NCKAP1L defects lead to a novel syndrome combining immunodeficiency, lymphoproliferation, and hyperinflammation

Identification of key biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in hypertension with carotid atherosclerosis based on WGCNA and the LASSO algorithm

Background

Endothelial dysfunction is the early stage of carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) in patients with hypertension. It is worth identifying the potential hub genes of endothelial dysfunction to elucidate pathological mechanism in the progression of the disease.

Method

We obtained gene expression profiles of GSE43292 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Hub genes associated with CAS were identified through weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. Subsequently, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed to explore potential biological mechanisms and signaling pathways. Finally, in vitro experiments on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were conducted to validate these hub genes.

Results

The microarray dataset GSE43292 included 32 CAS plaques samples and corresponding macroscopically intact tissues from patients with hypertension. A total of 161 differentially expressed genes were discovered. Through WGCNA analysis, the gray60 module emerged as the most significant module associated with clinical features. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of genes in the gray60 module highlighted the substantial involvement of immune response-related signaling pathways. Two key hub genes (CCR1 and NCKAP1L) were pinpointed via LASSO regression. We found a significant increase in the mRNA expression level of the hub genes in oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) treated HUVECs.

Conclusions

Our study indicated that the hub genes related to immune responses are involved in the development of CAS. Two hub genes (CCR1 and NCKAP1L) of endothelial dysfunction were identified. These genes may provide a valuable therapeutic target of CAS in patients with hypertension.

Potential predictive value of immune-related genes FUCA1 and NCKAP1L for osteosarcoma metastasis

BACKGROUND

Osteosarcoma is a common malignant tumor with a low survival rate after metastasis. Current treatments have not proven to effectively increase patient survival rates. Immunotherapy is a promising new treatment approach, however, immune target therapy has not shown satisfactory results. This study aims to provide new insights and evidence for the use of immunotherapy in osteosarcoma, based on a comprehensive analysis of gene expression data from databases.

METHODS

Gene expression and GSAV analysis were conducted on samples from patients with metastatic and non-metastatic osteosarcoma in the TARGET and GEO databases to identify relevant genes. These genes were further analyzed using GO, KEGG, GSVA, correlation analysis, and immune microenvironment scoring techniques. The tissue location of gene expression was confirmed through single-cell analysis. Validation of gene expression patterns was performed using polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

The study identified FUCA1 and NCKAP1L as significantly enriched in non-metastatic osteosarcoma, with higher expression associated with better patient survival rates. Gene function enrichment was primarily related to immune functions, with positive correlations to macrophage phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and macrophage polarization pathways. Analysis of the immune microenvironment revealed a positive correlation between gene expression and immune scores, with increased presence of macrophages, T cells, and B cells in the high expression group. Single-cell analysis and experimental results confirmed the enrichment of FUCA1 and NCKAP1L in macrophages.

CONCLUSION

The identification of FUCA1 and NCKAP1L as potential prognostic biomarkers suggests their potential for improving patient outcomes. Modulation of macrophages may offer a promising strategy for enhancing the immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma.

Coordinated ARP2/3 and glycolytic activities regulate the morphological and functional fitness of human CD8+ T cells

Actin cytoskeleton remodeling sustains the ability of cytotoxic T cells to search for target cells and eliminate them. We here investigated the relationship between energetic status, actin remodeling, and functional fitness in human CD8+ effector T cells. Cell spreading during migration or immunological synapse assembly mirrored cytotoxic activity. Morphological and functional fitness were boosted by interleukin-2 (IL-2), which also stimulated the transcription of glycolytic enzymes, actin isoforms, and actin-related protein (ARP)2/3 complex subunits. This molecular program scaled with F-actin content and cell spreading. Inhibiting glycolysis impaired F-actin remodeling at the lamellipodium, chemokine-driven motility, and adhesion, while mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation blockade impacted cell elongation during confined migration. The severe morphological and functional defects of ARPC1B-deficient T cells were only partially corrected by IL-2, emphasizing ARP2/3-mediated actin polymerization as a crucial energy state integrator. The study therefore underscores the tight coordination between metabolic and actin remodeling programs to sustain the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells.

GS-TCGA: Gene Set-Based Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas

Most tools for analyzing large gene expression datasets, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), have focused on analyzing the expression of individual genes or inference of the abundance of specific cell types from whole transcriptome information. While these methods provide useful insights, they can overlook crucial process-based information that may enhance our understanding of cancer biology. In this study, we describe three novel tools incorporated into an online resource; gene set-based analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (GS-TCGA). GS-TCGA is designed to enable user-friendly exploration of TCGA data using gene set-based analysis, leveraging gene sets from the Molecular Signatures Database. GS-TCGA includes three unique tools: GS-Surv determines the association between the expression of gene sets and survival in human cancers. Co-correlative gene set enrichment analysis (CC-GSEA) utilizes interpatient heterogeneity in cancer gene expression to infer functions of specific genes based on GSEA of coregulated genes in TCGA. GS-Corr utilizes interpatient heterogeneity in cancer gene expression profiles to identify genes coregulated with the expression of specific gene sets in TCGA. Users are also able to upload custom gene sets for analysis with each tool. These tools empower researchers to perform survival analysis linked to gene set expression, explore the functional implications of gene coexpression, and identify potential gene regulatory mechanisms.

Non-invasive modulation of meningeal lymphatics ameliorates ageing and Alzheimer's disease-associated pathology and cognition in mice

Meningeal lymphatic vessels (mLVs) have been shown to be involved in amyloid beta (Aβ) clearance, which is considered as a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, based on the superficial spatial distribution of mLVs, a near-infrared light is employed to modulate lymphatic drainage, significantly improving cognition of both aged and AD (5xFAD and APP/PS1) mice, and alleviating AD-associated pathology by reducing Aβ deposition, neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy imaging and RNA sequencing data indicate amelioration of mitochondrial metabolism and cellular junction of meningeal lymphatic endothelial cells (mLECs) by light modulation. These studies collectively suggest that near-infrared light treatment can improve cognitive function by strengthening scavenging ability of mLVs through restoring mLEC function. In conclusion, lymphatic drainage potentiation by light promotes pathological remission and cognitive enhancement in aging and AD mouse models, which offers a potential amelioration strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.

HIV-1 Mediated Cortical Actin Disruption Mirrors ARP2/3 Defects Found in Primary T Cell Immunodeficiencies

During cell movement, cortical actin balances mechanical and osmotic forces to maintain cell function while providing the scaffold for cell shape. Migrating CD4+ T cells have a polarized structure with a leading edge containing dynamic branched and linear F-actin structures that bridge intracellular components to surface adhesion molecules. These actin structures are complemented with a microtubular network beaded with membrane bound organelles in the trailing uropod. Disruption of actin structures leads to dysregulated migration and changes in morphology of affected cells. In HIV-1 infection, CD4+ T cells have dysregulated movement. However, the precise mechanisms by which HIV-1 affects CD4+ T cell movement are unknown. Here, we show that HIV-1 infection of primary CD4+ T cells causes at least four progressive morphological differences as a result of virally induced cortical cytoskeleton disruption, shown by ultrastructural and time lapse imaging. Infection with a ΔNef virus partially abrogated the dysfunctional phenotype in infected cells and partially restored a wild-type shape. The pathological morphologies after HIV-1 infection phenocopy leukocytes which contain genetic determinants of specific T cell Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) or Primary Immunodeficiencies (PID) that affect the actin cytoskeleton. To identify potential actin regulatory pathways that may be linked to the morphological deformities, uninfected CD4+ T cell morphology was characterized following addition of small molecule chemical inhibitors. The ARP2/3 inhibitor CK-666 recapitulated three of the four abnormal morphologies we observed in HIV-1 infected cells. Restoring ARP2/3 function and cortical actin integrity in people living with HIV-1 infection is a new avenue of investigation to eradicate HIV-1 infected cells from the body.

HLH as an additional warning sign of inborn errors of immunity beyond familial-HLH in children: a systematic review

Background

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and life-threatening condition characterized by a severe impairment of the immune homeostasis. While Familial-HLH (FHL) is a known cause, the involvement of other Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) in pediatric-HLH remains understudied.

Objective

This systematic review aimed to assess the clinical features, triggers, laboratory data, treatment, and outcomes of pediatric HLH patients with IEI other than FHL (IEInotFHL), emphasizing the importance of accurate identification and management.

Methods

A systematic search for studies meeting inclusion criteria was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central. Quality assessment was performed through JBI criteria.

Results

A comprehensive search yielded 108 records meeting inclusion criteria, involving 178 patients. We identified 46 different IEI according to IUIS 2022 Classification. Combined immunodeficiencies, immune dysregulation disorders, and phagocyte defects were the IEI most frequently associated with HLH. In 75% of cases, HLH preceded the IEI diagnosis, often with an unrecognized history of severe infections. Triggers reflected the specific infection susceptibilities within IEI groups. Liver and central nervous system involvement were less common than in FHL cases. Treatment approaches and outcomes varied, with limited long-term follow-up data, limiting the assessment of therapeutic efficacy across IEI groups.

Conclusion

A comprehensive evaluation encompassing immunological, infectious, and genetic aspects is essential in pediatric-HLH. Relying solely on FHL or EBV susceptibility disorders tests is insufficient, as diverse other IEI can contribute to HLH. Early recognition of HLH as a potential warning sign can guide timely diagnostic investigations and facilitate tailored therapeutic interventions for improved outcomes.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=371425, PROSPERO, CRD42022371425.

Atopic manifestations of inborn errors of immunity

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Allergy and atopic features are now well recognized manifestations of many inborn errors of immunity (IEI), and indeed may be the hallmark in some, such as DOCK8 deficiency. In this review, we describe the current IEI associated with atopy, using a comprehensive literature search and updates from the IUIS highlighting clinical clues for underlying IEI such as very early onset of atopic disease or treatment resistance to enable early and accurate genetic diagnosis.

RECENT FINDINGS

We focus on recently described genes, their categories of pathogenic mechanisms and the expanding range of potential therapies.

SUMMARY

We highlight in this review that patients with very early onset or treatment resistant atopic disorders should be investigated for an IEI, as targeted and effective therapies exist. Early and accurate genetic diagnosis is crucial in this cohort to reduce the burden of disease and mortality.

[Monogenic auto-inflammatory diseases associated with actinopathies: A review of the literature]

Auto-inflammatory diseases (AIDs) are diseases resulting from an inappropriate activation of innate immunity in the absence of any infection. The field of monogenic AIDs is constantly expanding, with the discovery of new pathologies and pathophysiological mechanisms thanks to pangenomic sequencing. Actinopathies with auto-inflammatory manifestations are a new emerging group of AIDs, linked to defects in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton dynamics. These diseases most often begin in the neonatal period and combine to varying degrees a more or less severe primary immune deficiency, cytopenias (especially thrombocytopenia), auto-inflammatory manifestations (especially cutaneous and digestive), atopic and auto-immune manifestations. The diagnosis is to be evoked essentially in front of a cutaneous-digestive auto-inflammation picture of early onset, associated with a primary immune deficiency and thrombocytopenia or a tendency to bleed. Some of these diseases have specificities, including a risk of macrophagic activation syndrome or a tendency to atopy or lymphoproliferation. We propose here a review of the literature on these new diseases, with a proposal for a practical approach according to the main associated biological abnormalities and some clinical particularities. However, the diagnosis remains genetic, and several differential diagnoses must be considered. The pathophysiology of these diseases is not yet fully elucidated, and studies are needed to better clarify the inherent mechanisms that can guide the choice of therapies. In most cases, the severity of the picture indicates allogeneic marrow transplantation.

Systematic identification of gene combinations to target in innate immune cells to enhance T cell activation

Genetic engineering of immune cells has opened new avenues for improving their functionality but it remains a challenge to pinpoint which genes or combination of genes are the most beneficial to target. Here, we conduct High Multiplicity of Perturbations and Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes (HMPCITE-seq) to find combinations of genes whose joint targeting improves antigen-presenting cell activity and enhances their ability to activate T cells. Specifically, we perform two genome-wide CRISPR screens in bone marrow dendritic cells and identify negative regulators of CD86, that participate in the co-stimulation programs, including Chd4, Stat5b, Egr2, Med12, and positive regulators of PD-L1, that participate in the co-inhibitory programs, including Sptlc2, Nckap1l, and Pi4kb. To identify the genetic interactions between top-ranked genes and find superior combinations to target, we perform high-order Perturb-Seq experiments and we show that targeting both Cebpb and Med12 results in a better phenotype compared to the single perturbations or other combinations of perturbations.

A History and Atlas of the Human CD4+ T Helper Cell

CD4+ T cells have orchestrated and regulated immunity since the introduction of jawed vertebrates, yet our understanding of CD4+ T cell evolution, development, and cellular physiology has only begun to be unearthed in the past few decades. Discoveries of genetic diseases that ablate this cellular population have provided insight into their critical functions while transcriptomics, proteomics, and high-resolution microscopy have recently revealed new insights into CD4+ T cell anatomy and physiology. This article compiles historical, microscopic, and multi-omics data that can be used as a reference atlas and index to dissect cellular physiology within these influential cells and further understand pathologies like HIV infection that inflict human CD4+ T cells.

SpiderLearner: An ensemble approach to Gaussian graphical model estimation

Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) are a popular form of network model in which nodes represent features in multivariate normal data and edges reflect conditional dependencies between these features. GGM estimation is an active area of research. Currently available tools for GGM estimation require investigators to make several choices regarding algorithms, scoring criteria, and tuning parameters. An estimated GGM may be highly sensitive to these choices, and the accuracy of each method can vary based on structural characteristics of the network such as topology, degree distribution, and density. Because these characteristics are a priori unknown, it is not straightforward to establish universal guidelines for choosing a GGM estimation method. We address this problem by introducing SpiderLearner, an ensemble method that constructs a consensus network from multiple estimated GGMs. Given a set of candidate methods, SpiderLearner estimates the optimal convex combination of results from each method using a likelihood-based loss function.K $$ K $$ -fold cross-validation is applied in this process, reducing the risk of overfitting. In simulations, SpiderLearner performs better than or comparably to the best candidate methods according to a variety of metrics, including relative Frobenius norm and out-of-sample likelihood. We apply SpiderLearner to publicly available ovarian cancer gene expression data including 2013 participants from 13 diverse studies, demonstrating our tool's potential to identify biomarkers of complex disease. SpiderLearner is implemented as flexible, extensible, open-source code in the R package ensembleGGM at https://github.com/katehoffshutta/ensembleGGM.

Novel genetic variants associated with inhaled corticosteroid treatment response in older adults with asthma

INTRODUCTION

Older adults have the greatest burden of asthma and poorest outcomes. The pharmacogenetics of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment response is not well studied in older adults.

METHODS

A genome-wide association study of ICS response was performed in asthmatics of European ancestry in Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) by fitting Cox proportional hazards regression models, followed by validation in the Mass General Brigham (MGB) Biobank and Rotterdam Study. ICS response was measured using two definitions in asthmatics on ICS treatment: (1) absence of oral corticosteroid (OCS) bursts using prescription records and (2) absence of asthma-related exacerbations using diagnosis codes. A fixed-effect meta-analysis was performed for each outcome. The validated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were functionally annotated to standard databases.

RESULTS

In 5710 subjects in GERA, 676 subjects in MGB Biobank, and 465 subjects in the Rotterdam Study, four novel SNPs on chromosome six near PTCHD4 validated across all cohorts and met genome-wide significance on meta-analysis for the OCS burst outcome. In 4541 subjects in GERA and 505 subjects in MGB Biobank, 152 SNPs with p<5 × 10-5 were validated across these two cohorts for the asthma-related exacerbation outcome. The validated SNPs included methylation and expression quantitative trait loci for CPED1, CRADD and DST for the OCS burst outcome and GM2A, SNW1, CACNA1C, DPH1, and RPS10 for the asthma-related exacerbation outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

Multiple novel SNPs associated with ICS response were identified in older adult asthmatics. Several SNPs annotated to genes previously associated with asthma and other airway or allergic diseases, including PTCHD4.

Zebrafish: A Relevant Genetic Model for Human Primary Immunodeficiency (PID) Disorders?

Primary immunodeficiency (PID) disorders, also commonly referred to as inborn errors of immunity, are a heterogenous group of human genetic diseases characterized by defects in immune cell development and/or function. Since these disorders are generally uncommon and occur on a variable background profile of potential genetic and environmental modifiers, animal models are critical to provide mechanistic insights as well as to create platforms to underpin therapeutic development. This review aims to review the relevance of zebrafish as an alternative genetic model for PIDs. It provides an overview of the conservation of the zebrafish immune system and details specific examples of zebrafish models for a multitude of specific human PIDs across a range of distinct categories, including severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), combined immunodeficiency (CID), multi-system immunodeficiency, autoinflammatory disorders, neutropenia and defects in leucocyte mobility and respiratory burst. It also describes some of the diverse applications of these models, particularly in the fields of microbiology, immunology, regenerative biology and oncology.

The link between rheumatic disorders and inborn errors of immunity

Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) are immunological disorders characterized by variable susceptibility to infections, immune dysregulation and/or malignancies, as a consequence of damaging germline variants in single genes. Though initially identified among patients with unusual, severe or recurrent infections, non-infectious manifestations and especially immune dysregulation in the form of autoimmunity or autoinflammation can be the first or dominant phenotypic aspect of IEIs. An increasing number of IEIs causing autoimmunity or autoinflammation, including rheumatic disease have been reported over the last decade. Despite their rarity, identification of those disorders provided insight into the pathomechanisms of immune dysregulation, which may be relevant for understanding the pathogenesis of systemic rheumatic disorders. In this review, we present novel IEIs primarily causing autoimmunity or autoinflammation along with their pathogenic mechanisms. In addition, we explore the likely pathophysiological and clinical relevance of IEIs in systemic rheumatic disorders.

Deciphering actin remodelling in immune cells through the prism of actin-related inborn errors of immunity

Actin cytoskeleton remodelling drives cell motility, cell to cell contacts, as well as membrane and organelle dynamics. Those cellular activities operate at a particularly high pace in immune cells since these cells migrate through various tissues, interact with multiple cellular partners, ingest microorganisms and secrete effector molecules. The central and multifaceted role of actin cytoskeleton remodelling in sustaining immune cell tasks in humans is highlighted by rare inborn errors of immunity due to mutations in genes encoding proximal and distal actin regulators. In line with the specificity of some of the actin-based processes at work in immune cells, the expression of some of the affected genes, such as WAS, ARPC1B and HEM1 is restricted to the hematopoietic compartment. Exploration of these natural deficiencies highlights the fact that the molecular control of actin remodelling is tuned distinctly in the various subsets of myeloid and lymphoid immune cells and sustains different networks associated with a vast array of specialized tasks. Furthermore, defects in individual actin remodelling proteins are usually associated with partial cellular impairments highlighting the plasticity of actin cytoskeleton remodelling. This review covers the roles of disease-associated actin regulators in promoting the actin-based processes of immune cells. It focuses on the specific molecular function of those regulators across various immune cell subsets and in response to different stimuli. Given the fact that numerous immune-related actin defects have only been characterized recently, we further discuss the challenges lying ahead to decipher the underlying patho-mechanisms.

The hyperinflammatory spectrum: from defects in cytotoxicity to cytokine control

Cytotoxic lymphocytes kill target cells through polarized release of the content of cytotoxic granules towards the target cell. The importance of this cytotoxic pathway in immune regulation is evidenced by the severe and often fatal condition, known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) that occurs in mice and humans with inborn errors of lymphocyte cytotoxic function. The clinical and preclinical data indicate that the damage seen in severe, virally triggered HLH is due to an overwhelming immune system reaction and not the direct effects of the virus per se. The main HLH-disease mechanism, which links impaired cytotoxicity to excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is a prolongation of the synapse time between the cytotoxic effector cell and the target cell, which prompts the former to secrete larger amounts of cytokines (including interferon gamma) that activate macrophages. We and others have identified novel genetic HLH spectrum disorders. In the present update, we position these newly reported molecular causes, including CD48-haploinsufficiency and ZNFX1-deficiency, within the pathogenic pathways that lead to HLH. These genetic defects have consequences on the cellular level on a gradient model ranging from impaired lymphocyte cytotoxicity to intrinsic activation of macrophages and virally infected cells. Altogether, it is clear that target cells and macrophages may play an independent role and are not passive bystanders in the pathogenesis of HLH. Understanding these processes which lead to immune dysregulation may pave the way to novel ideas for medical intervention in HLH and virally triggered hypercytokinemia.

Extensive Adaptive Variation in Gene Expression within and between Closely Related Horseshoe Bats (Chiroptera, Rhinolophus) Revealed by Three Organs

In the process of species differentiation and adaption, the relative influence of natural selection on gene expression variation often remains unclear (especially its impact on phenotypic divergence). In this study, we used differentially expressed genes from brain, cochlea, and liver samples collected from two species of bats to determine the gene expression variation forced by natural selection when comparing at the interspecific (Rhinolophus siamensis and R. episcopus episcopus) and the intraspecific (R. e. episcopus and R. episcopus spp.) levels. In both cases, gene expression variation was extensively adaptive (>66.0%) and mainly governed by directional selection, followed by stabilizing selection, and finally balancing selection. The expression variation related to acoustic signals (resting frequency, RF) and body size (forearm length, FA) was also widely governed by natural selection (>69.1%). Different functional patterns of RF- or FA-related adaptive expression variation were found between the two comparisons, which manifested as abundant immune-related regulations between subspecies (indicating a relationship between immune response and phenotypic adaption). Our study verifies the extensive adaptive expression variation between both species and subspecies and provides insight into the effects of natural selection on species differentiation and adaptation as well as phenotypic divergence at the expression level.

Assessing the Role of Ancestral Fragments and Selection Signatures by Whole-Genome Scanning in Dehong Humped Cattle at the China-Myanmar Border

Dehong humped cattle are precious livestock resources of Yunnan Province, China; they have typical zebu traits. Here, we investigated their genetic characteristics using whole-genome resequencing data of Dehong humped animals (n = 18). When comparing our data with the publicly-available data, we found that Dehong humped cattle have high nucleotide diversity. Based on clustering models in a population structure analysis, Dehong humped cattle had a mutual genome ancestor with Chinese and Indian indicine cattle. While using the RFMix method, it is speculated that the body sizes of Dehong humped cattle were influenced by the Chinese indicine segments and that the immune systems of Dehong humped cattle were affected by additional ancestral segments (Indian indicine). Furthermore, we explored the position selection regions harboring genes in the Dehong humped cattle, which were related to heat tolerance (FILIP1L, ABHD6) and immune responses (GZMM, PRKCZ, STOML2, LRBA, PIK3CD). Notably, missense mutations were detected in the candidate gene ABHD6 (c.870C>A p.Asp290Glu; c.987C>A p.Ser329Arg). The missense mutations may have implications for Dehong humped cattle adaptation to hot environments. This study provides valuable genomic resource data at the genome-wide level and paves the way for future genetic breeding work in the Dehong humped cattle.

Unraveling the multi-targeted curative potential of bioactive molecules against cervical cancer through integrated omics and systems pharmacology approach

Molecular level understanding on the role of viral infections causing cervical cancer is highly essential for therapeutic development. In these instances, systems pharmacology along with multi omics approach helps in unraveling the multi-targeted mechanisms of novel biologically active compounds to combat cervical cancer. The immuno-transcriptomic dataset of healthy and infected cervical cancer patients was retrieved from the array express. Further, the phytocompounds from medicinal plants were collected from the literature. Network Analyst 3.0 has been used to identify the immune genes around 384 which are differentially expressed and responsible for cervical cancer. Among the 87 compounds reported in plants for treating cervical cancer, only 79 compounds were targeting the identified immune genes of cervical cancer. The significant genes responsible for the domination in cervical cancer are identified in this study. The virogenomic signatures observed from cervical cancer caused by E7 oncoproteins serve as the potential therapeutic targets whereas, the identified compounds can act as anti-HPV drug deliveries. In future, the exploratory rationale of the acquired results will be useful in optimizing small molecules which can be a viable drug candidate.

Identification of Biomarkers Related to M2 Macrophage Infiltration in Alzheimer’s Disease

Many studies have demonstrated that neuroinflammation contributes to the onset and development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The infiltration of immune cells in the brain was observed in AD. The purpose of the present study was to verify potential mechanisms and screen out biomarkers related to immune infiltration in AD. We collected the expression profiling datasets of AD patients and healthy donors from the NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We confirmed that immune-related mechanisms were involved in AD using differentially expressed genes analysis and functional enrichment analysis. We then found that M2 macrophage infiltration was most positively correlated with AD according to the CIBERSORT algorithm and a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). TLR2, FCGR2A, ITGB2, NCKAP1L and CYBA were identified as hub genes correlated with M2 macrophage infiltration in AD. Furthermore, the expression levels of these hub genes were positively correlated with Aβ42 and β-secretase activity. A diagnostic model of these hub genes was constructed, which showed a high area under the curve (AUC) value in both the derivation and validation cohorts. Overall, our work further expanded our understanding of the immunological mechanisms of AD and provided new insights into therapeutic strategies in AD.

HEM1 Actin Immunodysregulatory Disorder: Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Future Directions

Cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems depend on proper actin dynamics to control cell behavior for effective immune responses. Dysregulated actin networks are known to play a pathogenic role in an increasing number of inborn errors of immunity. The WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) mediates branched actin polymerization, a process required for key cellular functions including migration, phagocytosis, vesicular transport, and immune synapse formation. Recent reports of pathogenic variants in NCKAP1L, a hematopoietically restricted gene encoding the HEM1 protein component of the WRC, defined a novel disease involving recurrent bacterial and viral infections, autoimmunity, and excessive inflammation (OMIM 141180). This review summarizes the diverse clinical presentations and immunological phenotypes observed in HEM1-deficient patients. In addition, we integrate the pathophysiological mechanisms described in current literature and highlight the outstanding questions for diagnosis and management of the HEM1 actin immunodysregulatory disorder.

Human Inborn Errors of Immunity: 2022 Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee

We report the updated classification of inborn errors of immunity, compiled by the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee. This report documents the key clinical and laboratory features of 55 novel monogenic gene defects, and 1 phenocopy due to autoantibodies, that have either been discovered since the previous update (published January 2020) or were characterized earlier but have since been confirmed or expanded in subsequent studies. While variants in additional genes associated with immune diseases have been reported in the literature, this update includes only those that the committee assessed that reached the necessary threshold to represent novel inborn errors of immunity. There are now a total of 485 inborn errors of immunity. These advances in discovering the genetic causes of human immune diseases continue to significantly further our understanding of molecular, cellular, and immunological mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, thereby simultaneously enhancing immunological knowledge and improving patient diagnosis and management. This report is designed to serve as a resource for immunologists and geneticists pursuing the molecular diagnosis of individuals with heritable immunological disorders and for the scientific dissection of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying monogenic and related human immune diseases.

Hem-1 regulates protective humoral immunity and limits autoantibody production in a B cell-specific manner

Hematopoietic protein-1 (Hem-1) is a member of the actin-regulatory WASp family verprolin homolog (WAVE) complex. Loss-of-function variants in the NCKAP1L gene encoding Hem-1 were recently discovered to result in primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) in children, characterized by poor specific Ab responses, increased autoantibodies, and high mortality. However, the mechanisms of how Hem-1 deficiency results in PID are unclear. In this study, we utilized constitutive and B cell-specific Nckap1l-KO mice to dissect the importance of Hem-1 in B cell development and functions. B cell-specific disruption of Hem-1 resulted in reduced numbers of recirculating follicular (FO), marginal zone (MZ), and B1 B cells. B cell migration in response to CXCL12 and -13 were reduced. T-independent Ab responses were nearly abolished, resulting in failed protective immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae challenge. In contrast, T-dependent IgM and IgG2c, memory B cell, and plasma cell responses were more robust relative to WT control mice. B cell-specific Hem-1-deficient mice had increased autoantibodies against multiple autoantigens, and this correlated with hyperresponsive BCR signaling and increased representation of CD11c+T-bet+ age-associated B cell (ABC cells) - alterations associated with autoimmune diseases. These results suggest that dysfunctional B cells may be part of a mechanism explaining why loss-of-function Hem-1 variants result in recurring infections and autoimmunity.

Clinical and Epidemiological Study of Intracranial Tumors in Children and Identification of Diagnostic Biomarkers for the Most Common Tumor Subtype and Their Relationship with the Immune Microenvironment Through Bioinformatics Analysis

Brain tumors are the second most common pediatric malignancy and have poor prognosis. Understanding the pathogenesis of tumors at the molecular level is essential for clinical treatment. We conducted a retrospective study on the epidemiology of brain tumors in children based on clinical data obtained from a neurosurgical center. After identifying the most prevalent tumor subtype, we identified new potential diagnostic biomarkers through bioinformatics analysis of the public database. All children (0-15 years) with brain tumors diagnosed histopathologically between 2010 and 2020 at the Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, were reviewed retrospectively for age distribution, sex predilection, native location, tumor location, symptoms, and histological grade, and identified the most common tumor subtypes. Two datasets (GSE44971 and GSE44684) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, whereas the GSE44971 dataset was used to screen the differentially expressed genes between normal and tumor samples. Gene ontology, disease ontology, and gene set enrichment analysis enrichment analyses were performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of differentially expressed genes in the tumor. Combined with methylation data in the GSE44684 dataset, we further analyzed the correlation between methylation and gene expression levels. Two algorithms, LASSO and SVM-RFE, were used to select the hub genes of the tumor. The diagnostic value of the hub genes was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Finally, we further evaluated the relationship between the hub gene and the tumor microenvironment and immune gene sets. Overall, 650 children from 18 provinces in China were included in this study. The male-to-female ratio was 1.41:1, and the number of patients reached a peak in the 10-15-year-old group (41.4%).The most common symptoms we encountered in our institute were headache and dizziness 250 (28.2%), and nausea and vomiting 228 (25.7%). The predominant location is supratentorial, with a supratentorial to infratentorial ratio of 1.74:1. Low-grade tumors (WHO I/II) constituted 60.9% of all cases and were predominant in every age group. According to basic classification, the most common tumor subtype is pilocytic astrocytoma (PA). A total of 3264 differentially expressed genes were identified in the GSE44971 dataset, which are mainly involved in the process of neural signal transduction, immunity, and some diseases. Correlation analysis indicated that the expression of 45 differentially expressed genes was negatively correlated with promoter DNA methylation. Next, we acquired five hub genes (NCKAP1L, GPR37L1, CSPG4, PPFIA4, and C8orf46) from the 45 differentially expressed genes by intersecting the LASSO and SVM-RFE models. The ROC analysis revealed that the five hub genes had good diagnostic value for patients with PA (AUC > 0.99). Furthermore, the expression of NCKAP1L was negatively correlated with immune, stromal, and estimated scores, and positively correlated with immune gene sets. This study, based on the data analysis of intracranial tumors in children in a single center over the past 10 years, reflected the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of intracranial tumors in children in Northwest China to a certain extent. PA is considered the most common subtype of intracranial tumors in children. Through bioinformatics analysis, we suggested that NCKAP1L, GPR37L1, CSPG4, PPFIA4, and C8orf46 are potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of PA.

Novel Genetic Discoveries in Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders

The field of Immunology is one that has undergone great expansion in recent years. With the advent of new diagnostic modalities including a variety of genetic tests (discussed elsewhere in this journal), the ability to diagnose a patient with a primary immunodeficiency disorder (PIDD) has become a more streamlined process. With increased availability of genetic testing for those with suspected or known PIDD, there has been a significant increase in the number of genes associated with this group of disorders. This is of great importance as a misdiagnosis of these rare diseases can lead to a delay in what can be critical treatment options. At times, those options can include life-saving medications or procedures. Presentation of patients with PIDD can vary greatly based on the specific genetic defect and the part(s) of the immune system that is affected by the variation. PIDD disorders lead to varying levels of increased risk of infection ranging from a mild increase such as with selective IgA deficiency to a profound risk with severe combined immunodeficiency. These diseases can also cause a variety of other clinical findings including autoimmunity and gastrointestinal disease.

Susceptibility of cytoskeletal-associated proteins for tumor progression

The traditional functions of cytoskeletal-associated proteins (CAPs) in line with polymerization and stabilization of the cytoskeleton have evolved and are currently underrated in oncology. Although therapeutic drugs have been developed to target the cytoskeletal components directly in cancer treatment, several recently established therapeutic agents designed for new targets block the proliferation of cancer cells and suppress resistance to existing target agents. It would seem like these targets only work toward inhibiting the polymerization of cytoskeletal components or hindering mitotic spindle formation in cancer cells, but a large body of literature points to CAPs and their culpability in cell signaling, molecular conformation, organelle trafficking, cellular metabolism, and genomic modifications. Here, we review those underappreciated functions of CAPs, and we delineate the implications of cellular signaling instigated by evasive properties induced by aberrant expression of CAPs in response to stress or failure to exert normal functions. We present an analogy establishing CAPs as vulnerable targets for cancer systems and credible oncotargets. This review establishes a paradigm in which the cancer machinery may commandeer the conventional functions of CAPs for survival, drug resistance, and energy generation; an interesting feature overdue for attention.

Long non-coding RNA PVT1/microRNA miR-3127-5p/NCK-associated protein 1-like axis participates in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm by regulating vascular smooth muscle cells

The long non-coding RNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (lncRNA PVT1) has been implicated in the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). However, the detailed mechanism requires further analysis. Our study was aimed at interrogating the mechanism of PVT1 in an H₂O₂-induced AAA model in vitro. The expression of lncRNA PVT1, microRNA miR-3127-5p, and NCK-associated protein 1-like (NCKAP1L) was examined in AAA tissues and H₂O₂-treated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Cell proliferation was assayed using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assays. Meanwhile, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining was performed to assess cell apoptosis and caspase-3 activity. IL-1β and caspase-1 expression was also assessed using Western blotting to determine inflammasome activation in H₂O₂-treated VSMCs. Luciferase reporter assays addressed the possible interaction between miR-3127-5p and PVT1 or NCKAP1L, which was predicted by starBase analysis. PVT1 and NCKAP1L expression was elevated in AAA tissues and induced the AAA model in vitro, whereas miR-3127-5p showed the opposite trend. Functionally, PVT1 silencing promoted cell proliferation and reduced the apoptotic rate and inflammasome activation in H₂O₂-treated VSMCs. Mechanical investigation demonstrated that PVT1 acted as a sponge of miR-3127-5p to modulate NCKAP1L expression, resulting in suppression of VSMC proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and activation of inflammation. In conclusion, PVT1 participates in AAA progression through the miR-3127-5p/NCKAP1L axis and may be a promising biosignature and therapeutic target for AAA.

Molecular Tuning of Actin Dynamics in Leukocyte Migration as Revealed by Immune-Related Actinopathies

Motility is a crucial activity of immune cells allowing them to patrol tissues as they differentiate, sample or exchange information, and execute their effector functions. Although all immune cells are highly migratory, each subset is endowed with very distinct motility patterns in accordance with functional specification. Furthermore individual immune cell subsets adapt their motility behaviour to the surrounding tissue environment. This review focuses on how the generation and adaptation of diversified motility patterns in immune cells is sustained by actin cytoskeleton dynamics. In particular, we review the knowledge gained through the study of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) related to actin defects. Such pathologies are unique models that help us to uncover the contribution of individual actin regulators to the migration of immune cells in the context of their development and function.

New primary immunodeficiencies 2021 context and future

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs), also called inborn errors of immunity (IEI), are genetic disorders classically characterized by an increased susceptibility to infection and/or disruption in the regulation of an immunologic pathway. This review summarizes and highlights the new IEI disorders in the IUIS 2019 report and 2020 interim report and discusses the directions for the future management of PIDs.

RECENT FINDINGS

Since 2017, the International Union of Immunologic Societies (IUIS) IEI committee has updated the IUIS classification of IEIs with 88 new gene defects and 75 new immune disorders. The increased utilization of genetic testing and advances in the strategic evaluation of genetic variants have identified, not only novel IEI disorders, but additional genetic causes for known IEI disorders. Investigation of potential immune susceptibilities during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic suggests that defects in Type I interferon signalling may underlie more severe disease.

SUMMARY

The rapid discovery of new IEIs reflects the growing trend of applying genetic testing modalities as part of medical diagnosis and management.In turn, elucidating the pathophysiology of these novel IEIs have enhanced our understanding of how genetic mutations can modulate the immune system and their consequential effect on human health and disease.

Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases: A Growing Family of Disorders of Overlapping Immune Dysfunction

Systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs) are characterized by unprovoked exaggerated inflammation on a continuum from benign recurrent oral ulceration to life-threatening strokes or amyloidosis, with renal failure as a potential sequela. The ability to discriminate these diagnoses rests on the genetic and mechanistic defect of each disorder, considering potential overlapping autoinflammation, autoimmunity, and immune deficiency. A comprehensive and strategic genetic investigation influences management as well as the consequential expected prognoses in these subsets of rare diseases. The ever-expanding therapeutic armamentarium reflects international collaborations, which will hasten genetic discovery and consensus-driven treatment.

Contrasting role of NLRP12 in autoinflammation: evidence from a case report and mouse models

Objective

To explore at the molecular level the phenotype of a patient suffering an autoinflammatory syndrome which was diagnosed as familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome type 2 (FCAS-2). To explore the functions of Nlrp12 in inflammation using mouse models.

Methods

Whole exome sequencing and Nlrp12 targeted resequencing were performed on DNA isolated from the patient and her family members. In vivo and ex vivo models of inflammation (urate crystals-dependent acute joint inflammation and urate crystals-induced peritonitis) were analysed in Nlrp12-deficient and Nlrp12-competent mice.

Results

A rare missense NLRP12 variant (c.857C>T, p.P286L) was identified in the patient and her healthy relatives. Nlrp12-deficient mice exhibit reduced systemic inflammation and neutrophilic infiltration.

Conclusion

Nlrp12 mediates proinflammatory functions in mice. In humans, the identification of Nlrp12 variants must be cautiously interpreted depending on clinical and paraclinical data to diagnose FCAS-2.

Infection and autoinflammation in inborn errors of immunity: brothers in arms

The binary view of inborn errors of immunity classified as either autoinflammatory conditions or primary immunodeficiency in the strict sense, that is, increased susceptibility to infection is challenged by the description of recent inborn errors of immunity (IEI) triggers leading to activation and disruption of cell death pathways, play a major part in the pathophysiology of infection and autoinflammation. In addition, molecules with a double role in the extracellular versus intracellular milieu add to the complexity. In all, in-depth study of human inborn errors of immunity will continue to instruct us on fundamental immunology and lead to novel therapeutic targets and approaches that can be used in other monogenic and polygenic/complex immune disorders.

Gene expression profile of the murine ischemic retina and its response to Aflibercept (VEGF-Trap)

Ischemic retinal dystrophies are leading causes of acquired vision loss. Although the dysregulated expression of the hypoxia-responsive VEGF-A is a major driver of ischemic retinopathies, implication of additional VEGF-family members in their pathogenesis has led to the development of multivalent anti-angiogenic tools. Designed as a decoy receptor for all ligands of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, Aflibercept is a potent anti-angiogenic agent. Notwithstanding, the molecular mechanisms mediating Aflibercept's efficacy remain only partially understood. Here, we used the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse as a model system of pathological retinal vascularization to investigate the transcriptional response of the murine retina to hypoxia and of the OIR retina to Aflibercept. While OIR severely impaired transcriptional changes normally ensuing during retinal development, analysis of gene expression patterns hinted at alterations in leukocyte recruitment during the recovery phase of the OIR protocol. Moreover, the levels of Angiopoietin-2, a major player in the progression of diabetic retinopathy, were elevated in OIR tissues and consistently downregulated by Aflibercept. Notably, GO term, KEGG pathway enrichment, and expression dynamics analyses revealed that, beyond regulating angiogenic processes, Aflibercept also modulated inflammation and supported synaptic transmission. Altogether, our findings delineate novel mechanisms potentially underlying Aflibercept's efficacy against ischemic retinopathies.

Actin Dynamics at the T Cell Synapse as Revealed by Immune-Related Actinopathies

The actin cytoskeleton is composed of dynamic filament networks that build adaptable local architectures to sustain nearly all cellular activities in response to a myriad of stimuli. Although the function of numerous players that tune actin remodeling is known, the coordinated molecular orchestration of the actin cytoskeleton to guide cellular decisions is still ill defined. T lymphocytes provide a prototypical example of how a complex program of actin cytoskeleton remodeling sustains the spatio-temporal control of key cellular activities, namely antigen scanning and sensing, as well as polarized delivery of effector molecules, via the immunological synapse. We here review the unique knowledge on actin dynamics at the T lymphocyte synapse gained through the study of primary immunodeficiences caused by mutations in genes encoding actin regulatory proteins. Beyond the specific roles of individual actin remodelers, we further develop the view that these operate in a coordinated manner and are an integral part of multiple signaling pathways in T lymphocytes.

Lymphadenopathy at the crossroad between immunodeficiency and autoinflammation: An intriguing challenge

Lymphadenopathies can be part of the clinical spectrum of several primary immunodeficiencies, including diseases with immune dysregulation and autoinflammatory disorders, as the clinical expression of benign polyclonal lymphoproliferation, granulomatous disease or lymphoid malignancy. Lymphadenopathy poses a significant diagnostic dilemma when it represents the first sign of a disorder of the immune system, leading to a consequently delayed diagnosis. Additionally, the finding of lymphadenopathy in a patient with diagnosed immunodeficiency raises the question of the differential diagnosis between benign lymphoproliferation and malignancies. Lymphadenopathies are evidenced in 15–20% of the patients with common variable immunodeficiency, while in other antibody deficiencies the prevalence is lower. They are also evidenced in different combined immunodeficiency disorders, including Omenn syndrome, which presents in the first months of life. Interestingly, in the activated phosphoinositide 3‐kinase delta syndrome, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐related lymphoproliferative disorders and regulatory T cell disorders, lymphadenopathy is one of the leading signs of the entire clinical picture. Among autoinflammatory diseases, the highest prevalence of lymphadenopathies is observed in patients with periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) and hyper‐immunoglobulin (Ig)D syndrome. The mechanisms underlying lymphoproliferation in the different disorders of the immune system are multiple and not completely elucidated. The advances in genetic techniques provide the opportunity of identifying new monogenic disorders, allowing genotype–phenotype correlations to be made and to provide adequate follow‐up and treatment in the single diseases. In this work, we provide an overview of the most relevant immune disorders associated with lymphadenopathy, focusing on their diagnostic and prognostic implications.

Molecular mechanisms of phenotypic variability in monogenic autoinflammatory diseases

Monogenic autoinflammatory diseases are a group of rheumatologic disorders caused by dysregulation in the innate immune system. The molecular mechanisms of these disorders are linked to defects in inflammasome-mediated, NF-κB-mediated or interferon-mediated inflammatory signalling pathways, cytokine receptors, the actin cytoskeleton, proteasome complexes and various enzymes. As with other human disorders, disease-causing variants in a single gene can present with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. In some cases, pathogenic variants in the same gene can be inherited either in a recessive or dominant manner and can cause distinct and seemingly unrelated phenotypes, although they have a unifying biochemical mechanism. With an enhanced understanding of protein structure and functionality of protein domains, genotype-phenotype correlations are beginning to be unravelled. Many of the mutated proteins are primarily expressed in haematopoietic cells, and their malfunction leads to systemic inflammation. Disease presentation is also defined by a specific effect of the mutant protein in a particular cell type and, therefore, the resulting phenotype might be more deleterious in one tissue than in another. Many patients present with the expanded immunological disease continuum that includes autoinflammation, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and atopy, which necessitate genetic testing.

Loss of Hem1 disrupts macrophage function and impacts migration, phagocytosis, and integrin-mediated adhesion

Hematopoietic-specific protein 1 (Hem1) is an essential subunit of the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) in immune cells. WRC is crucial for Arp2/3 complex activation and the protrusion of branched actin filament networks. Moreover, Hem1 loss of function in immune cells causes autoimmune diseases in humans. Here, we show that genetic removal of Hem1 in macrophages diminishes frequency and efficacy of phagocytosis as well as phagocytic cup formation in addition to defects in lamellipodial protrusion and migration. Moreover, Hem1-null macrophages displayed strong defects in cell adhesion despite unaltered podosome formation and concomitant extracellular matrix degradation. Specifically, dynamics of both adhesion and de-adhesion as well as concomitant phosphorylation of paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were significantly compromised. Accordingly, disruption of WRC function in non-hematopoietic cells coincided with both defects in adhesion turnover and altered FAK and paxillin phosphorylation. Consistently, platelets exhibited reduced adhesion and diminished integrin αIIbβ3 activation upon WRC removal. Interestingly, adhesion phenotypes, but not lamellipodia formation, were partially rescued by small molecule activation of FAK. A full rescue of the phenotype, including lamellipodia formation, required not only the presence of WRCs but also their binding to and activation by Rac. Collectively, our results uncover that WRC impacts on integrin-dependent processes in a FAK-dependent manner, controlling formation and dismantling of adhesions, relevant for properly grabbing onto extracellular surfaces and particles during cell edge expansion, like in migration or phagocytosis.

Succinate Promotes Phagocytosis of Monocytes/Macrophages in Teleost Fish

Development of immunity-based strategy to manage bacterial infection is urgently needed in aquaculture due to the widespread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Phagocytosis serves as the first line defense in innate immunity that engulfs bacteria and restricts their proliferations and invasions. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of phagocytosis is not fully elucidated and the way to boost phagocytosis is not yet explored. In this manuscript, we profiled the metabolomes of monocytes/macrophages isolated from Nile tilapia, prior and after phagocytosis on Vibrio alginolyticus. Monocytes/macrophages showed a metabolic shift following phagocytosis. Interestingly, succinate was accumulated after phagocytosis and was identified as a crucial biomarker to distinguish before and after phagocytosis. Exogenous succinate increased the phagocytotic rate of monocytes/macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was dependent on the TCA cycle as the inhibitor of malonate that targets succinate dehydrogenase abrogated the effect. Meanwhile, exogenous succinate regulated the expression of genes associated with innate immune and phagocytosis. In addition, succinate-potentiated phagocytosis was applicable to both gram-negative and -positive cells, including V. alginolyticus, Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus iniae. Our study shed light on the understanding of how modulation on host's metabolism regulates immune response, and this can be a potent therapeutic approach to control bacterial infections in aquaculture.

WAVE2 suppresses mTOR activation to maintain T cell homeostasis and prevent autoimmunity

Cytoskeletal regulatory protein dysfunction has been etiologically linked to inherited diseases associated with immunodeficiency and autoimmunity, but the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Here, we show that conditional Wave2 ablation in T cells causes severe autoimmunity associated with increased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and metabolic reprogramming that engender spontaneous activation and accelerated differentiation of peripheral T cells. These mice also manifest diminished antigen-specific T cell responses associated with increased inhibitory receptor expression, dysregulated mitochondrial function, and reduced cell survival upon activation. Mechanistically, WAVE2 directly bound mTOR and inhibited its activation by impeding mTOR interactions with RAPTOR (regulatory-associated protein of mTOR) and RICTOR (rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR). Both the T cell defects and immunodysregulatory disease were ameliorated by pharmacological mTOR inhibitors. Thus, WAVE2 restraint of mTOR activation is an absolute requirement for maintaining the T cell homeostasis supporting adaptive immune responses and preventing autoimmunity.

Immunity and Genetics at the Revolving Doors of Diagnostics in Primary Immunodeficiencies

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a large and growing group of disorders commonly associated with recurrent infections. However, nowadays, we know that PIDs often carry with them consequences related to organ or hematologic autoimmunity, autoinflammation, and lymphoproliferation in addition to simple susceptibility to pathogens. Alongside this conceptual development, there has been technical advancement, given by the new but already established diagnostic possibilities offered by new genetic testing (e.g., next-generation sequencing). Nevertheless, there is also the need to understand the large number of gene variants detected with these powerful methods. That means advancing beyond genetic results and resorting to the clinical phenotype and to immunological or alternative molecular tests that allow us to prove the causative role of a genetic variant of uncertain significance and/or better define the underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Furthermore, because of the rapid availability of results, laboratory immunoassays are still critical to diagnosing many PIDs, even in screening settings. Fundamental is the integration between different specialties and the development of multidisciplinary and flexible diagnostic workflows. This paper aims to tell these evolving aspects of immunodeficiencies, which are summarized in five key messages, through introducing and exemplifying five clinical cases, focusing on diseases that could benefit targeted therapy.

The Ever-Increasing Array of Novel Inborn Errors of Immunity: an Interim Update by the IUIS Committee

The most recent updated classification of inborn errors of immunity/primary immunodeficiencies, compiled by the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee, was published in January 2020. Within days of completing this report, it was already out of date, evidenced by the frequent publication of genetic variants proposed to cause novel inborn errors of immunity. As the next formal report from the IUIS Expert Committee will not be published until 2022, we felt it important to provide the community with a brief update of recent contributions to the field of inborn errors of immunity. Herein, we highlight studies that have identified 26 additional monogenic gene defects that reach the threshold to represent novel causes of immune defects.