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Tengesdal IW, Banks M, Dinarello CA, Marchetti C. Screening NLRP3 drug candidates in clinical development: lessons from existing and emerging technologies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1422249. [PMID: 39188718 PMCID: PMC11345644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1422249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Decades of evidence positioned IL-1β as a master regulatory cytokine in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Approved biologics aimed at inhibiting IL-1 signaling have shown efficacy but variable safety. More recently, targeting NLRP3 activation, an upstream mediator of IL-1β, has garnered the most attention. Aberrant NLRP3 activation has been demonstrated to participate in the progression of several pathological conditions from neurogenerative diseases to cardio-metabolic syndromes and cancer. Pharmacological and genetic strategies aimed to limit NLRP3 function have proven effective in many preclinical models of diseases. These evidences have lead to a significant effort in the generation and clinical testing of small orally active molecules that can target NLRP3. In this report, we discuss different properties of these molecules with translational potential and describe the technologies currently available to screen NLRP3 targeting molecules highlighting advantages and limitations of each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isak W. Tengesdal
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Migachelle Banks
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Carlo Marchetti
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Research, Rocky Mountain Regional Veteran Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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Liao Q, Yang Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Fan K, Guo Y, Chen J, Chen Y, Zhu P, Huang L, Liu Z. Targeting TANK-binding kinase 1 attenuates painful diabetic neuropathy via inhibiting microglia pyroptosis. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:368. [PMID: 39030571 PMCID: PMC11264750 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is closely linked to inflammation, which has been demonstrated to be associated with pyroptosis. Emerging evidence has implicated TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) in various inflammatory diseases. However, it remains unknown whether activated TBK1 causes hyperalgesia via pyroptosis. METHODS PDN mice model of type 1 or type 2 diabetic was induced by C57BL/6J or BKS-DB mice with Lepr gene mutation. For type 2 diabetes PDN model, TBK1-siRNA, Caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk or TBK1 inhibitor amlexanox (AMX) were delivered by intrathecal injection or intragastric administration. The pain threshold and plantar skin blood perfusion were evaluated through animal experiments. The assessments of spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion, sciatic nerve, plantar skin and serum included western blotting, immunofluorescence, ELISA, and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS In the PDN mouse model, we found that TBK1 was significantly activated in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) and mainly located in microglia, and intrathecal injection of chemically modified TBK1-siRNA could improve hyperalgesia. Herein, we described the mechanism that TBK1 could activate the noncanonical nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway, mediate the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, trigger microglia pyroptosis, and ultimately induce PDN, which could be reversed following TBK1-siRNA injection. We also found that systemic administration of AMX, a TBK1 inhibitor, could effectively improve peripheral nerve injury. These results revealed the key role of TBK1 in PDN and that TBK1 inhibitor AMX could be a potential strategy for treating PDN. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed a novel causal role of TBK1 in pathogenesis of PDN, which raises the possibility of applying amlexanox to selectively target TBK1 as a potential therapeutic strategy for PDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinming Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Yimei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510030, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Yilu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dalang Hospital, Dongguan, 523775, Guangdong, China
| | - Keke Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yihao Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510220, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinhao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Pian Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510220, Guangdong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lijin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510030, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510220, Guangdong, China.
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An W, Lakhina S, Leong J, Rawat K, Husain M. Host Innate Antiviral Response to Influenza A Virus Infection: From Viral Sensing to Antagonism and Escape. Pathogens 2024; 13:561. [PMID: 39057788 PMCID: PMC11280125 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus possesses an RNA genome of single-stranded, negative-sensed, and segmented configuration. Influenza virus causes an acute respiratory disease, commonly known as the "flu" in humans. In some individuals, flu can lead to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Influenza A virus (IAV) is the most significant because it causes recurring seasonal epidemics, occasional pandemics, and zoonotic outbreaks in human populations, globally. The host innate immune response to IAV infection plays a critical role in sensing, preventing, and clearing the infection as well as in flu disease pathology. Host cells sense IAV infection through multiple receptors and mechanisms, which culminate in the induction of a concerted innate antiviral response and the creation of an antiviral state, which inhibits and clears the infection from host cells. However, IAV antagonizes and escapes many steps of the innate antiviral response by different mechanisms. Herein, we review those host and viral mechanisms. This review covers most aspects of the host innate immune response, i.e., (1) the sensing of incoming virus particles, (2) the activation of downstream innate antiviral signaling pathways, (3) the expression of interferon-stimulated genes, (4) and viral antagonism and escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (W.A.); (S.L.); (J.L.); (K.R.)
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Kim DH, Lee WW. IL-1 Receptor Dynamics in Immune Cells: Orchestrating Immune Precision and Balance. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e21. [PMID: 38974214 PMCID: PMC11224669 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
IL-1, a pleiotropic cytokine with profound effects on various cell types, particularly immune cells, plays a pivotal role in immune responses. The proinflammatory nature of IL-1 necessitates stringent control mechanisms of IL-1-mediated signaling at multiple levels, encompassing transcriptional and translational regulation, precursor processing, as well as the involvement of a receptor accessory protein, a decoy receptor, and a receptor antagonist. In T-cell immunity, IL-1 signaling is crucial during both the priming and effector phases of immune reactions. The fine-tuning of IL-1 signaling hinges upon two distinct receptor types; the functional IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) 1 and the decoy IL-1R2, accompanied by ancillary molecules such as the IL-1R accessory protein (IL-1R3) and IL-1R antagonist. IL-1R1 signaling by IL-1β is critical for the differentiation, expansion, and survival of Th17 cells, essential for defense against extracellular bacteria or fungi, yet implicated in autoimmune disease pathogenesis. Recent investigations emphasize the physiological importance of IL-1R2 expression, particularly in its capacity to modulate IL-1-dependent responses within Tregs. The precise regulation of IL-1R signaling is indispensable for orchestrating appropriate immune responses, as unchecked IL-1 signaling has been implicated in inflammatory disorders, including Th17-mediated autoimmunity. This review provides a thorough exploration of the IL-1R signaling complex and its pivotal roles in immune regulation. Additionally, it highlights recent advancements elucidating the mechanisms governing the expression of IL-1R1 and IL-1R2, underscoring their contributions to fine-tuning IL-1 signaling. Finally, the review briefly touches upon therapeutic strategies targeting IL-1R signaling, with potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation (LAI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Won-Woo Lee
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation (LAI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Buckley CT, Lee YL, Michele Schuler A, Langley RJ, Kutcher ME, Barrington R, Audia JP, Simmons JD. Deleterious effects of plasma-derived cellular debris in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock. Injury 2024; 55:111300. [PMID: 38160196 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.111300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies identify large quantities of inflammatory cellular debris within Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP). As FFP is a mainstay of hemorrhagic shock resuscitation, we used a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock and ischemia/reperfusion to investigate the inflammatory potential of plasma-derived cellular debris administered during resuscitation. METHODS The porcine model of hemorrhagic shock included laparotomy with 35 % hemorrhage (Hem), 45 min of ischemia from supraceliac aortic occlusion with subsequent clamp release (IR), followed by protocolized resuscitation for 6 h. Cellular debris (Debris) was added to the resuscitation phase in three groups. The four groups consisted of Hem + IR (n = 4), Hem + IR + Debris (n = 3), Hem + Debris (n = 3), and IR + Debris (n = 3). A battery of laboratory, physiologic, cytokine, and outcome data were compared between groups. RESULTS As expected, the Hem + IR group showed severe time dependent decrements in organ function and physiologic parameters. All animals that included both IR and Debris (Hem + IR + Debris or IR + Debris) died prior to the six-hour end point, while all animals in the Hem + IR and Hem + Debris survived. Cytokines measured at 30-60 min after initiation of resuscitation revealed significant differences in IL-18 and IL-1β between all groups. CONCLUSIONS Ischemia and reperfusion appear to prime the immune system to the deleterious effects of plasma-derived cellular debris. In the presence of ischemia and reperfusion, this model showed the equivalency of 100 % lethality when resuscitation included quantities of cellular debris at levels routinely administered to trauma patients during transfusion of FFP. A deeper understanding of the immunobiology of FFP-derived cellular debris is critical to optimize resuscitation for hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Buckley
- Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Yannleei L Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - A Michele Schuler
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of South Alabama, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, United States
| | - Raymond J Langley
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, United States
| | | | - Robert Barrington
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, United States
| | - Jonathon P Audia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, United States
| | - Jon D Simmons
- Department of Surgery, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States; Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, United States.
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Wallace HL, Russell RS. Inflammatory Consequences: Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptosis. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:126-138. [PMID: 38593460 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), despite the availability of effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) that clear the virus from >95% of individuals treated, continues to cause significant health care burden due to disease progression that can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The fact that some people who are treated with DAAs still go on to develop worsening liver disease warrants further study into the immunopathogenesis of HCV. Many viral infections, including HCV, have been associated with activation of the inflammasome/pyroptosis pathway. This inflammatory cell death pathway ultimately results in cell lysis and release of inflammatory cytokines, IL-18 and IL-1β. This review will report on studies that investigated HCV and inflammasome activation/pyroptosis. This includes clinical in vivo data showing elevated pyroptosis-associated cytokines in the blood of individuals living with HCV, studies of genetic associations of pyroptosis-related genes and development of liver disease, and in vitro studies aimed at understanding the mechanism of pyroptosis induced by HCV. Finally, we discuss major gaps in understanding and outstanding questions that remain in the field of HCV-induced pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Wallace
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Group, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Canada
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Group, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Canada
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Speaks S, McFadden MI, Zani A, Solstad A, Leumi S, Roettger JE, Kenney AD, Bone H, Zhang L, Denz PJ, Eddy AC, Amer AO, Robinson RT, Cai C, Ma J, Hemann EA, Forero A, Yount JS. Gasdermin D promotes influenza virus-induced mortality through neutrophil amplification of inflammation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2751. [PMID: 38553499 PMCID: PMC10980740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus activates cellular inflammasome pathways, which can be both beneficial and detrimental to infection outcomes. Here, we investigate the function of the inflammasome-activated, pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) during infection. Ablation of GSDMD in knockout (KO) mice (Gsdmd-/-) significantly attenuates influenza virus-induced weight loss, lung dysfunction, lung histopathology, and mortality compared with wild type (WT) mice, despite similar viral loads. Infected Gsdmd-/- mice exhibit decreased inflammatory gene signatures shown by lung transcriptomics. Among these, diminished neutrophil gene activation signatures are corroborated by decreased detection of neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase in KO mouse lungs. Indeed, directly infected neutrophils are observed in vivo and infection of neutrophils in vitro induces release of DNA and tissue-damaging enzymes that is largely dependent on GSDMD. Neutrophil depletion in infected WT mice recapitulates the reductions in mortality, lung inflammation, and lung dysfunction observed in Gsdmd-/- animals, while depletion does not have additive protective effects in Gsdmd-/- mice. These findings implicate a function for GSDMD in promoting lung neutrophil responses that amplify influenza virus-induced inflammation and pathogenesis. Targeting the GSDMD/neutrophil axis may provide a therapeutic avenue for treating severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Speaks
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew I McFadden
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Abigail Solstad
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steve Leumi
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jack E Roettger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hannah Bone
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Parker J Denz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adrian C Eddy
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amal O Amer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chuanxi Cai
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Emily A Hemann
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Immanuel CN, Teng B, Dong BE, Gordon EM, Luellen C, Lopez B, Harding J, Cormier SA, Fitzpatrick EA, Schwingshackl A, Waters CM. Two-pore potassium channel TREK-1 (K2P2.1) regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activity in macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L367-L376. [PMID: 38252657 PMCID: PMC11281793 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00313.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Because of the importance of potassium efflux in inflammasome activation, we investigated the role of the two-pore potassium (K2P) channel TREK-1 in macrophage inflammasome activity. Using primary alveolar macrophages (AMs) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from wild-type (wt) and TREK-1-/- mice, we measured responses to inflammasome priming [using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and activation (LPS + ATP). We measured IL-1β, caspase-1, and NLRP3 via ELISA and Western blot. A membrane-permeable potassium indicator was used to measure potassium efflux during ATP exposure, and a fluorescence-based assay was used to assess changes in membrane potential. Inflammasome activation induced by LPS + ATP increased IL-1β secretion in wt AMs, whereas activation was significantly reduced in TREK-1-/- AMs. Priming of BMDMs using LPS was not affected by either genetic deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of TREK-1 with Spadin. Cleavage of caspase-1 following LPS + ATP treatment was significantly reduced in TREK-1-/- BMDMs. The intracellular potassium concentration in LPS-primed wt BMDMs was significantly lower compared with TREK-1-/- BMDMs or wt BMDMs treated with Spadin. Conversely, activation of TREK-1 with BL1249 caused a decrease in intracellular potassium in wt BMDMs. Treatment of LPS-primed BMDMs with ATP caused a rapid reduction in intracellular potassium levels, with the largest change observed in TREK-1-/- BMDMs. Intracellular K+ changes were associated with changes in the plasma membrane potential (Em), as evidenced by a more depolarized Em in TREK-1-/- BMDMs compared with wt, and Em hyperpolarization upon TREK-1 channel opening with BL1249. These results suggest that TREK-1 is an important regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Because of the importance of potassium efflux in inflammasome activation, we investigated the role of the two-pore potassium (K2P) channel TREK-1 in macrophage inflammasome activity. Using primary alveolar macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages from wild-type and TREK-1-/- mice, we measured responses to inflammasome priming (using LPS) and activation (LPS + ATP). Our results suggest that TREK-1 is an important regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages.
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Grants
- HL131526 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- Le Bonheur Children's Hospital
- 20TPA35490010 American Heart Association (AHA)
- R01 HL131526 NHLBI NIH HHS
- HL151419 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- IA-678511 American Lung Association (ALA)
- R01 HL146821 NHLBI NIH HHS
- HL146821 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- HL123540 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- R01 HL151419 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 HL123540 NHLBI NIH HHS
- HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHBLI)
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille N Immanuel
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Bin Teng
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Brittany E Dong
- Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Gordon
- Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Charlean Luellen
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Benjamin Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jeffrey Harding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Fitzpatrick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Andreas Schwingshackl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Christopher M Waters
- Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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Chang D, Dela Cruz C, Sharma L. Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of Cytokines during Influenza and COVID-19. Viruses 2024; 16:308. [PMID: 38400083 PMCID: PMC10892676 DOI: 10.3390/v16020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are signaling molecules that play a role in myriad processes, including those occurring during diseases and homeostasis. Their homeostatic function begins during embryogenesis and persists throughout life, including appropriate signaling for the cell and organism death. During viral infections, antiviral cytokines such as interferons and inflammatory cytokines are upregulated. Despite the well-known benefits of these cytokines, their levels often correlate with disease severity, linking them to unfavorable outcomes. In this review, we discuss both the beneficial and pathological functions of cytokines and the potential challenges in separating these two roles. Further, we discuss challenges in targeting these cytokines during disease and propose a new method for quantifying the cytokine effect to limit the pathological consequences while preserving their beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Chang
- College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100028, China;
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of Seventh Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Charles Dela Cruz
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
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10
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Tsankov BK, Luchak A, Carr C, Philpott DJ. The effects of NOD-like receptors on adaptive immune responses. Biomed J 2024; 47:100637. [PMID: 37541620 PMCID: PMC10796267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that cues from the innate immune system orchestrate downstream adaptive immune responses. Although previous work has focused on the roles of Toll-like receptors in this regard, relatively little is known about how Nod-like receptors instruct adaptive immunity. Here we review the functions of different members of the Nod-like receptor family in orchestrating effector and anamnestic adaptive immune responses. In particular, we address the ways in which inflammasome and non-inflammasome members of this family affect adaptive immunity under various infectious and environmental contexts. Furthermore, we identify several key mechanistic questions that studies in this field have left unaddressed. Our aim is to provide a framework through which immunologists in the adaptive immune field may view their questions through an innate-immune lens and vice-versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan K Tsankov
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Luchak
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Carr
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Yue Z, Zhang X, Gu Y, Liu Y, Lan LM, Liu Y, Li Y, Yang G, Wan P, Chen X. Regulation and functions of the NLRP3 inflammasome in RNA virus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1309128. [PMID: 38249297 PMCID: PMC10796458 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1309128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Virus infection is one of the greatest threats to human life and health. In response to viral infection, the host's innate immune system triggers an antiviral immune response mostly mediated by inflammatory processes. Among the many pathways involved, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has received wide attention in the context of viral infection. The NLRP3 inflammasome is an intracellular sensor composed of three components, including the innate immune receptor NLRP3, adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC), and the cysteine protease caspase-1. After being assembled, the NLRP3 inflammasome can trigger caspase-1 to induce gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent pyroptosis, promoting the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Recent studies have revealed that a variety of viruses activate or inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome via viral particles, proteins, and nucleic acids. In this review, we present a variety of regulatory mechanisms and functions of the NLRP3 inflammasome upon RNA viral infection and demonstrate multiple therapeutic strategies that target the NLRP3 inflammasome for anti-inflammatory effects in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yue
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuelong Zhang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Gu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Miaoshen Lan
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongkui Li
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Pin Wan
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Van Den Eeckhout B, Ballegeer M, De Clercq J, Burg E, Saelens X, Vandekerckhove L, Gerlo S. Rethinking IL-1 Antagonism in Respiratory Viral Infections: A Role for IL-1 Signaling in the Development of Antiviral T Cell Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15770. [PMID: 37958758 PMCID: PMC10650641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-1R integrates signals from IL-1α and IL-1β, and it is widely expressed across tissues and immune cell types. While the expression pattern and function of IL-1R within the innate immune system is well studied, its role in adaptive immunity, particularly within the CD8 T cell compartment, remains underexplored. Here, we show that CD8 T cells dynamically upregulate IL-1R1 levels during priming by APCs, which correlates with their proliferation status and the acquisition of an effector phenotype. Notably, this IL-1 sensitivity persists in memory CD8 T cells of both mice and humans, influencing effector cytokine production upon TCR reactivation. Furthermore, our study highlights that antiviral effector and tissue-resident CD8 T cell responses against influenza A virus infection become impaired in the absence of IL-1 signaling. Altogether, these data support the exploitation of IL-1 activity in the context of T cell vaccination strategies and warrant consideration of the impact of clinical IL-1 inhibition on the rollout of T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van Den Eeckhout
- HIV Cure and Research Center (HCRC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium (J.D.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marlies Ballegeer
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jozefien De Clercq
- HIV Cure and Research Center (HCRC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium (J.D.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elianne Burg
- HIV Cure and Research Center (HCRC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium (J.D.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure and Research Center (HCRC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium (J.D.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gerlo
- HIV Cure and Research Center (HCRC), 9000 Ghent, Belgium (J.D.C.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Le J, Kulatheepan Y, Jeyaseelan S. Role of toll-like receptors and nod-like receptors in acute lung infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1249098. [PMID: 37662905 PMCID: PMC10469605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1249098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory system exposed to microorganisms continuously, and the pathogenicity of these microbes not only contingent on their virulence factors, but also the host's immunity. A multifaceted innate immune mechanism exists in the respiratory tract to cope with microbial infections and to decrease tissue damage. The key cell types of the innate immune response are macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. Both the myeloid and structural cells of the respiratory system sense invading microorganisms through binding or activation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). The recognition of microbes and subsequent activation of PRRs triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of transcription factors, induction of cytokines/5chemokines, upregulation of cell adhesion molecules, recruitment of immune cells, and subsequent microbe clearance. Since numerous microbes resist antimicrobial agents and escape innate immune defenses, in the future, a comprehensive strategy consisting of newer vaccines and novel antimicrobials will be required to control microbial infections. This review summarizes key findings in the area of innate immune defense in response to acute microbial infections in the lung. Understanding the innate immune mechanisms is critical to design host-targeted immunotherapies to mitigate excessive inflammation while controlling microbial burden in tissues following lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Le
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Lung Biology and Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) and Agricultural & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Yathushigan Kulatheepan
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Lung Biology and Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) and Agricultural & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Samithamby Jeyaseelan
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Lung Biology and Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) and Agricultural & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Department of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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14
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Karki R, Kanneganti TD. PANoptosome signaling and therapeutic implications in infection: central role for ZBP1 to activate the inflammasome and PANoptosis. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102348. [PMID: 37267644 PMCID: PMC10524556 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against infection and disease. Regulated cell death (RCD) is a key component of innate immune activation, and RCD must be tightly controlled to clear pathogens while preventing excess inflammation. Recent studies have highlighted a central role for the innate immune sensor Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1) as an activator of a form of inflammatory RCD called PANoptosis, which is regulated by a multifaceted cell death complex called the PANoptosome. In response to influenza A virus infection, ZBP1 activates the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which then acts as an integral component of the ZBP1-PANoptosome to drive inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis. In this context, the NLRP3 inflammasome is critical for caspase-1 activation and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 maturation, but dispensable for cell death due to functional redundancies between PANoptosome molecules. Similarly, ZBP1 is also central to the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-PANoptosome; this PANoptosome forms in response to Francisella novicida and herpes simplex virus 1 infection and incorporates the AIM2 inflammasome as an integral component. In this review, we will discuss the critical roles of ZBP1 in mediating innate immune responses through inflammasomes, PANoptosomes, and PANoptosis during infection. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of innate immunity and cell death will be essential for the development of targeted modalities that can improve patient outcomes by mitigating severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Lane TR, Fu J, Sherry B, Tarbet B, Hurst BL, Riabova O, Kazakova E, Egorova A, Clarke P, Leser JS, Frost J, Rudy M, Tyler KL, Klose T, Volobueva AS, Belyaevskaya SV, Zarubaev VV, Kuhn RJ, Makarov V, Ekins S. Efficacy of an isoxazole-3-carboxamide analog of pleconaril in mouse models of Enterovirus-D68 and Coxsackie B5. Antiviral Res 2023; 216:105654. [PMID: 37327878 PMCID: PMC10527014 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV) cause a number of life-threatening infectious diseases. EV-D68 is known to cause respiratory illness in children that can lead to acute flaccid myelitis. Coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) is commonly associated with hand-foot-mouth disease. There is no antiviral treatment available for either. We have developed an isoxazole-3-carboxamide analog of pleconaril (11526092) which displayed potent inhibition of EV-D68 (IC50 58 nM) as well as other enteroviruses including the pleconaril-resistant Coxsackievirus B3-Woodruff (IC50 6-20 nM) and CVB5 (EC50 1 nM). Cryo-electron microscopy structures of EV-D68 in complex with 11526092 and pleconaril demonstrate destabilization of the EV-D68 MO strain VP1 loop, and a strain-dependent effect. A mouse respiratory model of EV-D68 infection, showed 3-log decreased viremia, favorable cytokine response, as well as statistically significant 1-log reduction in lung titer reduction at day 5 after treatment with 11526092. An acute flaccid myelitis neurological infection model did not show efficacy. 11526092 was tested in a mouse model of CVB5 infection and showed a 4-log TCID50 reduction in the pancreas. In summary, 11526092 represents a potent in vitro inhibitor of EV with in vivo efficacy in EV-D68 and CVB5 animal models suggesting it is worthy of further evaluation as a potential broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutic against EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jianing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Barbara Sherry
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Olga Riabova
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 33-1 Leninsky prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Kazakova
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 33-1 Leninsky prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Egorova
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 33-1 Leninsky prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Penny Clarke
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Smith Leser
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joshua Frost
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Medicine and Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Kenneth L Tyler
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Klose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Vladimir V Zarubaev
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 Mira Street, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 33-1 Leninsky prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., Raleigh, NC, USA.
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16
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Honda TSB, Ku J, Anders HJ. Cell type-specific roles of NLRP3, inflammasome-dependent and -independent, in host defense, sterile necroinflammation, tissue repair, and fibrosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1214289. [PMID: 37564649 PMCID: PMC10411525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1214289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome transforms a wide variety of infectious and non-infectious danger signals that activate pro-inflammatory caspases, which promote the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, and pyroptosis, a pro-inflammatory form of cell necrosis. Most published evidence documents the presence and importance of the NLRP3 inflammasome in monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils during host defense and sterile forms of inflammation. In contrast, in numerous unbiased data sets, NLRP3 inflammasome-related transcripts are absent in non-immune cells. However, an increasing number of studies report the presence and functionality of the NLRP3 inflammasome in almost every cell type. Here, we take a closer look at the reported cell type-specific expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome components, review the reported inflammasome-dependent and -independent functions, and discuss possible explanations for this discrepancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
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17
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Cerato JA, da Silva EF, Porto BN. Breaking Bad: Inflammasome Activation by Respiratory Viruses. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:943. [PMID: 37508374 PMCID: PMC10376673 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor (NLR) family is a group of intracellular sensors activated in response to harmful stimuli, such as invading pathogens. Some NLR family members form large multiprotein complexes known as inflammasomes, acting as a platform for activating the caspase-1-induced canonical inflammatory pathway. The canonical inflammasome pathway triggers the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 by the rapid rupture of the plasma cell membrane, subsequently causing an inflammatory cell death program known as pyroptosis, thereby halting viral replication and removing infected cells. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of inflammasome activation in the response against respiratory viral infections, such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While inflammasome activity can contribute to the resolution of respiratory virus infections, dysregulated inflammasome activity can also exacerbate immunopathology, leading to tissue damage and hyperinflammation. In this review, we summarize how different respiratory viruses trigger inflammasome pathways and what harmful effects the inflammasome exerts along with its antiviral immune response during viral infection in the lungs. By understanding the crosstalk between invading pathogens and inflammasome regulation, new therapeutic strategies can be exploited to improve the outcomes of respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Cerato
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (J.A.C.); (E.F.d.S.)
| | - Emanuelle F. da Silva
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (J.A.C.); (E.F.d.S.)
| | - Barbara N. Porto
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (J.A.C.); (E.F.d.S.)
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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18
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Nagai M, Moriyama M, Ishii C, Mori H, Watanabe H, Nakahara T, Yamada T, Ishikawa D, Ishikawa T, Hirayama A, Kimura I, Nagahara A, Naito T, Fukuda S, Ichinohe T. High body temperature increases gut microbiota-dependent host resistance to influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3863. [PMID: 37391427 PMCID: PMC10313692 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39569-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fever is a common symptom of influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet its physiological role in host resistance to viral infection remains less clear. Here, we demonstrate that exposure of mice to the high ambient temperature of 36 °C increases host resistance to viral pathogens including influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). High heat-exposed mice increase basal body temperature over 38 °C to enable more bile acids production in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. The gut microbiota-derived deoxycholic acid (DCA) and its plasma membrane-bound receptor Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) signaling increase host resistance to influenza virus infection by suppressing virus replication and neutrophil-dependent tissue damage. Furthermore, the DCA and its nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist protect Syrian hamsters from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, we demonstrate that certain bile acids are reduced in the plasma of COVID-19 patients who develop moderate I/II disease compared with the minor severity of illness group. These findings implicate a mechanism by which virus-induced high fever increases host resistance to influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 in a gut microbiota-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Nagai
- Division of Viral Infection, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyu Moriyama
- Division of Viral Infection, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ishii
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hirotake Mori
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takuji Yamada
- Metagen Therapeutics, Inc., Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Ishikawa
- Metagen Therapeutics, Inc., Yamagata, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Microbiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ishikawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Nagahara
- Laboratory for Regenerative Microbiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Naito
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan.
- Metagen Therapeutics, Inc., Yamagata, Japan.
- Laboratory for Regenerative Microbiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Gut Environmental Design Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Ichinohe
- Division of Viral Infection, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Niu J, Meng G. Roles and Mechanisms of NLRP3 in Influenza Viral Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1339. [PMID: 37376638 DOI: 10.3390/v15061339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic viral infection represents a major challenge to human health. Due to the vast mucosal surface of respiratory tract exposed to the environment, host defense against influenza viruses has perpetually been a considerable challenge. Inflammasomes serve as vital components of the host innate immune system and play a crucial role in responding to viral infections. To cope with influenza viral infection, the host employs inflammasomes and symbiotic microbiota to confer effective protection at the mucosal surface in the lungs. This review article aims to summarize the current findings on the function of NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) in host response to influenza viral infection involving various mechanisms including the gut-lung crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Niu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Life Science Research Building B-205, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Life Science Research Building B-205, Shanghai 200031, China
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20
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Barnett KC, Li S, Liang K, Ting JPY. A 360° view of the inflammasome: Mechanisms of activation, cell death, and diseases. Cell 2023; 186:2288-2312. [PMID: 37236155 PMCID: PMC10228754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are critical sentinels of the innate immune system that respond to threats to the host through recognition of distinct molecules, known as pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs), or disruptions of cellular homeostasis, referred to as homeostasis-altering molecular processes (HAMPs) or effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Several distinct proteins nucleate inflammasomes, including NLRP1, CARD8, NLRP3, NLRP6, NLRC4/NAIP, AIM2, pyrin, and caspases-4/-5/-11. This diverse array of sensors strengthens the inflammasome response through redundancy and plasticity. Here, we present an overview of these pathways, outlining the mechanisms of inflammasome formation, subcellular regulation, and pyroptosis, and discuss the wide-reaching effects of inflammasomes in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Barnett
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Sirui Li
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kaixin Liang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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21
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Schmidt A, Paudyal B, Villanueva-Hernández S, Mcnee A, Vatzia E, Carr BV, Schmidt S, Mccarron A, Martini V, Schroedel S, Thirion C, Waters R, Salguero FJ, Gerner W, Tenbusch M, Tchilian E. Effect of mucosal adjuvant IL-1β on heterotypic immunity in a pig influenza model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181716. [PMID: 37153548 PMCID: PMC10159270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell responses directed against highly conserved viral proteins contribute to the clearance of the influenza virus and confer broadly cross-reactive and protective immune responses against a range of influenza viruses in mice and ferrets. We examined the protective efficacy of mucosal delivery of adenoviral vectors expressing hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) from the H1N1 virus against heterologous H3N2 challenge in pigs. We also evaluated the effect of mucosal co-delivery of IL-1β, which significantly increased antibody and T cell responses in inbred Babraham pigs. Another group of outbred pigs was first exposed to pH1N1 as an alternative means of inducing heterosubtypic immunity and were subsequently challenged with H3N2. Although both prior infection and adenoviral vector immunization induced strong T-cell responses against the conserved NP protein, none of the treatment groups demonstrated increased protection against the heterologous H3N2 challenge. Ad-HA/NP+Ad-IL-1β immunization increased lung pathology, although viral load was unchanged. These data indicate that heterotypic immunity may be difficult to achieve in pigs and the immunological mechanisms may differ from those in small animal models. Caution should be applied in extrapolating from a single model to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schmidt
- Virologisches Institut-Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Basudev Paudyal
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam Mcnee
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Vatzia
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Selma Schmidt
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Mccarron
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Waters
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Virologisches Institut-Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elma Tchilian
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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22
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Speaks S, Zani A, Solstad A, Kenney A, McFadden MI, Zhang L, Eddy AC, Amer AO, Robinson R, Cai C, Ma J, Hemann EA, Forero A, Yount JS. Gasdermin D promotes influenza virus-induced mortality through neutrophil amplification of inflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.08.531787. [PMID: 36945485 PMCID: PMC10028878 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.08.531787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus activates cellular inflammasome pathways, which can be either beneficial or detrimental to infection outcomes. Here, we investigated the role of the inflammasome-activated pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) during infection. Ablation of GSDMD in knockout (KO) mice significantly attenuated virus-induced weight loss, lung dysfunction, lung histopathology, and mortality compared with wild type (WT) mice, despite similar viral loads. Infected GSDMD KO mice exhibited decreased inflammatory gene signatures revealed by lung transcriptomics, which also implicated a diminished neutrophil response. Importantly, neutrophil depletion in infected WT mice recapitulated the reduced mortality and lung inflammation observed in GSDMD KO animals, while having no additional protective effects in GSDMD KOs. These findings reveal a new function for GSDMD in promoting lung neutrophil responses that amplify influenza virus-induced inflammation and pathogenesis. Targeting the GSDMD/neutrophil axis may provide a new therapeutic avenue for treating severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Speaks
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Abigail Solstad
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Adam Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Matthew I. McFadden
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Adrian C. Eddy
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Amal O. Amer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Richard Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Chuanxi Cai
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Emily A. Hemann
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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23
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Kim CU, Lim D, Kim YS, Ku B, Kim DJ. Influenza viral matrix 1 protein aggravates viral pathogenicity by inducing TLR4-mediated reactive oxygen species production and apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:228. [PMID: 36990977 PMCID: PMC10060384 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus is one of the most challenging viruses threating human health. Since infection with influenza virus triggers inflammatory responses and induces cell death, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the virus-infected cells undergo apoptotic and necrotic cell death have been widely studied. However, most of the studies have focused on the molecular events occurring in the cytosol and there is limited information on the physiological correlation between virus-induced cell death and the viral pathogenesis in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that the influenza virus matrix 1 (M1) protein is released from virus-infected cells and triggers apoptotic cell death of lung epithelial and pulmonary immune cells, through the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. Treatment with M1 protein led to robust cellular inflammatory responses, such as the production of proinflammatory cytokines and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induction of cell death. When M1 protein was administered in vivo, it induced the activation of inflammatory responses and cell death in the lungs. Furthermore, the administration of M1 aggravated lung pathology and mortality of the virus-infected mice in a TLR4-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that M1 is an important pathogenic factor contributing to influenza virus pathogenicity by enhancing cell death in the lungs, thereby expanding our understanding of the molecular mechanism of influenza virus-induced cell death through the interaction with an innate immune receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ung Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dahwan Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea.
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.
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24
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MLKL-Driven Inflammasome Activation and Caspase-8 Mediate Inflammatory Cell Death in Influenza A Virus Infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0011023. [PMID: 36852999 PMCID: PMC10127685 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00110-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) triggers multiple programmed cell death pathways, including MLKL-dependent necroptosis, caspase-8-dependent apoptosis, and caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis in myeloid cells. All three pathways share common upstream regulators, namely, ZBP1 and RIPK3. Yet, the molecular mechanism underlying IAV-induced inflammasome activation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that MLKL promotes inflammasome activation and IL-1β processing in IAV-infected macrophages. MLKL drives NLRP3 inflammasome activation through potassium efflux. In the absence of the MLKL-inflammasome axis, caspase-8 coordinates the maturation and secretion of IL-1β. MLKL alone is dispensable for host inflammatory responses to IAV in vivo. Taken together, MLKL and caspase-8 serve as redundant mechanisms by which to drive an inflammatory form of cell death in response to an IAV infection. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) induces multiple types of cell death, which play important roles in the host antiviral responses but can also cause unwanted inflammation and tissue damage. In this study, we dissect the interplay of cell death pathways and demonstrate that macrophages utilize redundant mechanisms to drive an inflammatory form of cell death upon IAV infection. MLKL, the executor of necroptosis, promotes inflammasome activation and pyroptotic cell death. When the MLKL-inflammasome axis is inhibited, cells divert to caspase-8-dependent inflammatory cell death. Our findings advance the current understanding of the innate immune response to IAV infection as well as broader contexts involving multifaceted cell death.
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25
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Inflammatory cell death: how macrophages sense neighbouring cell infection and damage. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:303-313. [PMID: 36695550 PMCID: PMC9987993 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is a critical host defence strategy during viral infection. Neighbouring cells deal with this death in distinct ways depending on how the infected cell dies. While apoptosis is considered immunologically silent, the lytic pathways of necroptosis and pyroptosis trigger inflammatory responses by releasing inflammatory host molecules. All these pathways have been implicated in influenza A virus infection. Here, we review how cells sense neighbouring infection and death and how sensing shapes ensuing inflammatory responses.
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26
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Barnett KC, Xie Y, Asakura T, Song D, Liang K, Taft-Benz SA, Guo H, Yang S, Okuda K, Gilmore RC, Loome JF, Oguin Iii TH, Sempowski GD, Randell SH, Heise MT, Lei YL, Boucher RC, Ting JPY. An epithelial-immune circuit amplifies inflammasome and IL-6 responses to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:243-259.e6. [PMID: 36563691 PMCID: PMC9731922 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 are associated with severe COVID-19. Investigating the underlying mechanisms, we find that while primary human airway epithelia (HAE) have functional inflammasomes and support SARS-CoV-2 replication, they are not the source of IL-1β released upon infection. In leukocytes, the SARS-CoV-2 E protein upregulates inflammasome gene transcription via TLR2 to prime, but not activate, inflammasomes. SARS-CoV-2-infected HAE supply a second signal, which includes genomic and mitochondrial DNA, to stimulate leukocyte IL-1β release. Nuclease treatment, STING, and caspase-1 inhibition but not NLRP3 inhibition blocked leukocyte IL-1β release. After release, IL-1β stimulates IL-6 secretion from HAE. Therefore, infection alone does not increase IL-1β secretion by either cell type. Rather, bi-directional interactions between the SARS-CoV-2-infected epithelium and immune bystanders stimulates both IL-1β and IL-6, creating a pro-inflammatory cytokine circuit. Consistent with these observations, patient autopsy lungs show elevated myeloid inflammasome gene signatures in severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Barnett
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuying Xie
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Takanori Asakura
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dingka Song
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kaixin Liang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sharon A Taft-Benz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kenichi Okuda
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rodney C Gilmore
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer F Loome
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | - Scott H Randell
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yu Leo Lei
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard C Boucher
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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27
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Yamada T, Takaoka A. Innate immune recognition against SARS-CoV-2. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:7. [PMID: 36703213 PMCID: PMC9879261 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative virus of pandemic acute respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Most of the infected individuals have asymptomatic or mild symptoms, but some patients show severe and critical systemic inflammation including tissue damage and multi-organ failures. Immune responses to the pathogen determine clinical course. In general, the activation of innate immune responses is mediated by host pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as host damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which results in the activation of the downstream gene induction programs of types I and III interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines for inducing antiviral activity. However, the excessive activation of these responses may lead to deleterious inflammation. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of innate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in terms of innate recognition and the subsequent inflammation underlying COVID-19 immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisho Yamada
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan ,grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Molecular Medical Biochemistry Unit, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Akinori Takaoka
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan ,grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Molecular Medical Biochemistry Unit, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
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28
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Abstract
Pyroptosis is a form of lytic, programmed cell death that functions as an innate immune effector mechanism to facilitate host defense against pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses. This type of proinflammatory cell death is orchestrated by proteolytic activation of human or mouse caspase-1, mouse caspase-11 and human caspase-4 and caspase-5 in response to infectious and inflammatory stimuli. Induction of pyroptosis requires either a canonical inflammasome responsible for caspase-1 activation or a noncanonical complex composed of caspase-11 in mice or caspase-4 or caspase-5 in humans. Recent studies have identified the pore-forming protein gasdermin D, a substrate of these inflammatory caspases, as an executioner of pyroptosis. The membrane pores formed by gasdermin D facilitate release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 and consequent biologic effects of these cytokines together with other released components. Pyroptosis, like other forms of programmed cell death, helps eliminate infected cells and thereby restricts the replicative niche, undermining survival and proliferation of intracellular pathogens. This includes viruses as well as bacteria, where ample evidence supports a critical role for inflammasome effector functions and cell death in host defense. Viruses have evolved their own mechanisms to modulate inflammasome signaling and pyroptosis. Here, we review the current literature regarding the role of pyroptosis in antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneema Kuriakose
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS #351, 262 Danny Thomas Place, 38105-3678, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS #351, 262 Danny Thomas Place, 38105-3678, Memphis, TN, USA.
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29
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Infection and Immunity. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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30
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Thomas PG, Shubina M, Balachandran S. ZBP1/DAI-Dependent Cell Death Pathways in Influenza A Virus Immunity and Pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 442:41-63. [PMID: 31970498 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family of negative-sense RNA viruses. The greatest diversity of IAV strains is found in aquatic birds, but a subset of strains infects other avian as well as mammalian species, including humans. In aquatic birds, infection is largely restricted to the gastrointestinal tract and spread is through feces, while in humans and other mammals, respiratory epithelial cells are the primary sites supporting productive replication and transmission. IAV triggers the death of most cell types in which it replicates, both in culture and in vivo. When well controlled, such cell death is considered an effective host defense mechanism that eliminates infected cells and limits virus spread. Unchecked or inopportune cell death also results in immunopathology. In this chapter, we discuss the impact of cell death in restricting virus spread, supporting the adaptive immune response and driving pathogenesis in the mammalian respiratory tract. Recent studies have begun to shed light on the signaling pathways underlying IAV-activated cell death. These pathways, initiated by the pathogen sensor protein ZBP1 (also called DAI and DLM1), cause infected cells to undergo apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. We outline mechanisms of ZBP1-mediated cell death signaling following IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS 351, 262 Danny Thomas Place, 38105, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Maria Shubina
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Room 224 Reimann Building, 333 Cottman Ave., 19111, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Room 224 Reimann Building, 333 Cottman Ave., 19111, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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31
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Ou H, Fan Y, Guo X, Lao Z, Zhu M, Li G, Zhao L. Identifying key genes related to inflammasome in severe COVID-19 patients based on a joint model with random forest and artificial neural network. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1139998. [PMID: 37113134 PMCID: PMC10126306 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1139998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been spreading astonishingly and caused catastrophic losses worldwide. The high mortality of severe COVID-19 patients is an serious problem that needs to be solved urgently. However, the biomarkers and fundamental pathological mechanisms of severe COVID-19 are poorly understood. The aims of this study was to explore key genes related to inflammasome in severe COVID-19 and their potential molecular mechanisms using random forest and artificial neural network modeling. Methods Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in severe COVID-19 were screened from GSE151764 and GSE183533 via comprehensive transcriptome Meta-analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and functional analyses were conducted to identify molecular mechanisms related to DEGs or DEGs associated with inflammasome (IADEGs), respectively. Five the most important IADEGs in severe COVID-19 were explored using random forest. Then, we put these five IADEGs into an artificial neural network to construct a novel diagnostic model for severe COVID-19 and verified its diagnostic efficacy in GSE205099. Results Using combining P value < 0.05, we obtained 192 DEGs, 40 of which are IADEGs. The GO enrichment analysis results indicated that 192 DEGs were mainly involved in T cell activation, MHC protein complex and immune receptor activity. The KEGG enrichment analysis results indicated that 192 GEGs were mainly involved in Th17 cell differentiation, IL-17 signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. In addition, the top GO terms of 40 IADEGs were involved in T cell activation, immune response-activating signal transduction, external side of plasma membrane and phosphatase binding. The KEGG enrichment analysis results indicated that IADEGs were mainly involved in FoxO signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor, JAK-STAT signaling pathway and Apoptosis. Then, five important IADEGs (AXL, MKI67, CDKN3, BCL2 and PTGS2) for severe COVID-19 were screened by random forest analysis. By building an artificial neural network model, we found that the AUC values of 5 important IADEGs were 0.972 and 0.844 in the train group (GSE151764 and GSE183533) and test group (GSE205099), respectively. Conclusion The five genes related to inflammasome, including AXL, MKI67, CDKN3, BCL2 and PTGS2, are important for severe COVID-19 patients, and these molecules are related to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, AXL, MKI67, CDKN3, BCL2 and PTGS2 as a marker combination could be used as potential markers to identify severe COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiya Ou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaohua Fan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Guo
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zizhao Lao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Meiling Zhu, ; Geng Li, ; Lijun Zhao,
| | - Geng Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Meiling Zhu, ; Geng Li, ; Lijun Zhao,
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Meiling Zhu, ; Geng Li, ; Lijun Zhao,
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32
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Ji S, Dai MY, Huang Y, Ren XC, Jiang ML, Qiao JP, Zhang WY, Xu YH, Shen JL, Zhang RQ, Fei GH. Influenza a virus triggers acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by increasing proinflammatory cytokines secretion via NLRP3 inflammasome activation. J Inflamm (Lond) 2022; 19:8. [PMID: 35739522 PMCID: PMC9219228 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-022-00305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A virus (IAV) triggers acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of IAV induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation to increase airway inflammation response in the progression of AECOPD. Methods Human bronchial epithelial cells were isolated and cultured from normal and COPD bronchial tissues and co-cultured with IAV. The NLRP3 inflammasome associated genes were identified using RNA sequencing, and the expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome components were measured using qRT-PCR and western blot after cells were transfected with siRNA and treated with MCC950. Moreover, IAV-induced COPD rat models were established to confirm the results; 37 AECOPD patients were included to measure the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-1β. Results Increased levels of NLRP3 inflammasome components were not seen until 6 h post-inoculation in normal cells. However, both cell groups reached peak NLRP3 level at 12 h post-inoculation and maintained it for up to 24 h. ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 were also elevated in a similar time-dependent pattern in both cell groups. The mRNA and protein expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome components were decreased when COPD cells treated with siRNA and MCC950. In COPD rats, the NLRP3 inflammasome components were elevated by IAV. MCC950 alleviated lung damage, improved survival time, and reduced NLRP3 inflammasome components expression in COPD rats. Additionally, the serum and BALF levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were increased in AECOPD patients. Conclusions NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in COPD patients as a pre-existing condition that is further exacerbated by IAV infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12950-022-00305-y.
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Tao P, Ning Z, Zhou P, Xiao W, Wang G, Li S, Zhang G. H3N2 canine influenza virus NS1 protein inhibits canine NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 252:110483. [PMID: 36088788 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an innate immune response of the body against pathogens and other irritants. The NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3) inflammasome is a major player in the inflammatory response against pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the NLRP3 inflammasome and the influenza virus NS1 protein, which is involved in host immune escape. The canine influenza virus NS1 protein transcriptionally attenuated proinflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activator. NS1 also directly interacted with NLRP3 and blocked ASC (Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD) oligomerization, which deactivated the NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, NS1 inhibited pro-caspase 1 cleavage into caspase-1, which prevents maturation of IL-1β and IL-18 from their respective precursors, eventually reducing the inflammatory response. Taken together, the influenza NS1 protein evades host immunity, and our findings provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of canine influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Haida Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute Co., LTD., Guangzhou 511400, China; Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Research Center, Guangdong Haida Group Co., LTD., Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Zhangyong Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weiqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guiping Wang
- Guangdong Haida Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute Co., LTD., Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Otero AM, Antonson AM. At the crux of maternal immune activation: Viruses, microglia, microbes, and IL-17A. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:205-223. [PMID: 35979731 PMCID: PMC9804202 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation during prenatal development can be detrimental to neurodevelopmental processes, increasing the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. Prenatal exposure to maternal viral infection during pregnancy is a leading environmental risk factor for manifestation of these disorders. Preclinical animal models of maternal immune activation (MIA), established to investigate this link, have revealed common immune and microbial signaling pathways that link mother and fetus and set the tone for prenatal neurodevelopment. In particular, maternal intestinal T helper 17 cells, educated by endogenous microbes, appear to be key drivers of effector IL-17A signals capable of reaching the fetal brain and causing neuropathologies. Fetal microglial cells are particularly sensitive to maternally derived inflammatory and microbial signals, and they shift their functional phenotype in response to MIA. Resulting cortical malformations and miswired interneuron circuits cause aberrant offspring behaviors that recapitulate core symptoms of human neurodevelopmental disorders. Still, the popular use of "sterile" immunostimulants to initiate MIA has limited translation to the clinic, as these stimulants fail to capture biologically relevant innate and adaptive inflammatory sequelae induced by live pathogen infection. Thus, there is a need for more translatable MIA models, with a focus on relevant pathogens like seasonal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Otero
- Neuroscience ProgramUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Adrienne M. Antonson
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
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35
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Wallace HL, Russell RS. Promiscuous Inflammasomes: The False Dichotomy of RNA/DNA Virus-Induced Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptosis. Viruses 2022; 14:2113. [PMID: 36298668 PMCID: PMC9609106 DOI: 10.3390/v14102113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that viruses activate various inflammasomes, which can initiate the programmed cell death pathway known as pyroptosis, subsequently leading to cell lysis and release of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. This pathway can be triggered by various sensors, including, but not limited to, NLRP3, AIM2, IFI16, RIG-I, and NLRC4. Many viruses are known either to activate or inhibit inflammasomes as a part of the innate immune response or as a mechanism of pathogenesis. Early research in the field of virus-induced pyroptosis suggested a dichotomy, with RNA viruses activating the NLRP3 inflammasome and DNA viruses activating the AIM2 inflammasome. More recent research has shown that this dichotomy may not be as distinct as once thought. It seems many viruses activate multiple inflammasome sensors. Here, we detail which viruses fit the dichotomy as well as many that appear to defy this clearly false dichotomy. It seems likely that most, if not all, viruses activate multiple inflammasome sensors, and future research should focus on expanding our understanding of inflammasome activation in a variety of tissue types as well as virus activation of multiple inflammasomes, challenging biases that stemmed from early literature in this field. Here, we review primarily research performed on human viruses but also include details regarding animal viruses whenever possible.
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36
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Zhang M, Lu C, Su L, Long F, Yang X, Guo X, Song G, An T, Chen W, Chen J. Toosendanin activates caspase-1 and induces maturation of IL-1β to inhibit type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication via an IFI16-dependent pathway. Vet Res 2022; 53:61. [PMID: 35906635 PMCID: PMC9334981 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a prevalent and endemic swine pathogen which causes significant economic losses in the global swine industry. Multiple vaccines have been developed to prevent PRRSV infection. However, they provide limited protection. Moreover, no effective therapeutic drugs are yet available. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel antiviral strategies to prevent PRRSV infection and transmission. Here we report that Toosendanin (TSN), a tetracyclic triterpene found in the bark or fruits of Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc., strongly suppressed type 2 PRRSV replication in vitro in Marc-145 cells and ex vivo in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) at sub-micromolar concentrations. The results of transcriptomics revealed that TSN up-regulated the expression of IFI16 in Marc-145 cells. Furthermore, we found that IFI16 silencing enhanced the replication of PRRSV in Marc-145 cells and that the anti-PRRSV activity of TSN was dampened by IFI16 silencing, suggesting that the inhibition of TSN against PRRSV replication is IFI16-dependent. In addition, we showed that TSN activated caspase-1 and induced maturation of IL-1β in an IFI16-dependent pathway. To verify the role of IL-1β in PRRSV infection, we analyzed the effect of exogenous rmIL-1β on PRRSV replication, and the results showed that exogenous IL-1β significantly inhibited PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells and PAMs in a dose-dependent manner. Altogether, our findings indicate that TSN significantly inhibits PRRSV replication at very low concentrations (EC50: 0.16–0.20 μM) and may provide opportunities for developing novel anti-PRRSV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunni Lu
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Lizhan Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Feixiang Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Gaopeng Song
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Theobald SJ, Simonis A, Mudler JM, Göbel U, Acton R, Kohlhas V, Albert MC, Hellmann AM, Malin JJ, Winter S, Hallek M, Walczak H, Nguyen PH, Koch M, Rybniker J. Spleen tyrosine kinase mediates innate and adaptive immune crosstalk in SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15888. [PMID: 35785445 PMCID: PMC9349614 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202215888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Durable cell‐mediated immune responses require efficient innate immune signaling and the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. How precisely mRNA vaccines trigger innate immune cells for shaping antigen specific adaptive immunity remains unknown. Here, we show that SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNA vaccination primes human monocyte‐derived macrophages for activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Spike protein exposed macrophages undergo NLRP3‐driven pyroptotic cell death and subsequently secrete mature interleukin‐1β. These effects depend on activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) coupled to C‐type lectin receptors. Using autologous cocultures, we show that SYK and NLRP3 orchestrate macrophage‐driven activation of effector memory T cells. Furthermore, vaccination‐induced macrophage priming can be enhanced with repetitive antigen exposure providing a rationale for prime‐boost concepts to augment innate immune signaling in SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination. Collectively, these findings identify SYK as a regulatory node capable of differentiating between primed and unprimed macrophages, which modulate spike protein‐specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Theobald
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Simonis
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julie M Mudler
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrike Göbel
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard Acton
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Viktoria Kohlhas
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Albert
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Hellmann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Cologne, Medical Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakob J Malin
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Winter
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Walczak
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Phuong-Hien Nguyen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology,Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Rybniker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Yang Y, Lv S, Wang Z, Liu J. Selenium Ameliorates S. aureus-Induced Inflammation in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells by Regulating ROS-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3171-3175. [PMID: 34535880 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the regulation effects of selenium (Se) on the expression of pyrin domain-containing protein (NLRP) 3 inflammasome and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) infected by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were detected. bMECs were treated with 8 μmol/L Na2SeO3 for 12 h before infection with S. aureus for 2 h. Through flow cytometry, Western blot, and qRT-PCR analysis, the expression of ROS and NLRP3 imflammasome was detected. Results showed Se significantly reduced the ROS level in bMECs; at the same time, the expressions of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, Pro-IL-1β, and IL-1β were also decreased. In conclusion, Se inhibits S. aureus-induced inflammation by suppressing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and ROS in bMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Linyi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linyi, 276012, China
| | - Shenjin Lv
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, 276005, China
| | - Zhennan Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, 276005, China.
| | - Junjun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, 071001, China.
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Niu X, Wang H, Zhao L, Lian P, Bai Y, Li J, Qiao J. All-trans retinoic acid increases the pathogenicity of the H9N2 influenza virus in mice. Virol J 2022; 19:113. [PMID: 35764970 PMCID: PMC9238145 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The H9N2 virus can infect not only birds but also humans. The pathogenicity of H9N2 virus infection is determined by an excessive immune response in the lung. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, plays an important regulatory role and has been widely used in the clinical practice. This study was aimed to investigate whether ATRA could regulate the immune response to H9N2 virus infection in the lungs of mice, thereby reducing the pathogenicity of the H9N2 virus in mice. METHODS Mice were infected intranasally with H9N2 virus, and injected intraperitoneally with 0.2 mL of ATRA at low (1 mg/kg), medium (5 or 10 mg/kg), or high therapeutic dose (20 mg/kg), and toxic dose (40, 60, or 80 mg/kg), once per day for 10 days. Clinical signs, survival rates, and lung gross pathology were compared between the ATRA-treated H9N2-infected group, the ATRA group, and the H9N2-infected group, to investigate the effect of different doses of ATRA on the pathogenicity of H9N2 virus. Additionally, the viral load and cytokine concentration of lungs were measured at 3, 5, 7, and 9 days after infection, to investigate the potential mechanism of ATRA in affecting the pathogenicity of the H9N2 virus. Expression levels of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 1 (CRABP1), cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2 (CRABP2), and Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS The ATRA-treated H9N2-infected mice showed more severe clinical signs compared with the H9N2-infected group. The medium and high therapeutic doses of ATRA reduced the survival rates, aggravated lung tissue damage, decreased the expression of interferon beta (IFN-β), and increased the concentrations of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in the lungs of the H9N2-infected mice. At the same time, the expression patterns of CRABP1, CRABP2, and RIG-I were changed in mice infected by H9N2 and treated with different concentrations of ATRA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the therapeutic dose of ATRA can increase the pathogenicity of the H9N2 virus. Therefore, the consequences of those infected by influenza virus would be more severe after ATRA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Niu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Handan, 056038, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, No. 19 Taiji Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Handan, 056038, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengjing Lian
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Qiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Declercq J, De Leeuw E, Lambrecht BN. Inflammasomes and IL-1 family cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 infection: From prognostic marker to therapeutic agent. Cytokine 2022; 157:155934. [PMID: 35709568 PMCID: PMC9170572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Challagundla N, Saha B, Agrawal-Rajput R. Insights into inflammasome regulation: cellular, molecular, and pathogenic control of inflammasome activation. Immunol Res 2022; 70:578-606. [PMID: 35610534 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of immune homeostasis is an intricate process wherein inflammasomes play a pivotal role by contributing to innate and adaptive immune responses. Inflammasomes are ensembles of adaptor proteins that can trigger a signal following innate sensing of pathogens or non-pathogens eventuating in the inductions of IL-1β and IL-18. These inflammatory cytokines substantially influence the antigen-presenting cell's costimulatory functions and T helper cell differentiation, contributing to adaptive immunity. As acute and chronic disease conditions may accompany parallel tissue damage, we analyze the critical role of extracellular factors such as cytokines, amyloids, cholesterol crystals, etc., intracellular metabolites, and signaling molecules regulating inflammasome activation/inhibition. We develop an operative framework for inflammasome function and regulation by host cell factors and pathogens. While inflammasomes influence the innate and adaptive immune components' interplay modulating the anti-pathogen adaptive immune response, pathogens may target inflammasome inhibition as a survival strategy. As trapped between health and diseases, inflammasomes serve as promising therapeutic targets and their modus operandi serves as a scientific rationale for devising better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Challagundla
- Immunology lab, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Lab-5, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Reena Agrawal-Rajput
- Immunology lab, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India.
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Abstract
Influenza viruses cause respiratory tract infections, which lead to human disease outbreaks and pandemics. Influenza A virus (IAV) circulates in diverse animal species, predominantly aquatic birds. This often results in the emergence of novel viral strains causing severe human disease upon zoonotic transmission. Innate immune sensing of the IAV infection promotes host cell death and inflammatory responses to confer antiviral host defense. Dysregulated respiratory epithelial cell death and excessive proinflammatory responses drive immunopathology in highly pathogenic influenza infections. Here, we discuss the critical mechanisms regulating IAV-induced cell death and proinflammatory responses. We further describe the essential role of the Z-form nucleic acid sensor ZBP1/DAI and RIPK3 in triggering apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis during IAV infection and their impact on host defense and pathogenicity in vivo. We also discuss the functional importance of ZBP1-RIPK3 signaling in recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other viral infections. Understanding these mechanisms of RNA virus-induced cytopathic and pathogenic inflammatory responses is crucial for targeting pathogenic lung infections and human respiratory illness.
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Banerjee SK, Chatterjee A, Gupta S, Nagar A. Activation and Regulation of NLRP3 by Sterile and Infectious Insults. Front Immunol 2022; 13:896353. [PMID: 35663964 PMCID: PMC9161712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nod-Like Receptor (NLR) is the largest family of Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs) that patrols the cytosolic environment. NLR engagement drives caspase-1 activation that cleaves pro-IL-1B which then gets secreted. Released IL-1B recruits immune cells to the site of infection/injury. Caspase-1 also cleaves Gasdermin-D (GSDM-D) that forms pores within the plasma membrane driving inflammatory cell death called pyroptosis. NLRP3 is the most extensively studied NLR. The NLRP3 gene is encoded by 9 exons, where exon 1 codes for pyrin domain, exon 3 codes for NACHT domain, and Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) domain is coded by exon 4-9. Exon 2 codes for a highly disorganized loop that connects the rest of the protein to the pyrin domain and may be involved in NLRP3 regulation. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by many structurally divergent agonists of microbial, environmental, and host origin. Activated NLRP3 interacts with an adaptor protein, ASC, that bridges it to pro-Caspase-1 forming a multi-protein complex called inflammasome. Dysregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity is a hallmark of pathogenesis in several human diseases, indicating its highly significant clinical relevance. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge about the mechanism of activation of NLRP3 and its regulation during activation by infectious and sterile triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijon K. Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ayan Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shamba Gupta
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Abhinit Nagar
- Flow Cytometry, Luminex Corporation, Austin, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Abhinit Nagar,
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44
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Gut Microbiota Disruption in COVID-19 or Post-COVID Illness Association with severity biomarkers: A Possible Role of Pre / Pro-biotics in manipulating microflora. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 358:109898. [PMID: 35331679 PMCID: PMC8934739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a coronavirus-induced illness attributed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, is thought to have first emerged on November 17, 2019. According to World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 has been linked to 379,223,560 documented occurrences and 5,693,245 fatalities globally as of 1st Feb 2022. Influenza A virus that has also been discovered diarrhea and gastrointestinal discomfort was found in the infected person, highlighting the need of monitoring them for gastro intestinal tract (GIT) symptoms regardless of whether the sickness is respiration related. The majority of the microbiome in the intestines is Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes are found in the lungs. Although most people overcome SARS-CoV-2 infections, many people continue to have symptoms months after the original sickness, called Long-COVID or Post COVID. The term "post-COVID-19 symptoms" refers to those that occur with or after COVID-19 and last for more than 12 weeks (long-COVID-19). The possible understanding of biological components such as inflammatory, immunological, metabolic activity biomarkers in peripheral blood is needed to evaluate the study. Therefore, this article aims to review the informative data that supports the idea underlying the disruption mechanisms of the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract in the acute COVID-19 or post-COVID-mediated elevation of severity biomarkers.
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45
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Boraschi D. What Is IL-1 for? The Functions of Interleukin-1 Across Evolution. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872155. [PMID: 35464444 PMCID: PMC9020223 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 is a cytokine with potent inflammatory and immune-amplifying effects, mainly produced by macrophages during defensive reactions. In mammals, IL-1 is a superfamily of eleven structurally similar proteins, all involved in inflammation or its control, which mainly act through binding to specific receptors on the plasma membrane of target cells. IL-1 receptors are also a family of ten structurally similar transmembrane proteins that assemble in heterocomplexes. In addition to their innate immune/inflammatory effects, the physiological role of IL-1 family cytokines seems to be linked to the development of adaptive immunity in vertebrates. We will discuss why IL-1 developed in vertebrates and what is its physiological role, as a basis for understanding when and how it can be involved in the initiation and establishment of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Boraschi
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy.,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
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46
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Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and elevation of interleukin-1β secretion in infection by sever fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2573. [PMID: 35173184 PMCID: PMC8850576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging phlebovirus that causes a hemorrhagic fever known as the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). Inflammasomes are a molecular platform that are assembled to process pro-caspase 1 and subsequently promote secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β/IL-18 for proinflammatory responses induced upon infection. We hypothesize that inflammasome activation and pyroptosis induced in SFTS results in elevated levels of IL-1β/IL-18 responsible for high fever and hemorrhage in the host, characteristic of SFTS. Here we report that IL-1β secretion was elevated in SFTS patients and infected mice and IL-1β levels appeared to be reversibly associated to disease severity and viral load in patients’ blood. Increased caspase-1 activation, IL-1β/IL-18 secretion, cell death, and processing of gasdermin D were detected, indicating that pyroptosis was induced in SFTSV-infected human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs). To characterize the mechanism of pyroptosis induction, we knocked down several NOD-like receptors (NLRs) with respective shRNAs in PBMCs and showed that the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was critical for processing pro-caspase-1 and pro-IL-1β. Our data with specific inhibitors for NLRP3 and caspase-1 further showed that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was key to caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion which may be inhibitory to viral replication in PBMCs infected with SFTSV. The findings in this study suggest that the activation of the NLPR3 inflammasome and pyroptosis, leading to IL-1β/IL-18 secretion during the SFTSV infection, could play important roles in viral pathogenesis and host protection. Pyroptosis as part of innate immunity might be essential in proinflammatory responses and pathogenicty in humans infected with this novel phlebovirus.
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47
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Nozaki K, Li L, Miao EA. Innate Sensors Trigger Regulated Cell Death to Combat Intracellular Infection. Annu Rev Immunol 2022; 40:469-498. [PMID: 35138947 PMCID: PMC9614550 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101320-011235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens pose a significant threat to animals. In defense, innate immune sensors attempt to detect these pathogens using pattern recognition receptors that either directly detect microbial molecules or indirectly detect their pathogenic activity. These sensors trigger different forms of regulated cell death, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, which eliminate the infected host cell niche while simultaneously promoting beneficial immune responses. These defenses force intracellular pathogens to evolve strategies to minimize or completely evade the sensors. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that drive cell death, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRP6, NLRP9, NLRC4, AIM2, IFI16, and ZBP1. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Nozaki
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Lupeng Li
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
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48
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Salazar F, Bignell E, Brown GD, Cook PC, Warris A. Pathogenesis of Respiratory Viral and Fungal Coinfections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0009421. [PMID: 34788127 PMCID: PMC8597983 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00094-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals suffering from severe viral respiratory tract infections have recently emerged as "at risk" groups for developing invasive fungal infections. Influenza virus is one of the most common causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections worldwide. Fungal infections complicating influenza pneumonia are associated with increased disease severity and mortality, with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis being the most common manifestation. Strikingly, similar observations have been made during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The copathogenesis of respiratory viral and fungal coinfections is complex and involves a dynamic interplay between the host immune defenses and the virulence of the microbes involved that often results in failure to return to homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the main mechanisms underlying susceptibility to invasive fungal disease following respiratory viral infections. A comprehensive understanding of these interactions will aid the development of therapeutic modalities against newly identified targets to prevent and treat these emerging coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Salazar
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Bignell
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C. Cook
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Adilia Warris
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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49
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Zhang BD, Wu JJ, Li WH, Hu HG, Zhao L, He PY, Zhao YF, Li YM. STING and TLR7/8 agonists-based nanovaccines for synergistic antitumor immune activation. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:6328-6339. [PMID: 35464625 PMCID: PMC9014842 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Immunostimulatory therapies based on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have emerged as an effective approach in the fight against cancer, with the ability to recruit tumor-specific lymphocytes in a low-immunogenicity tumor environment. The agonist cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) of the stimulator of interferon gene (STING) are a group of very promising anticancer molecules that increase tumor immunogenicity by activating innate immunity. However, the tumor immune efficacy of CDNs is limited by several factors, including relatively narrow cytokine production, inefficient delivery to STING, and rapid clearance. In addition, a single adjuvant molecule is unable to elicit a broad cytokine response and thus cannot further amplify the anticancer effect. To address this problem, two or more agonist molecules are often used together to synergistically enhance immune efficacy. In this work, we found that a combination of the STING agonist CDGSF and the Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonist 522 produced a broader cytokine response. Subsequently, we developed multicomponent nanovaccines (MCNVs) consisting of a PC7A polymer as a nanocarrier encapsulating the antigen OVA and adjuvant molecules. These MCNVs activate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to produce multiple proinflammatory factors that promote antigen cross-presentation to stimulate specific antitumor T-cell responses. In in vivo experiments, we observed that MCNVs triggered a strong T-cell response in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, resulting in significant tumor regression and, notably, a 100% survival rate in mice through 25 days without other partnering therapies. These data suggest that our nanovaccines have great potential to advance cancer immunotherapy with increased durability and potency. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material (synthesis of CDGSF, 522, PC7A and OVA; preparation of MCNVs; representative gating strategies for flow cytometry) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-022-4282-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Dou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Jun-Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Hong-Guo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Lang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Pei-Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Yu-Fen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315201 China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069 China
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50
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Aan FJ, Glibetic N, Montoya-Uribe V, Matter ML. COVID-19 and the Microbiome: The Gut-Lung Connection. COMPREHENSIVE GUT MICROBIOTA 2022. [PMCID: PMC8131000 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819265-8.00048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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