloid leukaemia primary cells and cell lines was heterogeneous with HEL and OCI-AML3 cells showing the highest level. Inhibition of CD45 resulted in increased cellular sensitivity to cytarabine and ruxolitinib, the two main therapies for AML and MPN. Bioinformatics analysis identified genes whose expression was correlated with CD45 expression such as JAK2, ACTR2, THAP3 Serglycin, and PBX-1 genes, as well as licensed drugs (alendronate, allopurinol, and balsalazide), which could be repurposed as CD45 inhibitors which effectively increases sensitivity to cytarabine and ruxolitinib at low doses. Therefore, CD45 inhibition could be explored as a potential therapeutic partner for treatment of myeloid malignancies in combination with chemotherapy such as cytarabine especially for elderly patients and those showing chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ahmed S Al Barashdi
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ahlam Ali
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mary Frances McMullin
- Haematology Department, C-Floor Tower Block, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ken Mills
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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3
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Reuven N, Barnea-Zohar M, Elson A. Osteoclast Methods in Protein Phosphatase Research. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2743:57-79. [PMID: 38147208 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3569-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are specialized cells that degrade bone and are essential for bone formation and maintaining bone homeostasis. Excess or deficient activity of these cells can significantly alter bone mass, structure, and physical strength, leading to significant morbidity, as in osteoporosis or osteopetrosis, among many other diseases. Protein phosphorylation in osteoclasts plays critical roles in the signaling pathways that govern the production of osteoclasts and regulate their bone-resorbing activity. In this chapter, we describe the isolation of mouse splenocytes and their differentiation into mature osteoclasts on resorptive (e.g., bone) and non-resorptive (e.g., plastic or glass) surfaces, examining matrix resorption by osteoclasts, immunofluorescence staining of these cells, and knocking out genes by CRISPR in the mouse osteoclastogenic cell line RAW264.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maayan Barnea-Zohar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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4
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MacLaughlin KJ, Barton GP, Braun RK, MacLaughlin JE, Lamers JJ, Marcou MD, Eldridge MW. Hyperbaric air mobilizes stem cells in humans; a new perspective on the hormetic dose curve. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1192793. [PMID: 37409020 PMCID: PMC10318163 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1192793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hyperbaric air (HBA) was first used pharmaceutically in 1662 to treat lung disease. Extensive use in Europe and North America followed throughout the 19th century to treat pulmonary and neurological disorders. HBA reached its zenith in the early 20th century when cyanotic, moribund "Spanish flu pandemic" patients turned normal color and regained consciousness within minutes after HBA treatment. Since that time the 78% Nitrogen fraction in HBA has been completely displaced by 100% oxygen to create the modern pharmaceutical hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), a powerful treatment that is FDA approved for multiple indications. Current belief purports oxygen as the active element mobilizing stem progenitor cells (SPCs) in HBOT, but hyperbaric air, which increases tensions of both oxygen and nitrogen, has been untested until now. In this study we test HBA for SPC mobilization, cytokine and chemokine expression, and complete blood count. Methods Ten 34-35-year-old healthy volunteers were exposed to 1.27ATA (4 psig/965 mmHg) room air for 90 min, M-F, for 10 exposures over 2-weeks. Venous blood samples were taken: (1) prior to the first exposure (served as the control for each subject), (2) directly after the first exposure (to measure the acute effect), (3) immediately prior to the ninth exposure (to measure the chronic effect), and (4) 3 days after the completion of tenth/final exposure (to assess durability). SPCs were gated by blinded scientists using Flow Cytometry. Results SPCs (CD45dim/CD34+/CD133-) were mobilized by nearly two-fold following 9 exposures (p = 0.02) increasing to three-fold 72-h post completion of the final (10th) exposure (p = 0.008) confirming durability. Discussion This research demonstrates that SPCs are mobilized, and cytokines are modulated by hyperbaric air. HBA likely is a therapeutic treatment. Previously published research using HBA placebos should be re-evaluated to reflect a dose treatment finding rather than finding a placebo effect. Our findings of SPC mobilization by HBA support further investigation into hyperbaric air as a pharmaceutical/therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent J. MacLaughlin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Gregory P. Barton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Rudolf K. Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Julia E. MacLaughlin
- Medical Oxygen Outpatient Clinic, The American Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jacob J. Lamers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matthew D. Marcou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Marlowe W. Eldridge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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5
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Nasim S, Wylie-Sears J, Gao X, Peng Q, Zhu B, Chen K, Chen H, Bischoff J. CD45 Is Sufficient to Initiate Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Human Endothelial Cells-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:e124-e131. [PMID: 36924233 PMCID: PMC10133027 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a dynamic process in which endothelial cells acquire mesenchymal properties and in turn contribute to tissue remodeling and growth. Previously, we found EndMT associated with mitral valve adaptation after myocardial infarction. Furthermore, mitral valve endothelial cells collected at 6 months post-myocardial infarction expressed the pan-leukocyte marker CD45 and EndMT markers. Additionally, mitral valve endothelial cells induced to undergo EndMT with TGF (transforming growth factor)-β1 strongly coexpressed CD45 but not CD11b or CD14. Pharmacologic inhibition of the CD45 PTPase (protein tyrosine phosphatase) domain in mitral valve endothelial cells blocked TGFβ-induced EndMT. This prompted us to speculate that, downstream of TGFβ, CD45 induces EndMT. METHODS We activated the endogenous CD45 promoter in human endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) using CRISPR (cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/inactive Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) transcriptional activation. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on control ECFCs and CD45-positive ECFCs to identify transcriptomic changes. Three functional assays-cellular migration, collagen gel contraction, and transendothelial electrical resistance-were conducted to assess mesenchymal properties in CD45-positive ECFCs. RESULTS Activation of the endogenous CD45 promoter in ECFC and 3 additional sources of endothelial cells induced expression of several genes implicated in EndMT. In addition, CD45-positive ECFCs showed increased migration, a hallmark of EndMT, increased collagen gel contraction, a hallmark of mesenchymal cells, and decreased cell-cell barrier integrity, indicating reduced endothelial function. CONCLUSIONS CD45 is sufficient to incite an EndMT phenotype and acquisition of mesenchymal cell properties in normal human ECFCs. We speculate that CD45, through its C-terminal PTPase domain, initiates signaling events that drive EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Nasim
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jill Wylie-Sears
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xinlei Gao
- Computational Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Qianman Peng
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bo Zhu
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Computational Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Chen ZH, Wu JJ, Guo DY, Li YY, Chen MN, Zhang ZY, Yuan ZD, Zhang KW, Chen WW, Tian F, Ye JX, Li X, Yuan FL. Physiological functions of podosomes: From structure and function to therapy implications in osteoclast biology of bone resorption. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 85:101842. [PMID: 36621647 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With increasing age, bone tissue undergoes significant alterations in composition, architecture, and metabolic functions, probably causing senile osteoporosis. Osteoporosis possess the vast majority of bone disease and associates with a reduction in bone mass and increased fracture risk. Bone loss is on account of the disorder in osteoblast-induced bone formation and osteoclast-induced bone resorption. As a unique bone resorptive cell type, mature bone-resorbing osteoclasts exhibit dynamic actin-based cytoskeletal structures called podosomes that participate in cell-matrix adhesions specialized in the degradation of mineralized bone matrix. Podosomes share many of the same molecular constitutions as focal adhesions, but they have a unique structural organization, with a central core abundant in F-actin and encircled by scaffolding proteins, kinases and integrins. Here, we conclude recent advancements in our knowledge of the architecture and the functions of podosomes. We also discuss the regulatory pathways in osteoclast podosomes, providing a reference for future research on the podosomes of osteoclasts and considering podosomes as a therapeutic target for inhibiting bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Chen
- Affiliated Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wu
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan-Yang Guo
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue-Yue Li
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng-Nan Chen
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng-Dong Yuan
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai-Wen Zhang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Tian
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Xing Ye
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Li
- Affiliated Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Feng-Lai Yuan
- Affiliated Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China.
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7
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Rix B, Maduro AH, Bridge KS, Grey W. Markers for human haematopoietic stem cells: The disconnect between an identification marker and its function. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1009160. [PMID: 36246104 PMCID: PMC9564379 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1009160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The haematopoietic system is a classical stem cell hierarchy that maintains all the blood cells in the body. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare, highly potent cells that reside at the apex of this hierarchy and are historically some of the most well studied stem cells in humans and laboratory models, with haematopoiesis being the original system to define functional cell types by cell surface markers. Whilst it is possible to isolate HSCs to near purity, we know very little about the functional activity of markers to purify HSCs. This review will focus on the historical efforts to purify HSCs in humans based on cell surface markers, their putative functions and recent advances in finding functional markers on HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William Grey
- *Correspondence: Katherine S. Bridge, ; William Grey,
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8
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Karpenko D, Kapranov N, Bigildeev A. Nestin-GFP transgene labels immunoprivileged bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the model of ectopic foci formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:993056. [PMID: 36133916 PMCID: PMC9483855 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.993056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune privileges are demonstrated for different types of quiescent stem cells of adult mammalian organisms. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are believed to have immune privileges; however, an accurate experimental confirmation hasn’t been presented. Here, we provide direct experimental evidence that MSCs of C57Black/6J murine bone marrow (BM) are immune privileged in vivo and retain their functionality after prolonged exposure to the uncompromised immune system. The BM of Nes-Gfp transgenic mice was implanted as a tissue fragment under the kidney capsule in isogenic C57Black/6J immunocompetent recipients. Nestin-Gfp strain provides a fluorescent immunogenic marker for a small fraction of BM cells, including GFP+CD45– MSCs. Despite the exposure of xenogenically marked MSCs to the fully-functional immune system, primary ectopic foci of hematopoiesis formed. Six weeks after implantation, multicolor fluorescence cytometry revealed both GFP+CD45– and GFP+CD45+ cells within the foci. GFP+CD45– cells proportion was 2.0 × 10–5 ×÷9 and it didn’t differ significantly from syngenic Nes-GFP transplantation control. According to current knowledge, the immune system of the recipients should eliminate GFP+ cells, including GFP+ MSCs. These results show that MSCs evade immunity. Primary foci were retransplanted into secondary Nes-GFP recipients. The secondary foci formed, in which CD45–GFP+ cells proportion was 6.7 × 10–5 ×÷2.2, and it didn’t differ from intact Nes-GFP BM. The results demonstrate that MSCs preserve self-renewal and retain their functionality after prolonged immune exposure. The success of this study relied on the implantation of BM fragments without prior dissociation of cells and the fact that the vast majority of implanted cells were immunologically equivalent to the recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Karpenko
- Laboratory of Physiology of Hematopoiesis, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Aleksei Bigildeev, ; Karpenko Dmitriy,
| | - Nikolay Kapranov
- Immunophenotyping Department, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksei Bigildeev
- Laboratory of Physiology of Hematopoiesis, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Aleksei Bigildeev, ; Karpenko Dmitriy,
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Griffin JM, Healy FM, Dahal LN, Floisand Y, Woolley JF. Worked to the bone: antibody-based conditioning as the future of transplant biology. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:65. [PMID: 35590415 PMCID: PMC9118867 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditioning of the bone marrow prior to haematopoietic stem cell transplant is essential in eradicating the primary cause of disease, facilitating donor cell engraftment and avoiding transplant rejection via immunosuppression. Standard conditioning regimens, typically comprising chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, have proven successful in bone marrow clearance but are also associated with severe toxicities and high incidence of treatment-related mortality. Antibody-based conditioning is a developing field which, thus far, has largely shown an improved toxicity profile in experimental models and improved transplant outcomes, compared to traditional conditioning. Most antibody-based conditioning therapies involve monoclonal/naked antibodies, such as alemtuzumab for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis and rituximab for Epstein–Barr virus prophylaxis, which are both in Phase II trials for inclusion in conditioning regimens. Nevertheless, alternative immune-based therapies, including antibody–drug conjugates, radio-labelled antibodies and CAR-T cells, are showing promise in a conditioning setting. Here, we analyse the current status of antibody-based drugs in pre-transplant conditioning regimens and assess their potential in the future of transplant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Griffin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fiona M Healy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yngvar Floisand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - John F Woolley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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10
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Protein tyrosine phosphatases in skeletal development and diseases. Bone Res 2022; 10:10. [PMID: 35091552 PMCID: PMC8799702 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal development and homeostasis in mammals are modulated by finely coordinated processes of migration, proliferation, differentiation, and death of skeletogenic cells originating from the mesoderm and neural crest. Numerous molecular mechanisms are involved in these regulatory processes, one of which is protein posttranslational modifications, particularly protein tyrosine phosphorylation (PYP). PYP occurs mainly through the action of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), modifying protein enzymatic activity, changing its cellular localization, and aiding in the assembly or disassembly of protein signaling complexes. Under physiological conditions, PYP is balanced by the coordinated action of PTKs and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Dysregulation of PYP can cause genetic, metabolic, developmental, and oncogenic skeletal diseases. Although PYP is a reversible biochemical process, in contrast to PTKs, little is known about how this equilibrium is modulated by PTPs in the skeletal system. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed a large and diverse superfamily of PTP genes (over 100 members) in humans, which can be further divided into cysteine (Cys)-, aspartic acid (Asp)-, and histidine (His)-based PTPs. Here, we review current knowledge about the functions and regulatory mechanisms of 28 PTPs involved in skeletal development and diseases; 27 of them belong to class I and II Cys-based PTPs, and the other is an Asp-based PTP. Recent progress in analyzing animal models that harbor various mutations in these PTPs and future research directions are also discussed. Our literature review indicates that PTPs are as crucial as PTKs in supporting skeletal development and homeostasis.
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11
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Mori T, Onodera Y, Itokazu M, Takehara T, Shigi K, Iwawaki N, Akagi M, Teramura T. Depletion of NIMA-related kinase Nek2 induces aberrant self-renewal and apoptosis in stem/progenitor cells of aged muscular tissues. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 201:111619. [PMID: 34995645 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Frailty of the locomotory organs has become a widespread problem in the geriatric population. The major factor leading to frailty is an age-associated decrease in muscular mass and a reduced number of muscular cells and myofibers. In aged muscular tissues, muscular satellite cells (MuSCs) are reduced due to abnormalities in their self-renewal and the induction of apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms connecting aging-associated physiological changes and the reduction of MuSCs are largely unknown. NIMA-related kinase 2 (Nek2), a member of the Nek family of serine/threonine kinases, was found to be downregulated in aged MuSCs/progenitors. Further, Nek2 downregulation was found to inhibit self-renewal and apoptotic cell death by activating the p53-dependent checkpoint. Attenuated NEK2 expression was also observed in the muscular tissues of elderly donors, and its function was confirmed to be conserved in humans. Overall, this study proposes a novel mechanism for inducing muscular atrophy to understand aging-associated muscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuta Onodera
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University Hospital, Japan
| | - Maki Itokazu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takehara
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University Hospital, Japan
| | - Kanae Shigi
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University Hospital, Japan
| | - Natsumi Iwawaki
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University Hospital, Japan
| | - Masao Akagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takeshi Teramura
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University Hospital, Japan.
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12
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Canela VH, Bledsoe SB, Worcester EM, Lingeman JE, El-Achkar TM, Williams JC. Collagen fibrils and cell nuclei are entrapped within Randall's plaques but not in CaOx matrix overgrowth: A microscopic inquiry into Randall's plaque stone pathogenesis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1701-1711. [PMID: 34825513 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones can grow attached to the renal papillary calcification known as Randall's plaque. Although stone growth on Randall's plaque is a common phenomenon, this mechanism of stone formation is still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the microenvironment of mature Randall's plaque, explore its molecular composition and differentiate plaque from CaOx overgrowth using multimodal imaging on demineralized stone sections. Fluorescence imaging showed consistent differences in autofluorescence patterns between Randall's plaque and calcium oxalate overgrowth regions. Second harmonic generation imaging established the presence of collagen only in regions of decalcified Randall's plaque but not in regions of CaOx overgrowth matrix. Surprisingly, in these stone sections we observed cell nuclei with preserved morphology within regions of mature Randall's plaque. These conserved cells had variable expression of vimentin and CD45. The presence of nuclei in mature plaque indicates that mineralization is not necessarily associated with cell death. The markers identified suggest that some of the entrapped cells may be undergoing dedifferentiation or could emanate from a mesenchymal or immune origin. We propose that entrapped cells may play an important role in the growth and maintenance of Randall's plaque. Further characterization of these cells and thorough analyses of the mineralized stone forming renal papilla will be fundamental in understanding the pathogenesis of Randall's plaque and CaOx stone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Canela
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sharon B Bledsoe
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - James E Lingeman
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - James C Williams
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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13
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CD52-targeted depletion by Alemtuzumab ameliorates allergic airway hyperreactivity and lung inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:899-911. [PMID: 33731828 PMCID: PMC8225558 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder associated with airway hyperreactivity (AHR) whose global prevalence is increasing at an alarming rate. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and T helper 2 (TH2) cells are producers of type 2 cytokines, which may contribute to development of AHR. In this study, we explore the potential of CD52-targeted depletion of type 2 immune cells for treating allergic AHR. Here we show that anti-CD52 therapy can prevent and remarkably reverse established IL-33-induced AHR by reducing airway resistance and alleviating lung inflammation. We further show that CD52 depletion prevents and treats allergic AHR induced by clinically relevant allergens such as Alternaria alternata and house dust mite. Importantly, we leverage various humanized mice models of AHR to show new therapeutic applications for Alemtuzumab, an anti-CD52 depleting antibody that is currently FDA approved for treatment of multiple sclerosis. Our results demonstrate that CD52 depletion is a viable therapeutic option for reduction of pulmonary inflammation, abrogation of eosinophilia, improvement of lung function, and thus treatment of allergic AHR. Taken together, our data suggest that anti-CD52 depleting monoclonal antibodies, such as Alemtuzumab, can serve as viable therapeutic drugs for amelioration of TH2- and ILC2-dependent AHR.
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14
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Al Barashdi MA, Ali A, McMullin MF, Mills K. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (PTPRC or CD45). J Clin Pathol 2021; 74:548-552. [PMID: 34039664 PMCID: PMC8380896 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The leucocyte common antigen, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (PTPRC), also known as CD45, is a transmembrane glycoprotein, expressed on almost all haematopoietic cells except for mature erythrocytes, and is an essential regulator of T and B cell antigen receptor-mediated activation. Disruption of the equilibrium between protein tyrosine kinase and phosphatase activity (from CD45 and others) can result in immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, or malignancy. CD45 is normally present on the cell surface, therefore it works upstream of a large signalling network which differs between cell types, and thus the effects of CD45 on these cells are also different. However, it is becoming clear that CD45 plays an essential role in the innate immune system and this is likely to be a key area for future research. In this review of PTPRC (CD45), its structure and biological activities as well as abnormal expression of CD45 in leukaemia and lymphoma will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahlam Ali
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research (PGJCCR), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Ken Mills
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research (PGJCCR), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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15
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Shalev M, Arman E, Stein M, Cohen-Sharir Y, Brumfeld V, Kapishnikov S, Royal I, Tuckermann J, Elson A. PTPRJ promotes osteoclast maturation and activity by inhibiting Cbl-mediated ubiquitination of NFATc1 in late osteoclastogenesis. FEBS J 2021; 288:4702-4723. [PMID: 33605542 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone-resorbing osteoclasts (OCLs) are multinucleated phagocytes, whose central roles in regulating bone formation and homeostasis are critical for normal health and development. OCLs are produced from precursor monocytes in a multistage process that includes initial differentiation, cell-cell fusion, and subsequent functional and morphological maturation; the molecular regulation of osteoclastogenesis is not fully understood. Here, we identify the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ as an essential regulator specifically of OCL maturation. Monocytes from PTPRJ-deficient (JKO) mice differentiate and fuse normally, but their maturation into functional OCLs and their ability to degrade bone are severely inhibited. In agreement, mice lacking PTPRJ throughout their bodies or only in OCLs exhibit increased bone mass due to reduced OCL-mediated bone resorption. We further show that PTPRJ promotes OCL maturation by dephosphorylating the M-CSF receptor (M-CSFR) and Cbl, thus reducing the ubiquitination and degradation of the key osteoclastogenic transcription factor NFATc1. Loss of PTPRJ increases ubiquitination of NFATc1 and reduces its amounts at later stages of osteoclastogenesis, thereby inhibiting OCL maturation. PTPRJ thus fulfills an essential and cell-autonomous role in promoting OCL maturation by balancing between the pro- and anti-osteoclastogenic activities of the M-CSFR and maintaining NFATc1 expression during late osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Shalev
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Esther Arman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merle Stein
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Yael Cohen-Sharir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Kapishnikov
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Isabelle Royal
- CRCHUM - Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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16
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Abou-ElNaga A, El-Chennawi F, Ibrahim Kamel S, Mutawa G. The Potentiality of Human Umbilical Cord Isolated Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells for Cardiomyocyte Generation. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 13:91-101. [PMID: 33204112 PMCID: PMC7667202 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s253108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background The new therapeutic strategy of managing cardiac diseases is based on cell therapy; it highly suggests the use of multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). MSCs widely used in researches are known to be isolated from bone marrow. However, this research seeks to use a human umbilical cord (HUC) as an alternative source of MSCs. Since HUC Wharton's jelly (WJ)-isolated MSCs originate as fetal tissue they are highly preferable for their potential advantages over other adult tissues. Methods The researchers used enzymatic digestion to establish a primary HUC-WJ-isolated MSC line. Then, flow cytometry was used to characterize MSCs and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) markers' expression. In addition, the cardiac differentiation capacity of HUC-WJ-isolated MSCs in vitro was investigated by two protocols. Protocol-1 necessitates the dependence on merely 5-azacytidine (5-Aza), whereas in protocol-2, 5-Aza was supported by basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF). The comparative study between the two protocols was applied by inspecting the ultrastructure of differentiated cells, measuring RT-PCR mRNA cardiac markers and the quantitative detection of cardiac proteins. Results HUC-WJ isolated MSCs were expressed by CD90+ve, CD105+ve, CD106+ve, CD45-ve, and CD146-ve. Remarkable TNNT1, NKX2.5, and Desmin mRNA expression and higher quantitative LDH and cTnI were detected by applying protocol-2. This same protocol-2 induced cardiac morphological features that were revealed by identifying cardiomyocyte-like cells and typical sarcomeres. Conclusion HUC-WJ is proved to be an ethical and effective source of MSCs induced cardiac differentiation, whereas BFGF supports 5-Aza in MSCs-cardiomyocytes differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amoura Abou-ElNaga
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Farha El-Chennawi
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Samar Ibrahim Kamel
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ghada Mutawa
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Horus University in Egypt (HUE), New Damietta 34518, Egypt
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17
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Osteoimmunology: evolving concepts in bone-immune interactions in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:626-642. [PMID: 31186549 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In terrestrial vertebrates, bone tissue constitutes the 'osteoimmune' system, which functions as a locomotor organ and a mineral reservoir as well as a primary lymphoid organ where haematopoietic stem cells are maintained. Bone and mineral metabolism is maintained by the balanced action of bone cells such as osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes, yet subverted by aberrant and/or prolonged immune responses under pathological conditions. However, osteoimmune interactions are not restricted to the unidirectional effect of the immune system on bone metabolism. In recent years, we have witnessed the discovery of effects of bone cells on immune regulation, including the function of osteoprogenitor cells in haematopoietic stem cell regulation and osteoblast-mediated suppression of haematopoietic malignancies. Moreover, the dynamic reciprocal interactions between bone and malignancies in remote organs have attracted attention, extending the horizon of osteoimmunology. Here, we discuss emerging concepts in the osteoimmune dialogue in health and disease.
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18
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Lack of CD45 in FLT3-ITD mice results in a myeloproliferative phenotype, cortical porosity, and ectopic bone formation. Oncogene 2019; 38:4773-4787. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Roth L, Wakim J, Wasserman E, Shalev M, Arman E, Stein M, Brumfeld V, Sagum CA, Bedford MT, Tuckermann J, Elson A. Phosphorylation of the phosphatase PTPROt at Tyr 399 is a molecular switch that controls osteoclast activity and bone mass in vivo. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/563/eaau0240. [PMID: 30622194 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bone resorption by osteoclasts is essential for bone homeostasis. The kinase Src promotes osteoclast activity and is activated in osteoclasts by the receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase PTPROt. In other contexts, however, PTPROt can inhibit Src activity. Through in vivo and in vitro experiments, we show that PTPROt is bifunctional and can dephosphorylate Src both at its inhibitory residue Tyr527 and its activating residue Tyr416 Whereas wild-type and PTPROt knockout mice exhibited similar bone masses, mice in which a putative C-terminal phosphorylation site, Tyr399, in endogenous PTPROt was replaced with phenylalanine had increased bone mass and reduced osteoclast activity. Osteoclasts from the knock-in mice also showed reduced Src activity. Experiments in cultured cells and in osteoclasts derived from both mouse strains demonstrated that the absence of phosphorylation at Tyr399 caused PTPROt to dephosphorylate Src at the activating site pTyr416 In contrast, phosphorylation of PTPROt at Tyr399 enabled PTPROt to recruit Src through Grb2 and to dephosphorylate Src at the inhibitory site Tyr527, thus stimulating Src activity. We conclude that reversible phosphorylation of PTPROt at Tyr399 is a molecular switch that selects between its opposing activities toward Src and maintains a coherent signaling output, and that blocking this phosphorylation event can induce physiological effects in vivo. Because most receptor-type tyrosine phosphatases contain potential phosphorylation sites at their C termini, we propose that preventing phosphorylation at these sites or its consequences may offer an alternative to inhibiting their catalytic activity to achieve therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Roth
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jean Wakim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elad Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moran Shalev
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Esther Arman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Merle Stein
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Cari A Sagum
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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20
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Cortegano I, Serrano N, Ruiz C, Rodríguez M, Prado C, Alía M, Hidalgo A, Cano E, de Andrés B, Gaspar ML. CD45 expression discriminates waves of embryonic megakaryocytes in the mouse. Haematologica 2018; 104:1853-1865. [PMID: 30573502 PMCID: PMC6717566 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.192559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic megakaryopoiesis starts in the yolk sac on gestational day 7.5 as part of the primitive wave of hematopoiesis, and it continues in the fetal liver when this organ is colonized by hematopoietic progenitors between day 9.5 and 10.5, as the definitive hematopoiesis wave. We characterized the precise phenotype of embryo megakaryocytes in the liver at gestational day 11.5, identifying them as CD41++CD45-CD9++CD61+MPL+CD42c+ tetraploid cells that express megakaryocyte-specific transcripts and display differential traits when compared to those present in the yolk sac at the same age. In contrast to megakaryocytes from adult bone marrow, embryo megakaryocytes are CD45− until day 13.5 of gestation, as are both the megakaryocyte progenitors and megakaryocyte/erythroid-committed progenitors. At gestational day 11.5, liver and yolk sac also contain CD41+CD45+ and CD41+CD45− cells. These populations, and that of CD41++CD45−CD42c+ cells, isolated from liver, differentiate in culture into CD41++CD45−CD42c+ proplatelet-bearing megakaryocytes. Also present at this time are CD41−CD45++CD11b+ cells, which produce low numbers of CD41++CD45−CD42c+ megakaryocytes in vitro, as do fetal liver cells expressing the macrophage-specific Csf receptor-1 (Csf1r/CD115) from MaFIA transgenic mice, which give rise poorly to CD41++CD45−CD42c+ embryo megakaryocytes both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, around 30% of adult megakaryocytes (CD41++CD45++CD9++CD42c+) from C57BL/6 and MaFIA mice express CD115. We propose that differential pathways operating in the mouse embryo liver at gestational day 11.5 beget CD41++CD45−CD42c+ embryo megakaryocytes that can be produced from CD41+CD45− or from CD41+CD45+ cells, at difference from those from bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cortegano
- Department of Immunology, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda
| | - Natalia Serrano
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CBMSO-CSIC), Madrid
| | - Carolina Ruiz
- Department of Immunology, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda
| | - Mercedes Rodríguez
- Department of Immunology, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda
| | - Carmen Prado
- Department of Immunology, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda
| | - Mario Alía
- Department of Immunology, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid
| | - Eva Cano
- Neuroinflamation Unit, Chronic Diseases Research Program, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Belén de Andrés
- Department of Immunology, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda
| | - María-Luisa Gaspar
- Department of Immunology, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda
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21
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Boulais PE, Mizoguchi T, Zimmerman S, Nakahara F, Vivié J, Mar JC, van Oudenaarden A, Frenette PS. The Majority of CD45 - Ter119 - CD31 - Bone Marrow Cell Fraction Is of Hematopoietic Origin and Contains Erythroid and Lymphoid Progenitors. Immunity 2018; 49:627-639.e6. [PMID: 30314756 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The non-hematopoietic cell fraction of the bone marrow (BM) is classically identified as CD45- Ter119- CD31- (herein referred to as triple-negative cells or TNCs). Although TNCs are believed to contain heterogeneous stromal cell populations, they remain poorly defined. Here we showed that the vast majority of TNCs (∼85%) have a hematopoietic rather than mesenchymal origin. Single cell RNA-sequencing revealed erythroid and lymphoid progenitor signatures among CD51- TNCs. Ly6D+ CD44+ CD51- TNCs phenotypically and functionally resembled CD45+ pro-B lymphoid cells, whereas Ly6D- CD44+ CD51- TNCs were enriched in previously unappreciated stromal-dependent erythroid progenitors hierarchically situated between preCFU-E and proerythroblasts. Upon adoptive transfer, CD44+ CD51- TNCs contributed to repopulate the B-lymphoid and erythroid compartments. CD44+ CD51- TNCs also expanded during phenylhydrazine-induced acute hemolysis or in a model of sickle cell anemia. These findings thus uncover physiologically relevant new classes of stromal-associated functional CD45- hematopoietic progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Boulais
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA; The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Toshihide Mizoguchi
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, 399-0781 Japan
| | - Samuel Zimmerman
- The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA; Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Fumio Nakahara
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA; The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Judith Vivié
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica C Mar
- The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA; Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul S Frenette
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA; The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA.
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22
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Shalev M, Elson A. The roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases in bone-resorbing osteoclasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:114-123. [PMID: 30026076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining the proper balance between osteoblast-mediated production of bone and its degradation by osteoclasts is essential for health. Osteoclasts are giant phagocytic cells that are formed by fusion of monocyte-macrophage precursor cells; mature osteoclasts adhere to bone tightly and secrete protons and proteases that degrade its matrix. Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins, which is regulated by the biochemically-antagonistic activities of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), is central in regulating the production of osteoclasts and their bone-resorbing activity. Here we review the roles of individual PTPs of the classical and dual-specificity sub-families that are known to support these processes (SHP2, cyt-PTPe, PTPRO, PTP-PEST, CD45) or to inhibit them (SHP1, PTEN, MKP1). Characterizing the functions of PTPs in osteoclasts is essential for complete molecular level understanding of bone resorption and for designing novel therapeutic approaches for treating bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Shalev
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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23
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Saint-Paul L, Nguyen CH, Buffière A, Pais de Barros JP, Hammann A, Landras-Guetta C, Filomenko R, Chrétien ML, Johnson P, Bastie JN, Delva L, Quéré R. CD45 phosphatase is crucial for human and murine acute myeloid leukemia maintenance through its localization in lipid rafts. Oncotarget 2018; 7:64785-64797. [PMID: 27579617 PMCID: PMC5323116 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CD45 is a pan-leukocyte protein with tyrosine phosphatase activity involved in the regulation of signal transduction in hematopoiesis. Exploiting CD45 KO mice and lentiviral shRNA, we prove the crucial role that CD45 plays in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) development and maintenance. We discovered that CD45 does not colocalize with lipid rafts on murine and human non-transformed hematopoietic cells. Using a mouse model, we proved that CD45 positioning within lipid rafts is modified during their oncogenic transformation to AML. CD45 colocalized with lipid rafts on AML cells, which contributes to elevated GM-CSF signal intensity involved in proliferation of leukemic cells. We furthermore proved that the GM-CSF/Lyn/Stat3 pathway that contributes to growth of leukemic cells could be profoundly affected, by using a new plasma membrane disrupting agent, which rapidly delocalized CD45 away from lipid rafts. We provide evidence that this mechanism is also effective on human primary AML samples and xenograft transplantation. In conclusion, this study highlights the emerging evidence of the involvement of lipid rafts in oncogenic development of AML and the targeting of CD45 positioning among lipid rafts as a new strategy in the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Saint-Paul
- Inserm UMR866, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France
| | - Chi-Hung Nguyen
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR9187-U1196, CNRS-Institut Curie, Inserm, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
| | - Anne Buffière
- Inserm UMR866, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France.,Plateforme de lipidomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Arlette Hammann
- Plateforme de cytométrie, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Corinne Landras-Guetta
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR9187-U1196, CNRS-Institut Curie, Inserm, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
| | | | - Marie-Lorraine Chrétien
- Inserm UMR866, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France.,Hôpital Universitaire François-Mitterrand, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Dijon, France
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jean-Noël Bastie
- Inserm UMR866, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France.,Hôpital Universitaire François-Mitterrand, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Delva
- Inserm UMR866, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France
| | - Ronan Quéré
- Inserm UMR866, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France
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24
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Chang L, Chen YJ, Fan CY, Tang CJ, Chen YH, Low PY, Ventura A, Lin CC, Chen YJ, Angata T. Identification of Siglec Ligands Using a Proximity Labeling Method. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3929-3941. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chan-Yo Fan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | | | - Takashi Angata
- Institute
of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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25
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Hoggatt J, Kfoury Y, Scadden DT. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche in Health and Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 11:555-81. [PMID: 27193455 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of stem cells in adult tissues is a key determinant of how well an organism can respond to the stresses of physiological challenge and disease. This is particularly true of the hematopoietic system, where demands on host defenses can call for an acute increase in cell production. Hematopoietic stem cells receive the regulatory signals for cell production in adult mammals in the bone marrow, a tissue with higher-order architectural and functional organization than previously appreciated. Here, we review the data defining particular structural components and heterologous cells in the bone marrow that participate in hematopoietic stem cell function. Further, we explore the case for stromal-hematopoietic cell interactions contributing to neoplastic myeloid disease. As the hematopoietic regulatory networks in the bone marrow are revealed, it is anticipated that strategies will emerge for how to enhance or inhibit production of specific blood cells. In that way, the control of hematopoiesis will enter the domain of therapies to modulate broad aspects of hematopoiesis, both normal and malignant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hoggatt
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
| | - Youmna Kfoury
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
| | - David T Scadden
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
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Sudheer Shenoy P, Bose B. Identification, isolation, quantification and systems approach towards CD34, a biomarker present in the progenitor/stem cells from diverse lineages. Methods 2017; 131:147-156. [PMID: 28684339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) constitute the diverse progenitor populations in almost every tissue and are of immense importance in the field of regenerative medicine. CD34 is a cell surface glycoprotein identified first as a marker for the MSCs of hematopoietic origin. CD34 is now known to be expressed in cells of diverse lineages (tissues of non-hematopoietic origin) such as ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm and is considered as a general marker for progenitor cells. Here, we present detailed protocols to obtain pure populations of MSCs from three diverse lineages such as skeletal muscle, skin, and liver from mouse tissues. We also present here the protocol for systems biology approach (proteomic analysis) of these purified cells. This proteomic approach can elucidate key signalling pathways and proteins utilized by these CD34 positive cells in undifferentiated and differentiated conditions. Furthermore in-depth proteomic analysis can also identify the altered proteome which is responsible for their function during non-clinical and clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sudheer Shenoy
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya University, University Road, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya University, University Road, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
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Cellular players of hematopoietic stem cell mobilization in the bone marrow niche. Int J Hematol 2016; 105:129-140. [PMID: 27943116 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) reside in perivascular regions of the bone marrow (BM) embedded within a complex regulatory unit called the niche. Cellular components of HSC niches include vascular endothelial cells, mesenchymal stromal progenitor cells and a variety of mature hematopoietic cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and megakaryocytes-further regulated by sympathetic nerves and complement components as described in this review. Three decades ago the discovery that cytokines induce a large number of HSC to mobilize from the BM into the blood where they are easily harvested, revolutionised the field of HSC transplantation-curative for immune-deficiencies and some malignancies. However, despite now routine use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilise HSC for transplant, only in last 15 years has research on the mechanisms behind why and how HSC can be induced to move into the blood began. These studies have revealed the complexity of the niche that retains HSC in the BM. This review describes how BM niches and HSC themselves change during administration of G-CSF-or in the recovery phase of chemotherapy-to facilitate movement of HSC into the blood, and research now leading to development of novel therapeutics to further boost HSC mobilization and transplant success.
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Thiel N, Keyser KA, Lemmermann NAW, Oduro JD, Wagner K, Elsner C, Halenius A, Lenac Roviš T, Brinkmann MM, Jonjić S, Cicin-Sain L, Messerle M. The Mouse Cytomegalovirus Gene m42 Targets Surface Expression of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase CD45 in Infected Macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006057. [PMID: 27926943 PMCID: PMC5142792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is expressed on the surface of cells of hematopoietic origin and has a pivotal role for the function of these cells in the immune response. Here we report that following infection of macrophages with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) the cell surface expression of CD45 is drastically diminished. Screening of a set of MCMV deletion mutants allowed us to identify the viral gene m42 of being responsible for CD45 down-modulation. Moreover, expression of m42 independent of viral infection upon retroviral transduction of the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line led to comparable regulation of CD45 expression. In immunocompetent mice infected with an m42 deletion mutant lower viral titers were observed in all tissues examined when compared to wildtype MCMV, indicating an important role of m42 for viral replication in vivo. The m42 gene product was identified as an 18 kDa protein expressed with early kinetics and is predicted to be a tail-anchored membrane protein. Tracking of surface-resident CD45 molecules revealed that m42 induces internalization and degradation of CD45. The observation that the amounts of the E3 ubiquitin ligases Itch and Nedd4 were diminished in cells expressing m42 and that disruption of a PY motif in the N-terminal part of m42 resulted in loss of function, suggest that m42 acts as an activator or adaptor for these Nedd4-like ubiquitin ligases, which mark CD45 for lysosomal degradation. In conclusion, the down-modulation of CD45 expression in MCMV-infected myeloid cells represents a novel pathway of virus-host interaction. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a tenacious pathogen, which can be life-threatening for immunocompromised patients and immunologically immature newborns. The pathogenicity of HCMV is owed to a plethora of immunomodulatory functions that interfere with host defense mechanisms. Such viral functions can teach us about viral pathogenesis mechanisms, and also about the functioning of immune cells. In this study we report that the mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)–a close relative of HCMV–influences surface expression of the cellular protein CD45 on macrophages and we identified the viral gene m42 mediating this effect. CD45 has long been known to be essential for the functioning of lymphocytes, however, its role in macrophages is less well understood. Growth analysis of a viral mutant indicated that the m42 gene confers a replication advantage to MCMV in vivo. We found that the m42 protein induces internalization of CD45 from the plasma membrane and degradation in lysosomes—most likely triggered by interaction of m42 with a ubiquitin ligase. In our study we detected a new element in the complex interaction of cytomegaloviruses with host cells, and further investigation into this mechanism may provide us with new insights into the functions of CD45 in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Thiel
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten A Keyser
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Niels A W Lemmermann
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Karen Wagner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carina Elsner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Halenius
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tihana Lenac Roviš
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Melanie M Brinkmann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Bischoff J, Casanovas G, Wylie-Sears J, Kim DH, Bartko PE, Guerrero JL, Dal-Bianco JP, Beaudoin J, Garcia ML, Sullivan SM, Seybolt MM, Morris BA, Keegan J, Irvin WS, Aikawa E, Levine RA. CD45 Expression in Mitral Valve Endothelial Cells After Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2016; 119:1215-1225. [PMID: 27750208 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ischemic mitral regurgitation, a complication after myocardial infarction (MI), induces adaptive mitral valve (MV) responses that may be initially beneficial but eventually lead to leaflet fibrosis and MV dysfunction. We sought to examine the MV endothelial response and its potential contribution to ischemic mitral regurgitation. OBJECTIVE Endothelial, interstitial, and hematopoietic cells in MVs from post-MI sheep were quantified. MV endothelial CD45, found post MI, was analyzed in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Ovine MVs, harvested 6 months after inferior MI, showed CD45, a protein tyrosine phosphatase, colocalized with von Willebrand factor, an endothelial marker. Flow cytometry of MV cells revealed significant increases in CD45+ endothelial cells (VE-cadherin+/CD45+/α-smooth muscle actin [SMA]+ and VE-cadherin+/CD45+/αSMA- cells) and possible fibrocytes (VE-cadherin-/CD45+/αSMA+) in inferior MI compared with sham-operated and normal sheep. CD45+ cells correlated with MV fibrosis and mitral regurgitation severity. VE-cadherin+/CD45+/αSMA+ cells suggested that CD45 may be linked to endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). MV endothelial cells treated with transforming growth factor-β1 to induce EndMT expressed CD45 and fibrosis markers collagen 1 and 3 and transforming growth factor-β1 to 3, not observed in transforming growth factor-β1-treated arterial endothelial cells. A CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor blocked induction of EndMT and fibrosis markers and inhibited EndMT-associated migration of MV endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS MV endothelial cells express CD45, both in vivo post MI and in vitro in response to transforming growth factor-β1. A CD45 phosphatase inhibitor blocked hallmarks of EndMT in MV endothelial cells. These results point to a novel, functional requirement for CD45 phosphatase activity in EndMT. The contribution of CD45+ endothelial cells to MV adaptation and fibrosis post MI warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Bischoff
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.B., G.C., J.W.-S.); Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.-H.K., P.E.B., J.L.G., J.P.D.-B., J.B., M.L.G., S.M.S., M.M.S., B.A.M., R.A.L.); Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea (D.-H.K.); and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.K., W.S.I., E.A.).
| | - Guillem Casanovas
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.B., G.C., J.W.-S.); Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.-H.K., P.E.B., J.L.G., J.P.D.-B., J.B., M.L.G., S.M.S., M.M.S., B.A.M., R.A.L.); Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea (D.-H.K.); and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.K., W.S.I., E.A.)
| | - Jill Wylie-Sears
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.B., G.C., J.W.-S.); Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.-H.K., P.E.B., J.L.G., J.P.D.-B., J.B., M.L.G., S.M.S., M.M.S., B.A.M., R.A.L.); Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea (D.-H.K.); and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.K., W.S.I., E.A.)
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Abstract
Osteoclasts, specialized cells that degrade bone, are key components of the cellular system that regulates and maintains bone homeostasis. Aberrant function of osteoclasts can lead to pathological loss or gain of bone mass, such as in osteopetrosis, osteoporosis, and several types of cancer that metastasize to bone. Phosphorylation of osteoclast proteins on tyrosine residues is critical for formation of osteoclasts and for their proper function and responses to physiological signals. Here we describe preparation and growth of osteoclasts from bone marrow of mice, use of viral vectors to downregulate expression of endogenous proteins and to express exogenous proteins in osteoclasts, and analysis of signaling processes triggered by M-CSF, estrogen, and physical contact with matrix in these cells.
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31
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Pourgholaminejad A, Aghdami N, Baharvand H, Moazzeni SM. The effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines on immunophenotype, differentiation capacity and immunomodulatory functions of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cytokine 2016; 85:51-60. [PMID: 27288632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as cells with potential clinical utilities, have demonstrated preferential incorporation into inflammation sites. Immunophenotype and immunomodulatory functions of MSCs could alter by inflamed-microenvironments due to the local pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu. A major cellular mediator with specific function in promoting inflammation and pathogenicity of autoimmunity are IL-17-producing T helper 17 (Th17) cells that polarize in inflamed sites in the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-23. Since MSCs are promising candidate for cell-based therapeutic strategies in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, Th17 cell polarizing factors may alter MSCs phenotype and function. In this study, human bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSC) and adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSC) were cultured with or without IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-23 as pro-inflammatory cytokines. The surface markers and their differentiation capacity were measured in cytokine-untreated and cytokine-treated MSCs. MSCs-mediated immunomodulation was analyzed by their regulatory effects on mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and the level of IL-10, TGF-β, IL-4, IFN-γ and TNF-α production as immunomodulatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines showed no effect on MSCs morphology, immunophenotype and co-stimulatory molecules except up-regulation of CD45. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacity increased in CD45+ MSCs. Moreover, cytokine-treated MSCs preserved the suppressive ability of allogeneic T cell proliferation and produced higher level of TGF-β and lower level of IL-4. We concluded pro-inflammatory cytokines up-regulate the efficacy of MSCs in cell-based therapy of degenerative, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Pourgholaminejad
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Moazzeni
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Schultz NG, Ingels J, Hillhouse A, Wardwell K, Chang PL, Cheverud JM, Lutz C, Lu L, Williams RW, Dean MD. The Genetic Basis of Baculum Size and Shape Variation in Mice. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2016; 6:1141-51. [PMID: 26935419 PMCID: PMC4856068 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.027888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The rapid divergence of male genitalia is a preeminent evolutionary pattern. This rapid divergence is especially striking in the baculum, a bone that occurs in the penis of many mammalian species. Closely related species often display diverse baculum morphology where no other morphological differences can be discerned. While this fundamental pattern of evolution has been appreciated at the level of gross morphology, nearly nothing is known about the genetic basis of size and shape divergence. Quantifying the genetic basis of baculum size and shape variation has been difficult because these structures generally lack obvious landmarks, so comparing them in three dimensions is not straightforward. Here, we develop a novel morphometric approach to quantify size and shape variation from three-dimensional micro-CT scans taken from 369 bacula, representing 75 distinct strains of the BXD family of mice. We identify two quantitative trait loci (QTL) that explain ∼50% of the variance in baculum size, and a third QTL that explains more than 20% of the variance in shape. Together, our study demonstrates that baculum morphology may diverge relatively easily, with mutations at a few loci of large effect that independently modulate size and shape. Based on a combination of bioinformatic investigations and new data on RNA expression, we prioritized these QTL to 16 candidate genes, which have hypothesized roles in bone morphogenesis and may enable future genetic manipulation of baculum morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Schultz
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Jesse Ingels
- University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Andrew Hillhouse
- Texas A & M, Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas 77845
| | | | - Peter L Chang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - James M Cheverud
- Loyola University, Department of Biology, Chicago, Illinois 60626
| | | | - Lu Lu
- University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Robert W Williams
- University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Matthew D Dean
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
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Shaikh A, Bhartiya D, Kapoor S, Nimkar H. Delineating the effects of 5-fluorouracil and follicle-stimulating hormone on mouse bone marrow stem/progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:59. [PMID: 27095238 PMCID: PMC4837595 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pluripotent, Lin–/CD45–/Sca-1+ very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) in mouse bone marrow (BM) are resistant to total body radiation because of their quiescent nature, whereas Lin–/CD45+/Sca-1+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) get eliminated. In the present study, we provide further evidence for the existence of VSELs in mouse BM and have also examined the effects of a chemotherapeutic agent (5-fluorouracil (5-FU)) and gonadotropin hormone (follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)) on BM stem/progenitor cells. Methods VSELs and HSCs were characterized in intact BM. Swiss mice were injected with 5-FU (150 mg/kg) and sacrificed on 2, 4, and 10 days (D2, D4, and D10) post treatment to examine changes in BM histology and effects on VSELs and HSCs by a multiparametric approach. The effect of FSH (5 IU) administered 48 h after 5-FU treatment was also studied. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, cell cycle analysis, and colony-forming unit (CFU) assay were carried out to understand the functional potential of stem/progenitor cells towards regeneration of chemoablated marrow. Results Nuclear OCT-4, SCA-1, and SSEA-1 coexpressing LIN–/CD45– VSELs and slightly larger LIN–/CD45+ HSCs expressing cytoplasmic OCT-4 were identified and comprised 0.022 ± 0.002 % and 0.081 ± 0.004 % respectively of the total cells in BM. 5-FU treatment resulted in depletion of cells with a 7-fold reduction by D4 and normal hematopoiesis was re-established by D10. Nuclear OCT-4 and PCNA-positive VSELs were detected in chemoablated bone sections near the endosteal region. VSELs remained unaffected by 5-FU on D2 and increased on D4, whereas HSCs showed a marked reduction in numbers on D2 and later increased along with the corresponding increase in BrdU uptake and upregulation of specific transcripts (Oct-4A, Oct-4, Sca-1, Nanog, Stella, Fragilis, Pcna). Cells that survived 5-FU formed colonies in vitro. Both VSELs and HSCs expressed FSH receptors and FSH treatment enhanced hematopoietic recovery by 72 h. Conclusion Both VSELs and HSCs were activated in response to the stress created by 5-FU and FSH enhanced hematopoietic recovery by at least 72 h in 5-FU-treated mice. VSELs are the most primitive pluripotent stem cells in BM that self-renew and give rise to HSCs under stress, and HSCs further divide rapidly and differentiate to maintain homeostasis. The study provides a novel insight into basic hematopoiesis and has clinical relevance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0311-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Shaikh
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Deepa Bhartiya
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India.
| | - Sona Kapoor
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Harshada Nimkar
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
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3D printed Ti6Al4V implant surface promotes bone maturation and retains a higher density of less aged osteocytes at the bone-implant interface. Acta Biomater 2016; 30:357-367. [PMID: 26577985 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
For load-bearing orthopaedic applications, metal implants having an interconnected pore structure exhibit the potential to facilitate bone ingrowth and the possibility for reducing the stiffness mismatch between the implant and bone, thus eliminating stress-shielding effects. 3D printed solid and macro-porous Ti6Al4V implants were evaluated after six-months healing in adult sheep femora. The ultrastructural composition of the bone-implant interface was investigated using Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy, in a correlative manner. The mineral crystallinity and the mineral-to-matrix ratios of the interfacial tissue and the native bone were found to be similar. However, lower Ca/P ratios, lower carbonate content, but higher proline, phenylalanine and tyrosine levels indicated that the interfacial tissue remained less mature. Bone healing was more advanced at the porous implant surface (vs. the solid implant surface) based on the interfacial tissue ν1 CO3(2-)/ν2 PO4(3-) ratio, phenylalanine and tyrosine levels approaching those of the native bone. The mechanosensing infrastructure in bone, the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network, retained ∼40% more canaliculi per osteocyte lacuna, i.e., a 'less aged' morphology at the interface. The osteocyte density per mineralised surface area was ∼36-71% higher at the interface after extended healing periods. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In osseointegration research, the success of an implant surface or design is commonly determined by quantifying the amount of new bone, rather than its maturation, composition and structure. This work describes a novel correlative methodology to investigate the ultrastructure and composition of bone formed around and within 3D printed Ti6Al4V implants having an interconnected open-pore structure. Raman spectroscopy demonstrates that the molecular composition of the interfacial tissue at different implant surfaces may vary, suggesting differences in the extent to which bone maturation occurs even after long-term healing. Bone maturation corresponded well with the structural parameters associated with remodelling kinetics, for example, the osteocyte density and the average number of canaliculi per osteocyte lacuna.
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Georgess D, Machuca-Gayet I, Blangy A, Jurdic P. Podosome organization drives osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:191-204. [PMID: 24714644 DOI: 10.4161/cam.27840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are the cells responsible for physiological bone resorption. A specific organization of their most prominent cytoskeletal structures, podosomes, is crucial for the degradation of mineralized bone matrix. Each podosome is constituted of an F-actin-enriched central core surrounded by a loose F-actin network, called the podosome cloud. In addition to intrinsic actin dynamics, podosomes are defined by their adhesion to the extracellular matrix, mainly via core-linking CD44 and cloud-linking integrins. These properties allow podosomes to collectively evolve into different patterns implicated in migration and bone resorption. Indeed, to resorb bone, osteoclasts polarize, actively secrete protons, and proteases into the resorption pit where these molecules are confined by a podosome-containing sealing zone. Here, we review recent advancements on podosome structure and regulatory pathways in osteoclasts. We also discuss the distinct functions of different podosome patterns during the lifespan of a single osteoclast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Georgess
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon, France
| | - Irma Machuca-Gayet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon, France
| | - Anne Blangy
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire; CNRS UMR 5237; Montpellier University; Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Jurdic
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon, France
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Jacome-Galarza C, Soung DY, Adapala NS, Pickarski M, Sanjay A, Duong LT, Lorenzo JA, Drissi H. Altered hematopoietic stem cell and osteoclast precursor frequency in cathepsin K null mice. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1449-57. [PMID: 24590570 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is a lysosomal cysteine protease necessary for bone resorption by osteoclasts (OCs), which originate from myeloid hematopoietic precursors. CatK-deficient (CatK(-/-) ) mice show osteopetrosis due to defective resorption by OCs, which are increased in number in these mice. We investigated whether genetic ablation of CatK altered the number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and OC precursor cells (OCPs) using two mouse models: CatK(-/-) mice and a knock-in mouse model in which the CatK gene (ctsk) is replaced by cre recombinase. We found that CatK deletion in mice significantly increased the number of HSCs in the spleen and decreased their number in bone marrow. In contrast, the number of early OCPs was unchanged in the bone marrow. However, the number of committed CD11b(+) OCPs was increased in the bone marrow of CatK(-/-) compared to wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, the percentage but not the number of OCPs was decreased in the spleen of CatK(-/-) mice relative to WT. To understand whether increased commitment to OC lineage in CatK(-/-) mice is influenced by the bone marrow microenvironment, CatK(Cre/+) or CatK(Cre/Cre) red fluorescently labeled OCPs were injected into WT mice, which were also subjected to a mid-diaphyseal femoral fracture. The number of OCs derived from the intravenously injected CatK(Cre/Cre) OCPs was lower in the fracture callus compared to mice injected with CatK(+/Cre) OCPs. Hence, in addition to its other effects, the absence of CatK in OCP limits their ability to engraft in a repairing fracture callus compared to WT OCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jacome-Galarza
- New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030
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Maleki M, Ghanbarvand F, Reza Behvarz M, Ejtemaei M, Ghadirkhomi E. Comparison of mesenchymal stem cell markers in multiple human adult stem cells. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 7:118-26. [PMID: 25473449 PMCID: PMC4249894 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2014.7.2.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells which identified by adherence to plastic, expression of cell surface markers including CD44, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD166, and Stro-1, lack of the expression of hematopoietic markers, no immunogenic effect and replacement of damaged tissues. These properties led to development of progressive methods to isolation and characterization of MSCs from various sources for therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. METHODS We isolated MSC-like cells from testis biopsies, ovary, hair follicle and umbilical cord Wharton's jelly and investigated the expression of specific cell surface antigens using flow cytometry in order to verify stemness properties of these cells. RESULTS All four cell types adhered to plastic culture flask a few days after primary culture. All our cells positively expressed common MSC- specific cell surface markers. Moreover, our results revealed the expression of CD19and CD45 antigens in these cells. CONCLUSION According to our results, high expression of CD44 in spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs),granulosa cells (GCs)and Wharton's jelly- MSCs (WJ-MSCs)may help them to maintain stemness properties. Furthermore, we suggest that CD105+SSCs, HFSCs and WJ-MSCs revealed the osteogenic potential of these cells. Moreover, high expression of CD90 in SSCs and HFSCs may associate to higher growth and differentiation potential of these cells. Further, the presence of CD19 on SSCs and GCs may help them to efficiency in response to trans-membrane signals. Thus, these four types of MSCs may be useful in clinical applications and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Maleki
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran ; Stem Cell Research Lab, Azarbaijan ART Centre, ACECR East Azarbaijan Branch, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farideh Ghanbarvand
- Stem Cell Research Lab, Azarbaijan ART Centre, ACECR East Azarbaijan Branch, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mehri Ejtemaei
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Ghadirkhomi
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
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Nacer A, Movila A, Sohet F, Girgis NM, Gundra UM, Loke P, Daneman R, Frevert U. Experimental cerebral malaria pathogenesis--hemodynamics at the blood brain barrier. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004528. [PMID: 25474413 PMCID: PMC4256476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria claims the lives of over 600,000 African children every year. To better understand the pathogenesis of this devastating disease, we compared the cellular dynamics in the cortical microvasculature between two infection models, Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infected CBA/CaJ mice, which develop experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), and P. yoelii 17XL (PyXL) infected mice, which succumb to malarial hyperparasitemia without neurological impairment. Using a combination of intravital imaging and flow cytometry, we show that significantly more CD8(+) T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages are recruited to postcapillary venules during ECM compared to hyperparasitemia. ECM correlated with ICAM-1 upregulation on macrophages, while vascular endothelia upregulated ICAM-1 during ECM and hyperparasitemia. The arrest of large numbers of leukocytes in postcapillary and larger venules caused microrheological alterations that significantly restricted the venous blood flow. Treatment with FTY720, which inhibits vascular leakage, neurological signs, and death from ECM, prevented the recruitment of a subpopulation of CD45(hi) CD8(+) T cells, ICAM-1(+) macrophages, and neutrophils to postcapillary venules. FTY720 had no effect on the ECM-associated expression of the pattern recognition receptor CD14 in postcapillary venules suggesting that endothelial activation is insufficient to cause vascular pathology. Expression of the endothelial tight junction proteins claudin-5, occludin, and ZO-1 in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of PbA-infected mice with ECM was unaltered compared to FTY720-treated PbA-infected mice or PyXL-infected mice with hyperparasitemia. Thus, blood brain barrier opening does not involve endothelial injury and is likely reversible, consistent with the rapid recovery of many patients with CM. We conclude that the ECM-associated recruitment of large numbers of activated leukocytes, in particular CD8(+) T cells and ICAM(+) macrophages, causes a severe restriction in the venous blood efflux from the brain, which exacerbates the vasogenic edema and increases the intracranial pressure. Thus, death from ECM could potentially occur as a consequence of intracranial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Nacer
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fabien Sohet
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Natasha M. Girgis
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Uma Mahesh Gundra
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Daneman
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ute Frevert
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Angelopoulou MK, Tsirkinidis P, Boutsikas G, Vassilakopoulos TP, Tsirigotis P. New insights in the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells in lymphoma and multiple myeloma patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:835138. [PMID: 25197663 PMCID: PMC4150414 DOI: 10.1155/2014/835138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following chemotherapy and/or the administration of growth factors, such as granulocyte-colony stimulated factor (G-CSF), hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) mobilize from bone marrow to peripheral blood. This review aims to systematically present the structure of the HSC "niche" and elucidate the mechanisms of their mobilization. However, this field is constantly evolving and new pathways and molecules have been shown to contribute to the mobilization process. Understanding the importance and the possible primary pathophysiologic role of each pathway is rather difficult, since they share various overlapping components. The primary initiating event for the mobilization of HSC is chemotherapy-induced endogenous G-CSF production or exogenous G-CSF administration. G-CSF induces proliferation and expansion of the myelomonocytic series, which leads to proteolytic enzyme activation. These enzymes result in disruption of various receptor-ligand bonds, which leads to the disanchorage of HSC from the bone marrow stroma. In everyday clinical practice, CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) antagonists are now being used as mobilization agents in order to improve HSC collection. Furthermore, based on the proposed mechanisms of HSC mobilization, novel mobilizing agents have been developed and are currently evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K. Angelopoulou
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 AgiouThoma, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Pantelis Tsirkinidis
- Department of Hematology, 401 Army Forces Hospital, 138 Mesogeion Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Boutsikas
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 AgiouThoma, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros P. Vassilakopoulos
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 AgiouThoma, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Panayiotis Tsirigotis
- 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece
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Bendall LJ, Bradstock KF. G-CSF: From granulopoietic stimulant to bone marrow stem cell mobilizing agent. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:355-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Arien-Zakay H, Gincberg G, Nagler A, Cohen G, Liraz-Zaltsman S, Trembovler V, Alexandrovich AG, Matok I, Galski H, Elchalal U, Lelkes PI, Lazarovici P, Shohami E. Neurotherapeutic effect of cord blood derived CD45+ hematopoietic cells in mice after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1405-16. [PMID: 24640955 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still an unmet need. Cell therapy by human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) has shown promising results in animal models of TBI and is under evaluation in clinical trials. HUCB contains different cell populations but to date, only mesenchymal stem cells have been evaluated for therapy of TBI. Here we present the neurotherapeutic effect, as evaluated by neurological score, using a single dose of HUCB-derived mononuclear cells (MNCs) upon intravenous (IV) administration one day post-trauma in a mouse model of closed head injury (CHI). Delayed (eight days post-trauma) intracerebroventricular administration of MNCs showed improved neurobehavioral deficits thereby extending the therapeutic window for treating TBI. Further, we demonstrated for the first time that HUCB-derived pan-hematopoietic CD45 positive (CD45(+)) cells, isolated by magnetic sorting and characterized by expression of CD45 and CD11b markers (96-99%), improved the neurobehavioral deficits upon IV administration, which persisted for 35 days. The therapeutic effect was in a direct correlation to a reduction in the lesion volume and decreased by pre-treatment of the cells with anti-human-CD45 antibody. At the site of brain injury, 1.5-2 h after transplantation, HUCB-derived cells were identified by near infrared scanning and immunohistochemistry using anti-human-CD45 and anti-human-nuclei antibodies. Nerve growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were differentially expressed in both ipsilateral and contralateral brain hemispheres, thirty-five days after CHI, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These findings indicate the neurotherapeutic potential of HUCB-derived CD45(+) cell population in a mouse model of TBI and propose their use in the clinical setting of human TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Arien-Zakay
- 1 School of Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem, Israel
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Blin-Wakkach C, Rouleau M, Wakkach A. Roles of osteoclasts in the control of medullary hematopoietic niches. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:29-37. [PMID: 24998177 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow is the major site of hematopoiesis in mammals. The bone marrow environment plays an essential role in the regulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by providing specialized niches in which these cells are maintained. Many cell types participate to the composition and regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches, integrating complex signals from the bone, immune and nervous systems. Among these cells, the bone-resorbing osteoclasts (OCLs) have been described as main regulators of HSC niches. They are not limited to carving space for HSCs, but they also provide signals that affect the molecular and cellular niche components. However, their exact role in HSC niches remains unclear because of the variety of models, signals and conditions used to address the question. The present review will discuss the importance of the implication of OCLs focusing on the formation of HSC niches, the maintenance of HSCs in these niches and the mobilization of HSCs from the bone marrow. It will underline the importance of OCLs in HSC niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- CNRS UMR7370, LP2M, Faculty of Medicine, 28 Av de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France; University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France.
| | - Matthieu Rouleau
- CNRS UMR7370, LP2M, Faculty of Medicine, 28 Av de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France; University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Abdelilah Wakkach
- CNRS UMR7370, LP2M, Faculty of Medicine, 28 Av de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France; University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06100 Nice, France
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Jung SH, Yang DH, Ahn JS, Kim YK, Kim HJ, Lee JJ. Advanced lytic lesion is a poor mobilization factor in peripheral blood stem cell collection in patients with multiple myeloma. J Clin Apher 2014; 29:305-10. [PMID: 24764270 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the incidence and predictors of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization failure in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Retrospective data for 104 patients who received granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone or with cyclophosphamide as mobilization regimens were analyzed. The rates of mobilization failure using two definitions of failure (< 2 × 10(6) and < 4 × 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg) following the first collection attempt were 16.3 and 33.7%, respectively. Predictors of mobilization failure were evaluated using logistic regression analysis which included age, advanced osteolytic lesions, bone marrow cellularity before mobilization, platelet count, body mass index before mobilization, and mobilization method. Lytic bone lesions were assessed using a conventional skeletal survey, and advanced osteolytic lesions were defined as lytic lesions in more than three skeletal sites regardless of the number of lytic lesions. On multivariate analysis, advanced osteolytic lesions [hazard ratio (HR) = 10.95, P = 0.001] and age ≥60 years (HR = 5.45, P = 0.016) were associated with a PBSC yield < 2 × 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg, and advanced osteolytic lesions (HR = 5.08, P = 0.006), white blood cell count ≤4,000/µL before mobilization (HR = 4.72, P = 0.005), and G-CSF only mobilization (HR 10.52, P < 0.001) were associated with PBSC yield < 4 × 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg. The data suggest that an advanced osteolytic lesion is a significant predictor of mobilization failure in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hoon Jung
- Department of Hematology-oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
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Finkelshtein E, Lotinun S, Levy-Apter E, Arman E, den Hertog J, Baron R, Elson A. Protein tyrosine phosphatases ε and α perform nonredundant roles in osteoclasts. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1808-18. [PMID: 24694598 PMCID: PMC4038506 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-03-0788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The closely related tyrosine phosphatases PTPa and PTPe fulfill distinct roles in osteoclasts. The various effects of each PTP on podosome organization in osteoclasts are caused by their distinct N-termini. The function of PTPe in these cells requires the presence of its 12 N-terminal residues, in particular serine 2. Female mice lacking protein tyrosine phosphatase ε (PTP ε) are mildly osteopetrotic. Osteoclasts from these mice resorb bone matrix poorly, and the structure, stability, and cellular organization of their podosomal adhesion structures are abnormal. Here we compare the role of PTP ε with that of the closely related PTP α in osteoclasts. We show that bone mass and bone production and resorption, as well as production, structure, function, and podosome organization of osteoclasts, are unchanged in mice lacking PTP α. The varying effects of either PTP on podosome organization in osteoclasts are caused by their distinct N-termini. Osteoclasts express the receptor-type PTP α (RPTPa), which is absent from podosomes, and the nonreceptor form of PTP ε (cyt-PTPe), which is present in these structures. The presence of the unique 12 N-terminal residues of cyt-PTPe is essential for podosome regulation; attaching this sequence to the catalytic domains of PTP α enables them to function in osteoclasts. Serine 2 within this sequence regulates cyt-PTPe activity and its effects on podosomes. We conclude that PTPs α and ε play distinct roles in osteoclasts and that the N-terminus of cyt-PTPe, in particular serine 2, is critical for its function in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eynat Finkelshtein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sutada Lotinun
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Einat Levy-Apter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Esther Arman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, NetherlandsInstitute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Fischer KD, Agrawal DK. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in inflammation and allergy. Front Immunol 2013; 4:428. [PMID: 24363657 PMCID: PMC3849597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells contribute to allergic inflammation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines that are generated following allergen challenge can impact the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells leading to increased production of effector cells such as eosinophils and basophils, which are key cells involved in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation. Homing of stem cells to the lungs is associated with inflammatory and remodeling changes in asthmatics. Factors that modulate the differentiation and increased migration of stem cells to the site of inflammation in asthma remain to be defined. Stem cells can mature at the site of inflammation in response to inflammatory mediators and other components in the milieu. While the available data suggest that hematopoietic cells traffic to target tissues, the molecular factors underlying in situ differentiation have yet to be specified. Here, we critically evaluate the potential role of hematopoietic progenitors in contributing to the increased immune cell infiltrate in allergic asthma and the factors that drive their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Fischer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine , Omaha, NE , USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine , Omaha, NE , USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine , Omaha, NE , USA ; Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine , Omaha, NE , USA
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Miyamoto T. Role of osteoclasts in regulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. World J Orthop 2013; 4:198-206. [PMID: 24147255 PMCID: PMC3801239 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v4.i4.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) cavities are utilized for hematopoiesis and to maintain hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs have the ability to self-renew as well as to differentiate into multiple different hematopoietic lineage cells. HSCs produce their daughter cells throughout the lifespan of individuals and thus, maintaining HSCs is crucial for individual life. BM cavities provide a specialized microenvironment termed “niche” to support HSCs. Niches are composed of various types of cells such as osteoblasts, endothelial cells and reticular cells. Osteoclasts are unique cells which resorb bones and are required for BM cavity formation. Loss of osteoclast function or differentiation results in inhibition of BM cavity formation, an osteopetrotic phenotype. Osteoclasts are also reportedly required for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilization to the periphery from BM cavities. Thus, lack of osteoclasts likely results in inhibition of HSC maintenance and HSPC mobilization. However, we found that osteoclasts are dispensable for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and mobilization by using three independent osteoclast-less animal models. In this review, I will discuss the roles of osteoclasts in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and mobilization.
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Dynamic Cross Talk between S1P and CXCL12 Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cells Migration, Development and Bone Remodeling. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1145-69. [PMID: 24276423 PMCID: PMC3818832 DOI: 10.3390/ph6091145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are mostly retained in a quiescent non-motile mode in their bone marrow (BM) niches, shifting to a migratory cycling and differentiating state to replenish the blood with mature leukocytes on demand. The balance between the major chemo-attractants CXCL12, predominantly in the BM, and S1P, mainly in the blood, dynamically regulates HSC recruitment to the circulation versus their retention in the BM. During alarm situations, stress-signals induce a decrease in CXCL12 levels in the BM, while S1P levels are rapidly and transiently increased in the circulation, thus favoring mobilization of stem cells as part of host defense and repair mechanisms. Myeloid cytokines, including G-CSF, up-regulate S1P signaling in the BM via the PI3K pathway. Induced CXCL12 secretion from stromal cells via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and increased S1P1 expression and ROS signaling in HSCs, all facilitate mobilization. Bone turnover is also modulated by both CXCL12 and S1P, regulating the dynamic BM stromal microenvironment, osteoclasts and stem cell niches which all functionally express CXCL12 and S1P receptors. Overall, CXCL12 and S1P levels in the BM and circulation are synchronized to mutually control HSC motility, leukocyte production and osteoclast/osteoblast bone turnover during homeostasis and stress situations.
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Williamson AJK, Pierce A, Jaworska E, Zhou C, Aspinall-O'Dea M, Lancashire L, Unwin RD, Abraham SA, Walker MJ, Cadecco S, Spooncer E, Holyoake TL, Whetton AD. A specific PTPRC/CD45 phosphorylation event governed by stem cell chemokine CXCL12 regulates primitive hematopoietic cell motility. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3319-29. [PMID: 23997015 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.024604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL12 governs cellular motility, a process deregulated by hematopoietic stem cell oncogenes such as p210-BCR-ABL. A phosphoproteomics approach to the analysis of a hematopoietic progenitor cell line treated with CXCL12 and the Rac 1 and 2 inhibitor NSC23766 has been employed to objectively discover novel mechanisms for regulation of stem cells in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. The proteomic data sets identified new aspects of CXCL12-mediated signaling and novel features of stem cell regulation. We also identified a novel phosphorylation event in hematopoietic progenitor cells that correlated with motile response and governed by the chemotactic factor CXCL12. The novel phosphorylation site on PTPRC/CD45; a protein tyrosine phosphatase, was validated by raising an antibody to the site and also using a mass spectrometry absolute quantification strategy. Site directed mutagenesis and inhibitor studies demonstrated that this single phosphorylation site governs hematopoietic progenitor cell and lymphoid cell motility, lies downstream from Rac proteins and potentiates Src signaling. We have also demonstrated that PTPRC/CD45 is down-regulated in leukemogenic tyrosine kinase expressing cells. The use of discovery proteomics has enabled further understanding of the regulation of PTPRC/CD45 and its important role in cellular motility in progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J K Williamson
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Rd, Manchester, M20 4QL
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Cunha MCR, Lima FDS, Vinolo MAR, Hastreiter A, Curi R, Borelli P, Fock RA. Protein malnutrition induces bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells commitment to adipogenic differentiation leading to hematopoietic failure. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58872. [PMID: 23516566 PMCID: PMC3597562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein malnutrition (PM) results in pathological changes that are associated with peripheral leukopenia, bone marrow (BM) hypoplasia and alterations in the BM microenvironment leading to hematopoietic failure; however, the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In this context, the BM mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are cells intimately related to the formation of the BM microenvironment, and their differentiation into adipocytes is important because adipocytes are cells that have the capability to negatively modulate hematopoiesis. Two-month-old male Balb/c mice were subjected to protein-energy malnutrition with a low-protein diet containing 2% protein, whereas control animals were fed a diet containing 12% protein. The hematopoietic parameters and the expression of CD45 and CD117 positive cells in the BM were evaluated. MSCs were isolated from BM, and their capability to produce SCF, IL-3, G-CSF and GM-CSF were analyzed. The expression of PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α as well as the expression of PPAR-γ and SREBP mRNAs were evaluated in MSCs together with their capability to differentiate into adipocytes in vitro. The malnourished animals had anemia and leukopenia as well as spleen and bone marrow hypoplasia and a reduction in the expression of CD45 and CD117 positive cells from BM. The MSCs of the malnourished mice presented an increased capability to produce SCF and reduced production of G-CSF and GM-CSF. The MSCs from the malnourished animals showed increased expression of PPAR-γ protein and PPAR-γ mRNA associated with an increased capability to differentiate into adipocytes. The alterations found in the malnourished animals allowed us to conclude that malnutrition committed MSC differentiation leading to adipocyte decision and compromised their capacity for cytokine production, contributing to an impaired hematopoietic microenvironment and inducing the bone marrow failure commonly observed in protein malnutrition states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Caldas Ramos Cunha
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana da Silva Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents. Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Araceli Hastreiter
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Primavera Borelli
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ambrósio Fock
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Left atrial appendages from adult hearts contain a reservoir of diverse cardiac progenitor cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59228. [PMID: 23555001 PMCID: PMC3595246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS There is strong evidence supporting the claim that endogenous cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) are key players in cardiac regeneration, but the anatomic source and phenotype of the master cardiac progenitors remains uncertain. Our aim was to investigate the different cardiac stem cell populations in the left atrial appendage (LAA) and their fates. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the CPC content and profile of adult murine LAAs using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. We demonstrate that the LAA contains a large number of CPCs relative to other areas of the heart, representing over 20% of the total cell number. We grew two distinct CPC populations from the LAA by varying the degree of proteolysis. These differed by their histological location, surface marker profiles and growth dynamics. Specifically, CD45(pos) cells grew with milder proteolysis, while CD45(neg) cells grew mainly with more intense proteolysis. Both cell types could be induced to differentiate into cells with cardiomyocyte markers and organelles, albeit by different protocols. Many CD45(pos) cells expressed CD45 initially and rapidly lost its expression while differentiating. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the left atrial appendage plays a role as a reservoir of multiple types of progenitor cells in murine adult hearts. Two different types of CPCs were isolated, differing in their epicardial-myocardial localization. Considering studies demonstrating layer-specific origins of different cardiac progenitor cells, our findings may shed light on possible pathways to study and utilize the diversity of endogenous progenitor cells in the adult heart.
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