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Kumar S, Basto AP, Ribeiro F, Almeida SCP, Campos P, Peres C, Pulvirenti N, Al-Khalidi S, Kilbey A, Tosello J, Piaggio E, Russo M, Gama-Carvalho M, Coffelt SB, Roberts EW, Geginat J, Florindo HF, Graca L. Specialized Tfh cell subsets driving type-1 and type-2 humoral responses in lymphoid tissue. Cell Discov 2024; 10:64. [PMID: 38834551 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective antibody responses are essential to generate protective humoral immunity. Different inflammatory signals polarize T cells towards appropriate effector phenotypes during an infection or immunization. Th1 and Th2 cells have been associated with the polarization of humoral responses. However, T follicular helper cells (Tfh) have a unique ability to access the B cell follicle and support the germinal center (GC) responses by providing B cell help. We investigated the specialization of Tfh cells induced under type-1 and type-2 conditions. We first studied homogenous Tfh cell populations generated by adoptively transferred TCR-transgenic T cells in mice immunized with type-1 and type-2 adjuvants. Using a machine learning approach, we established a gene expression signature that discriminates Tfh cells polarized towards type-1 and type-2 response, defined as Tfh1 and Tfh2 cells. The distinct signatures of Tfh1 and Tfh2 cells were validated against datasets of Tfh cells induced following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or helminth infection. We generated single-cell and spatial transcriptomics datasets to dissect the heterogeneity of Tfh cells and their localization under the two immunizing conditions. Besides a distinct specialization of GC Tfh cells under the two immunizations and in different regions of the lymph nodes, we found a population of Gzmk+ Tfh cells specific for type-1 conditions. In human individuals, we could equally identify CMV-specific Tfh cells that expressed Gzmk. Our results show that Tfh cells acquire a specialized function under distinct types of immune responses and with particular properties within the B cell follicle and the GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Kumar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Afonso P Basto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Silvia C P Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Campos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carina Peres
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Sarwah Al-Khalidi
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Kilbey
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jimena Tosello
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Seth B Coffelt
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ed W Roberts
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, Milano, Italy
- Università degli studi di Milano, DISCCO, Milano, Italy
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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2
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Kim YJ, Choi J, Choi YS. Transcriptional regulation of Tfh dynamics and the formation of immunological synapses. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1365-1372. [PMID: 38825646 PMCID: PMC11263543 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Inside germinal centers (GCs), antigen-specific B cells rely on precise interactions with immune cells and strategic localization between the dark and light zones to clonally expand, undergo affinity maturation, and differentiate into long-lived plasma cells or memory B cells. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, the key gatekeepers of GC-dependent humoral immunity, exhibit remarkable dynamic positioning within secondary lymphoid tissues and rely on intercellular interactions with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) during their differentiation and execution of B-cell-facilitating functions within GCs. In this review, we briefly cover the transcriptional regulation of Tfh cell differentiation and function and explore the molecular mechanisms governing Tfh cell motility, their interactions with B cells within GCs, and the impact of their dynamic behavior on humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinyong Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Soo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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3
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Tatsumi M, Cruz C, Kamakura N, Kuwabara R, Nakamura G, Ikuta T, Abrol R, Inoue A. Identification of Gα 12-vs-Gα 13-coupling determinants and development of a Gα 12/13-coupled designer GPCR. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11119. [PMID: 38750247 PMCID: PMC11096383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce diverse signals into the cell by coupling to one or several Gα subtypes. Of the 16 Gα subtypes in human cells, Gα12 and Gα13 belong to the G12 subfamily and are reported to be functionally different. Notably, certain GPCRs display selective coupling to either Gα12 or Gα13, highlighting their significance in various cellular contexts. However, the structural basis underlying this selectivity remains unclear. Here, using a Gα12-coupled designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD; G12D) as a model system, we identified residues in the α5 helix and the receptor that collaboratively determine Gα12-vs-Gα13 selectivity. Residue-swapping experiments showed that G12D distinguishes differences between Gα12 and Gα13 in the positions G.H5.09 and G.H5.23 in the α5 helix. Molecular dynamics simulations observed that I378G.H5.23 in Gα12 interacts with N1032.39, S1693.53 and Y17634.53 in G12D, while H364G.H5.09 in Gα12 interact with Q2645.71 in G12D. Screening of mutations at these positions in G12D identified G12D mutants that enhanced coupling with Gα12 and to an even greater extent with Gα13. Combined mutations, most notably the dual Y17634.53H and Q2645.71R mutant, further enhanced Gα12/13 coupling, thereby serving as a potential Gα12/13-DREADD. Such novel Gα12/13-DREADD may be useful in future efforts to develop drugs that target Gα12/13 signaling as well as to identify their therapeutic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manae Tatsumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Christian Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
| | - Nozomi Kamakura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Riku Kuwabara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Gaku Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ikuta
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ravinder Abrol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Abstract
Recent advances in studies of immune memory in mice and humans have reinforced the concept that memory B cells play a critical role in protection against repeated infections, particularly from variant viruses. Hence, insights into the development of high-quality memory B cells that can generate broadly neutralizing antibodies that bind such variants are key for successful vaccine development. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which memory B cells are generated and how these processes shape the antibody diversity and breadth of memory B cells. Then, we discuss the mechanisms of memory B cell reactivation in the context of established immune memory; the contribution of antibody feedback to this process has now begun to be reappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan.
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5
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Batiha GES, Al-Gareeb AI, Al-Harcan NAH, Welson NN. Receptor-dependent effects of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in COVID-19: the black side of the moon. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2271-2279. [PMID: 36652045 PMCID: PMC9848039 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to hyper-inflammation and amplified immune response in severe cases that may progress to cytokine storm and multi-organ injuries like acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury. In addition to pro-inflammatory cytokines, different mediators are involved in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and infection, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P is a bioactive lipid found at a high level in plasma, and it is synthesized from sphingomyelin by the action of sphingosine kinase. It is involved in inflammation, immunity, angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and lymphocyte trafficking through G-protein coupled S1P receptors. Reduction of the circulating S1P level correlates with COVID-19 severity. S1P binding to sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) elicits endothelial protection and anti-inflammatory effects during SARS-CoV-2 infection, by limiting excessive INF-α response and hindering mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B action. However, binding to S1PR2 opposes the effect of S1PR1 with vascular inflammation, endothelial permeability, and dysfunction as the concomitant outcome. This binding also promotes nod-like receptor pyrin 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, causing liver inflammation and fibrogenesis. Thus, higher expression of macrophage S1PR2 contributes to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, S1PR1 agonists and S1PR2 antagonists might effectively manage COVID-19 and its severe effects. Further studies are recommended to elucidate the potential conflict in the effects of S1P in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nasser A Hadi Al-Harcan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Rasheed University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nermeen N Welson
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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Cui C, Craft J, Joshi NS. T follicular helper cells in cancer, tertiary lymphoid structures, and beyond. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101797. [PMID: 37343412 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence and success of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, immuno-oncology has primarily focused on CD8 T cells, whose cytotoxic programs directly target tumor cells. However, the limited response rate of current immunotherapy regimens has prompted investigation into other types of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, such as CD4 T cells and B cells, and how they interact with CD8 T cells in a coordinated network. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential therapeutic benefits of CD4 T follicular helper (TFH) cells and B cells in cancer, highlighting the important role of their crosstalk and interactions with other immune cell components in the tumor microenvironment. These interactions also occur in tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), which resemble secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) with orchestrated vascular, chemokine, and cellular infrastructures that support the developmental pathways of functional immune cells. In this review, we discuss recent breakthroughs on TFH biology and T cell-B cell interactions in tumor immunology, and their potential as novel therapeutic targets to advance cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Cui
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joseph Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Nikhil S Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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7
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Chen H, Qin Y, Chou M, Cyster JG, Li X. Transmembrane protein CD69 acts as an S1PR1 agonist. eLife 2023; 12:e88204. [PMID: 37039481 PMCID: PMC10154026 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) by S1P promotes lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs, a process critical for immune surveillance and T cell effector activity. Multiple drugs that inhibit S1PR1 function are in use clinically for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Cluster of Differentiation 69 (CD69) is an endogenous negative regulator of lymphocyte egress that interacts with S1PR1 in cis to facilitate internalization and degradation of the receptor. The mechanism by which CD69 causes S1PR1 internalization has been unclear. Moreover, although there are numerous class A GPCR structures determined with different small molecule agonists bound, it remains unknown whether a transmembrane protein per se can act as a class A GPCR agonist. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of CD69-bound S1PR1 coupled to the heterotrimeric Gi complex. The transmembrane helix (TM) of one protomer of CD69 homodimer contacts the S1PR1-TM4. This interaction allosterically induces the movement of S1PR1-TMs 5-6, directly activating the receptor to engage the heterotrimeric Gi. Mutations in key residues at the interface affect the interactions between CD69 and S1PR1, as well as reduce the receptor internalization. Thus, our structural findings along with functional analyses demonstrate that CD69 acts in cis as a protein agonist of S1PR1, thereby promoting Gi-dependent S1PR1 internalization, loss of S1P gradient sensing, and inhibition of lymphocyte egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwen Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Marissa Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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8
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Chen H, Qin Y, Chou M, Cyster JG, Li X. Transmembrane protein CD69 acts as an S1PR1 agonist. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.13.528406. [PMID: 36824756 PMCID: PMC9949048 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.528406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The activation of Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) by S1P promotes lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs, a process critical for immune surveillance and T cell effector activity 1-4 . Multiple drugs that inhibit S1PR1 function are in use clinically for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Cluster of Differentiation 69 (CD69) is an endogenous negative regulator of lymphocyte egress that interacts with S1PR1 in cis to facilitate internalization and degradation of the receptor 5,6 . The mechanism by which CD69 causes S1PR1 internalization has been unclear. Moreover, although there are numerous class A GPCR structures determined with different small molecule agonists bound, it remains unknown whether a transmembrane protein per se can act as a class A GPCR agonist. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of CD69-bound S1PR1 coupled to the heterotrimeric G i complex. The transmembrane helix (TM) of one protomer of CD69 homodimer contacts the S1PR1-TM4. This interaction allosterically induces the movement of S1PR1-TMs 5-6, directly activating the receptor to engage the heterotrimeric G i . Mutations in key residues at the interface affect the interactions between CD69 and S1PR1, as well as reduce the receptor internalization. Thus, our structural findings along with functional analyses demonstrate that CD69 acts in cis as a protein agonist of S1PR1, thereby promoting G i -dependent S1PR1 internalization, loss of S1P gradient sensing, and inhibition of lymphocyte egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwen Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Marissa Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason G. Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Betzler AC, Ushmorov A, Brunner C. The transcriptional program during germinal center reaction - a close view at GC B cells, Tfh cells and Tfr cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125503. [PMID: 36817488 PMCID: PMC9936310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is a key process during an adaptive immune response to T cell specific antigens. GCs are specialized structures within secondary lymphoid organs, in which B cell proliferation, somatic hypermutation and antibody affinity maturation occur. As a result, high affinity antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells are generated. An effective GC response needs interaction between multiple cell types. Besides reticular cells and follicular dendritic cells, particularly B cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells as well as T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a key player during the GC reaction. Whereas Tfh cells provide help to GC B cells in selection processes, Tfr cells, a specialized subset of regulatory T cells (Tregs), are able to suppress the GC reaction maintaining the balance between immune activation and tolerance. The formation and function of GCs is regulated by a complex network of signals and molecules at multiple levels. In this review, we highlight recent developments in GC biology by focusing on the transcriptional program regulating the GC reaction. This review focuses on the transcriptional co-activator BOB.1/OBF.1, whose important role for GC B, Tfh and Tfr cell differentiation became increasingly clear in recent years. Moreover, we outline how deregulation of the GC transcriptional program can drive lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika C. Betzler
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexey Ushmorov
- Ulm University, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany,*Correspondence: Cornelia Brunner,
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Baker D, Forte E, Pryce G, Kang AS, James LK, Giovannoni G, Schmierer K. The impact of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 69:104425. [PMID: 36470168 PMCID: PMC9678390 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingosine-one phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulation inhibits S1PR1-mediated lymphocyte migration, lesion formation and positively-impacts on active multiple sclerosis (MS). These S1PR modulatory drugs have different: European Union use restrictions, pharmacokinetics, metabolic profiles and S1PR receptor affinities that may impact MS-management. Importantly, these confer useful properties in dealing with COVID-19, anti-viral drug responses and generating SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses. OBJECTIVE To examine the biology and emerging data that potentially underpins immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus following natural infection and vaccination and determine how this impinges on the use of current sphingosine-one-phosphate modulators used in the treatment of MS. METHODS A literature review was performed, and data on infection, vaccination responses; S1PR distribution and functional activity was extracted from regulatory and academic information within the public domain. OBSERVATIONS Most COVID-19 related information relates to the use of fingolimod. This indicates that continuous S1PR1, S1PR3, S1PR4 and S1PR5 modulation is not associated with a worse prognosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Whilst fingolimod use is associated with blunted seroconversion and reduced peripheral T-cell vaccine responses, it appears that people on siponimod, ozanimod and ponesimod exhibit stronger vaccine-responses, which could be related notably to a limited impact on S1PR4 activity. Whilst it is thought that S1PR3 controls B cell function in addition to actions by S1PR1 and S1PR2, this may be species-related effect in rodents that is not yet substantiated in humans, as seen with bradycardia issues. Blunted antibody responses can be related to actions on B and T-cell subsets, germinal centre function and innate-immune biology. Although S1P1R-related functions are seeming central to control of MS and the generation of a fully functional vaccination response; the relative lack of influence on S1PR4-mediated actions on dendritic cells may increase the rate of vaccine-induced seroconversion with the newer generation of S1PR modulators and improve the risk-benefit balance IMPLICATIONS: Although fingolimod is a useful asset in controlling MS, recently-approved S1PR modulators may have beneficial biology related to pharmacokinetics, metabolism and more-restricted targeting that make it easier to generate infection-control and effective anti-viral responses to SARS-COV-2 and other pathogens. Further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
| | - Eugenia Forte
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Angray S Kang
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Dental Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Schmierer
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Murayama K, Ikegami I, Kamekura R, Sakamoto H, Yanagi M, Kamiya S, Sato T, Sato A, Shigehara K, Yamamoto M, Takahashi H, Takano KI, Ichimiya S. CD4+CD8+ T follicular helper cells regulate humoral immunity in chronic inflammatory lesions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941385. [PMID: 36091071 PMCID: PMC9452889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells drive humoral immunity by facilitating B cell responses at the initial and recall phases. Recent studies have indicated the possible involvement of Tfh cells in the process of chronic inflammation. However, the functional role of Tfh cells in persistent immune settings remains unclear. Here, we report that CD4+CD8+ (double-positive, DP; CD3+CD4+CD8+CXCR5hiPD-1hi) Tfh cells, a subset of germinal-center-type Tfh cells, were abundantly present in the fibroinflammatory lesions of patients with immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD). Transcriptome analyses showed that these DP-Tfh cells in the lesions of IgG4-RD preferentially expressed signature genes characteristic of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, such as Eomes, CRTAM, GPR56, and granzymes, in addition to CD70. Scatter diagram analyses to examine the relationships between tissue-resident lymphocytes and various clinical parameters revealed that the levels of DP-Tfh cells were inversely correlated to the levels of serum IgG4 and local IgG4-expressing (IgG4+) memory B cells (CD19+CD27+IgD-) in patients with IgG4-RD. Cell culture experiments using autologous tonsillar lymphocytes further suggested that DP-Tfh cells possess a poor B-cell helper function and instead regulate memory B cells. Since CD4+ (single positive, SP; CD3+CD4+CD8-CXCR5hiPD-1hi) Tfh cells differentiated into DP-Tfh cells under stimulation with IL-2 and IL-7 as assessed by in vitro experiments, these data imply that SP-Tfh cells are a possible origin of DP-Tfh cells under persistent inflammation. These findings highlight the potential feedback loop mechanism of Tfh cells in immune tolerance under chronic inflammatory conditions. Further studies on DP-Tfh cells may facilitate control of unresolved humoral responses in IgG4-RD pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Murayama
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ippei Ikegami
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kamekura
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakamoto
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yanagi
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shiori Kamiya
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taiki Sato
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akinori Sato
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Shigehara
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Motohisa Yamamoto
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Takano
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shingo Ichimiya
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shingo Ichimiya,
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12
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Bastow CR, Kara EE, Tyllis TS, Vinuesa CG, McColl SR, Comerford I. TFR Cells Express Functional CCR6 But It Is Dispensable for Their Development and Localization During Splenic Humoral Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873586. [PMID: 35812408 PMCID: PMC9257258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T cells including T follicular helper (TFH) and T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells are essential in supporting and regulating the quality of antibody responses that develop in the germinal centre (GC). Follicular T cell migration during the propagation of antibody responses is largely attributed to the chemokine receptor CXCR5, however CXCR5 is reportedly redundant in migratory events prior to formation of the GC, and CXCR5-deficient TFH and TFR cells are still capable of localizing to GCs. Here we comprehensively assess chemokine receptor expression by follicular T cells during a model humoral immune response in the spleen. In addition to the known follicular T cell chemokine receptors Cxcr5 and Cxcr4, we show that follicular T cells express high levels of Ccr6, Ccr2 and Cxcr3 transcripts and we identify functional expression of CCR6 protein by both TFH and TFR cells. Notably, a greater proportion of TFR cells expressed CCR6 compared to TFH cells and gating on CCR6+CXCR5hiPD-1hi T cells strongly enriched for TFR cells. Examination of Ccr6-/- mice revealed that CCR6 is not essential for development of the GC response in the spleen, and mixed bone marrow chimera experiments found no evidence for an intrinsic requirement for CCR6 in TFR cell development or localisation during splenic humoral responses. These findings point towards multiple functionally redundant chemotactic signals regulating T cell localisation in the GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron R. Bastow
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ervin E. Kara
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timona S. Tyllis
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Carola G. Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shaun R. McColl
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Iain Comerford,
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13
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Akama-Garren EH, Carroll MC. T Cell Help in the Autoreactive Germinal Center. Scand J Immunol 2022; 95:e13192. [PMID: 35587582 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center serves as a site of B cell selection and affinity maturation, critical processes for productive adaptive immunity. In autoimmune disease tolerance is broken in the germinal center reaction, leading to production of autoreactive B cells that may propagate disease. Follicular T cells are crucial regulators of this process, providing signals necessary for B cell survival in the germinal center. Here we review the emerging roles of follicular T cells in the autoreactive germinal center. Recent advances in immunological techniques have allowed study of the gene expression profiles and repertoire of follicular T cells at unprecedented resolution. These studies provide insight into the potential role follicular T cells play in preventing or facilitating germinal center loss of tolerance. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of T cell help in autoreactive germinal centers provides novel therapeutic targets for diseases of germinal center dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Guo P, Tai Y, Wang M, Sun H, Zhang L, Wei W, Xiang YK, Wang Q. Gα 12 and Gα 13: Versatility in Physiology and Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:809425. [PMID: 35237598 PMCID: PMC8883321 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.809425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), as the largest family of receptors in the human body, are involved in the pathological mechanisms of many diseases. Heterotrimeric G proteins represent the main molecular switch and receive cell surface signals from activated GPCRs. Growing evidence suggests that Gα12 subfamily (Gα12/13)-mediated signaling plays a crucial role in cellular function and various pathological processes. The current research on the physiological and pathological function of Gα12/13 is constantly expanding, Changes in the expression levels of Gα12/13 have been found in a wide range of human diseases. However, the mechanistic research on Gα12/13 is scattered. This review briefly describes the structural sequences of the Gα12/13 isoforms and introduces the coupling of GPCRs and non-GPCRs to Gα12/13. The effects of Gα12/13 on RhoA and other signaling pathways and their roles in cell proliferation, migration, and immune cell function, are discussed. Finally, we focus on the pathological impacts of Gα12/13 in cancer, inflammation, metabolic diseases, fibrotic diseases, and circulatory disorders are brought to focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paipai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Manman Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hanfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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15
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"Are you gonna go my way?"-Decisions at the Tfh-B cell interface. Immunity 2022; 55:377-379. [PMID: 35180377 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The generation of memory B cells and plasma cells is complex and involves inputs from the microenvironment, notably from T follicular helper cells. In last month's issue of Immunity, Yeh et al. and Song et al. refine our understanding of the B cell intrinsic and extrinsic requirements to generate effective humoral immunity in response to foreign antigens.
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16
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Yeh CH, Finney J, Okada T, Kurosaki T, Kelsoe G. Primary germinal center-resident T follicular helper cells are a physiologically distinct subset of CXCR5 hiPD-1 hi T follicular helper cells. Immunity 2022; 55:272-289.e7. [PMID: 35081372 PMCID: PMC8842852 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are defined by a Bcl6+CXCR5hiPD-1hi phenotype, but only a minor fraction of these reside in germinal centers (GCs). Here, we examined whether GC-resident and -nonresident Tfh cells share a common physiology and function. Fluorescently labeled, GC-resident Tfh cells in different mouse models were distinguished by low expression of CD90. CD90neg/lo GCTfh cells required antigen-specific, MHCII+ B cells to develop and stopped proliferating soon after differentiation. In contrast, nonresident, CD90hi Tfh (GCTfh-like) cells developed normally in the absence of MHCII+ B cells and proliferated continuously during primary responses. The TCR repertoires of both Tfh subsets overlapped initially but later diverged in association with dendritic cell-dependent proliferation of CD90hi GCTfh-like cells, suggestive of TCR-dependency seen also in TCR-transgenic adoptive transfer experiments. Furthermore, the transcriptomes of CD90neg/lo and CD90hi GCTfh-like cells were enriched in different functional pathways. Thus, GC-resident and nonresident Tfh cells have distinct developmental requirements and activities, implying distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hao Yeh
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery and Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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17
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Saini A, Ghoneim HE, Lio CWJ, Collins PL, Oltz EM. Gene Regulatory Circuits in Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2022; 40:387-411. [PMID: 35119910 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101320-025949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell identity and function largely rely on the programming of transcriptomes during development and differentiation. Signature gene expression programs are orchestrated by regulatory circuits consisting of cis-acting promoters and enhancers, which respond to a plethora of cues via the action of transcription factors. In turn, transcription factors direct epigenetic modifications to revise chromatin landscapes, and drive contacts between distal promoter-enhancer combinations. In immune cells, regulatory circuits for effector genes are especially complex and flexible, utilizing distinct sets of transcription factors and enhancers, depending on the cues each cell type receives during an infection, after sensing cellular damage, or upon encountering a tumor. Here, we review major players in the coordination of gene regulatory programs within innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as integrative omics approaches that can be leveraged to decipher their underlying circuitry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Saini
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; ,
| | - Hazem E Ghoneim
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; ,
| | - Chan-Wang Jerry Lio
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; ,
| | - Patrick L Collins
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; ,
| | - Eugene M Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; ,
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18
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Abstract
Follicular T-helper cells play a key role in orchestrating the germinal center response. Cellular dynamics revealed by intravital imaging have helped deepen our understanding of how follicular T-helper cells develop and function in vivo. Here we describe routine methods to image T-cell dynamics during germinal center responses. Methods for quantitative analysis of imaging data are detailed using published examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Beijing, China.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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19
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Lone W, Bouska A, Sharma S, Amador C, Saumyaranjan M, Herek TA, Heavican TB, Yu J, Lim ST, Ong CK, Slack GW, Savage KJ, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Cook JR, Feldman AL, Rimsza LM, McKeithan TW, Greiner TC, Weisenburger DD, Melle F, Motta G, Pileri S, Vose JM, Chan WC, Iqbal J. Genome-Wide miRNA Expression Profiling of Molecular Subgroups of Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6039-6053. [PMID: 34426436 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas with aggressive clinical behavior. We performed comprehensive miRNA profiling in PTCLs and corresponding normal CD4+ Th1/2 and TFH-like polarized subsets to elucidate the role of miRNAs in T-cell lymphomagenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used nCounter (NanoString Inc) for miRNA profiling and validated using Taqman qRT-PCR (Applied Biosystems, Inc). Normal CD4+ T cells were polarized into effector Th subsets using signature cytokines, and miRNA significance was revealed using functional experiments. RESULTS Effector Th subsets showed distinct miRNA expression with corresponding transcription factor expression (e.g., BCL6/miR-19b, -106, -30d, -26b, in IL21-polarized; GATA3/miR-155, miR-337 in Th2-polarized; and TBX21/miR-181a, -331-3p in Th1-polarized cells). Integration of miRNA signatures suggested activation of TCR and PI3K signaling in IL21-polarized cells, ERK signaling in Th1-polarized cells, and AKT-mTOR signaling in Th2-polarized cells, validated at protein level. In neoplastic counterparts, distinctive miRNAs were identified and confirmed in an independent cohort. Integrative miRNA-mRNA analysis identified a decrease in target transcript abundance leading to deregulation of sphingolipid and Wnt signaling and epigenetic dysregulation in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), while ERK, MAPK, and cell cycle were identified in PTCL subsets, and decreased target transcript abundance was validated in an independent cohort. Elevated expression of miRNAs (miR-126-3p, miR-145-5p) in AITL was associated with poor clinical outcome. In silico and experimental validation suggest two targets (miR-126→ SIPR2 and miR-145 → ROCK1) resulting in reduced RhoA-GTPase activity and T-B-cell interaction. CONCLUSIONS Unique miRNAs and deregulated oncogenic pathways are associated with PTCL subtypes. Upregulated miRNA-126-3p and miR-145-5p expression regulate RhoA-GTPase and inhibit T-cell migration, crucial for AITL pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Lone
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Alyssa Bouska
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sunandini Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Catalina Amador
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Mallick Saumyaranjan
- Institute of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tyler A Herek
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Tayla B Heavican
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiayu Yu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Soon Thye Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore/Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
| | - Choon Kiat Ong
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore/Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
| | - Graham W Slack
- Center for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kerry J Savage
- Center for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - James R Cook
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Andrew L Feldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lisa M Rimsza
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Timothy W McKeithan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Timothy C Greiner
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | | | | | | | - Julie M Vose
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Wing C Chan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Javeed Iqbal
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
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20
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Critical regulation of follicular helper T cell differentiation and function by Gα 13 signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108376118. [PMID: 34663730 PMCID: PMC8639339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108376118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal follicular helper T (Tfh) cell differentiation and function are required for effective humoral immunity against infection, while improper Tfh cell responses are associated with autoimmunity and allergy. We demonstrate that Gα13—a Gα protein subunit known to be involved in mediating signals related to cytoskeletal integrity, chemotaxis, and migration—acts as an essential positive regulator in Tfh cell development and function. The deletion of Gα13 in T cells results in dampened germinal center reactions in immunization and viral infection models. Mechanistically, Gα13-RhoA-ROCK2 axis is responsible for the Tfh cell differentiation from naïve precursors, and Rho agonists recuperate hampered Tfh cell function in Gα13-deficient mice. Such mechanistic insight underscores the possibility of targeting Gα13-mediated signaling to maneuver Tfh cell responses. GPCR-Gα protein–mediated signal transduction contributes to spatiotemporal interactions between immune cells to fine-tune and facilitate the process of inflammation and host protection. Beyond this, however, how Gα proteins contribute to the helper T cell subset differentiation and adaptive response have been underappreciated. Here, we found that Gα13 signaling in T cells plays a crucial role in inducing follicular helper T (Tfh) cell differentiation in vivo. T cell–specific Gα13-deficient mice have diminished Tfh cell responses in a cell-intrinsic manner in response to immunization, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, and allergen challenges. Moreover, Gα13-deficient Tfh cells express reduced levels of Bcl-6 and CXCR5 and are functionally impaired in their ability to adhere to and stimulate B cells. Mechanistically, Gα13-deficient Tfh cells harbor defective Rho-ROCK2 activation, and Rho agonist treatment recuperates Tfh cell differentiation and expression of Bcl-6 and CXCR5 in Tfh cells of T cell–specific Gα13-deficient mice. Conversely, ROCK inhibitor treatment hampers Tfh cell differentiation in wild-type mice. These findings unveil a crucial regulatory role of Gα13-Rho-ROCK axis in optimal Tfh cell differentiation and function, which might be a promising target for pharmacologic intervention in vaccine development as well as antibody-mediated immune disorders.
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21
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Duan L, Liu D, Chen H, Mintz MA, Chou MY, Kotov DI, Xu Y, An J, Laidlaw BJ, Cyster JG. Follicular dendritic cells restrict interleukin-4 availability in germinal centers and foster memory B cell generation. Immunity 2021; 54:2256-2272.e6. [PMID: 34555336 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
B cells within germinal centers (GCs) enter cycles of antibody affinity maturation or exit the GC as memory cells or plasma cells. Here, we examined the contribution of interleukin (IL)-4 on B cell fate decisions in the GC. Single-cell RNA-sequencing identified a subset of light zone GC B cells expressing high IL-4 receptor-a (IL4Ra) and CD23 and lacking a Myc-associated signature. These cells could differentiate into pre-memory cells. B cell-specific deletion of IL4Ra or STAT6 favored the pre-memory cell trajectory, and provision of exogenous IL-4 in a wild-type context reduced pre-memory cell frequencies. IL-4 acted during antigen-specific interactions but also influenced bystander cells. Deletion of IL4Ra from follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) increased the availability of IL-4 in the GC, impaired the selection of affinity-matured B cells, and reduced memory cell generation. We propose that GC FDCs establish a niche that limits bystander IL-4 activity, focusing IL-4 action on B cells undergoing selection and enhancing memory cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Duan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hsin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michelle A Mintz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marissa Y Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dmitri I Kotov
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jinping An
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brian J Laidlaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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22
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Ise W, Kurosaki T. Plasma cell generation during T cell-dependent immune responses. Int Immunol 2021; 33:797-801. [PMID: 34536284 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells are terminally differentiated from activated B cells and are specialized for secreting antibodies, which are essential effector molecules in humoral immunity to neutralize invading pathogens. Upon challenge with T cell-dependent antigens, plasma cells can be generated during the primary extrafollicular response, the germinal center (GC) response or the secondary memory response. Recent studies have revealed that plasma cell generation is regulated not only by several key transcription factors, but also by epigenetic modifications. In addition, the differentiation of GC B cells toward a plasma cell fate is associated with affinity for antigens and is determined by the strength of contact with T follicular helper cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ise
- Regulation of host defense team, Division of microbiology and Immunology, Center for infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Division of microbiology and Immunology, Center for infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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23
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Oliveira YLDC, Oliveira LM, Cirilo TM, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL, Dolabella SS. T follicular helper cells: Their development and importance in the context of helminthiasis. Clin Immunol 2021; 231:108844. [PMID: 34478881 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of T follicular helper cells (Tfh) is a multifactorial process that occurs in multiple stages. After their activation the Tfh cells interact with the B cells to complete their differentiation. During this process, the Tfh cells begin to express canonical molecules such as the transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 protein, the CXC chemokine receptors type 5, and the inducible T-cell costimulator, as well as secreting other molecules such as IL-21. This whole process is regulated positively and negatively by several factors so that the best response is offered in the face of diseases of various origins, among them helminthiasis. In this context, the role of circulating Tfh, IL-4 and IgG subtypes is essential for an effective response against these pathogens. In this review, the migration process and the differentiation of Tfh, the regulation, their cell subtypes and the role of Tfh in the context of helminth infections will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Maria Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
| | - Tatyane Martins Cirilo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
| | - Silvio Santana Dolabella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil.
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24
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Fowell DJ, Kim M. The spatio-temporal control of effector T cell migration. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:582-596. [PMID: 33627851 PMCID: PMC9380693 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Effector T cells leave the lymph nodes armed with specialized functional attributes. Their antigenic targets may be located anywhere in the body, posing the ultimate challenge: how to efficiently identify the target tissue, navigate through a complex tissue matrix and, ultimately, locate the immunological insult. Recent advances in real-time in situ imaging of effector T cell migratory behaviour have revealed a great degree of mechanistic plasticity that enables effector T cells to push and squeeze their way through inflamed tissues. This process is shaped by an array of 'stop' and 'go' guidance signals including target antigens, chemokines, integrin ligands and the mechanical cues of the inflamed microenvironment. Effector T cells must sense and interpret these competing signals to correctly position themselves to mediate their effector functions for complete and durable responses in infectious disease and malignancy. Tuning T cell migration therapeutically will require a new understanding of this complex decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Fowell
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Minsoo Kim
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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25
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Matsuda Y, Watanabe T, Li XK. Approaches for Controlling Antibody-Mediated Allograft Rejection Through Targeting B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682334. [PMID: 34276669 PMCID: PMC8282180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Both acute and chronic antibody-mediated allograft rejection (AMR), which are directly mediated by B cells, remain difficult to treat. Long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) in bone marrow (BM) play a crucial role in the production of the antibodies that induce AMR. However, LLPCs survive through a T cell-independent mechanism and resist conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Desensitization therapy is therefore performed, although it is accompanied by severe side effects and the pathological condition may be at an irreversible stage when these antibodies, which induce AMR development, are detected in the serum. In other words, AMR control requires the development of a diagnostic method that predicts its onset before LLPC differentiation and enables therapeutic intervention and the establishment of humoral immune monitoring methods providing more detailed information, including individual differences in the susceptibility to immunosuppressive agents and the pathological conditions. In this study, we reviewed recent studies related to the direct or indirect involvement of immunocompetent cells in the differentiation of naïve-B cells into LLPCs, the limitations of conventional methods, and the possible development of novel control methods in the context of AMR. This information will significantly contribute to the development of clinical applications for AMR and improve the prognosis of patients who undergo organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Matsuda
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Cinti I, Denton AE. Lymphoid stromal cells-more than just a highway to humoral immunity. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab011. [PMID: 36845565 PMCID: PMC9914513 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of high-affinity long-lived antibody responses is dependent on the differentiation of plasma cells and memory B cells, which are themselves the product of the germinal centre (GC) response. The GC forms in secondary lymphoid organs in response to antigenic stimulation and is dependent on the coordinated interactions between many types of leucocytes. These leucocytes are brought together on an interconnected network of specialized lymphoid stromal cells, which provide physical and chemical guidance to immune cells that are essential for the GC response. In this review we will highlight recent advancements in lymphoid stromal cell immunobiology and their role in regulating the GC, and discuss the contribution of lymphoid stromal cells to age-associated immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Cinti
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alice E Denton
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London W12 0NN, UK,Correspondence address. Alice E. Denton, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK. Tel:+44 (0)20 3313 8213. E-mail:
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27
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Ding T, Su R, Wu R, Xue H, Wang Y, Su R, Gao C, Li X, Wang C. Frontiers of Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Disorders: Crosstalk Between Tfh/Tfr and Regulatory B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641013. [PMID: 33841422 PMCID: PMC8033031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Balance of Tfh/Tfr cell is critically important for the maintenance of immune tolerance, as evidenced by the fact that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are central to the autoantibodies generation through providing necessary help for germinal center (GC) B cells, whereas T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells significantly inhibit autoimmune inflammation process through restraining Tfh cell responses. However, signals underlying the regulation of Tfh and Tfr cells are largely undefined. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a heterogeneous subpopulation of B cells with immunosuppressive function. Considerable advances have been made in their functions to produce anti‐inflammatory cytokines and to regulate Th17, Th1, and Treg cells in autoimmune diseases. The recent identification of their correlations with dysregulated Tfr/Tfh cells and autoantibody production makes Bregs an important checkpoint in GC response. Bregs exert profound impacts on the differentiation, function, and distribution of Tfh and Tfr cells in the immune microenvironment. Thus, unraveling mechanistic information on Tfh-Breg and Tfr-Breg interactions will inspire novel implications for the establishment of homeostasis and prevention of autoantibodies in diverse diseases. This review summarizes the dysregulation of Tfh/Tfr cells in autoimmune diseases with a focus on the emerging role of Bregs in regulating the balance between Tfh and Tfr cells. The previously unsuspected crosstalk between Bregs and Tfh/Tfr cells will be beneficial to understand the cellular mechanisms of autoantibody production and evoke a revolution in immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ding
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruihe Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongwei Xue
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ronghui Su
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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28
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Vanderleyden I, Fra-Bido SC, Innocentin S, Stebegg M, Okkenhaug H, Evans-Bailey N, Pierson W, Denton AE, Linterman MA. Follicular Regulatory T Cells Can Access the Germinal Center Independently of CXCR5. Cell Rep 2021; 30:611-619.e4. [PMID: 31968240 PMCID: PMC6988108 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) response is critical for generating high-affinity humoral immunity and immunological memory, which forms the basis of successful immunization. Control of the GC response is thought to require follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells, a subset of suppressive Foxp3+ regulatory T cells located within GCs. Relatively little is known about the exact role of Tfr cells within the GC and how they exert their suppressive function. A unique feature of Tfr cells is their reported CXCR5-dependent localization to the GC. Here, we show that the lack of CXCR5 on Foxp3+ regulatory T cells results in a reduced frequency, but not an absence, of GC-localized Tfr cells. This reduction in Tfr cells is not sufficient to alter the magnitude or output of the GC response. This demonstrates that additional, CXCR5-independent mechanisms facilitate Treg cell homing to the GC. CXCR5-deficient Tfr cells can migrate into the B cell follicle and the germinal center Absence of CXCR5 on Treg cells reduces the number of Tfr cells by half Halving Tfr cell numbers does not affect germinal center B cell or Tfh cell frequency
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Vanderleyden
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Sigrid C Fra-Bido
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Silvia Innocentin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Marisa Stebegg
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | | | - Wim Pierson
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Alice E Denton
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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29
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu SS, Orraca L, Gonzalez Martinez J, Gonzalez OA. Gingival transcriptomics of follicular T cell footprints in progressing periodontitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:373-395. [PMID: 33565609 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) cells have been identified in the circulation and in tertiary lymphoid structures in chronic inflammation. Gingival tissues with periodontitis reflect chronic inflammation, so genomic footprints of Tfh cells should occur in these tissues and may differ related to aging effects. Macaca mulatta were used in a ligature-induced periodontitis model [adult group (aged 12-23 years); young group (aged 3-7 years)]. Gingival tissue and subgingival microbiome samples were obtained at matched healthy ligature-induced disease and clinical resolution sites. Microarray analysis examined Tfh genes (n = 54) related to microbiome characteristics documented using 16S MiSeq. An increase in the major transcription factor of Tfh cells, BCL6, was found with disease in both adult and young animals, while master transcription markers of other T cell subsets were either decreased or showed minimal change. Multiple Tfh-related genes, including surface receptors and transcription factors, were also significantly increased during disease. Specific microbiome patterns were significantly associated with profiles indicative of an increased presence/function of Tfh cells. Importantly, unique microbial complexes showed distinctive patterns of interaction with Tfh genes differing in health and disease and with the age of the animals. An increase in Tfh cell responsiveness occurred in the progression of periodontitis, affected by age and related to specific microbial complexes in the oral microbiome. The capacity of gingival Tfh cells to contribute to localized B cell activation and active antibody responses, including affinity maturation, may be critical for controlling periodontal lesions and contributing to limiting and/or resolving the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - S S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - L Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - J Gonzalez Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, USA
| | - O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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30
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Xu AQ, Barbosa RR, Calado DP. Genetic timestamping of plasma cells in vivo reveals tissue-specific homeostatic population turnover. eLife 2020; 9:e59850. [PMID: 33136000 PMCID: PMC7682985 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) are essential for protection from infection, and at the origin of incurable cancers. Current studies do not circumvent the limitations of removing PCs from their microenvironment and confound formation and maintenance. Also, the investigation of PC population dynamics has mostly relied on nucleotide analog incorporation that does not label quiescent cells, a property of most PCs. The main impediment is the lack of tools to perform specific genetic manipulation in vivo. Here we characterize a genetic tool (JchaincreERT2) in the mouse that permits first-ever specific genetic manipulation in PCs in vivo, across immunoglobulin isotypes. Using this tool, we found that splenic and bone marrow PC numbers remained constant over-time with the decay in genetically labeled PCs being compensated by unlabeled PCs, supporting homeostatic population turnover in these tissues. The JchaincreERT2 tool paves the way for an in-depth mechanistic understanding of PC biology and pathology in vivo, in their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Qi Xu
- Immunity and Cancer, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rita R Barbosa
- Immunity and Cancer, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Dinis Pedro Calado
- Immunity and Cancer, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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31
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Lymph Node Stromal Cells: Mapmakers of T Cell Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207785. [PMID: 33096748 PMCID: PMC7588999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells (SCs) are strategically positioned in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs to provide a scaffold and orchestrate immunity by modulating immune cell maturation, migration and activation. Recent characterizations of SCs have expanded our understanding of their heterogeneity and suggested a functional specialization of distinct SC subsets, further modulated by the microenvironment. Lymph node SCs (LNSCs) have been shown to be particularly important in maintaining immune homeostasis and T cell tolerance. Under inflammation situations, such as viral infections or tumor development, SCs undergo profound changes in their numbers and phenotype and play important roles in contributing to either the activation or the control of T cell immunity. In this review, we highlight the role of SCs located in LNs in shaping peripheral T cell responses in different immune contexts, such as autoimmunity, viral and cancer immunity.
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32
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Alterauge D, Bagnoli JW, Dahlström F, Bradford BM, Mabbott NA, Buch T, Enard W, Baumjohann D. Continued Bcl6 Expression Prevents the Transdifferentiation of Established Tfh Cells into Th1 Cells during Acute Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108232. [PMID: 33027650 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are crucial for the establishment of germinal centers (GCs) and potent antibody responses. Nevertheless, the T cell-intrinsic factors that are required for the maintenance of already-established Tfh cells and GCs remain largely unknown. Here, we use temporally guided gene ablation in CD4+ T cells to dissect the contributions of the Tfh-associated chemokine receptor CXCR5 and the transcription factor Bcl6. Induced ablation of Cxcr5 has minor effects on the function of established Tfh cells, and Cxcr5-ablated cells still exhibit most of the features of CXCR5+ Tfh cells. In contrast, continued Bcl6 expression is critical to maintain the GC Tfh cell phenotype and also the GC reaction. Importantly, Bcl6 ablation during acute viral infection results in the transdifferentiation of established Tfh into Th1 cells, thus highlighting the plasticity of Tfh cells. These findings have implications for strategies that boost or restrain Tfh cells and GCs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Alterauge
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Johannes W Bagnoli
- Anthropology & Human Genomics, Department of Biology II, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Frank Dahlström
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Barry M Bradford
- The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Wagistr. 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Anthropology & Human Genomics, Department of Biology II, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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33
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Ma Y, Zhang S, Jin Z, Shi M. Lipid-mediated regulation of the cancer-immune crosstalk. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105131. [PMID: 32810628 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Besides acting as principle cellular building blocks and energy reservoirs, lipids also carry important signals associated with many fundamental cell biological processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, stress responses and cell demise. Hyperactive lipid metabolism is closely associated with cancer progression and unfavorable outcomes. The underlying mechanisms are being gradually deciphered. In this review, we aim to summarize recent advances on how reprogrammed lipid metabolism and accompanying signaling cascades directly modulate cancer cells, as well as influencing stromal cells and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. For future studies, special attention should be paid to lipid-mediated crosstalk among cancer cells, their neighboring stromal cells, and immune cells, plus how these multi-level communications determine anti-tumor immunity and bring novel immunotherapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ma
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shuqing Zhang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziqi Jin
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minxin Shi
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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34
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Janssen E, Tohme M, Butts J, Giguere S, Sage PT, Velázquez FE, Kam C, Milin E, Das M, Sobh A, Al-Tamemi S, Luscinskas FW, Batista F, Geha RS. DOCK8 is essential for LFA-1-dependent positioning of T follicular helper cells in germinal centers. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134508. [PMID: 32573493 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cell migration into germinal centers (GCs) is essential for the generation of GC B cells and antibody responses to T cell-dependent (TD) antigens. This process requires interactions between lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) on Tfh cells and ICAMs on B cells. The mechanisms underlying defective antibody responses to TD antigens in DOCK8 deficiency are incompletely understood. We show that mice selectively lacking DOCK8 in T cells had impaired IgG antibody responses to TD antigens, decreased GC size, and reduced numbers of GC B cells. However, they developed normal numbers of Tfh cells with intact capacity for driving B cell differentiation into a GC phenotype in vitro. Notably, migration of DOCK8-deficient T cells into GCs was defective. Following T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 ligation, DOCK8-deficient T cells had impaired LFA-1 activation and reduced binding to ICAM-1. Our results therefore indicate that DOCK8 is important for LFA-1-dependent positioning of Tfh cells in GCs, and thereby the generation of GC B cells and IgG antibody responses to TD antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Janssen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mira Tohme
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jordan Butts
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sophie Giguere
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter T Sage
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francisco E Velázquez
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christy Kam
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena Milin
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Das
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ali Sobh
- Department of Pediatrics, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Francis W Luscinskas
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Facundo Batista
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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Yang YM, Kuen DS, Chung Y, Kurose H, Kim SG. Gα 12/13 signaling in metabolic diseases. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:896-910. [PMID: 32576930 PMCID: PMC7338450 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the key governors of diverse physiological processes, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have drawn attention as primary targets for several diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Heterotrimeric G proteins converge signals from ~800 members of the GPCR family. Among the members of the G protein α family, the Gα12 family members comprising Gα12 and Gα13 have been referred to as gep oncogenes. Gα12/13 levels are altered in metabolic organs, including the liver and muscles, in metabolic diseases. The roles of Gα12/13 in metabolic diseases have been investigated. In this review, we highlight findings demonstrating Gα12/13 amplifying or dampening regulators of phenotype changes. We discuss the molecular basis of G protein biology in the context of posttranslational modifications to heterotrimeric G proteins and the cell signaling axis. We also highlight findings providing insights into the organ-specific, metabolic and pathological roles of G proteins in changes associated with specific cells, energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, liver fibrosis and the immune and cardiovascular systems. This review summarizes the currently available knowledge on the importance of Gα12/13 in the physiology and pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, which is presented according to the basic understanding of their metabolic actions and underlying cellular and molecular bases. Understanding the activities of two members of a vital category of proteins called G proteins, which initiate metabolic changes when signaling molecules bind to cells, could lead to new therapies for many diseases. Researchers in South Korea and Japan, led by Sang Geon Kim at Seoul National University, review the significance of the Gα12 and Gα13 proteins in diseases characterised by significant changes in metabolism, including liver conditions and disorders of the cardiovascular and immune systems. Specific roles for the proteins have been identified by a variety of methods, including studying the effect of disabling the genes that code for them in mice. Recent insights suggest that drugs interfering with the activity of these Gα proteins might help treat many conditions in which the molecular signalling networks involving the proteins are disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Mee Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Da-Sol Kuen
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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36
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Abstract
The signaling lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) plays critical roles in an immune response. Drugs targeting S1P signaling have been remarkably successful in treatment of multiple sclerosis, and they have shown promise in clinical trials for colitis and psoriasis. One mechanism of these drugs is to block lymphocyte exit from lymph nodes, where lymphocytes are initially activated, into circulation, from which lymphocytes can reach sites of inflammation. Indeed, S1P can be considered a circulation marker, signaling to immune cells to help them find blood and lymphatic vessels, and to endothelial cells to stabilize the vasculature. That said, S1P plays pleiotropic roles in the immune response, and it will be important to build an integrated view of how S1P shapes inflammation. S1P can function so effectively because its distribution is exquisitely tightly controlled. Here we review how S1P gradients regulate immune cell exit from tissues, with particular attention to key outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey A.L. Baeyens
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;,
| | - Susan R. Schwab
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;,
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37
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Silva-Cayetano A, Linterman MA. Stromal cell control of conventional and ectopic germinal centre reactions. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 64:26-33. [PMID: 32325390 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The germinal centre (GC) is a specialized cellular structure that forms in response to antigenic stimulation. It generates long-term humoral immunity through the production of memory B cells and long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells. Conventional GCs form within secondary lymphoid organs, where networks of specialised stromal cells that form during embryogenesis act as the stage upon which the various GC immune cell players are brought together, nurtured and co-ordinated to generate a productive response. In non-lymphoid organs, ectopic GCs can form in response to persistent antigenic and inflammatory stimuli. Unlike secondary lymphoid tissues, non-lymphoid organs do not have a developmentally programmed stromal cell network capable of supporting the germinal centre reaction; therefore, the local tissue stroma must be remodelled by inflammatory stimuli in order to host a GC reaction. These ectopic GCs produce memory B cells and plasma cells that form a critical component of the humoral immune response.
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38
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Dixit D, Okuniewska M, Schwab SR. Secrets and lyase: Control of sphingosine 1-phosphate distribution. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:173-185. [PMID: 30977198 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The signaling lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) plays key roles in many physiological processes. In the immune system, S1P's best-described function is to draw cells out of tissues into circulation. Here, we will review models of S1P distribution in the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and nonlymphoid tissues. These models have been challenging to construct, because of the lack of tools to map lipid gradients. Nonetheless, evidence to date suggests that S1P distribution is exquisitely tightly controlled, and that concentrations of signaling-available S1P cannot be predicted by standard rules of thumb. The fine regulation of S1P gradients may explain how S1P can simultaneously direct multiple cell movements both between tissues and circulation and within tissues. It may also make it feasible to develop drugs that enable spatially specific modulation of S1P signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval Dixit
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Martyna Okuniewska
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Susan R Schwab
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York
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39
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Druggable Sphingolipid Pathways: Experimental Models and Clinical Opportunities. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:101-135. [PMID: 32894509 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intensive research in the field of sphingolipids has revealed diverse roles in cell biological responses and human health and disease. This immense molecular family is primarily represented by the bioactive molecules ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). The flux of sphingolipid metabolism at both the subcellular and extracellular levels provides multiple opportunities for pharmacological intervention. The caveat is that perturbation of any single node of this highly regulated flux may have effects that propagate throughout the metabolic network in a dramatic and sometimes unexpected manner. Beginning with S1P, the receptors for which have thus far been the most clinically tractable pharmacological targets, this review will describe recent advances in therapeutic modulators targeting sphingolipids, their chaperones, transporters, and metabolic enzymes.
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40
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Biram A, Davidzohn N, Shulman Z. T cell interactions with B cells during germinal center formation, a three-step model. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:37-48. [PMID: 30874355 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of effective immunity against invading microbes depends on continuous generation of antibodies that facilitate pathogen clearance. Long-lived plasma cells with the capacity to produce high affinity antibodies evolve in germinal centers (GCs), where B cells undergo somatic hypermutation and are subjected to affinity-based selection. Here, we focus on the cellular interactions that take place early in the antibody immune response during GC colonization. Clones bearing B-cell receptors with different affinities and specificities compete for entry to the GC, at the boundary between the B-cell and T-cell zones in lymphoid organs. During this process, B cells compete for interactions with T follicular helper cells, which provide selection signals required for differentiation into GC cells and antibody secreting cells. These cellular engagements are long-lasting and depend on activation of adhesion molecules that support persistent interactions and promote transmission of signals between the cells. Here, we discuss how interactions between cognate T and B cells are primarily maintained by three types of molecular interactions: homophilic signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) interactions, T-cell receptor: peptide-loaded major histocompatibility class II (pMHCII), and LFA-1:ICAMs. These essential components support a three-step process that controls clonal selection for entry into the antibody affinity maturation response in the GC, and establishment of long-lasting antibody-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Natalia Davidzohn
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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41
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Song W, Craft J. T follicular helper cell heterogeneity: Time, space, and function. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:85-96. [PMID: 30874350 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a crucial role in orchestrating the humoral arm of adaptive immune responses. Mature Tfh cells localize to follicles in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) where they provide help to B cells in germinal centers (GCs) to facilitate immunoglobulin affinity maturation, class-switch recombination, and generation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. Beyond the canonical GC Tfh cells, it has been increasingly appreciated that the Tfh phenotype is highly diverse and dynamic. As naive CD4+ T cells progressively differentiate into Tfh cells, they migrate through a variety of microanatomical locations to obtain signals from other cell types, which in turn alters their phenotypic and functional profiles. We herein review the heterogeneity of Tfh cells marked by the dynamic phenotypic changes accompanying their developmental program. Focusing on the various locations where Tfh and Tfh-like cells are found, we highlight their diverse states of differentiation. Recognition of Tfh cell heterogeneity has important implications for understanding the nature of T helper cell identity specification, especially the plasticity of the Tfh cells and their ontogeny as related to conventional T helper subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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42
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Mastelic-Gavillet B, Vono M, Gonzalez-Dias P, Ferreira FM, Cardozo L, Lambert PH, Nakaya HI, Siegrist CA. Neonatal T Follicular Helper Cells Are Lodged in a Pre-T Follicular Helper Stage Favoring Innate Over Adaptive Germinal Center Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1845. [PMID: 31456798 PMCID: PMC6700230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells have emerged as a critical limiting factor for controlling the magnitude of neonatal germinal center (GC) reactions and primary vaccine antibody responses. We compared the functional attributes of neonatal and adult Tfh cells at the transcriptomic level and demonstrated that the Tfh cell program is well-initiated in neonates although the Tfh gene-expression pattern (i.e., CXCR5, IL-21, BCL6, TBK1, STAT4, ASCL2, and c-MAF) is largely underrepresented as compared to adult Tfh cells. Importantly, we identified a TH2-bias of neonatal Tfh cells, with preferential differentiation toward short-lived pre-Tfh effector cells. Remarkably, adjuvantation with CpG-ODNs redirect neonatal pre-Tfh cells toward committed GC-Tfh cells, as illustrated by increased expression of Tfh signature genes and reduced expression of TH2-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatris Mastelic-Gavillet
- Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Vono
- Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrícia Gonzalez-Dias
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico Moraes Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Medicine, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Cardozo
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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43
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Laidlaw BJ, Gray EE, Zhang Y, Ramírez-Valle F, Cyster JG. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 restrains egress of γδ T cells from the skin. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1487-1496. [PMID: 31160320 PMCID: PMC6605748 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of a population of IL-17-committed γδ T cells in the dermis is important in promoting tissue immunity. However, the signals facilitating γδ T cell retention within the dermis remain poorly understood. Here, we find that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) acts in a cell-intrinsic manner to oppose γδ T cell migration from the dermis to the skin draining lymph node (dLN). Migration of dermal γδ T cells to the dLN under steady-state conditions occurs in an S1PR1-dependent manner. S1PR1 and CD69 are reciprocally expressed on dermal γδ T cells, with loss of CD69 associated with increased S1PR1 expression and enhanced migration to the dLN. γδ T cells lacking both S1PR2 and CD69 are impaired in their maintenance within the dermis. These findings provide a mechanism for how IL-17+ γδ T cells establish residence within the dermis and identify a role for S1PR2 in restraining the egress of tissue-resident lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Laidlaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Elizabeth E Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Francisco Ramírez-Valle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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44
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Ngo VN, Müschen M. Chemical choreography of germinal center B-cell migration. Cell Res 2019; 29:514-515. [PMID: 31024167 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-019-0170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vu N Ngo
- Department of Systems Biology and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Systems Biology and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA.
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45
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Pivotal role for α V integrins in sustained Tfh support of the germinal center response for long-lived plasma cell generation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4462-4470. [PMID: 30770452 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809329116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ follicular helper T cells (Tfh) are essential for germinal center (GC) reactions in the lymph node that generate high-affinity, long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). Temporal GC analysis suggests B memory cells (Bmem) are generated early, while LLPCs are generated late in the GC reaction. Distinct roles for Tfh at these temporally different stages are not yet clear. Tfh entry into the GC is highly dynamic and the signals that maintain Tfh within the GC for support of late LLPC production are poorly understood. The GC is marked by inflammation-induced presentation of specific ECM components. To determine if T cell recognition of these ECM components played a role in Tfh support of the GC, we immunized mice with a T cell-restricted deletion of the ECM-binding integrin αV (αV-CD4 cKO). T cell integrin αV deletion led to a striking defect in the number and size of the GCs following immunization with OVA protein in complete Freund's adjuvant. The GC defect was not due to integrin αV deficiency impeding Tfh generation or follicle entry or the ability of αV-CD4 cKO Tfh to contact and support B cell activation. Instead, integrin αV was essential for T cell-intrinsic accumulation within the GC. Altered Tfh positioning resulted in lower-affinity antibodies and a dramatic loss of LLPCs. Influenza A infection revealed that αV integrin was not required for Tfh support of Bmem but was essential for Tfh support of LLPCs. We highlight an αV integrin-ECM-guided mechanism of Tfh GC accumulation that selectively impacts GC output of LLPCs but not Bmem.
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46
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Inoue T, Moran I, Shinnakasu R, Phan TG, Kurosaki T. Generation of memory B cells and their reactivation. Immunol Rev 2019; 283:138-149. [PMID: 29664566 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The successful establishment of humoral memory response depends on at least two layers of defense. Pre-existing protective antibodies secreted by long-lived plasma cells act as a first line of defense against reinfection ("constitutive humoral memory"). Previously, a second line of defense in which pathogen-experienced memory B cells are rapidly reactivated to produce antibodies ("reactive humoral memory"), was considered as simply a back-up system for the first line (particularly for re-infection with homologous viruses). However, in the case of re-infection with similar but different strains of viruses, or in response to viral escape mutants, the reactive humoral memory plays a crucial role. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of how memory B cells are generated in the pre-GC stage and during the GC reaction, and how these memory B cells are robustly reactivated with the help of memory Tfh cells to generate the secondary antibody response. In addition, we discuss how these advances may be relevant to the quest for a vaccine that can induce broadly reactive antibodies against influenza and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Imogen Moran
- Intravital Microscopy Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryo Shinnakasu
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Intravital Microscopy Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
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47
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GU Q, HOU JC, FANG XM. S1PR2 deficiency enhances neuropathic pain induced by partial sciatic nerve ligation. Turk J Med Sci 2019; 49:412-421. [PMID: 30761838 PMCID: PMC7350866 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1710-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), a member of the seven-transmembrane receptor family, can be activated by its natural ligand sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) to initiate signal transduction and is involved in a wide range of biological effects such as immune cell migration and vascular permeability. Its relationship with neuropathic pain (NP) has not been reported. In this study, the effects of S1PR2 on the development of NP were studied. Materials and methods We generated a model of NP by partial sciatic nerve ligation (pSNL). The 50% paw withdrawal threshold of the wild-type (WT) group and the S1PR2 deficiency group were measured at several time points after surgery. The inflammatory factor levels of the two groups were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Neutrophil infiltration and glial cell activation were detected by immunofluorescence. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and its substrate myelin basic protein (MBP) were measured by RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence.Result: The S1PR2 deficiency group showed a reduction in 50% paw withdrawal threshold compared with WT mice (P < 0.05) at 3 days after the operation. In the ligated sciatic nerve of the S1PR2 deficiency group, the mRNA expression of IL-1β was increased; the numbers of infiltrating neutrophils and activated astrocytes were also increased. The expression of MMP9 was elevated while MBP was decreased. Conclusion S1PR2 deficiency could increase the pain sensitivity of a NP mouse model and promote the development of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang GU
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, HangzhouP.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, NantongP.R. China
| | - Jin-Chao HOU
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, HangzhouP.R. China
| | - Xiang-Ming FANG
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, HangzhouP.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, HangzhouP.R. China
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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48
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Faliti CE, Gualtierotti R, Rottoli E, Gerosa M, Perruzza L, Romagnani A, Pellegrini G, De Ponte Conti B, Rossi RL, Idzko M, Mazza EMC, Bicciato S, Traggiai E, Meroni PL, Grassi F. P2X7 receptor restrains pathogenic Tfh cell generation in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 2019; 216:317-336. [PMID: 30655308 PMCID: PMC6363434 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cells promote the generation of protective antibodies, but can also foster pathogenic antibodies. The ATP-gated P2X7 receptor selectively limits the expansion of Tfh cells that amplify self-reactive antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Altered control of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells can lead to generation of autoantibodies and autoimmune manifestations. Signaling pathways that selectively limit pathogenic responses without affecting the protective function of Tfh cells are unknown. Here we show that the ATP-gated ionotropic P2X7 receptor restricts the expansion of aberrant Tfh cells and the generation of self-reactive antibodies in experimental murine lupus, but its activity is dispensable for the expansion of antigen-specific Tfh cells during vaccination. P2X7 stimulation promotes caspase-mediated pyroptosis of Tfh cells and controls the development of pathogenic ICOS+ IFN-γ–secreting cells. Circulating Tfh cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but not primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS), a nonlupus systemic autoimmune disease, were hyporesponsive to P2X7 stimulation and resistant to P2X7-mediated inhibition of cytokine-driven expansion. These data point to the P2X7 receptor as a checkpoint regulator of Tfh cells; thus, restoring P2X7 activity in SLE patients could selectively limit the progressive amplification of pathogenic autoantibodies, which deteriorate patients’ conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina E Faliti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Gualtierotti
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Lupus Clinic, IASST-Istituto Gaetano Pini, Milan, Italy
| | - Elsa Rottoli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Gerosa
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Lupus Clinic, IASST-Istituto Gaetano Pini, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Perruzza
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Romagnani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benedetta De Ponte Conti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo L Rossi
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Idzko
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilia M C Mazza
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Pier Luigi Meroni
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy .,Lupus Clinic, IASST-Istituto Gaetano Pini, Milan, Italy.,Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland .,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Milan, Italy
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Stebegg M, Kumar SD, Silva-Cayetano A, Fonseca VR, Linterman MA, Graca L. Regulation of the Germinal Center Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2469. [PMID: 30410492 PMCID: PMC6209676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is a specialized microstructure that forms in secondary lymphoid tissues, producing long-lived antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells, which can provide protection against reinfection. Within the GC, B cells undergo somatic mutation of the genes encoding their B cell receptors which, following successful selection, can lead to the emergence of B cell clones that bind antigen with high affinity. However, this mutation process can also be dangerous, as it can create autoreactive clones that can cause autoimmunity. Because of this, regulation of GC reactions is critical to ensure high affinity antibody production and to enforce self-tolerance by avoiding emergence of autoreactive B cell clones. A productive GC response requires the collaboration of multiple cell types. The stromal cell network orchestrates GC cell dynamics by controlling antigen delivery and cell trafficking. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide specialized help to GC B cells through cognate T-B cell interactions while Foxp3+ T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are key mediators of GC regulation. However, regulation of GC responses is not a simple outcome of Tfh/Tfr balance, but also involves the contribution of other cell types to modulate the GC microenvironment and to avoid autoimmunity. Thus, the regulation of the GC is complex, and occurs at multiple levels. In this review we outline recent developments in the biology of cell subsets involved in the regulation of GC reactions, in both secondary lymphoid tissues, and Peyer's patches (PPs). We discuss the mechanisms which enable the generation of potent protective humoral immunity whilst GC-derived autoimmunity is avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saumya D Kumar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Valter R Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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Poultsidi A, Dimopoulos Y, He TF, Chavakis T, Saloustros E, Lee PP, Petrovas C. Lymph Node Cellular Dynamics in Cancer and HIV: What Can We Learn for the Follicular CD4 (Tfh) Cells? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2233. [PMID: 30319664 PMCID: PMC6170630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are central in the generation of adaptive immune responses. Follicular helper CD4 T (Tfh) cells, a highly differentiated CD4 population, provide critical help for the development of antigen-specific B cell responses within the germinal center. Throughout the past decade, numerous studies have revealed the important role of Tfh cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pathogenesis as well as in the development of neutralizing antibodies post-infection and post-vaccination. It has also been established that tumors influence various immune cell subsets not only in their proximity, but also in draining lymph nodes. The role of local or tumor associated lymph node Tfh cells in disease progression is emerging. Comparative studies of Tfh cells in chronic infections and cancer could therefore provide novel information with regards to their differentiation plasticity and to the mechanisms regulating their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Poultsidi
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Yiannis Dimopoulos
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ting-Fang He
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Saloustros
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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